Medivial History Last Minutes Revision

Early Medieval India

Tripartite Struggle
Pala
Kannauj
Pratihar Rashtrakuta
• In the end, Pratiharas emerged victoriously and established themselves as
the rulers of central India.
Fall of Gurjara- Pratihara
• Fall of the Gurjara-Pratiharas around 1000 A.D. led to the emergence of

various Rajput states.
Origin and Background of Rajputs-
Agnikund theory of Origin - This theory comes from Chandrabardai's

Prithviraj Raso.
Vashistha at "Guru Shikhar" at Mount Abu.
Chauhan, Chalukya, Parmar and Pratihara.
Cha-cha, par, pra

Rajputs – Gurjar Pratiharas
Aihole Inscription
of Pulkeshin-II
Descendants of
Laxman
Doorman
Nagabhatt –I:
Arabs – 8th Century
In the tripartite struggle, Pratihara king Vatsaraj defeated Pala king
Dharmpala, but lost to Rashtrakuta king Dhruva.
Mahendrapala (885 – 910 AD) was another famous king of Pratiharas,

whose court was adorned by a renowned Sanskrit poet Rajashekhar, who
authored Karrpuramanjari (written in Prakrit), Kavya Mimansa, Balabharata,
Bhrinjika, Vidhasalabhanjika, and Prapanch Pandav.
Rajputs – Gahadavalas
Chandra dev - F
Kannauj - C
Govind Chand -
FK
Jai Chanda - FK
Govindachandra was a scholar king, who is known as “vividha vidhya
vichar vachaspati”.
One of his ministers Laxmidhar authored Krita-kalp-Taru, which is a book
on Society, Culture and polity.
Last famous king of this dynasty was Jaichanda, who was lost to
Mohammad Ghori in the battle of Chandavar in 1194.
Great Scholar Shri Harsha was in the Jaichand’s court, authored Naishadha-
Charit
Vasudeva - F
of Shakambhari
Pradesh(Jaipur)
Ajmer - C
Prithvi Raj III

• Ajayaraja II, a famous king founded the city of Ajayameru (Ajmer).
• Vigraha raja IV also known as Visaldev, Patronised literature and

authored a famous play, Harikeli Nataka.
• Prithviraja III Defeated Muhammad Ghori in the First Battle of Tarain in

c.1191 CE. In 1192 CE, Muhammad Ghori defeated Prithviraj Chauhan
in the Second Battle of Tarain,
• Prithviraj Raso and Prithviraj Vijaya, were written by his court poets
Chandbardai and Jayanaka respectively.
The Chandellas of Bundelkhand
Nunnuk - F
Khajuraho - C
Dhanga - FK
Khajuraho Temple Complex
Temples Founder
Lakshmana Temple (c. 930–950 Yashovarman
CE)
Vishvanatha Temple (c. 999-1002 Dhanga
CE)
Kandariya Mahadeva Temple (c. Vidyadhara
1030 CE)
Parmar of Malwa
Upendra - F
Dhar - C
Bhoja – MFK
• Munja was a poet and also a great patron of art and literature. Many scholars of
repute like Dhananjaya, Bhatta Halavudha, Dhanika, and Padma Gupta flourished
at his court.
• He also dug many tanks and built a number of temples. Munj-Sagar lake near
Dhara.
• King Bhoja was the most famous king of this dynasty. He adopted the title of
Parameshvara-Paramabhattaraka.
• He is considered a righteous scholar king who himself was a polymath. His

writings cover a wide variety of topics such as grammar, poetry, architecture,
yoga, and chemistry. He patronised the arts, literature, and the sciences. He
established the Bhoj Shala, which was a centre for Sanskrit studies, and a temple
of Sarasvati in present day Dhar.
Chalukya of Gujarat
Mool Raj – Ist F
Annhilwada - C
Bhima – II MFK
• During the reign of Bhima -Ist, Mahmud of Ghazni overran Gujarat and
plundered Somnath in 1025 CE
• He built the Sun temple of Modhera.
• His wife Udaymati built the Rani-ki vav (Queen’s step well) in his
memory, which is on the list of UNESCO’s World Heritage Sites.
Tomars
Anangapala Tomara is believed as
the ruler he established Delhi.
Medieval India
Medieval India
Arrival of Muslims
• Arabs – Turks – Afghans – Mughals
• After the Arab penetration into Sindh, it was the Turks who made
inroads into India in 11th Century.
• And the Turks established the Muslim rule in India.
Medieval India
Arabs
• In 712 AD – Caliph sent Muhammad bin Qasim. He defeated Dahir, the

ruler of Sind and killed him in a well-contested battle. His capital Aror
was captured.
• But the Arabs could not expand their authority further into India due to
the presence of the powerful Pratihara kingdom in western India.
Medieval India
INVASION OF TURKS-
• By the end of the ninth century A.D., the Abbasid Caliphate declined.
• The Turkish governors established independent kingdoms and the Caliph

became only a ritual authority.
• One among them was Alptigin whose capital was Ghazni. His successor
and son-in-law Sabuktigin wanted to conquer India from the north-west.
• He succeeded in capturing Peshawar from Jayapala. But his raids did not
produce a lasting effect. He was succeeded by his son, Mahmud of
Ghazni.
Medieval India
Mahmud is said to have made seventeen raids into India.
Why Mahmud Invaded india?
• He was drawn to India's enormous wealth.

• He also included a religious component to his invasion of India.
• He earned the moniker Idol Breaker (‘Butshikan’) by destroying the
temples of Somnath, Kangra, Mathura, and Jwalamukhi.
Medieval India
• Md. Ghazni’s first invasion was against the Hindu shahi.
• In 1025, Mahmud raided Gujarat, looting the Somnath temple and

breaking its jyotirlinga.
Poets Patronized by Mahmud of Ghazni
1. Firdausi – Shahnamah
2. Alberuni - Kitab-i-Hind
Mahmud died in 1030 A.D.

Medieval India
INVASION OF MUHAMMAD GHORI
• The Ghoris started as vassals of Ghazni but became independent after the
death of Mahmud.
• Taking advantage of the decline of the Ghaznavid empire, Muizzuddin

Muhammad popularly known as Muhammad Ghori brought Ghazni
under their control.
• Unlike Mahmud of Ghazni, he wanted to conquer India and extend his

empire in this direction.
Medieval India
Md Ghori -
1. First Battle of Tarain (1191)
2. Second Battle of Tarain (1192)
3. Battle of Chandavar (1194)

Medieval India
Medieval India
Slave Dynasty
Qutubuddin Aibak
After 1192, Sultan Ghori was gradually given independent command of the
conquests in India as he focused on Central Asia.
After the death of Md. Ghori 1205-06, he established Delhi Sultanate with
capital at Lahore.
Medieval India
Titles – Architecture –
1. Lakhbaksh 1. Quwwat-ul-Islam (Delhi)

2. Qurankhwan 2. Arhai din ka Jhonpara (Ajmer)
3. Qutub Minar
• He patronized Hasan Nizami who wrote Tajul-Ma'asir, the first

official history of the Delhi Sultanate.
• Died in 1210 – Playing Chaughan.
• Tomb @ Lahore
• Succeeded by Aram Shah (by the nobility of Lahore)
Medieval India
Iltutmish –
• Real Founder
• Capital @ Delhi
• Khwarizmi prince Jalaluddin Mangbarni & Chengiz khan
• Created Turk-i-chihalghani
Introduced Arabic coins into India –

1. Tanka (Silver)
2. Jital (Copper
3. Started Iqta System – Transferable, Non-hereditary, Initially based
on Pay, FST made it hereditary
Medieval India
• Patronized Minas-us-Siraj author of Tabkate –I – Nashiri.
• He nominated Raziya as his successor. But he was Succeeded by

Ruknuddin Firoz.
• Completed Qutub Minar.

Medieval India
Raziya Sultaan –
First Muslim ruler of India.
Challenges –
1. Turkish Nobility
2. Turk-e-Chihalghani
3. Ulemas
4. Rajputs
Medieval India
Medieval India
Medieval India
Medieval India
• First Mongol invasion under Tair
bahadur in 1241.
Calligraphy
Medieval India
Balban –
1. Centralized Administration
2. Established Theory of Kingship – 1. Shadow of God, 2. Sultan is absolute
3. Iranian traditions – Sijda, Paibos, Nauroz
4. Disbanded Turk- e – Chilghalghani
5. Established diplomatic relations with Mongol.
6. Policy of blood & Iron.
7. Established Diwan-i-Arz.
Medieval India
Successor of Balban – Kaikubad – Kaikhusharoo.
Khilaji Dynasty
• Jalaluddin Khilaji laid the foundation of the Khalji dynasty.
• He was the first ruler of the Delhi Sultanate to clearly put forward the view
that state should be based on the willing support of the governed.
• He was the first Sultan of the Delhi Sultanate to have a benevolent attitude
towards Hindus.
• He tried to win the goodwill of the nobility by adopting policy of tolerance. He
avoided harsh punishments.
• AK reversed his policy.
Medieval India
JALALUDDIN KHILAJI
(1290-1296 CE)
Jalaluddin Khilaji
versus Alauddin Khilaji
Bhilsa
(1293)
Devgiri
(1296)
Liberal
Policy
Medieval India
Policy of tolerance of JK was reversed

• Adopted Ruthless governance of Balban.
• To check nobility –prohibited to social gathering,
• Created Strong spy services
Medieval India
Amir Khusrau’s Khazain-ul-Futuh speaks about Alauddin’s

conquests.
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Medieval India
TUGHLAQ DYNASTY
Medieval India
Reforms
Communication Judicial Military Old Hindus Irrigation

Medieval India
MBT
• His reign marks the zenith of the Delhi Sultanate but also saw the
beginning of disintegration.
• Under his rule a major part of the Deccan and South India Passed under
direct rule of DS.
• Followed the policy of GT of direct annexation
Medieval India
Medieval India
Muhammad
Tughlaq’s
Experiments
Transferred Token
Khorasan Quarachill Increased tax
capital from Currency
project expedition in Doab
Delhi to Devgiri (bronze coins)
Medieval India
Theory of Kingship : MBT

Based on divine
principles
It is the will of God to

become Sultan
Zille-e-Ilahi
Despotic
Kept Ulemas away from

administration
High offices on the basis of merit
Interacted with all religion to get

knowledge
Medieval India
Disintegration
of Empire
Vijaynagar
Madura 1335 Bengal 1338 Bahmani 1347
1336
Medieval India
MBT - Holi
• Died in 1351 at thatta, Sindh.
• Historian Badayuni commented on the death of Muhammad Bin

Tughlaq "Sultan got freedom from his masses and the masses from the
Sultan"
Medieval India
Medieval India
Challenges
Radical
Dissatisfied Disintegrating Empty Dissatisfied
policies of
peasantry Empire exchequer Nobility
MBT
Medieval India
Jaziyah Zakat Kharaj Khams

Medieval India
Welfare
Measures
Diwan-i- Employment Diwan –i- Diwan-i-

Darul Shifa
Khairat Bureau Ishtihaq Bandgan
Medieval India
Architecture
Public
Canals Inscriptions Towns
buildings
Medieval India
NASIRUDDIN MUHAMMAD (1390-1398):

• He was the last ruler of Tughlaq dynasty.
• Taimur’s invasion (1398) during his reign weakened the sultanate.
• When Timur entered Delhi there was no opposition. He withdrew from
India in 1399.
• Delhi sultanate disintegrated towards the beginning of 15th century and
no of independent states set up. E.g. Jaunpur, Malwa (Dilawar Khan) and
Gujarat (Jafar Khan) etc.
• Tughlaq empire came to end in 1412.
Medieval India
Jaunpur
• Malik Sarwar asserted independence and assumed title of Malik-us-
Sharq (lord of the east).
• Malik ruled from Jaunpur, it was called Shiraz of the east.
• Malik Muhammad Jaisi author of “Padmavat” lived in Jaunpur.
Medieval India
SAIYYAD DYNASTY (1414-1451 AD)
Mubarak Muhammad Alauddin

Sultans Khirz Khan
Shah Shah Alam Shah
Shaikh Ahmad Sir Hindi

Tarikh-i-Mubarak Shahi
Medieval India
LODHI DYNASTY (1451-1526 AD)
Lodi
dynasty
Bahlol Sikandar Ibrahim

Khan Lodhi Lodhi Lodhi
Bahmani & Vijay Nagar Kingdom
Background –
• During the time of
Alauddin Khilaji, Delhi
sultanate was preparing
to extend southwards at
the beginning of the
fourteenth century, which
was a logical culmination
of his north India
expeditions.
Bahmani dynasty
• Zafar Khan who declared
Vijayanagar
independence in 1345 at
Devagiri shifted his capital • A few years earlier, in 1336,
to Gulbarga in northern the Vijayanagar kingdom was
Karnataka. inaugurated by the Sangama
• He took the title, Bahman brothers Harihara and Bukka
Shah and the dynasty he at Vijayanagara (presentday
inaugurated became known Hampi) on the south bank of
as the Bahmani dynasty Tungabhadra.
(1347– 1527).
During the next two centuries these two states fought continually and
bitterly, -
To control the rich Raichur doab (between the rivers Krishna and
Tungabhadra)
• This area was fertile and rich in mineral resources.
• The famous diamond mines of Golconda were located in the eastern
part of the doab region
To control the Marathwara region -

• The sea ports of Goa, Honavar, etc. on the west coast, which were the
supply points of the horses needed for their army.
Sources
Literary –
There are some of the indigenous literature of this period.
1. Krishnadevaraya’s → Amukthamalyada
2. Gangadevi’s → Maduravijayam
3. Allasani Peddanna’s → Manucharitam
4. Rajanatha Dindima → Saluvabhyudayam. - It is a collection of poems on the
victories of Saluva Narasimha.
5. Manucharitam & Saluvabhyudayam give genealogical, political and social
information of Vijaynagar Empire.
6. The Telugu work Raya-vacha-kamu of vishvanatha sthanapati gives interesting
details about the Nayak system under Krishnadevaraya.
Chronological order of the foreigners –
Foreign Accounts:
1. Nicholo de conti (Itallian) visited Vijayanagar during times of
Devaraya - Ist and gave details about his personality.
2. Abdul Razzaq (Persian) visited during Devaraya-2nd. He described
the beauty of capital city Hampi.
3. Domingo Paes (Portuguese) and Barbosa (Portuguese) visited
during the reign of Krishnadevraya.
4. Nuniz (Portuguese) visted during the reign of Achyuthdevaraya
Chronological order of the foreigners –
Ibn Battutah (1333-45) - Abdur Razzak (1443–45) – Nikitin (1470–74) -
Domingo Paes and Nuniz (1520-35)
Epigraphical
• Bitragunta inscription of Sangam –II nd is the major source for

construction of family history of sangama dynasty.
• Srirangam copper plate inscriptions of Devaraya II provide the

genealogy and achievements of Vijayanagar rulers.
Archaeological
• There are a rich variety of archaeological sources in the form of temples, palaces,
forts, mosques, etc. Numismatic evidence is also available in abundance.
• The Virupaksha Temple at Hampi and the Hazara Rama temple at Hampi of Deva
Raya I etc.
• Lotus Mahal literally means “Palace of Lotus" of Hampi. This structure was
made for the Royal family of the Vijayanagara Empire.
• The Vijayanagara kings issued a large number of gold coins called Varaha
(also called Pon in Tamil and Honnu in Kannada).
•
Bahmani Kingdom
Alaudin Hasan Bahman Shah (1347–1358)
• Established Bahmani kingdom.

• Was on constant war with Vijaynagar.
• Was also at war in the east with the rulers of Warangal and Orissa.
• In order to facilitate smooth administration, he divided the kingdom into
four territorial divisions called tarafs, each under a governor. These
‘tarafs’ were Gulbarga, Daulatabad, Bidar, and Berar.
• Governors of these ‘tarafs” commanded the army of his province and was solely
responsible for both its administration and the collection of revenue.
• Subduing the state of Warangal, the Reddi kingdoms of Rajahmundry and
Kondavidu, led to frequent wars. Bahman Shah emerged victorious in all these
expeditions and assumed the title Second Alexander on his coins.
Mohammed I (1358–1375)
• Mohammed I succeeded Bahman Shah. He established a good system of

government that was followed by all the successor sultanates as well as by the
Marathas later.
• He appointed a council of eight ministers of state:
a. Vakil-us-saltana or lieutenant of the kingdom, the immediate subordinate of
the sovereign.
b. Waziri-kull, who supervised the work of all other ministers;
c. Amir-i-jumla, minister of finance;
a. Wasir-i-ashraf, minister of foreign affairs and master of ceremonies;

b. Nazir, assistant minister for finance;
c. Peshwa who was associated with the lieutenant of the kingdom;
d. Kotwal or chief of police and city magistrate in the capital, and
e. Sadr-i-jahan or chief justice and minister of religious affairs and
endowments.
• The capital was shifted from Gulbarga to Bidar in 1429 during the reign of
Ahmad Shah.
• Muslims consider Ahmad Shah a Wali (friend of God) due to his good deeds and
association with Sufi saints.
• His religion was Sufism and he followed Islamic practices.
• He built a tomb for Gesu Daraz, a Sufi saint.
• The rule of Mohammad III (1463–1482) is worthy of mention because of his

lieutenant Mohammed Gawan, a great statesman.
End of Gawan
• Administrative reforms introduced by Gawan improved the efficiency of the government,

but curtailed the powers of the provincial chiefs, who were mostly Deccanis.
• So the already existing rivalry among the two groups of nobles, Deccani Muslims
(immigrant Muslims and had been staying for a long time in Deccan region.) and
Pardesi/Afaqis (foreigner/ come from Central Asia and settled in Deccan region
recently.) Muslims, further intensified and conflicts broke out.
• Gawan became a victim of this tussle for power, although he remained fair and neutral in
this conflict. Jealous of his success they forged a letter to implicate Gawan in a conspiracy
against the Sultan.
• After the Sultan’s death five of his descendants succeeded him on the throne
but they were kings only in name.
• During this period the Sultanate gradually broke up into four independent
kingdoms:
a. Bijapur, Ahmadnagar, Berar and Golkonda. Bidar where the Bahmani Sultan
ruled as a puppet became the fifth one.
Year State Dynasty Founder Annexation
1484 Barar Imadshahi Fatullah Imadshah Annexed by Ahmad

Nagar in 1574
1489 Ahmadnagar Nizamshahi Malik Ahmad Annexed in

Mughal Empire in 1633
1489 Bijapur Adilshahi Yusuf Adil Shah Annexed in

Golconda Qutubshahi Quli Qutub Shah Annexed in

1527 Bidar Baridshahi Amir-ul-Barid Annexed by Bijapur in

1618-1619
Military Structure of Bahmani kingdom
• The Bahmani kingdom had to have a big standing army since it was always
fighting against Hindu nations.
• After the Sultan, the army's commander was known as the Amir-ul-umra.
• The Sultan had his own bodyguards, known as the Khas-i-Khel.
Administration
• Empire – Taraf (Province) – Sarkar – Pargana – Gram
Vijaynagar Kingdom
About
• In 1336, Vijayanagar kingdom was established by Harihara and Bukka, who
were the two brothers. However, Harihara and Bukka were five brothers.
• Their father was Sangama, earlier serving with the Hoysala rulers of Karnataka.
• They laid foundation for a new kingdom after the death of the Hoysala king
Ballala III at the hands of the Madurai Sultan.
• Initially the capital was in or near about Anegondi on the north bank of the
Tungabhadra river.
• But soon it was shifted to the Hoylsala town Hosapattana (near Hampi)
on the south bank.
• The capital was expanded and renamed Vijayanagara, the city of Victory.
• Vijayanagara rulers adopted the emblem of the Chalukyas, the boar, or
varahaas their royal insignia.
• Harihara and Bukka were helped and inspired by contemporary scholar
and a Saiva saint Vidyaranya (also called Madhava) for the establishment
of their kingdom.
• Vidyaranya persuaded the brothers to abandon their service to the
Tughluqs and also to renounce Islam that they had adopted when they
were imprisoned by the Sultan in Delhi.
The Vijayanagar kingdom was successively ruled by four dynasties over a

period of more than three hundred years:
1. The Sangama dynasty (1336–1485),
2. The Saluva dynasty (1485–1505),
3. The Tuluva dynasty (1505–1570) and
4. The Aravidu dynasty (1570–1650).
Making of Vijaynagar Kingdom
• In the beginning, the Vijayanagar kingdom was one among many small
principalities of the time, under the rule of some local chiefs in different parts of
south India.
• The three big states of the thirteenth century, the Pandyas in Tamil Nadu, the
Hoysalas in Karnataka and the Kakatiyas in Andhra had almost been destroyed
by the military expeditions of the Delhi Sultanate in the first three decades of
the fourteenth century, leaving a big political vacuum.
• The turbulent political situation provided an opportunity to the five Sangama
brothers, headed by Harihara, to consolidate and expand the territory.
.
Further, the Delhi Sultanate itself became weak and did not take much interest in the
south.
Within the first four decades the small principality became a big kingdom through
the military activities of the five brothers in different directions.
Other powers in South India

Madurai & Bahmani –
• The Muslim Sultanate that had been established in Madurai a little earlier and
the Bahmani Sultanate that came up in 1347 started to rule independently of
Delhi
Sangam Dynasty:
Harihara - I
• Harihara - I was first ruler.
• The coastal parts of Karnataka were soon taken over.
• Vijayanagar and Bahamani conflict started during his times.
Bukka - I
• Buka - I ascended throne after Harihara.
• Under Bukka I, attention was turned to Tondai-mandalam, covering the northern

districts of Tamil area.
• The prince Kampana (usually called Kumara Kampana), son of Bukka I, carried out this
work successfully.
• He is also given credit for slaying the Madurai Sultan and bringing to an end that
Sultanate in about 1370. This is mentioned in Madura-vijayam, a Sanskrit work
written by Kampana’s wife, Gangadevi.
Devraya – I
• He was the first to construct dam across river Tungabhadra to relieve the shortage of
water
• Also built a dam on river Haridra for irrigation.
• He introduced Muslim soldiers in Vijaynagar army.
Devraya – II
• He inducted muslim archers into army to train soldiers of Vijaynagar.
• He was first vijayanagara ruler to collect tributes from Ceylon.
• After his death, Sangama dynasty became weak.
• The last king virupaksharaya was dethroned by his commander Saluva
Narsimharaya 1, and he stared Saluva dynastic rule.
Saluva Dynasty
• Narasimha raya 2 was the greatest in saluva dynasty.
Tuluva Dynasty
• Veeranarasimha started rule of Tuluva dynasty.
• After the death of Veeranarasimha, Prime Minister Thimma-rasu installed
Krishnadevaraya on throne.
• Krishnadevaraya had to undertake a series of expedition to repulse the Bahmani
forces, which were intruding into his territory on a regular annual basis.
• In some of these ventures the Portuguese, trying to establish their power in the
Malabar and Konkan coast, helped Krishanadevaraya with military aid, and got
permission to build a fort at Bhatkal.
• Portugese governor Alfanso de Alburque concluded treaty with Krishnadevaraya.

• In 1510 Portugese captured Goa from Bijapur Sultan.
• Though he was quite successful for a time, his victories made the warring Bahmani sultans
to become united for their survival.
• He was a great patron of literature and art and he was known as Andhra Bhoja
• Eight eminent scholars known as Ashtadiggajas were at his royal court.
• It is the collective title given to the eight Telugu scholars and poets in the court of Emperor
Krishnadevaraya. Allasani Peddana was one among them.
• Krishnadevaraya himself was a scholar and autored plays – Jambati-kalyanam (Sanskrit),
Amuktamalyada (Telugu) and Usha-parinay.
• He re-organised the Nayak or nayankara system and giving legal recognition to the system.
• Babur acknowledged krishnadevraya as the greatest Hindu king along with Rana Sangha of
Chittor.
Successors of Krishnadevraya
• After the death of Krishnadevraya - Achyutadeva and Sadashivraya succeeded
the throne.
• But during the time of Sadashivraya, the real power was in the hands of his
minister Ramraya.
• Ramaraya, a great warrior and strategist, was able to play off the Bahmani
Muslim powers against one another.
• He entered into a commercial treaty with the Portuguese whereby the supply of
horses to the Bijapur ruler was stopped.
• He fought with the Bijapur ruler and after some time, he allied with the Bijapur
ruler against Golconda and Ahmadnagar.
• This divide and rule policy provoked much enmity against Vijayanagar.
• Forgetting their mutual quarrels, the Deccan states (Bijapur, Bidar, Ahmadnagar,
and Golconda except Barar), and joined hands to wage the last great battle
against their common enemy.
• The battle was fought at Talikota or Rakshasi-Tangadi or Bannihatti in January
1565, in which Ramraya lost the battle.
• Rama Raya was imprisoned and executed. The king Sadasiva and some of his
retinue escaped to Penugonda. The city of Vijayanagar was destroyed. This
battle was generally considered to mark the end of the Vijayanagar Empire.
• Tirumala, brother of Ramaraya, declared himself king in 1570, starting the
Aravidu, that is the fourth dynasty.
• However, the Vijayanagar kingdom existed under the Aravidu

dynasty for about another century.
• Last ruler of Vijayanagar kingdom was Sri Ranga III.
• This empire was shrunk into a small state, Nayaks become independent
in different regions.
• Finally, Sri Ranga was defeated by Mir Jumla of Golconda in battle of

Vandavasi in 1647.
• Vijyanagar empire came to an end with this.

Administration –
• Kingdom was divided into different administrative units called Mandalams,

Nadus, Sthalas, and finally into gramas.
• One of the important characteristics of the Vijayanagar administration was
the amaranayaka. This is similar to the iqta system of Delhi Sultanate.
• In this system, the military commander was called the nayaka. Each nayaka,
who was given an area for administration (‘Amram’).
• He was responsible for expanding agricultural activities and collecting taxes

in his area.
• He used to maintain an army to support raya of vijaynagar. He used to send
annual tribute to the king.
• Another system was ‘Ayangar’ system, which was related to village
administration. Chola’s village administration became weak and actual
power was transferred into the hands of 12 village officials.
Revenue
• Land revenue was the major source of income to the state.
• Generally it was it was at the rate of one sixth of the total produce.
Society
• Prostitution was institutionalized.
• Devdasi or temple dancer system became more popular.
• Practice of sati further strengthened.
• Child marriage, widow remarriage were in practise
• Women were trained in wrestling, handling swords and shields, music and other fine
arts.
• Slavery system was in vogue. Both male and female slaves were there.
Literature & Culture

• Sanskrit, Kannada, Telugu language witnessed voluminous literature in Vijayanagar
period.
• Nandi timman authored Parijatharan in telugu.
• Tenalirama was a courtier of Krishnadevraya, who authored Padurang Mahatamya.
• Bommalat was a shadow play used to perform.
• Leepakshi painting which is one of the finest mural paintings is associated with
Vijayanagar.
• In Vijayanagar court, a new style of dance cum Music developed. This came to be known as
the Yakshini style.
Mughals
About
• The Mughals were descendant of the Mongol Chengiz Khan and the Turk Timur.
• Babur was the founder of the Mughal empire which was established in 1526 after
Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi in the first battle of Panipat.
• The empire declined after the death of Aurangzeb in 1707.
• The empire formally ended after the revolt of 1857.

Mughals
The literary sources of Mughal Empire –

Tuzuk-i-Baburi –
• Autobiography of Babur
• Written in Turkish language.
• Abdul rahim khan-i-khana translated it in Persian language under the title of Baburnama.
• Baburnama was translated by A.S Bevrich in English language under the name of ‘Memoirs
of Babur’.
• Babur has given detailed information about political,natural,economic and environamental
condition of India. He also mentioned about the types of farming and crops cultivated in
India.
Mughals
Tarikh-i-Rashidi
• It was written by Mirza Haidar Ali Doglat
Kanoon-i-Humayuni
• This book was written by Khondmir.
Humayunama
• It was written by Gulbadan Begum.
• She has also given detailed information social conditions such as marriages, rituals of the
Haram, etc.
• Also provides detailed information about the war expeditions of Humayun.
Mughals
Tarikh-i-Akbari
• Written Arif Quandhari
Akbarnama
• It was written by Abul Fazl
Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri
• It is an autobiography of Jahangir
Alamgirnama
• The book was written by Kazim Shiraji. It provides detailed information about the rule of
Aurangzeb.
• He informs about the economic condition, rise in the prices of commodities, decline in
agriculture and natural calamities like flood.
Mughals
Futuhat-i-Alamgiri:
• The book was written by Isardas Nagar.
• It tells about the relation of Aurangzeb with the rajputs.
Muntakhab-ut-Tawarikh
• Authored by Abd al-Qadir
Mughals
Babur
• Babur was invited by Daulat Khan Lodi, a principal opponent of Ibrahim Lodi, and Rana
Sangha, ruler of Mewar to invade India.
Battles of Babur –
First Battle of Panipat (21 April 1526)
• Babar against Ibrahim Lodi

• Babar won
• Services of two ottoman master gunners – Ustad Ali & Mustafa, Use of Gunpowder
Battle of Khanwa (March 16, 1527)

• Babur against Rana Sanga
• Fought war on the name ‘Jihad’
• Mughal victory
Mughals
Battle of Chanderi (January 29, 1528)
• Babar against Medani Rai

• Babur won
Battle of Ghaghra (May 6, 1529)

• Babur against Mahmud Lodi (Delhi Sultanate), Nusrat Shah (Bengal Sultanate)
• Babur won
Babur died on December 26, 1530.

Tomb at Kabul
Significance –
• He introduced the Char-Baghs and symmetrically laid out gardens with running water and
fountains.
• wrote Masnavi (extensive poems).
Mughals
Humayun (1530-1540 & 1555-1556)
Challenges –
• Brothers, especically Kamran (Kabul & Kandhar)

• Bahadur Shah, the ruler of Gujarat
• The growing power of eastern Afghans under Sher Shah
Battles
Battle of Daurah (1532) – fort of Chunar

• Humayun against Afghans
• Humayun won
• a great mistake of Humayun.
Mughals
Battle of Chausa (1539)
• This battle was won by Sher Khan
Battle of Kanauj (1540)
• This battle was won by Sher Khan and Humayun’s army was completely routed, and he became
a prince without a kingdom.
Sur Dynasty (1540-1555)
• Sher Shah led the foundation of this dynasty.

• He died in an accidental gunpowder explosion in the fort of Kalinjar on 13 May 1545 AD.
• Succeeded by his second son Islam Shah who ruled till 1553.
Mughals
Sher Shah’s Reforms –
• Land was surveyed and revenue settled according to the fertility of the soil.
• The standardization of the metal content of gold, silver and copper coins also facilitated
trade. His currency system continued through the entire Mughal period and became the
basis of the coinage under the British.
• Asharfi (Gold Coins), Rupiya (Silver), Dam (Copper)
• Grand Trunk road from the Indus (Peshawar) in the west to Sonargaon in Bengal.
• Purana Qila (Old Fort).
• He built his own mausoleum in Sasaram.
Mughals
Humayun’s Return from Exile –
In 1555, he fought the Afghans in two bloody wars and reclaimed Delhi and Agra.
• Battle of Machhiwara against Sikander Shah Sur (May 1555)
• Battle of Sirhind against Sikander Shah Sur (June 1555)
• Regained Delhi and Agra at the last 1555.
• But unfortunately, he died very soon after regaining Delhi when he slipped down the stairs
of the library in the fort at Delhi.
• In the colourful words of Lane Poole, “Humayun stumbled out of his life, as he has
stumbled through it.
Mughals
Significance of Humayun
• He built a new city at Delhi which he named Dinapanah, and constructed the Jamali mosque
and mosque of Isa Khan at Delhi.
• Humayun's tomb, Delhi is called the prototype of the Taj Mahal, and was built by his widow
Haji Begum.
• He invited two Persian painters, Mir Sayyid Ali and Abdus Samad, and made them his court
painters.
Mughals
Akbar
• Akbar was 13 years and 4 months old when he became emperor at Kalanaur in Punjab in
1556.
• Bairam Khan was Humayun’s confidante and gained the title of Khan-i-Khanan.
• Under the protégé of Bairam Khan (1556-1560)

• Under the influence of Petticoat government ( 1560-1562)
• Bairam Khan represented Akbar in the Second Battle of Panipat (c. 1556 CE) with Hemu
Vikramaditya (wazir of Adil Shah of Bengal) who led the Afghan forces. Akbar won the
battle.
Mughals
Rajput Policy of Akbar
• Acknowledge the importance of Rajputs
• By 1570 CE, Akbar had captured almost whole of the Rajasthan.
• One of the notable achievements of Akbar was that, in spite of the subjugation of the whole of
Rajasthan, there was no hostility between Rajputs and Mughals,
• Rajputs rose to important positions in Mughal services.
• Got want Jagirs
• Peace in Rajputana
• Maharana Pratap, the ruler of Mewar, posed the most serious challenge to the Mughal emperor
and did not submit before Akbar.
• In 1576, Rana Pratap was defeated by the Mughal army led by Man Singh, in the famous battle of
Haldighati.
Mughals
Akbar's religious Policy
• This policy was combined with the broad religious tolerance.

• He abolished the pilgrim tax (1563 CE) and later the Jizya (1564).
• He prohibited forcible conversion of prisoners of war.
• In 1575, Akbar built a House of worship (Ibadat Khana) at his capital Fatepur Sikri and
invited all scholars from all religions to discuss.
• Some of the scholars in Ibadat Khana were - Pursottam Das (Hindu) - Dastur Maharji Rana
(Parsi) - Hira Vijaya Suri (Jain) - Aquaviva and Monserrate (Christian)
Mughals
Akbar's religious Policy
• He did not like the involvement of the Muslim Ulemas in political matters and issues.
• In 1579, he delivered the “Infallibility Decree (Mazharnama)” and revealed his religious
powers.
• In 1582, he spread a new religion called Din Ilahi/Tauhid-i-illahi of Divine Faith.
Mughals
Mughals
Din Ilahi of Divine Faith

• Akbar started a new religion that was based on the teachings of major religions like
Hinduism, Christianity, Zoroastrianism, etc.
• This religious path was later referred to as the Din-i-illahi or Divine Monotheism.
• Historian Vinset Smith called Akbar's Din-i-ilahi as a monument of his folly not of wisdom.
• Prohibiting such sins as lust, sensuality, slander, and pride and enjoining the virtues of piety,
prudence, abstinence, and kindness.
• Birbal was the only Hindu to accept Din-i-Ilahi
Mughals
Mansabdari System
• Akbar introduced the Mansabdari system in his administration.
• Mansabdari System was the bureaucratic administration system, where every officer
was assigned a rank (Mansab).
• The Mansabdars were appointed to all civil and military posts.
• Not hereditary, can be transferred.
• Zat – denotes rank and salary
• Sawar – denotes number of cavalry men Mansabdar had to maintain.
• The Mansabdars were paid according to their ranks
• Those Mansabdars, who were paid in cash, were called Naqdi.
• Those Mansabdars who were paid through land (Jagirs) were called Jagirdars.
Mughals
• The lowest rank was 10 and the highest was 5,000 for the nobles.
• However, Raja Man Singh and Mirza Aziz Koka were honoured with the rank of 7,000
each.
• All appointments and promotions as well as dismissals were directly made by the emperor.
Mughals
Akbar's Navratanas
1. Abul Fazl who wrote Ain-i-Akbari and Akbar Nama.

2. Faizi who was a persian poet and brother of Abul Fazl.
3. Fakir Aziao Din who was a Sufi mystic and one of the chief advisors of Akbar.
4. Tansen (Ram Tanu Pandey), a great musician who served as a court musician to King
Ramachandra.
5. He accepted Islam at the hand of great Sufi mystic saint Muhammad Ghaus of Gwalior.
Mughals
5. Raja Birbal / Mahesh Das, a courtier to whom Akbar gave the title of both Raja and Birbal.
6. Raja Todar Mal, was a finance minister who overlooked revenue system. Earlier he worked
under Sher Shah Suri .
7. Raja Man Singh, was a Mansabdar and grandson of Akbar's father-in-law .
8. Abdul Rahim Khan-i-Khanan was a great poet, although a Muslim by birth, a devotee of
Lord Krishna.
9. Mirza Aziz Koka, also known as Khan-i-Azam, he was one of the leading nobles, and also
the foster brother of Akbar. He also served as the Subedar of Gujarat.
Mughals
JAHANGIR (1605-27)
• He was the eldest son of Jodha Bai and Akbar.

• He was named Salim after blessings of Sheikh Salim Chishti.
• The British visited Machlipatnam during Jahangir’s reign.
• Captain Hawkins (1608-11) and Thomas Roe (1615 -1619) visited his court. Thomas Roe
got the farman for setting up an English factory at Surat.
• He wrote the Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri (autobigraphy) in Persian. During his reign, Abdul Hamid
Lahori wrote Padshah Namah.
Mughals
Significance
• The practice of putting up buildings in marble and decorating the walls with floral designs made of semi
precious stones (known as Pietra Durra) started during his reign.
• Tomb of I'timād-ud-Daulah.
Mughal painting reached its zenith.

• He employed a number of painters like Abdul Hasan, Bishan Das (regarded as master of portraits), Ustad
Mansur (specialist in animal painting).
• The use of "Halo" or "Divine lights" behind kings head started under him.
• Apart from painting the scenes of hunting, battles and royal courts, progress was made in portrait painting
and paintings of animals
Mughals
Shahjahan
• In 1632, Ahmadnagar was finally annexed and the Bijapur forces sued for peace.
• In 1632 CE, Shah Jahan defeated the Portuguese near Hugli due to regular abuse of
trading privilege by them.
• His reign is considered the "The Golden Age" of the Mughal Empire.
Taj Mahal
• The architectural design was prepared by Ustad Isa and Isa Muhammad Effendi.
• He constructed Moti Masjid at Agra (built entirely in white marble), Sheesh Mahal
and Mussaman Burj at Agra, while Jama Masjid at Delhi was built in red stone.
Mughals
He also got Bebadal Khan to build the Peacock throne, on which is inscribed the
Amir Khusrao couplet: "if there is a paradise on earth, it is here“
Inayat Khan who wrote Shah Jahan Nama. His son Dara Shikoh translated the
Bhagavat Gita and Upanishads into Persian language.
In 1657-1658, there was conflict over succession amongst Shah Jahan's sons.
Aurangzeb was victorious and Shah Jahan was imprisoned for the rest of his life in
Agra. Aurangzeb crowned himself with the title of "Alamgir" (Conqueror of the
world).
Mughals
Aurangzeb
• He followed the policy of outright annexation of the Deccan states.

• Bijapur was annexed in 1685 and Golconda in 1687.
Religious policy
• Aurangzeb was a staunch and orthodox Muslim in his personal life and his ideal was to
transform India into an Islamic state.
• In 1679 CE, he reimposed jiziya and pilgrim tax.

Mughals
Nastaliq
• Akbar's favourite style was nastaliq, a fluid style with long horizontal strokes, written with
qalam.
Jharokha Darshan (Jharokha: small balcony)
• It was introduced by Akbar with the objective of broadening the acceptance of the imperial
authority as part of popular faith. After spending an hour in morning at the Jharokha, the
emperor walked to the public hall of audience (diwan-i-am) to conduct the primary business
of his government.
• Nurjahan started appearing with the Emperor in Jharokha darshan

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Early Medieval India

Early Medieval India

• Fall of the Gurjara-Pratiharas around 1000 A.D. led to the emergence of

Origin and Background of Rajputs-

Agnikund theory of Origin - This theory comes from Chandrabardai's

Cha-cha, par, pra

Mahendrapala (885 – 910 AD) was another famous king of Pratiharas,

Prithvi Raj III

• Vigraha raja IV also known as Visaldev, Patronised literature and

• Prithviraja III Defeated Muhammad Ghori in the First Battle of Tarain in

• He is considered a righteous scholar king who himself was a polymath. His

• He built the Sun temple of Modhera.

• In 712 AD – Caliph sent Muhammad bin Qasim. He defeated Dahir, the

• The Turkish governors established independent kingdoms and the Caliph

Mahmud is said to have made seventeen raids into India.

Why Mahmud Invaded india?

• He was drawn to India's enormous wealth.

• In 1025, Mahmud raided Gujarat, looting the Somnath temple and

Poets Patronized by Mahmud of Ghazni

Mahmud died in 1030 A.D.

• Taking advantage of the decline of the Ghaznavid empire, Muizzuddin

• Unlike Mahmud of Ghazni, he wanted to conquer India and extend his

1. First Battle of Tarain (1191)

2. Second Battle of Tarain (1192)

3. Battle of Chandavar (1194)

1. Lakhbaksh 1. Quwwat-ul-Islam (Delhi)

• He patronized Hasan Nizami who wrote Tajul-Ma'asir, the first

Introduced Arabic coins into India –

• Patronized Minas-us-Siraj author of Tabkate –I – Nashiri.

• He nominated Raziya as his successor. But he was Succeeded by

• Completed Qutub Minar.

First Muslim ruler of India.

2. Established Theory of Kingship – 1. Shadow of God, 2. Sultan is absolute

3. Iranian traditions – Sijda, Paibos, Nauroz

4. Disbanded Turk- e – Chilghalghani

5. Established diplomatic relations with Mongol.

6. Policy of blood & Iron.

Policy of tolerance of JK was reversed

Amir Khusrau’s Khazain-ul-Futuh speaks about Alauddin’s

Communication Judicial Military Old Hindus Irrigation

Theory of Kingship : MBT

It is the will of God to

Kept Ulemas away from

High offices on the basis of merit

Interacted with all religion to get

• Died in 1351 at thatta, Sindh.

• Historian Badayuni commented on the death of Muhammad Bin

Jaziyah Zakat Kharaj Khams

Diwan-i- Employment Diwan –i- Diwan-i-

NASIRUDDIN MUHAMMAD (1390-1398):

Mubarak Muhammad Alauddin

Shaikh Ahmad Sir Hindi

LODHI DYNASTY (1451-1526 AD)

Bahlol Sikandar Ibrahim

To control the Marathwara region -

Bahmani & Vijay Nagar Kingdom

• Bitragunta inscription of Sangam –II nd is the major source for

• Srirangam copper plate inscriptions of Devaraya II provide the

Alaudin Hasan Bahman Shah (1347–1358)

• Established Bahmani kingdom.