Hydraulic Energy

Chapter 3:
Hydraulic Energy
Lecture 5
Lecture
Content
Lecture
Content
-Principle of Bernoulli
Theorem
-Hydrological Cycle
-Heads and gradients
-Soil Properties and Water
-Hydraulic
-Water Tableconductivity
-Hydraulic
-Aquifers conductitivities in
granular
-Wells soils and cohesive
soils
-Principle of Bernoulli Theorem
Introduction
Daniel Bernoulli
A Swiss scientist born in 1700's that is most famous for his work
in fluid pressure. He died in 1782
Theory
Increase in the speed of the fluid occur simultaniously with a

decrease in pressure or decrease in the fluid's potential energy
or
In a horizontal pipe, the highest fluid pressure is in the section
where the flow speed is the lowest, and the lowest pressure is
at the section where the flow speed is the biggest
Mechanical Energy
Potential Kinetic
Energy Energy
Energy stored in a body due to its Kinetic energy is the

position or configuration energy of a moving body
Example
Potential
A compressed A stretched
Energy Body/object is
spring has rubber band has
held at a height
potential energy potential energy
What is common to all the objects?
Height
Height
Stretched
Compressed
What is common to all the objects?
Key idea!
All objects are storing energy
waiting to be released -
These objects
Potential Energy
have the potential
SI Unit - Joule (J) to do work
Physics Definition of Work!
Work = Force x Displacement

Potential Energy
Gravitational Elastic
potential potential
energy energy
Its the energy stored in an object Its the energy stored in an object
due to Earth's gravity due to its deformed state
Objects kept at a Height stores Objects having change in
gravitational energy configuration stores elastic
energy
Which one is elastic potential energy and
graviational potential energy?
a. b. c. d.
Formula for gravitational potential energy
change in potential energy of hammer =

work done in lifting the hammer
work done on hammer = force x displacement

= weight x height
=mxgxh
Change in potential energy = weight x height

=mxgxh
Formula for kinetic energy
Kinetic Energy = (1/2) x mass x square of velocity
change in kinetic energy =

Identify points of energy?
Energy in flowing fluid
cross sections = A1, A2
mean height from Datum = y1, y2
Pressure applied = P1, P2
Velocity = V1, V2
Energy due to pressure
Energy = Workdone on the fluid

= Force x displacement
= Pressure x Area x Length
= Pressure x Volume = P x V
Energy = P x V
Pressure energy per unit volume = (P x V) / V = P
Pressure energy per unit mass = (P x V) / m = (P / ρ)
Kinetic energy =
Kinetic energy per unit volume = ρ
Kinetic energy per unit mass =
Potential energy = m x g x h
Potential energy per unit volume = ρ x g x h Pressure energy converts into
kinetic energy and potential
Potential energy per unit mass = g x h
energy
Pressure energy converts into

kinetic energy and potential
energy
Bernoulli's
Principle
Equation of Continuity - fluid moving through a tube
Bernoulli's
Principle
Area at A2
Area at A1
A1 v1 = A2 v2
Velocity at A1
Velocity at A2
Bernoulli's
Principle
Pressure energy per unit mass given to system = By Conservation of energy:

(P1 / ρ) - (P2 / ρ) Loss in energy = Gain in energy
Gain in KE per unit mass = V2 - V1
(P1 / ρ) - (P2 / ρ) = V2 - V1 + (g h2) - (g h1)
Gain in PE per unit mass = (g h2) - (g h1)
According to Conservation of energy:
Loss in energy = Gain in energy
Example
Exercise 1
1. Water flows through a pipe shown below at the rate of 80L/s. If the pressure at
point 1 is 180kPa. Find
(a) the velocity at point 1
(b) the velocity at point 2
(c) the pressure at point 2
Hydraulic Head
Hydraulic Gradient
Hydraulic Head
Piezometers
A piezometer is a tube that is placed in the

soil to measure liquid pressure in a
system by measuring the height to which
a column of the liquid rises against gravity,
or a device which measures the pressure
of groundwater at a specific point.
Hydraulic Head - Simple explanation
Hydraulic head is the elevation to which

water will naturally rise in a well (static
level).
Any well that is not being pumped will do
for this, but a well that is created especially
for measuring hydraulic head is known as
an observation well a monitoring well or a
piezometer.
For unconfined aquifers the hydraulic head is
the same thing as the water table. For
confined aquifers it is not.
Hydraulic Head
Hydraulic head is one of the key variables in describing a
groundwater system. It is the measurement of water pressure or
energy of a body of water above a specified datum / potential
energy which is stored in water to move or do some work
Total Head / Elevation Pressure Velocity

Hydraulic Head Head Head Head
Total Head /
Hydraulic Head
Hydraulic head / Total head is

the total energy of body of water
Elevation
Head
Elevation head represents the gravitational

potential energy arising from elevation
Pressure
Head
The pressure head represents the

energy due to pore fluid pressure
Velocity
Head
The velocity head is the energy represented

by the movement of a body of water
If groundwater is considered, velocity head can be ignored because
groundwater velocities are so slow, kinetic energy is typically
negligible, almost equal to zero. However, velocity head must be
considered when dealing with flow through pipe and open channels
Example - Hydraulic head distribution in static column of water
z: elevation head
h: total head 0
Datum
Head is uniform and

there is no flow
Exercise
Calculate:
Total Head = 4.5m
Elevation Head = 1m
Pressure Head = 3.5m
Pressure = 34,300Pa = 34.3kPa
Datum
Exercise
Exercise
Calculate at A. B, C and D:
Total Head =
Elevation Head =
Pressure Head =
Pressure =
Hydraulic Gradient
Hydraulic Gradient - Definition
The drop in water potential per unit distance in the direction of flow :
i=
Water below a GWT is usually flowing under a hydraulic gradient,

defined as the slope of free water surface along the direction of flow
Unit depends on how water potential is specified. commonly water

potential is in units of "head" eg: (m of water) and the hydraulic
gradient is unitless
Hydraulic Gradient - Expression
Hydraulic gradient is expressed as:
is the hydraulic gradient (dimensionless)
is the difference between two hydraulic

heads (length usually in m or ft)
is the length between the two piezometers (length

usually in m or ft)
During the calculation of hydraulic gradient, the piezometer has to be kept at two places along the same soil
layer. This is to find the accurate value of gradient. If the piezometer is located in the different soil layer with
the impervious layer in center, it is not taken into account. The value of hydraulic head given by piezometer
one, inserted in soil layer above the impervious layer gives the permeability of first layer of soil. The value of the
hydraulic head given by piezometer two, inserted in soil layer below the impervious layer gives the permeability of
second layer of soil. The hydraulic gradient is used to determine direction of ground water flow.
Exercise 1
Hydraulic Gradients - using nested piezometers
Purpose of Nested piezometers:
The nest of piezometers is used to
indicate pressure, with greater
pressure leading to greater elevation of
the top of the water inside the
piezometer. If pressure differs between
depths, then water will flow from the
region of higher to lower pressure.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=hGxpUj4qQb8&ab_channel=TomGleeson
Hydraulic Gradients - Vertical hydraulic gradient
Wells completed to different depths at the same location (well clusters, nested piezometers, or multiport
wells) enable vertical hydraulic gradients to be computed and vertical flow components to be visualized.
Vertical hydraulic gradients are computed by subtracting the hydraulic head value in the deeper well
from the value in the shallower well and dividing the remainder by the vertical distance between the
midpoints of the well screens (see digram).
Hydraulic Gradients - Vertical hydraulic gradient
A downward flow component is indicated if the gradient is negative, meaning the hydraulic head is less
at depth.
Conversely, an upward flow component is indicated if the gradient is positive, meaning the hydraulic
head is greater at depth. The magnitude of the gradient indicates its significance.
Exercise
-Hydraulic conductivity
Hydraulic Conductivity is a measure of how easily water can pass through soil or rock. High values
indicate permeable material through which water can pass easily; low values indicate that the material
is less permeable.
Permeability vs Conductivity: Permeability is the property of the porous medium itself while hydraulic
conductivity is the property of the whole system including both porous medium and the flowing fluid.
That's why for deriving hydraulic conductivity, density and viscosity of the fluid is considered along with the
permeability of the porous medium
It depends on the permeability of the material, the degree of saturation, and on the density and viscosity of
the fluid
Saturated hydraulic conductivity Ksat described water movement through saturated media.
Hydraulic conductivity K (m/s, ft/day and (gal/day)/ft²) in non saturated soil is expressed as:
where:
-Hydraulic conductivities in granular
soils and cohesive soils
of Chapter 3

Hydraulic Energy

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Chapter 3:

Increase in the speed of the fluid occur simultaniously with a

Energy stored in a body due to its Kinetic energy is the

Work = Force x Displacement

change in potential energy of hammer =

work done on hammer = force x displacement

Change in potential energy = weight x height

Kinetic Energy = (1/2) x mass x square of velocity

change in kinetic energy =

Energy due to pressure

Energy = Workdone on the fluid

Pressure energy converts into

Pressure energy per unit mass given to system = By Conservation of energy:

A piezometer is a tube that is placed in the

Hydraulic head is the elevation to which

Total Head / Elevation Pressure Velocity

Hydraulic head / Total head is

Elevation head represents the gravitational

The pressure head represents the

The velocity head is the energy represented

Head is uniform and

Water below a GWT is usually flowing under a hydraulic gradient,

Unit depends on how water potential is specified. commonly water

is the hydraulic gradient (dimensionless)

is the difference between two hydraulic

is the length between the two piezometers (length

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