Calculus 1 - Review

Summary: Calculus 1
**1. Limits:
 Definition: A limit describes what value a function approaches as the input (x)
gets closer to a certain point. For example, if you want to know what f(x)f(x)f(x)
approaches as xxx gets closer to 2, you look at the limit of f(x)f(x)f(x) as xxx
approaches 2.
 Calculation: To find a limit, you can substitute values into the function, simplify it,
or use specific rules and techniques if direct substitution doesn’t work. Limits help
in understanding function behavior near specific points.
**2. Derivatives:
 Definition: The derivative of a function measures how the function’s output (y)
changes as its input (x) changes. It represents the slope of the function’s graph
at any point.
 Notation: The derivative of f(x)f(x)f(x) is often written as f′(x)f'(x)f′(x), dfdx\frac{df}
{dx}dxdf, or Dxf(x)D_x f(x)Dxf(x).
 Basic Rules:
o Power Rule: For a function f(x)=xnf(x) = x^nf(x)=xn, the derivative is f′
(x)=nxn−1f'(x) = nx^{n-1}f′(x)=nxn−1.
o Sum Rule: The derivative of f(x)+g(x)f(x) + g(x)f(x)+g(x) is f′(x)+g′(x)f'(x) +
g'(x)f′(x)+g′(x).
o Product Rule: For functions f(x)f(x)f(x) and g(x)g(x)g(x), the derivative of
their product is f′(x)g(x)+f(x)g′(x)f'(x)g(x) + f(x)g'(x)f′(x)g(x)+f(x)g′(x).
o Quotient Rule: For functions f(x)f(x)f(x) and g(x)g(x)g(x), the derivative of
their quotient is f′(x)g(x)−f(x)g′(x)[g(x)]2\frac{f'(x)g(x) - f(x)g'(x)}{[g(x)]^2}
[g(x)]2f′(x)g(x)−f(x)g′(x).
o Chain Rule: For a composite function f(g(x))f(g(x))f(g(x)), the derivative is
f′(g(x))⋅g′(x)f'(g(x)) \cdot g'(x)f′(g(x))⋅g′(x).
**3. Applications of Derivatives:
 Slope of a Curve: The derivative gives the slope of the tangent line to the curve
of the function at any point.
 Rate of Change: Derivatives can be used to find rates of change in real-world
problems, like speed or growth rates.
 Optimization: Derivatives help find maximum or minimum values of functions,
which is useful in various applications like business and engineering.
**4. Integrals:
 Definition: An integral represents the area under a curve defined by a function. It
is the reverse process of finding a derivative.
 Notation: The integral of f(x)f(x)f(x) from aaa to bbb is written as ∫abf(x) dx\
int_{a}^{b} f(x) \, dx∫abf(x)dx.
 Basic Rules:
o Power Rule: For xnx^nxn, the integral is xn+1n+1+C\frac{x^{n+1}}{n+1} +
Cn+1xn+1+C, where CCC is the constant of integration.
o Sum Rule: The integral of f(x)+g(x)f(x) + g(x)f(x)+g(x) is ∫f(x) dx+∫g(x) dx\
int f(x) \, dx + \int g(x) \, dx∫f(x)dx+∫g(x)dx.
o Substitution Rule: Useful for integrating composite functions. It involves
substituting a part of the integrand with a new variable to simplify the
integral.
**5. Fundamental Theorem of Calculus:
 Part 1: If F(x)F(x)F(x) is an antiderivative of f(x)f(x)f(x), then ∫abf(x) dx=F(b)−F(a)\
int_{a}^{b} f(x) \, dx = F(b) - F(a)∫abf(x)dx=F(b)−F(a). This theorem connects
differentiation and integration.
 Part 2: States that if f(x)f(x)f(x) is continuous over an interval, then the function
defined by the integral of f(x)f(x)f(x) from a constant to xxx is differentiable, and
its derivative is f(x)f(x)f(x).
**6. Applications of Integrals:
 Area Under a Curve: Integrals can find the area between a function and the x-
axis over an interval.
 Accumulation: Used to calculate accumulated quantities, like total distance
traveled over time.
 Volume: Integrals can find volumes of solids by revolving functions around an
axis.
Key Concepts:
 Continuous Functions: Limits and derivatives rely on the function being
continuous (no breaks or jumps).
 Antiderivatives: The integral of a function represents a family of functions
whose derivative is the original function.
 Differentiation and Integration: These two main operations are central to
calculus, with differentiation focusing on rates of change and slopes, and
integration focusing on areas and accumulation.

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Summary: Calculus 1

in understanding function behavior near specific points.

 Notation: The derivative of f(x)f(x)f(x) is often written as f′(x)f'(x)f′(x), dfdx\frac{df}

{dx}dxdf, or Dxf(x)D_x f(x)Dxf(x).

o Power Rule: For a function f(x)=xnf(x) = x^nf(x)=xn, the derivative is f′

o Sum Rule: The derivative of f(x)+g(x)f(x) + g(x)f(x)+g(x) is f′(x)+g′(x)f'(x) +

their product is f′(x)g(x)+f(x)g′(x)f'(x)g(x) + f(x)g'(x)f′(x)g(x)+f(x)g′(x).

o Quotient Rule: For functions f(x)f(x)f(x) and g(x)g(x)g(x), the derivative of

their quotient is f′(x)g(x)−f(x)g′(x)[g(x)]2\frac{f'(x)g(x) - f(x)g'(x)}{[g(x)]^2}

o Chain Rule: For a composite function f(g(x))f(g(x))f(g(x)), the derivative is

f′(g(x))⋅g′(x)f'(g(x)) \cdot g'(x)f′(g(x))⋅g′(x).

**3. Applications of Derivatives:

of the function at any point.

 Rate of Change: Derivatives can be used to find rates of change in real-world

problems, like speed or growth rates.

 Optimization: Derivatives help find maximum or minimum values of functions,

which is useful in various applications like business and engineering.

 Definition: An integral represents the area under a curve defined by a function. It

is the reverse process of finding a derivative.

int_{a}^{b} f(x) \, dx∫abf(x)dx.

Cn+1xn+1+C, where CCC is the constant of integration.

o Sum Rule: The integral of f(x)+g(x)f(x) + g(x)f(x)+g(x) is ∫f(x) dx+∫g(x) dx\

int f(x) \, dx + \int g(x) \, dx∫f(x)dx+∫g(x)dx.

o Substitution Rule: Useful for integrating composite functions. It involves

substituting a part of the integrand with a new variable to simplify the

**5. Fundamental Theorem of Calculus:

 Part 1: If F(x)F(x)F(x) is an antiderivative of f(x)f(x)f(x), then ∫abf(x) dx=F(b)−F(a)\

int_{a}^{b} f(x) \, dx = F(b) - F(a)∫abf(x)dx=F(b)−F(a). This theorem connects

differentiation and integration.

defined by the integral of f(x)f(x)f(x) from a constant to xxx is differentiable, and

its derivative is f(x)f(x)f(x).

**6. Applications of Integrals:

axis over an interval.

 Accumulation: Used to calculate accumulated quantities, like total distance

traveled over time.

 Volume: Integrals can find volumes of solids by revolving functions around an

 Continuous Functions: Limits and derivatives rely on the function being

continuous (no breaks or jumps).

 Antiderivatives: The integral of a function represents a family of functions

whose derivative is the original function.

 Differentiation and Integration: These two main operations are central to

calculus, with differentiation focusing on rates of change and slopes, and

integration focusing on areas and accumulation.

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