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    Theories 2

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    Theories 2

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    johnlubis2021
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    Theories 2

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    of 2

    1.

    Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

    • Statement: Connects differentiation and integration, stating that if fff is continuous on


    [a,b][a, b][a,b] and FFF is an antiderivative of fff, then: ∫abf(x) dx=F(b)−F(a)\int_a^b f(x)
    \, dx = F(b) - F(a)∫abf(x)dx=F(b)−F(a)
    • Applications:
    o Enables the calculation of definite integrals using antiderivatives.
    o Forms the basis for numerical integration methods.

    2. Mean Value Theorem (MVT)

    • Statement: If fff is continuous on [a,b][a, b][a,b] and differentiable on (a,b)(a, b)(a,b),


    there exists at least one c∈(a,b)c \in (a, b)c∈(a,b) such that: f′(c)=f(b)−f(a)b−af'(c) =
    \frac{f(b) - f(a)}{b - a}f′(c)=b−af(b)−f(a)
    • Applications:
    o Helps in proving the existence of roots and optimizing functions.
    o Used in establishing the behavior of functions and determining intervals of
    increase and decrease.

    3. Rolle's Theorem

    • Statement: A special case of the MVT, it states that if fff is continuous on [a,b][a,
    b][a,b], differentiable on (a,b)(a, b)(a,b), and f(a)=f(b)f(a) = f(b)f(a)=f(b), then there
    exists at least one c∈(a,b)c \in (a, b)c∈(a,b) such that f′(c)=0f'(c) = 0f′(c)=0.
    • Applications:
    o Establishes conditions for horizontal tangents in functions.
    o Useful in proofs of other theorems, such as the Mean Value Theorem.

    4. Taylor's Theorem

    • Statement: Any function fff that is nnn times differentiable in an interval can be
    approximated by a polynomial:
    f(x)=f(a)+f′(a)(x−a)+f′′(a)2!(x−a)2+…+f(n)(a)n!(x−a)n+Rn(x)f(x) = f(a) + f'(a)(x - a) +
    \frac{f''(a)}{2!}(x - a)^2 + \ldots + \frac{f^{(n)}(a)}{n!}(x - a)^n +
    R_n(x)f(x)=f(a)+f′(a)(x−a)+2!f′′(a)(x−a)2+…+n!f(n)(a)(x−a)n+Rn(x) where
    Rn(x)R_n(x)Rn(x) is the remainder term.
    • Applications:
    o Used in numerical methods to approximate functions (e.g., in calculus and
    engineering).
    o Essential in analyzing function behavior near points.

    5. L'Hôpital's Rule

    • Statement: If the limit of f(x)g(x)\frac{f(x)}{g(x)}g(x)f(x) as xxx approaches ccc results


    in an indeterminate form (0/0 or ∞/∞), then:
    lim⁡x→cf(x)g(x)=lim⁡x→cf′(x)g′(x)\lim_{x \to c} \frac{f(x)}{g(x)} = \lim_{x \to c}
    \frac{f'(x)}{g'(x)}x→climg(x)f(x)=x→climg′(x)f′(x) provided the limit on the right side
    exists.
    • Applications:
    o Simplifies the computation of limits involving indeterminate forms.
    o Frequently used in evaluating limits in calculus problems.

    6. Stokes' Theorem

    • Statement: Relates a surface integral over a surface SSS to a line integral over its
    boundary CCC: ∫CF⋅dr=∬S(∇×F)⋅dS\int_C \mathbf{F} \cdot d\mathbf{r} = \iint_S
    (\nabla \times \mathbf{F}) \cdot d\mathbf{S}∫CF⋅dr=∬S(∇×F)⋅dS
    • Applications:
    o Used in vector calculus to compute circulation and flux.
    o Important in physics, especially in electromagnetism and fluid dynamics.

    7. Green's Theorem

    • Statement: Relates a line integral around a simple closed curve CCC to a double integral
    over the plane region DDD bounded by CCC: ∫C(P dx+Q dy)=∬D(∂Q∂x−∂P∂y)dA\int_C
    (P \, dx + Q \, dy) = \iint_D \left( \frac{\partial Q}{\partial x} - \frac{\partial P}{\partial
    y} \right) dA∫C(Pdx+Qdy)=∬D(∂x∂Q−∂y∂P)dA
    • Applications:
    o Useful for converting line integrals to area integrals, simplifying calculations in
    physics and engineering.
    o Applied in fluid flow and electromagnetism.

    8. Fundamental Theorem of Line Integrals

    • Statement: If F\mathbf{F}F is a conservative vector field, then:


    ∫CF⋅dr=f(r(b))−f(r(a))\int_C \mathbf{F} \cdot d\mathbf{r} = f(\mathbf{r}(b)) -
    f(\mathbf{r}(a))∫CF⋅dr=f(r(b))−f(r(a)) where fff is a potential function.
    • Applications:
    o Simplifies the computation of line integrals in conservative fields.
    o Important in mechanics and energy conservation principles.

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