@=# tYofÍsf] ;|f]t

k|:tfljs cWoog s;/L ;DkGg ul/Fb}5 eg] k|i6 ug]{ qmddf cg';Gwfg ljlw jf
cWoog ljlwsf] ljj/0f cWoog k|:tfj n]vgsf qmddf ;a}eGbf dxQ\
jk"0f{ dflgG5. ljljw kl/l:ylt JolQm ;d:of tyf 36gfqmdnfO{ cfwf/
dfgL ;fdu|L ;+sng ul/G5. ;fdu|L pknAwtfsf] l:yltnfO{ klg ljz]if Vofn
ug{'kb{5. cg';Gwfgstf{sf] ;lqmotf / ;+nUgtfsf] ;fdu|L ;+sng ;|f]t lgwf{/0f
;xof]u k'U5. zf]wljlwdf cfjZos ;fdu|Lx¿sf] ;|f]t ;fdu|Lsf] ;+sng / k/LIf0f
ul/Psf] x'G5. k|:t't cg';Gwfg ;DkGg ug{sf nflu k|fylds / låtLo b'j} ;|f]tsf]
k|of]u ul/G5.
@=#=! k|fylds ;|f]t
cg';Gwfgstf{ cfkm" :jo+ pkl:yt eP/ ;DalGwt 7fpFdf uP/ klxnf]k6s
tYofÍ ;Íng u/]sf] ;fdu|LnfO{ k|fylds ;|f]t elgG5 o;nfO{ k|fylds jf
df}lns ;fdu|L klg elgG5. cg';Gwfgdf klxnf]k6s k|of]u ePsf o:tf ;fdu|
LnfO{ klg ;Íng / k|of]usf b[li6n] hl6n x'g] ePklg cg';Gwfgdf P]gsf] dxQ\j
k|oTg /xG5. c?af6 o:tf ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u ePsf] x'Fb}g.
cg';Gwfgstf{s} ;lqmotfdf ;fdu|L ;+sng ul/G5. ;d:of p2]Zo ljlw / ;}4flGts
cjwf/0ffsf cfwf/df ;fdu|L ;+sng ul/G5 k|fylds ;|f]tsf ;fdu|Laf6 glag kIfsf]
vf]h l;4fGt k|ltkfjtg JofVof tyf ljZn]if0f ug{ ;lsG5. k|fylds ;|f]taf6 k|
fKt ;fdu|L ljZj;gLo e/kbf]{ / oyfy{df cfwfl/t x'G5. o; cGtu{t ;j]
{If0f :ynut cflb kb{5g\.
@=#=@ låtLo ;|f]t|
cGo JolQm ;+3 ;+:yfn] ;Íng u/]sf] tYofÍnfO{ k"0f{ k|of]udf NofpFb5g\
eg] To:tf ;|f]tnfO{ låtLo ;|f]t elgG5. o:tf ;fdu|LnfO{ ;xfos ;fdu|Lsf ?kdf
klg lrlgG5 o:tf ;fdu|L ;Íngdf cg';Gwfgstf{sf] k|ToIf ;+nUgtf /xFb}g eg]
ck|ToIf ;+nUgtf /x]sf] x'G5. ;fdu|L ;Íng JofVof ljZn]if0f / k|zf]wgx¿n]
u/]sf] x'G5g\ eg] To:tf] ;fdu|Lsf] lgisif{ jf k|flKtnfO{ a9L k|of]u u/]sf]
kfOG5. c?n] ;Íng u/]sf] ;fdu|LnfO{ låtLo ;|f]t elgG5. o; cGtu{t JolQm ;
+3 ;+:yf ;/sf/L Pj+ u}/;/sf/L kqklqsf kf7\ok':ts cg';Gwfg k|ltj]bg cflb
kb{5g\.
@=$ cWoogsf] gd'gf / 5gf]6 k|lqmof
k|:t't cWoog ;du| hg;Î\ofsf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ s]xL ;fgf] c+znfO{ gd'gf
elgG5. cg';Gwfgaf6 k|fKt lgisif{ pkof]uL aGg ;Sb}g k|ltlglwd"ns 9Ën]
cg';Gwfgsf nflu 5gf]6 ul/Psf] hg;Î\ofnfO{ gd'gf elgG5. k|:t't cWoog >L
dxfslj b]jsf]6f dfWolds ljBfnosf sIff cf7df cWoog/t ljBfyL{x¿sf] lnË
kl/jt{g Ifdtfdf cfwfl/t /x]/ lgdf{0f ul/Psf] 5. k|:t't cWoog sfo{ dxfslj
b]jsf]6f dfWolds ljBfno sIff * df cWoog/t #) hgf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ gd'gfsf
¿kdf lnP/ kfFrhgfnfO{ pQm k|ltj]bgdf 5gf]6 ul/Psf] 5.
cg';Gwfgdf cg';Gw]x ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt ;du| tYofÍ ;Íngsf nflu k|of]u
x'g ;Sg] ;d"x hg;Î\of xf]. cg';Gwfgsf qmddf cfjZos kg]{ hg;Î\of elgG5.
eflifs cg';Gwfgsf qmddf lglZrt hg;Î\ofsf] cfjZostf kb{5. dxfslj b]jsf]6f
dfWolds ljBfnodf sIff cf7df cWoog/t ljBfyL{x¿sf] lnË kl/jt{g Ifdtfdf
zLif{snfO{ pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5. pQm ljBfnodf sIff cf7df
cWoog/t ;Dk"0f{ ljBfyL{x? hg;Î\of x'G5. hg;Î\ofn] tYofÍ ;Íngsf nflu
cfjZos l;Ëf] ;d"xnfO{ hgfpF5.

k|:t't cWoogdf ;Dk"0f{af6 5lgPsf] ;fgf] c+znfO{ gd'gf elgG5 k|:t't

cg';Gwfgdf k|To]s JolQmaf6 ;fdu|L ;+sng ug{ ufx|f] k5{. ;Dk"0f{af6
s]xL k|ltlglwsf] 5gf]6 u/L ;fdu|L ;+sng ul/G5. dxfslj b]jsf]6f gd'gf
dfWolds ljBfno sIff *df cWoog/t ljBfyL{x¿sf] lnË kl/jt{g Ifdtf zLif{sdf
cg';Gwfg ul/Psf] 5. sIff cf7df cWoog/t ljBfyL{x¿sf] cWoogdf ;|f]t / ;do
a9L nfU5. cWoogsf p2]Zo cg';f/ ToxfF ePsf hDdf ljBfyL{x? dWo] s]xL
ljBfyL{x¿ sf] 5gf]6 ug{'kb{5. cWoogaf6 lgsflnPsf]
lgisif{nfO{ ;Dk"0f{ hg;Î\ofdf ;fdfGos/0f ug{ ;lsG5.
@=% cWoogsf] ;fwg jf ;fdu|L
cg';Gwfgdf ;fwg jf ;fdu|Lsf] tYofÍ ;Íngsf nflu pkof]u ul/g] pks/0f g} ;fdu|
L x'g\. k|:t't cWoog ;fwg jf ;fdu|Lsf] dxQ\jk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5.
cg';Gwfgsf] k|s[lt / p2]Zosf] cfwf/df km/s km/s ;fdu|L k|of]u ul/G5.
oL ;fdu|L dfkm{t ljljw tYofÍ ;Íng ul/G5. JolQmsf ljrf/ Jojxf/ nufotsf
ljleGg ;"rgfx¿ ;+sngsf nflu ;fdu|Lsf] pkof]u ul/G5. cWoog ;d:of jf d'2fsf]
cfwf/df ;fdu|LnfO{ ;Da4 7fpFdf k|of]u u/L tYofÍ lbOG5. tYofÍ ;Íngsf]
cfwf/ g} ;fdu|L pks/0f x'g\. o; cWoogn] ;lhnf] ;xh / e/kbf]{ agfpg] ;xof]u
ub{5.
o; cWoogsf nflu k|ZgjfnL lgdf{0f ul/Psf] 5. pQ/bftf / ;"rsnfO{ ;fwgsf
lnlvt ¿kdf agfOPsf] k|Zgx¿sf] ;"rLnfO{ k|ZgjfnL elgG5. of] k|fylds ;|
f]taf6 ;fdu|L ;+sng ug]{ dxQ\jk"0f{ ;fwg xf]. cg';Gwfgsf] p2]Zo k|s[lt
ljlw 9fFrf / ljifo k|s[lt x]/L k|Zgx? tof/ ul/G5. o:tf k|ZgnfO{ k|ToIf
¿kdf ;"rs jf pQ/bftfnfO{ lbOG5 k|Zgsf] pQ/ n]v]/ k'g lkmtf{ ub{5g\. of]
a9L k|rlnt pks/0f xf]. o;af6 7"nf] If]qsf] tYofÍ lng ;lsG5. s:tf s'/fsf] ;"rgf
jf k|lqmof lng] eGg] s'/fdf cWoogstf{ ;r]t x'g'kb{5.

k|:t't cWoog/t tYofÍsf nflu kfFrj6f ljifout k|Zg lgdf{0f u/]/ pQ/bftfx¿nfO{
pQm k|ZgjfnL n]Vg nufOPsf] 5. tL k|Zgx¿ lnË kl/jt{g Ifdtfdf ;DalGwt
/x]sf] 5. of] k|Zgdf cln pQ/bftfnfO{ ug{ nufOPsf] 5. o;df Jojl:yt ?kdf k|
ZgjfnLx¿sf] lgdf{0f u/]/ pQ/bftfn] h] hlt s'/tL k|Zgx¿sf] af/]df hfgsf/L
/x]sf] 5. tL s'/fx¿df pQ/ k|ZgjfnL sIff cf7df cWoog/t kfFrhgf
ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ gd'gfsf] ?kdf lnP/ n]Vg nufOPsf] 5. o; k|ltj]bgsf]
nflu ;fwg jf ;fdu|Lsf ?kdf k|ZgjfnL lgdf{0fnfO{ g} pko'Qm dflgG5.
@=^ tYofÍ ;Íng k|lqmof
cg';Gwfg sfo{sf nflu cfjZos sRrf kbfy{sf ¿kdf /x]sf] ;fdu|L jf tYofÍ
ljleGg :yfgdf 5l/P/ /x]sf] x'G5g\. o:tf z/L/ /x]sf] tYofÍx?nfO{ lglZrt k|
lqmof ckgfP/ ;Íng ug{'kg]{ x'G5 ;fdu|L jf tYo cWoognfO{ pknlAwk"0f{
jf ;fy{s agfOG5 cWoogsf] p2]Zo 9fFrf ljlw cg'¿k tYofÍ ;Íngsf k|lqmofdf
ljljwtf /xG5 lgdf{0f ul/Psf ;fdu|LnfO{ k|of]ustf{ jf n]Vo ;fdu|Lx?nfO{ ;
+sng ug{ ljz]if Wofg k'of{pg' kb{5

tYofÍ ;Íng k|lqmof sxfFaf6 s;/L ;+sng ug]{ jf ;fdu|L ;+sng ug]{ eGg]
s'/f lgb]{z ub{5. cWoogstf{n] cfkm"n] cWoog sf] p2]Zo cg';f/ tYofÍ ;Íng
k4ltnfO{ cjnDag ug{'kb{5. cWoogstf{ tYofÍ ;Íng u/]sf] jfSo u7gdf ug]
{ q'6Lsf] klxrfg ug{'kb{5. sIff cf7df cWoog/t ljBfyL{n] lnË kl/jt{g Ifdtf
sf] b]lvG5. tYofÍ ;Íngsf nflu k|ZgjfnL pQ/bftfx¿nfO{ lnPsf] 5. kfFrj6f
ljifout k|Zg lbP/ k|ZgjfnL ul/Psf] 5.o;/L tYofÍ ;Íng ul/Psf] 5.

kl/R5] tLg
cWoogsf] JofVof tyf ljZn]if0f

#=!ljifo kl/ro
dfgjLo ljrf/ cleJoQm ug]{ ljlzi6 dfWod efiff xf]. efiff ljrf/ ljrf/
ljlgdosf] ;zQm dfWod xf]. g]kfn ax'eflifs d'n's xf]. efiffdfgjLo hLjgsf]
cd"No ;DklQ xf]. efiff Pscf;df cbfgk|bfg ub{5. efiff ;dflhs j:t' xf]. efiff
dfgjLo hLjgsf] ;fdflhs k|f0fL xf]. dflg;n] cfˆgf] cfjZostf k"/f ug{sf nflu k|
f0fLn] pRrf/0f ug]{ af]lnrfnL Wjlgaf6 lgld{t ug]{ cy{o'Qm efiff xf].
dfgjLo ljrf/ ;Dk|]if0fsf] sfd ug]{ ofb[lIfs cy{k"0f{ js k|ltsx¿sf] ljlzi6
Jojl:ytnfO{ efiff elgG5. efiff Jojxf/sf ;Gbe{nfO{ ;d]6]sf] x'G5.
ljljw ;Gbe{af6 efiffnfO{ lrgfpg ;lsG5 efiffnfO{ k|To]s ;dfhsf] ;
+:s[ltnfO{ ;+/If0f ;djw{g ug{' xf]. eg] efiffsf] jf:tljs ?k g} af]nL xf].
efiffsf jflif{s l;sfPsf ;Lkx¿ ;'gfO{ af]nfO{ k9fO n]vfO{ x'g\. lnË
kl/jt{g Ifdtf n]vfO{ cGtu{t kb{5. cWoogsf] p2]Zo ;d:of syg 9fFrf ljlw
h:tf ljifox? lnPsf] 5. efn]jf kf]t] hflt a'emfpg cfpg] Jofs/0fTds
sf]6LnfO{ lnË elgG5 cyjf :qL / k'?if hflt a'emfpg cfpg] JofVofTds
sf]6LnfO{ lnË elgG5. g]kfnL efiffdf b'O{ k|sf/sf x'G5g\. k'lnË eg]sf]
efn] hflt a'emfpg zAb xf]. :qLlnË eg]sf] kf]yL hflt a'emfpg] zAb xf].
afx]s cGo ;hLjx¿sf] cj:yfdf ljz]if0f / lqmofkbdf lnË kl/jt{g x'Fb}g. dfgj
afx]s cGo ;hLj k|f0fL h:t} ufO{ uf]? cflb s'/fdf lnË kl/jt{g x'Fb}g. lghL{j
/ gk'+;ssf] klg lnË kl/jt{g x'Fb}g. gfd ljz]if0f / lqmof zAbn] lnËsf] af]w
u/fpFb5. jfSodf k|of]u ePsf gfd ljz]if0f / lqmofkbnfO{ Ps k|sf/sf] lnËaf6
csf]{ k|sf/sf] lnËdf kl/jt{g ug]{ jf abNg] k|lqmof lnË xf].
\\\ k|:t't cWoog >L dxfslj b]jsf]6f gd'gf dfWolds ljBfno sIff * df
cWoog/t ljBfyL{n] lnË kl/jt{g Ifdtfdf ljz]if cWoog ul/Psf] 5. of] k|
ltj]bgsf nflu oflqs gd'gf 5gf]6 t[i0ff cGtu{t r/0f gd'gf 5gf]6df kfFr hgf
ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ gd'gfsf ¿kdf lng]5. of] cWoog lgisif{df s]lG›t /x]sf] 5.
#=@ q'l6sf] kl/ro
s'g} klg efiff l;sf?sf] l;sfO{ k|lqmofsf] cWoog ug]{ Pp6f
dxTjk"0f{ k4lt xf]. l;sf?n] ug]{ q'6Lsf] cWoog / ljZn]if0fnfO{ g} q'6L
ljZn]if0f elgG5. efiff l;Sg] l;sf?n] s] s:tf q'l6 u5{g\ / tL q'l6 s;/L x'G5g\
eGg] cWoog ug]{ ljifonfO{ q'l6 ljZn]if0f xf]. efiff cWoogsf nflu lgs}
dxQ\jk"0f{ dflgG5. q'l6 ljZn]if0f efiffaf6 efiff l;sfPsf qmddf lzv/n] ug]
{ q'l6sf] oyfy{ 1fg x'G5. ;fy} lzsf/n] l;sfO{ k|j[lQ / l;sfO{ qmdsf] klg
oyfy{ hfgsf/L k|fKt x'g] ub{5. l;sf?n] efiff l;Sg] qmddf k|oTg / e"n
cg's/0f l;4fGt / ;b[Zo lgod cg';f/ ul/ u/L l;Sb5.
efiff l;sfPsf qmddf l;sf?n] ljleGg uNtL u5{. q'l6 l;sfO{ k|lqmofsf
sdhf]/L geP/ :jfefljs k|lqmof xf]. efiff l;sfPsf sl7gfOx? s] x'g ;S5g\ / ltgsf]
;dfwfg s;/L x'g ;S5 eGg] s'/fsf] vf]hL g} q'6L ljZn]if0fsf] d'Vo nIo xf].
efiff l;Sg] l;sf?n] ug]{ q'l6sf] d'Vo ;|f]t pgLx?sf] efiffnfO{ dfGb5.efiffsf]
cg'ej ;sf/fTds jf gsf/fTds :gfGt/0fn] efiff l;sfOdf ;/ntf jf sl7gfO pTkGg
ub{5. ljsl;t eP tfklg efiffsf] :t/Lo l;sfOsf ;Gbe{df klg k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5.
q'6Lsf] kl/efiff

q'6Lsf] kl/efiff ljleGg ljåfgx¿n] km/skm/s kl/efiff lbPsf 5g\ h'g tn lgDg
cg';f/ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5.
!= nª\Dofg l8S;g/L ckm cKnfO8 lnËl:6sM
q'6L ljZn]if0f bf];|f] jf ljb]zL efiff l;Sg] ljBfyL{x¿n] ug]{ q'l6sf] cWoog
ljZn]if0f xf].
@= 8]lj8 lqm:6nM
efiff lzIf0f tyf l;sfO{sf qmddf q'l6 ljZn]if0f To:tf] k|ljlw tl/sf xf]
h;sf ;xfotfaf6 ljb]zL efiff l;ls/x]sf] JolQmn] ug]{ q'6Lx¿sf] klxrfg
juL{s/0f / JofVof ul/G5
#=# q'6Lsf] juL{s/0f
efiffsf] Jofs/l0fs tyf ;+/rgfTds Joj:yfaf6 x6]/ jf c;fdfGo eflifs k|of]u
ug{'nfO{ q'l6 elgG5. q'l6nfO{ ljleGg cfwf/df juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5.
#=#=! ljsl;ntfsf cfwf/df
 ljsl;ntfsf cfwf/df q'l6x¿ tLg k|sf/sf x'G5g\. cJojl:yt q'l6 Jojl:yt q'6L pQ/
Jojl:yt q'6L cflb. l;sf?n] ug]{ a]Unfa]Un} ug{ k|s[ltsf] q'l6nfO{ cJojl:yt
q'l6 elgG5. o;df l;sf?n] Psk6s Pp6f k|s[ltsf] q'6L / csf]{ k6sdf csf]{ k|
s[ltsf] q'l6 ub{5. of] q'l6 JolQm cg';f/ km/s km/s x'G5. To;}n]
o;nfO{ JolQmk/s q'6L elgG5.

efiff l;sfOdf l;sf? ;r]t x'Fbfx'Fb} klg ;'wfg{ g;lsg] q'l6nfO{ Jojl:yt q'6L
elgG5. dft[efiff k|of]u ubf{ jQmfn] bf];|f] efiff l;Sbf efiffsf] eflifs 1fgsf
cefjsf sf/0f o:tf] q'6L x'g] ub{5.
l;sf? jf ljBfyL{sf] c;+j}wflgs sf/0f x'g] q'l6nfO{ pQ/ Jojl:yt q'6L
elgG5. ;}4flGts lgodsf] 1fg eP/ klg cEof;sf] sdL jf c;fjwfgL q'l6n] pQ/
Jojl:yt q'6L x'g] ub{5.

#=#=@ ;|f]tsf cfwf/df

efiff l;sfPsf qmddf q'6L cfkm} x'g] xf]Og dft[efifL nIo efiff cGo efiffsf]
sf/0fn] q'6L x'G5g\ ;|f]tsf cfwf/df b'O{ k|sf/sf x'G5g\
eflifs Joj:yf;Fu ;DalGwt q'l6nfO{ efiffg tfl/s q'6L elgG5. l;ls/x]sf]
efiffsf] lgodx¿sf] unt a'emfOaf6 o:tf] q'l6 x'g] ub{5. eg]/ k9]sf] l;sf?n]
eof] / uof] lqmofkbdf ÚeÚ / ÚuÚ wft' x'g eGg' efiffGtl/s q'l6 xf].
dft[efiff;Fu ;DalGwt q'l6 g} cGtef{lifs q'6L xf]. dft[efiff jf klxnf] efiff
afx]s cGo efiffsf] k|efjdf l;sf?n] ug]{ q'l6nfO{ cGtef{lifs q'6L elgG5.

cWoog ljlw cGtu{t lgDglnlvt s'/fx¿ kb{5gM

 hg;Î\of tyf k|ltlglw gd'gf

 ;fdu|L
  k"j{ k/LIf0f
 ;fdu|L
 kl/isf/
 ;fdu|Lsf] JofVof ljZn]if0f

@=@ cWoogsf] If]q jf ¿k/]vf

s'g} klg ljifoj:t' tyf k|ltj]bg s:tf] k|s[ltn] k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 Tof] g} cWoogsf]
¿k/]vf xf] cg';Gwfg sfo{ ;DkGg eO;s]kl5 ;';+ul7t / ;'Jojl:yt ¿kdf k|:t't
ug{sf nflu cfjZos cg';f/ ljleGg kl/R5]b cWoog zLif{s pkzLif{sdf
zf]wsfo{ k|:tfj tof/ ubf{ k"jf{g'dfgsf nflu zLif{s kl/R5]b ;f]wkqsf] ¿k/]vf
tof/ ul/G5 o; cWoogsf] ¿k/]vf lgDgcg';f/ 5.

kl/R5]b PsM cWoogsf] kl/ro

k/LIff b'O{M cWoogsf] ljlw
kl/R5]b #M cWoogsf] JofVof tyf ljZn]if0f
kl/R5]b $M ;f/f+z
lgisif{
;'emfj
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L ;"rL
kl/lji6
kl/R5]b b'O
cWoogsf] ljlw

@=! cWoogsf] 9fFrf|

k|:t't cWoog u'0ffTds k|s[ltsf] /x]sf] 5 u'0ffTds cg';Gwfg s:tf] /x]sf] 5
ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ k|ZgjfnL u/fP/ of] cg';Gwfg ;'?jft ul/Psf] xf]. pgLx¿n]
u/]sf] k|ZgjfnL ;+VofTds ?kdf k/LIf0f gu/]sf] zflAbs ?kdf k/LIf0f u/]sf]
5. ljBfyL{x¿ k|ZgjfnL tYofÍ ?kdf ;+sng ul/Psf] 5.
@=@=! u'0ffTds cg';Gwfg
zflAbs ¿kdf ;Íng ul/Psf tYofÍx¿nfO{ ljlwåf/f ljZn]if0f u/L
lgisif{ lgsflng] cg';GwfgnfO{ u'0ffTds cg';Gwfg elgG5. o:tf cg';Gwfgdf
lnlvt k|df0fx¿ cWoog cjnf]sg cGtu{t cflb dfWodaf6 tYofÍ ;Íng u/L
ljZn]if0f ul/G5 tYofÍ lnFbf jf:tljs :jefljs / ;DaGwgfTds Jojxf/ b]vfpg]
ul/G5.

@=@=@ kl/d/0ffTds cg';Gwfg

cg';Gwfgsf qmddf ;Î\ofTds tYofÍ u/L ul0ftLo / tYofÍ zf:qLo ljZn]if0f
ljlwåf/f cWoog ljZn]if0f lgisif{ lgsflng] cg';Gwfg kl/d/0ffTds cg';Gwfg
xf]. kl/d/0ffTds cg';Gwfg 7"nf] hg;Î\ofdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 o;df rfn
crnx¿sf] ;+Vof jf ljz]iftfnfO{ dxQ\j lbOG5.

!=% cWoogsf] ;Ldf

k|:t't cWoog cg';Gwfgstf{n] k|:t't u/]sf] zLif{sn] cWoogsf]
If]qnfO{ :ki6;Fu ls6fg ug{ g;s]sf cj:yfdf cg';Gwfg s] slt ljifosf] cWoog
ug]{ / s] slt ljifosf] cWoog gug]{ eg] pNn]v ug{'kb{5. zf]wsfo{sf] l;dfÍg
ugf{n] cWoog Jojl:yt ¿kdf cufl8 a9fpg ;lsG5 eg] ;Ldf aflx/ uP/ cg';Gwfg
sfo{ c:tJo:t x'g k'Ub5 / p2]Zo k|fKt ug{ ;lsFb}g. cg';Gwfgdf cWoogsf]
ljlwsf] klg dxQ\jk"0f{ /x]sf] 5. k|:t't cWoogsf] ;Ldf lgDg a'wut ?kdf k|:t't
ug{ ;lsG5.
!= k|:t't cWoog gjnk/f;L lhNnf ;'gf}n gu/kflnsf cGtu{t d sljb]jsf]6f
dfWolds ljBfno sIff * df cWoog/t ljBfyL{x¿df ;Lldt /xg]5.
@= sIff cf7df cWoog/t hDdf #) hgf ljBfyL{x¿df dWo] % hgf
ljBfyL{nfO{ ;Defjgfo'Qm gd'gf 5gf]6 ljlwsf] k|of]u u/L gd'gfsf] ?kdf
lng]5.
#= sIff cf7df cWoog/t ljBfyL{x¿sf] lnË kl/jt{g Ifdtfdf dfq ;Lldt eP/
cWoog ul/g]5.

k|lta4tfkq
k|:t't cWoogkq cGo s'g} klg pkflw jf k|of]hgsf nflu pkof]u ul/Psf] 5}g.
of] cWoog df}lns ePsf] / o; zLif{sdf xfn;Dd s'g} klg cg';Gwfg
sfo{ ;DkGg gePsf] Joxf]/f JoQm ub{5'.

ldltM@)*)÷ ÷
nIdL sjF/ cWoog sfo{

!=$ cWoogsf] dxQ\j

s'g} klg ljifoj:t'sf] ;d:ofdfly cWoog ug{' g} cfkm}df
dxTjk"0f{ sfo{ xf]. cWoog ug]{ qmddf cfkm"n] 5flgPsf] zLif{s lsg
5flgPsf] To;;Fu To;;Fu s] s] k|fKt x'g]5g\ / ;DalGwt If]qdf b]lvPsf s'g s'g
;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg x'g ;Sb5g\ h:tf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/nfO{ g} cWoogsf] dxQ\j
elgG5 eflifs l;k ljsf; cGtu{t jfSoaf6 g} jQmn] cleJoQm u/]sf] ljrf/
cy{k"0f{ x'g ;Sg] ePsfn] ljBfyL{x¿sf] lnË kl/jt{g ug{' / u/fpg' cfjZos
/xg]5. lnË kl/jt{gsf] ljljw txdf cWoog/t ljBfyL{sf] cWoo eO;s]sf] eP
tfklg gjnk/f;L lhNnf ;'gjn gu/kflnsf cGtu{t kg]{ >L dxfslj b]jsf]6f
dfWolds ljBfno cGtu{t sIff cf7df cWoog/t ljBfyL{x¿sf] lnË kl/jt{gut
Ifdtfsf] cWoogaf6 gofF cfofd ylkg] x'Fbf k|:t't cWoog lgs} ;fGble{s
b]lvg]5. ljBfyL{x¿df ljsfl;t lnlvt Ifdtf klxrfg ug{' k|f/lDes txaf6 g} ljsf;
ub}{ b]lvg]5. lzIf0f ug]{ qmddf l;sf?sf] sdL sdhf]/Lsf] lg/fs/0f ug{ o;
cWoogaf6 nfe lng ;lsG5.
!=# cWoogsf] p2]Zo
s'g} klg zf]wsfo{sf] p2]Zo ;Da4 ;f]r ;d:ofsf] k|dfl0fs tyf k/flus ;dfwfg
k|s6 ug{' xf]. zf]w ;d:ofn] zf]wfyL{nfO{ :ki6 af6f] b]vfpg] sfd ub{5g\.
p2]Zon] tL ;d:ofx¿nfO{ ;dfwfg ub{5. ;d:of sygdf pNn]v ul/Psf] k|
Zgx¿sf] ;dfwfg ug{' g} p2]Zo xf]. cg';Gwfg sfof{no ;DalGwt ug]{ k|d'v
cfwf/ g} p2]Zo xf]. To;df x/]s sfo{nfO{ Pp6f p2]Zo /flvPsf] x'G5 p2]Zo
lagf sfo{ ug{ ;lsFb}g To;}n] p2]Zo lagfsf] s'g} klg sfo{ uGtJo lagfsf]
ofqf h:tf] x'G5. k|:t't cWoog ;d:ofdf /flvPsf] k|Zgx¿sf] ;dfwfg g}
cWoogsf] p2]Zo xf]. p2]Zo lgwf{/0f ubf{ lgZroTds efiffsf] k|of]u
ug{'kb{5 bf]xf]/f] cy{ nfUg] vfnsf p2]Zox¿ lgdf{0f ug{' x'Fb}g.
cg';Gwfgstf{n] zf]w k|:tfj tof/ ubf{ zLif{snfO{ ;+s]t u/]sf
ljifoj:t';Fu ;DalGwt k|Zg jf ;d:ofx¿ s] s] x'g\ s'g s'g ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{'kg]
{ 5 eGg] s'/fdf s]lG›t eP :ki6 ?kdf p2]Zo lgwf{/0f
ug{'kb{5. ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu lgDg p2]Zox¿ tn lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5.–
!= sIff cf7df cWoog/t ljBfyL{x¿sf] k'lnË kl/jt{gut Ifdtfsf] ljZn]if0f
ug{',
@= sIff cf7df cWoog/t ljBfyL{x¿sf] :k]lnË kl/jt{gut Ifdtfsf]
ljZn]if0f ug{,
 kl/R5]b Ps
cWoogsf] kl/ro

!=! cWoogsf] k[i7e"ld

dflg; ;fdflhs k|f0fL xf] ;dfhdf a;]kl5 dflg;nfO{ ;w}F ljrf/ / ljlgdo ug{'
cfjZos x'G5. To;}n] efiff ljrf/ ljlndosf] Ps ;zQm dfWod xf].
dflg;nfO{ kz'sf] ;]/Laf6 cnUofpg] k|d'v cfwf/ xf]. p;Fu ePsf] ;[hgzLn
:d/0f lbdfu / p;sf] lbdfuaf6 ePsf] efiff g} xf]. efiff k|x/Lx¿sf] klg x'G5 t/
cy{k"0f{ efiffsf] k|of]u dfgjn] dfq ug{ ;Sb5. dflg;n] w]/} yf]/} kfFr}
OlG›oåf/f ljrf/ ljlgdo ug]{ ePklg dflg;sf] cy{k"0f{ af]nLnfO{ dfq efiff
elgG5. Jofks cy{df h'g dfWodaf6 xfdL ;f]R5f} / ljrf/ cleJoQm u5f}{+
To;}nfO{ efiff eg] tfklg efiff lj1fgdf efiffsf] cy{ Tolt Jofks 5}g. jf:tjdf
af]Ng' ;Sg] dflg;sf] ;fy{s zAb ;d"xnfO{ dfq efiff elgG5. efiff zAb ;
+:s[ltsf] ÚefifÚ wft'af6 cfPsf] xf]. h;sf] cy{ g} eGg' jf af]Ng' eGg] x'G5.
dfgjLo ljrf/ cleJoQm ug]{ ljlzi6 dfWod efiff xf]. efiff ljrf/ ljlgdosf]
dfWod xf].

dflg;n] cfˆgf] cfjZostf k"/f ug{sf nflu pRrf/0f ug]{ af]nLrfnL efiff xf].
dfgjLo ljrf/ ;Dk|]if0fsf] sfd ug]{ cy{k"0f{ js\ k|ltssf] ljlzi6 ljljw ;Gbe{af6
efiffnfO{ lrgfpg ;lsG5. efiff k|To]s ;dfhsf] ;+:s[ltnfO{ ;+/If0f ;djw{g
ug{' xf]. lnË eg]sf] af/n] jf a'l4 hflt a'emfpg cfpg] Jofs/0fgfTds
sf]6LnfO{ lnË elgG5. g]kfnL efiffdf k'lnË / l:nË u/L b'O{ k|sf/sf x'G5g\.
lnË gfd ljz]if0f / lqmof;Fu ;DaGw Jofs/fTds sf]6L xf]. k'lnË eg]sf] efn]
hflt a'emfpg] zAbnfO{ k'lnË elgG5 h:t}M a'jf, sfsf, s]6f] ,xl/ cflb. :qLlnË
eg]sf] s]6L cyjf kf]yL hflt a'emfpg] zAbnfO{ :qLlnË elgG5. h:t}M cfdf,
s]6L, cflb.
!=@ ;d:ofsf] syg
cfkm"n] 5gf]6 u/]sf] zLif{sdf ;d:ofd"ns 5 eGg] s'/fsf] pbfx/0f / ljifout
tYox¿ k|:t't ug{'nfO{ ;d:of syg elgG5. cg';Gwfg sfo{sf l;nl;nfdf ;d:of
eGgfn] cg';Gwfgstf{n] ;d:of cyjf cg';Gwfgsf] ljifoj:t' eGg] a'‰g'kb{5.
rog ul/Psf] zf]w zLif{s cGtu{t d'Vod'Vo ;d:of jf k|Zgx¿ /
ltgsf ;Defljt ;dfwfg jf pQ/x¿ g} ;d:of syg xf]. ;d:of syg bf]xf]/f]
cy{ nfUg] x'g' x'Fb}g ;d:of syg efjjfRo jf t[tLo k'?ifsf] ljz]if u/L k|of]u
u/]sf] x'G5. cg';Gwfg;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:of k|Zgx¿ / ltgsf ;Defljt ;dfwfg ug]{
pQ/x?n] ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿sf] ;d]t ;+s]t u/]sf] x'G5. cg';Gwfg ;TotYo
tYofÍdf cfwfl/t /x]sf] x'G5 ;d:of syg k|ZgfTds dfq geO{ pQ/fTds lsl;dsf]
x'g'kb{5 cg';Gwfg;Fu ;DalGwt k|d'v ;d:of k|Zgx¿ / ltgsf ;dfj]z ;dfwfg ug]
{ pQ/ g} ;d:of syg xf]. ;d:of sygdf /flvPsf ljifoj:t' k|ZgfTds z}nLdf ;/n ;
+lIfKt / :ki6 x'g'kb{5 o;sf ;d:ofx¿ lgDg 5g\.–
!= sIff cf7df cWoog/t ljBfyL{x¿sf] k'lnË kl/jt{gut Ifdtf s:tf] 5<
@= sIff cf7df cWoog/t ljBfyL{x¿sf] l:nË kl/jt{gut Ifdtf s:tf] 5<
 kl/R5]b tLg
cWoogsf] JofVof tyf ljZn]if0f cyjf gd'gfsf] JofVof ljZn]if0f

#=! ljifo kl/ro

#=@ q'6Lsf] kl/ro
#=# q'6Lsf] juL{s/0f
#=$ q'6]sf] ljZn]if0fsf] k|lqmof
#=% q'l6sf] ljZn]if0f r/0f
#=^ Jofs/0fTds sf]6Lsf] kl/ro
#=& ljBfyL{x¿sf] k'lnË kl/jt{gut Ifdtfsf] ljZn]if0f
#=* ljBfyL{x¿sf] :qLlnË kl/jt{gut Ifdtfsf] ljZn]if0f
 kl/R5]b rf/
;f/f+z lgisif{ / ;'emfjx¿

$=! ;f/f+z
$=@ lgisif{
$=# ;'emfjx¿
kl/R5]b !
cWoogsf] kl/ro
!=!cWoogsf] k[i7e"ld
!=@;d:of syg
!=#cWoogsf] p2]Zo
!=$cWoogsf] dxQ\j
!=%cWoogsf] ;Ldf
k/LIff b'O{
cWoogsf] ljlw

@=!cWoogsf] 9fFrf
@=@cWoogsf] If]q jf ¿k/]vf
@=#tYofÍsf] ;|f]t
@=$cWoogsf] gd'gf / 5gf]6 k|lqmof
@=%cWoogsf] ;fwg / ;fdu|L
@=^tYofÍ ;Íng k|lqmof

s[t1tf1fkg

k|:t't cWoog sfo{ lqe'jg ljZjljBfno lzIffzf:q ;‹sf cGtu{t g]kfnL efiff
lzIff ljefu :gfts tx rf}yf] jif{sf] g]kf= lz= $$% kf7\o+zsf]
kl/of]hgfy{ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5. o; cWoog sfof{no d}n] kljq kf}8]nsf] k|flus
lgb]{zgdf tof/ u/]sf] 5'.

o; zLif{sdf cWoog sfo{ ug]{ cj;/ k|bfg ug]{ g]kfnL efiff lzIf0f ljefu
cGtu{t dxfslj b]jsf]6f SofDk; /dfjk'/ ;'gjn– $ / ;dod} k|:t't cWoog ;DkGg
ug{sf nflu :jLs[lt k|bfg lbg'x'g] g]kfnL efiff lzIff ljefu k|lt ljefuLo k|d'v
alag ;fksf]6f k|lt xflb{s cfef/ k|s6 ub{5'. k|:t't cWoogkq tof/ ug]{ qmddf
cfPsf ;d:of ;dfwfgnfO{ cfjZos ;Nnfx / ;'emfj k|bfg ug{'x'g] g]kfnL lzIff
ljefusf ;Dk"0f{ u'?x¿k|lt klg xflb{s cfef/ k|s6 ub{5'. To;}u/L d]/f] x/]s
If]qdf clel5Gg ;kmntfsf] cfzLjf{b lbFb} pRr lzIffsf] ljlzi6 :t/df ;xof]u
k'of{pg] d]/f] k'hgLo a'jf ;'dg sjF/ / cfdf x]df s'df/L sjF/k|lt ;bf C0fL 5'.
of] cWoogkq tof/ ug]{ qmddf ljz]if ¿kdf ;xof]u k'of{pg] x'g] k|ToIf ck|
ToIf ;xof]u ug{'x'g] ;fyLx¿nfO{ xflb{s wGojfb lbg rfxG5'. To;}u/L
sDKo'6/ ;]l6ªdf ;xof]u ug]{ sDKo'6/ ;]G6/ ;'gjn gjnk/f;LnfO{ xflb{s
wGojfb lbg rfxG5'.

ldltM @)*)÷ ÷

=====================
nIdL sj/
cWoogstf{

sIff cf7df cWog/t ljBfyL{x¿sf] lnË kl/jt{g Ifdtf

nIdL sjF/ k/LIff sd{ÍM

lqe'jg ljZjljBfno btf{ gDa/M
lqe'jg ljZjljBfno dxfslj b]jsf]6f SofDk; lzIffzf:q ;+sfo g]kfnL lzIf0f ljifo
cGtu{t :gfts tx rf}yf] jif{sf] g]kf=lz= $$% kf7\o+zsf] k|of]hgsf nflu k|:t't
cWoogkq

lzIffzf:q ;+sfo
g]kfnL efiff lzIff ljefu
dxfslj b]jsf]6f SofDk; /djfk'/ @)*)