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    Aldfn) VDF E"M6F) Bfal Ug) (QMD A9/Bf)

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    kshepyastraweekly
    The document summarizes several initiatives by the Nepali government to improve governance and development, including establishing an integrated information center to provide information to potential foreign investors, restarting bus services by the state-owned Sajha Yatayat, and setting up a third-party motor vehicle insurance scheme to address fraudulent insurance claims. It also mentions the formation of an high-level committee that proposed restructuring the country into 11 provinces, with some disagreement among members on the criteria.

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    Aldfn) VDF E"M6F) Bfal Ug) (QMD A9/Bf)

    Uploaded by

    kshepyastraweekly
    118 views8 pages
    The document summarizes several initiatives by the Nepali government to improve governance and development, including establishing an integrated information center to provide information to potential foreign investors, restarting bus services by the state-owned Sajha Yatayat, and setting up a third-party motor vehicle insurance scheme to address fraudulent insurance claims. It also mentions the formation of an high-level committee that proposed restructuring the country into 11 provinces, with some disagreement among members on the criteria.

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    10-15

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    The document summarizes several initiatives by the Nepali government to improve governance and development, including establishing an integrated information center to provide information to potential foreign investors, restarting bus services by the state-owned Sajha Yatayat, and setting up a third-party motor vehicle insurance scheme to address fraudulent insurance claims. It also mentions the formation of an high-level committee that proposed restructuring the country into 11 provinces, with some disagreement among members on the criteria.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    118 views8 pages

    Aldfn) VDF E"M6F) Bfal Ug) (QMD A9/Bf)

    Uploaded by

    kshepyastraweekly
    The document summarizes several initiatives by the Nepali government to improve governance and development, including establishing an integrated information center to provide information to potential foreign investors, restarting bus services by the state-owned Sajha Yatayat, and setting up a third-party motor vehicle insurance scheme to address fraudulent insurance claims. It also mentions the formation of an high-level committee that proposed restructuring the country into 11 provinces, with some disagreement among members on the criteria.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
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    ljefhgsf] d'vd} k'Ug nfUbf


    PsLs[t dfcf]jfbLdf km]l/ Pstfsf]
    3f] i f0ff ul/Psf] 5 . d' V o
    g]tfxaLrsf] Pstfsf] efjnfO{
    tntn sfo{stf{ tx;Dd kl:sg]
    Pp6f cleofg g} ;'? ul/Psf] 5 .
    e]nf, a}7s / k|lzIf0fsf dfWodaf6
    kf6L{k+lQmnfO{ pT;flxt / Pstfa4
    u/fpg] kxnx ePsf 5g\ . lxhf]sf

    If]Kof:q ax;
    lji0f' kGt

    ltSttf, 3if0f{ / 6s/faxnfO{


    efjgfTdskn] dndkl nufpg] /
    km]l/ xflb{stfsf] ;f6f;f6 ug]{ ;r]t
    k|of;x ePsf 5g\ . kf6L{leqsf]
    kl5Nnf] Pstfn] k|ltlqmofjfbL lsQfdf
    v}nfa}nf dlRrPsf] 5, eGg] cWoIf

    cem} cufl8 a9]/ kf6L{sf k|efjzfnL


    o'jf g]tf g]qljqmd rGb ljKnj sf]
    egfO xfdL n8\bf klg l; h'wfP/
    d;Ss};Fu n8\5f}F / ldNbf klg s'd
    hf]8]/ ;n{Ss} ldN5f}F eGg] pb\uf/
    oxfF pNn]v ug'{ ;fGble{s b]lvG5 .

    ltdL ltd|f] tl/sfn] n8, xfdL xfd|f] tl/sfn] n8\5f}

    s= dfcf]T;] t'

    !%,, df3 !% ut] cfOtaf/ @)^


    @)^**
    jif{ %, c+s !%

     ;DkfbsLo

    of]hgfdf dfq xf]Og,


    sfof{Gjogdf klg Wofg b]pm

    ;/sf/ u7g ePsf] 7Ls kfFr dlxgf k"/f ePs} lbg


    kf/]/ k|wfgdGqL 8f= afa'/fd e/fO{n] ;'zf;g sfod ug]{
    / cfly{s ljsf; tyf ;d[l4 ug]{ dxTjsf+IfL b'Oj{ 6f
    sfo{of]hgf Ps ;fy NofPsf 5g\ . k|wfgdGqL e/fO{n]
    jt{dfg ;/sf/af6 cfdhgtfn] h"gsL/Lsf] em}F eP klg
    pHofnf] b]Vg rfx]sfn] ;/sf/n] of] sfo{of]hgf NofPsf]
    atfP . ut ebf} !@ ut] ;/sf/ u7g x'bF f;d]t k|wfgdGqL
    e/fO{n] zflGt, ;+ljwfg, ;'zf;g tyf cfly{s ljsf;
    ;/sf/sf] dxTjk"0f{ sfo{ef/ ePsf] / To;tkm{ ;/sf/
    rgfvf] eP/ nfUg] atfPsf lyP . t/, ;/sf/n] o;
    aLrdf g t zflGt / ;+ljwfgsf nflu s'g} 7f]; sfo{ g}
    ug{ ;Sof], g ;'zf;g / cfly{s ljsf;sf] If]qdf g} s]xL
    ug{ ;Sof] . ;/sf/n] u7gtfsf lnPsf] /fxt of]hgf
    hgtfsf] nflu k'm:;f ;fljt ePsf] 5 . b}lgs hghLljsf
    ;d:ofn] hgtf lk/f]ln/x]sf 5g\ . ;/sf/df /x]sf JolQmx
    g} ljleGg c;+jw} flgs / u}/sfg'gL lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg
    eO/x]sf tYox k'li6 eO/x]sf 5g\ . ;]gf, k|x/L,
    sd{rf/Lnufotsf ;a} ;]jf eb|uf]n ePsf 5g\ . sxLF,
    st} g}ltstf / Odfgbfl/tfsf uGw;d]t kfOFbg} . dfgf}F
    g]kfn ljs[ltsf] cv8f xf] . oxfF h;n] h] dg nfU5, ToxL
    ug{ kfpF5, /f]Sg], 5]Sg] s]xL 5}g, sf]xL 5}g . o:tf] cj:yfdf
    ;/sf/n] NofPsf] ;'zf;g sfod ug{ / cfly{s ljsf;
    tyf ;d[l4 sfo{of]hgf klg pxL 8\ofsf]====== x'g] kSsf 5 .
    ;fFRr} ;/sf/n] ;'zf;g / cfly{s ljsf; tyf ;d[l4tkm{
    b]znfO{ ws]Ng] xf] eg] 7"nf] tfdemfd u/]/ 7"nf7"nf sfo{of]hgf
    Nofpg cfjZos 5}g . hgtfsf b}lgsLnfO{ ;Daf]wg ub}}{
    lgod, sfg'gnfO{ lbuf] 9n] nlIft ub}{ cufl8 a9\gk' 5{ .
    hgtf cfk\mgf] b}lgsLnfO{ lnP/ c:tJo:t ag]sf 5g\,
    ;/sf/, To; ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug{ 5f]8/] cGoq df]l8Psf]
    5, h;n] ubf{ g ;/sf/n] NofPsf] sfo{of]hgf ;kmn x'G5,
    g hgtfn] /fxtsf] cg'ej ug{ kfpF5g\ . t;y{, ;/sf/n]
    7"nf7"nf sfo{of]hgf b]vfP/ hgtfnfO{ e'nfpg vf]Hg'eGbf
    hgtfsf b}lgs hghLljsf kIfnfO{ ;d]6b\ } hgtfnfO{ ;fy
    lnP/ cufl8 a9\g' g} pko'Qm x'G5 . clxn] g]kfnL hgtf
    efif0f xf]Og, /f;g rfxG5g\, s'/f ;'Gg xf]Og, sfd x]g{
    rfxG5g\, JolQm xf]Og, Jojxf/sf] cg';/0f ug{ rfxG5g\,
    r]tgf eof .

    b]zdf zflGt, ;'Joj:yf /


    ljsf; ;a} g]kfnLxsf] rfxgf
    xf] . o;k|lt k|lta4 x'g'
    g]kfnLxsf] st{Jo xf] .
    g] k fn ;/sf/
    ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfno

    ;"rgf ljefu

    /fatOfc t]u %! 3fd nf; *^)@

    k|wfgdGqLsf s'/f d'vdf /fd /fd aunLdf ==


    k| w fgdGqL 8fS6/ afa' / fd
    e/fO{n] kbaxfnL ubf{sf] If0fdf
    zflGt, ;+lawfg, / tTsfn hgtfnfO{
    /fxt x'g] sfo{qmd ;/sf/sf] klxnf]
    st{Jo x'g5
    ] elg 3f]if0ff ub}{ g]kfns}
    Oltxf;df ;do cg'sn
    ' ;/sf/L ;]jf
    ;'lawf afkt /fHon] k|bfg ug{
    ljnfzL uf8L gr9\g] :jb]zL >ddf
    lgld{t d':tf+u uf8L r9\g] lg0f{o u/]/
    ;lhn} cfd hgtfsf] Wofg cfk"mlt/
    lvRg ;kmn x'g' ePsf 8fS6/ e/fO{
    ;dosf] x/]s sfn v08df qmdzM
    cfk"mn] u/]sf k|ltaQmf Pad l;4fGt
    lakl/t :vlnt x'bF } ljjfb} ljjfbsf
    aLr cfgf] sfo{sfnsf] ofqfdf
    tlNng x'gx' g' 5
    \ ;/sf/L :jfldTjsf]
    g]kfn laB't k|flws/0fn] u/]sf]
    nf]8;]l8+usf] rsf]{ df/df pkef]Qmf
    k/]s} a]nf jt{dfg ;/sf/sf] pkxf/
    :j?k h:t} k] 6 f ] l nod kbfy{ d f
    hgtf ?jfpg] u/L u/]sf] d"Noa[l4sf]
    la/f] w df b] z e/ ;j{ ; fwf/0f
    la/f]wdf plqg afWo ePsf 5g 7fpF
    7fpdf ePsf] aGb x8\tfnn] b}lgs
    hLjgdf k|ToIf c;/ k'us
    ] f] 5 eg]
    pBf]u sn sf/vfgf k|fo 7Kk ePsf
    5g b}lgs sfd u/]/ u'hf/f ug'{kg]{
    kl/jf/df ;6 pTkGg ePsf] 5
    a9]sf] d'Nodf ;d]t vl/b ug{
    pkef] Q mf alGrt x' g ' k/] s f] 5
    ;xh?kdf cfk"lt{ x'g ;ls/x]sf]
    5}g . d"No ljl4 x'gd' f ;/sf/ nufot
    d'n'ssf d'Vo bnx? bf]ifL b]lvG5g
    k6sk6s d"No a[l4 ubf{ ;d]t
    g]kfn cfon lgudsf] 3f6fdf sld
    gx'g' eg]sf] cfZro{ nfUbf] laifo xf]
    olb vl/b d"No eGbf laqmL d"No
    sd eP dfq 3f6f x'gk' g]{ ;fdfGo
    l;4fGt lakl/t oxfF To:tf] ePsf]
    b]lvb}g ;wF}e/L lgudnfO{ 3f6fdf
    b]vfP/ ul/g] d"No a[l4 Gofo ;t
    5}g ;j{k|yd lgudnfO{ 3f6fdf
    k' ofpg] s' g s' g txsf
    sd{rf/Lnufot /fhgLlts bnaf6
    k|ltlglwTj ug{]x? 5g\ ltgLx?nfO{
    PsPs u/L sf/afxLsf] bfo/fdf
    NofP/ lgikIf 5fglag u/L ;To tYo
    ;fj{hlgs ug{ ;/sf/sf] st{Jo xf]
    !@ df3 @)^* sflGtk'/ b}lgsdf
    k|sflzt pkef]Qmf clwsf/sdL{
    clwaQmf Hof]lt aflgofsf] egfOnfO{
    cfwf/ dfGg] xf] eg] d"No a9fpg' kg{]
    lyPg eg]/ tYo ;lxt ;dfrf/
    k|sflzt ePsf] 5 lgudn] u/]sf]
    df]hd:tL pkef]Qmfn] lsg ltg{] < eGb}

    tftf] ax;
    5qaxfb' / d} g fnL
    s'g} klg a:t'df % k|ltzt eGbf
    a9L Ps} rf]6L efp a9fpg' eg]sf]
    hgtfdflysf] ;/sf/sf] ck/fw ;/x
    xf] eg]/ 7f]s'jf ug{ ePsf] 5 olb
    algoflhn] eg]sf] ;To xf] eg]
    hgtfn] Gofo kfpg' kb{5 hgtf
    dfly ;/sf/n] ck/fw u/]sf] xf] eg]
    sfg'gsf] s73/fdf pEofpg] sfd cbfntsf] 9f]sf 9s wSopg]_ klg
    clwaQmf aflgof hLnfO{ o;} n]v
    dfk{ m t\ t \ cg' / f] w ub{ 5 ' . tfsL
    jf:tljs laifoa:t' pk/ sfg'gL
    pkrf/ kfP/ pkef]Qmfn] sfg'gL /fHo
    sf] dxz'; ug{ kfpg k|wfgdGqL
    8fS6/ afa' / fd e/fO{ Psflt/
    e|i6frf/ z'Go ;xgzLntf eGg]
    csf]{lt/ e|i6frf/df sdL gfpg] xf]
    eg] Tof] eGg'sf] tfTko{s] xf] <
    e|i6frf/s} sf/0f ;/sf/L :jfldTjsf
    ;+3 ;+:yfgf? lbg k|ltlbg w/fzfoL
    x'Fb} hfg'df sf] bf]ifL xf] < PsPs
    u/L 5fglag u/] / ;To tYo
    ;fj{hlgs xf];\ eGg] dfu ub{5' .
    h;/L jt{dfg ;/sf/n] /fhwfgLsf]
    6flkms ;d:ofnfO{ dWogh/ ub}{
    ;8s km/flsnf] agfpg], ;8ssf]
    hUuf{ ldr]/ ag]sf 3/ 6x/fx?
    wdfwd x6fpg] cleofgdf nfu]sf]
    5 s]lx c;Gtf]if afx]s ax';+Vos
    ;j{;fwf/0fx? af6 ;dy{g k|fKt
    ePsf] 5 /fhwfgLsf] 6 f lkms
    Aoa:yfkgdf lbg k|ltlbg ;d:of
    x'Fb} uPsf] avt ;/sf/L of] sbdn]
    ;sf/fTds ;+b]z k|jfx ePsf] 5 .
    To;} u /L e| i 6frf/ ;DalGw klg
    Oltxf;s} zlStzfnL cfof]u agfP/
    lg:kIf 5fglagu/L e| i 6frf/df
    d'l5Psf hf] sf]xLnfO{ lxDdtsf ;fy
    sfg'gsf] s73/fdf pEofpg ;Sg'
    kb{5 . tTsflng /fhf 1fg]Gb|n] df3
    !( ut] rfn]sf] sbd kZrft u7g
    ePsf] zfxL cfof]u h:tf] geO{ ;a}
    If]qnfO{ ;d]6\g ;Sg] / sf/afxLsf]
    nfuL ;DalGwt lgsfonfO{ lagf
    k"jf{u|xL 9+un] l;kmfl/; u/L k7f}gf
    ;Sg] /fhgLlts clek|fon] clek|l] /t
    gePsf] lg:kIf b]z / hgtfsf] kIfdf
    nfu]/ lg0f{o lng ;Sg] lg8/ :jR5
    5aL ePsf] x' g ' kb{ 5 .
    e|i6frf/Lx?nfO{ ;fj{hlgs ?kd}

    pkl:yt u/fP/ hgtfsf] k|ToIf


    pkl:yltdf b08 ;hfo ul/g' kb{5 .
    ha;Dd e|i6frf/sf] h/f ;dfhsf]
    x/]s If]qaf6 pvfn]/ ofSg ;lsGg
    ta ;Dd o;n] ;Dk"0f{If]qnfO{ k|efljt
    kfb}{ ca/f]w l;h{gf ul//xG5 . ta
    dfq e|i6frf/ z'Go ;xgzLntfn]
    d"t?{ k wf/0f unf{ ls < ;+lawfg;efdf
    k|ltlglwTj ug{ ;Dk"0f{ /fhgLlts
    bnsf ^)! k|ltlglwx?n] ;dod}
    ;+lawfg n]vg sfo{, zflGt k|lqmof,
    n8fs' ;dfof]hg tyf k'g{:yfkgf
    sfo{nfO{ a]jf:tf ubf{sf] kl/0ffd cfh
    lgbf] { i f pkef] t f{ x ? afWo eP/
    /fhgLlts bnx?n] u/]sf] a]OdfgLsf]
    ;hfo ef]Ub} 5g\ . d'n'snfO{ cfly{s
    ;dj'l4 dfk{mt\t\ eljiosf] lazfn
    of]hgfdf tlNng x'g' kg]{ a]nfdf Ps
    cfk;df s'6fs'6, ufnL unf]h,
    cf/f]k k|Tof/f]k, ub}{ /fhgLlts
    ;+qmd0fsf gfddf b]znfO{ aGws
    agfpg] sfd u/]sf 5g\ h;n] d'ns
    '
    lbg k|ltlbg gfh's cj:yfdf u'hg|
    k'us
    ] f] 5 l5d]sL @ lazfn b]z ef/t
    / rLg lardf /x]/ pgLx?n] u/]sf
    b|'tt/ lasfz lgdf{0fsf] sfd cfg}
    cfFvf cuf8L emNemnL b]Vbf ;d]t
    xfd|f /fhgLlts bnsf cu'jfx?sf]
    r]t v'Ng g;Sg' of] eGbf 7'nf] b'ef{Uo
    b]z / hgtfsf] nfuL s] x'g ;Sb5 <
    d'ns
    ' nfO{ ;dj[l4 agfpg ;j{ky| d
    cfly{s If]qs} lasfz gu/L ;Dej
    x'Fb}g cfgf] ePsf k|fs[lts ;|f]t /
    ;fwgnfO{ k|r'/ dfqfdf k|of]u ub}{
    cfjZos k/]sf cGo ;|f]tx? cfoft
    u/]/ klg lasfz lgdf{0fsf] sfo{nfO{
    lg/Gt/tf lbg ;lsG5 h;sf] nfuL
    /fhgLlts bnx?df b[9 OR5f zlSt
    rflxG5 x}g eg] sfnfGt/;Dd xfdL
    dfu]/} u'hf/f rnfpg' lzjfo csf]{
    ljsNk b]lvFb}g pbfx/gsf] nfuL
    clk|msg d'n's n];f]yf] ;+a}wflgs
    /fhtGq ;+;bLo Aoa:yf ePsf] e"
    kl/a]li7t /fi6 xf] $ cS6f]a/ !(^^
    df la|6g] af6 :jtGq ePsf] of] /fi6,
    s'n If]qkmn #),#%% ju{ lsnf]ld6/
    cf]u6]sf] n];f]yf]sf] cy{tGq lx/f /
    l5d]sL d'n'snfO{ kfgL a]r]/ cfpg]
    /sd g} d'Vo cfwf/ xf] k|fs[lts
    ;|f]t / ;fwgnfO{ s;/L pkof]u u/L

    d'n'ssf] cy{tGqnfO{ alnof] agfpb}


    nfuL /x]sf] 5 eGg] kf7 n];f]yf]af6
    l;Sg ;lsG5 . eg] xfd|f] b]z klg
    e"kl/a]li7t /fi6 xf] xfdL;Fu ckf/
    hn;|ft] sf] ;|ft] 5 To;}u/L agh+un
    hl8a'6L nufot cGo ;Defljt
    vlgh kbfy{x?sf] e08f/ /x]sf] 5
    d'ns
    ' nfO{ cfly{s ?kdf ;jn gagfP
    ;Dd lasfz x'gg\ eg]/ kmnfSg]x?n]
    s'g k':tfdf k'u]/ u/]sf] afrf k'/f
    ug{ x'g\ < ;/sf/n] u/]sf] d"No a[l4
    ;do cg'sn
    ' gePsf] x'bF f k'glj{rf/
    u/L hgtfnfO{ /fxt sfo{qmd cg';f/
    t'?Gt ;RofP/ jf:tljs /fxt k|bfg
    ul/of];\ . ^)! hg ;ef;bx?n]
    lgwf{l/t ;dodf ;+lawfg lgdf{0f
    sfo{;DkGg ug{g;Sg] k6s k6s Dofb
    yk]/ /fHosf] 9's6' L l/Tofpg] clg
    b}lgs clt cfjZos a:t'df d"No
    a[l4 u/]/ ;/sf/n] hgtfsf] 9f8
    ;]Sg] sfd sbfkL Gofo ;t x'g
    ;Sb}g t;y{ of] d"No a[l4nfO{ t'?Gt
    lkmtf{ lnP/ g]kfn cfonlgud leq
    ePsf] e|i6frf/sf] zlStzfnL cfof]u
    agfP/ lgudnfO{ k'Ug uPsf] Iflt
    c;'n pk/ ug{ lxDdt ;/sf/n] lng'
    kb{5 ;/sf/L :jfldTjdf /x]sf g]kfn
    cfon lgud, g]kfn afo';j] f lgud,
    laB' t k| f lws/0f nufot cGo
    ;+3;+:yfx? 3f6fdf hfg'sf] sf/0f hgtf
    ;fd' :k:6 ?kdf /flvg' kb{5, lglh
    If]qsf x/]s Jofjzfo k|fo gfkmfdf
    hfg'sf] sf/0f / ;/sf/L :jfldTjsf]
    k|foM ;a} 3f6fdf hfg'sf] sf/0f
    n]vfhf]vf u/L lx;fa lstfa ug{] lbg
    cfPsf] 5 pbfx/0fsf] nfuL a'4 Pc/nfO{
    lng ;lsG5 ! j6f ladfgaf6 ;]jf
    ;~rfng u/]sf] ;+:yf cfh x]bf{ x]b{}
    cGt/f{li6o p8fg eg{ ;kmn ePsf] 5
    s'g} kfgL Aoazofdf Aoa:yfkg kIf
    ;jn e}lbof] eg] ;kmntfsf] r'r/' fdf
    k'Ug s'g} cfOtaf/ kv{g' kb}g{ eGg] of]
    HjnGt pbfx/0f xf] . s] of] Ps ;kmn
    gd'gf x}g / < ;/sf/n] lglh If]qaf6
    kf7 l;Sg] ls gl;Sg] < ;/sf/L
    :jfldTjdf /x]sf ;Dk"0f{ pBf]u,
    snsf/vfgf, ;+3 ;+:yfgx?df cfg}
    akf}tL 7fg]/ ;s]sf] a|Dxn'6 ub}{ hfg]
    ljleGg axfgfdf 3f6f dfq k|:t't ub}{
    hfg] xf] eg] ;Ldf ;lsP kl5
    lx;falstfa r'Qmf ug{ lbg klg
    cfpg;S5 eGg] b'/ b[li6 /fv]/ cuf8L
    a9]df dfq ;a} kIfsf] lxt x'g5
    ] cGoyf
    c/fhstfsf] k/fsfi7fdf d'ns
    ' / d'ns
    '
    af;Ln] si6 ef]lu/xg' kg]5
    { .

    zf}rfno gagfpg] sd{rf/Lsf] gfd ;fj{hlgs


    bf . ;/sf/L sd{rf/L, lzIfs
    jf ;fj{ h lgs kb wf/0f u/] s f
    JolQmx?n] ! dlxgf leq 3/df
    zf}rfno gjgfPdf gfd ;fj{hlgs
    ug]{ cfh 3f]/flxdf a;]sf] lhNnf
    vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ ;dGjo
    ;ldlt bfsf] a}7sn] lg0f{o u/]sf]
    5 . lhNnf vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{
    ;dGjo ;ldltsf cWoIf Pj+ :yfgLo
    ljsf; clwsf/L lji00f'k;
    | fb kf]vn
    ]| sf]
    cWoIftf Pj+ ;Nnfxsf/ k|dv
    ' lhNnf
    clwsf/L Clif/fd zdf{sf] k|d'v
    cfltYodf j;]sf] j}7sn] tflnd
    l;ldgf/ / uf]li6x?df klg ;/;kmfO{
    cleofgnfO{ hf]8g\ ] lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 .
    ;j} ;/sf/L sfof{nodf klg clgjfo{
    zf}rfno x'g' kg]{ ePsf] 5 . s]lx
    uflj; Pj+ :jf:Yo rf} l s /
    ljBfnox?df kfgL ;lxtsf zf}rfno
    gePsf]n] clgjfo{ agfpg ;lDjlGwt
    lgsfPaf6 lgb]z
    { g ug]{ ePsf] 5 .
    sd{rf/Ln] t agfPsf 5}gg xfldn]
    lsg agfpg] eg] / cleofgdf
    ;j{;fwf/0fn] cj/f]w ug{ yfn]kl5
    s8f lg0f{o ug'{k/]sf] atfO{Psf] 5 .
    a}7sn] b'Oj{ 6f gd'gf ;fj{hlgs
    zf}rfno lgdf{0f ug]{ klg ePsf] 5 .
    b]pv'/Lsf] wfgvf]nf / l/xf/df j;
    lj;f}gL / dfgjLo rfkn] x'g] kmf]x/nfO{
    Jojl:yt ug{ n}ls d}qL ;fj{hlgs

    zf}rfno agfpg] ePsf] xf] . To;}


    u/L s]xL ;do leq} !@ uflj; v'nf
    lb;fd'Qm x'g] ePsfn] lt uflj;nfO{
    8]9nfv ?k}ofFsf b/n] ah]6sf] dfu
    ug]{ ePsf] 5 . lhNnfsf /fdk'/, x]sn
    ' L,
    kjggu/, >LufpF , xnjf/,
    nfndl6of, l;:xlgof, ;tj/Lof,
    dfgk'/, ljhf}/L, uf]n6fs'/L / nlIdk'/
    nufPtsf uflj; v'nflb;f d'Qm If]q
    3f]if0ff x'g] tof/Ldf /x]sf 5g\ .
    a}7sn] ;/;kmfO{ cIfosf]if %
    nfvsf] :yfkgf u/L l56} lgb]l{ zsf
    agfpg] lg0f{o u/]sf]] 5 . eg] ;/;kmfO{
    ;DjlGw klqsf k|sfzgsf] nflu ;fdfu|L
    z+sng ug]{ ePsf] 5 . zf}rfnonfO{
    ;/;kmfO{sf] klxnf] cwf/ eGb} s'gk} lg
    sd{rf/L, jf ;dfh;]jL jflx/ j;]/
    lb;f u/]sf] cj:yf gx'g] kg]{ u/L
    s8fO{sf ;fy hfg] atfPsf] 5 .
    To;kl5 dfq} ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ zf}rfno
    agfpg'sf kmfO{bf / j]kmfO{bfsf af/]df
    a'emfpg ;lsg] lgisif{ lgsfn]sf] 5 .
    eg] cgfj;]s ?kdf dfgjclwsf/sf
    s'/f p7fO{ zf}rfno lgdf{0fdf cj/f]w
    gug{ eg]sf] 5 . j}7ssf cWoIf
    :yfgLo ljsf; clwsf/L kf]v/]nn]
    lgb]{lzsf cg'zf/ :yfgLo lgsfPn]
    @) k| l tzt jh] 6 ;/;kmfO{ d f
    5' 6 fPsf] eGb} dftxtsf ;a}
    sfof{nonfO{ cleofgdf hf]8\g'kg]{

    atfpg' ePsf] 5 . o;}u/L k|d'v


    cltly k| d ' v lhNnf clwsf/L
    Clif/fd zdf{n] clwsf/sf s'/f dfq}
    gu/L cfjZostfsf] klxrfg u/L
    cl3 j9\g' kg]{ atfpg' ePsf] 5 .
    clwsf/ w]/} eO;Sof] cj cfjZostf
    klxrfg u/L cl3 j9f}F . jxfFn]
    eGg' e of] . vfg] k fgL cefjdf
    zf}rfnodf ;d:of cfpg] eGb} jxfFn]
    vfg]kfgL / zf}rfnodf k|of]u ug]{
    kfgL km/s ug],{ j:tLx?nfO{ Jojl:yt
    ug]{, cfkm\gf] ;lhnf]sf nflu jflx/
    lb;f ug]{ jflg kl/jt{g ug],{ v'nflb;f

    d'Qm If]q 3f]if0ff ePsf :yfg Pj+


    uflj;nfO{ lgoldt cg'udg u/]/
    cl3 j9] k'0f{;/;kmfO{ cleofg ;kmn
    x'g] bf gd'gf jGg ;Sg] jtfpg' ePsf]
    5 . lhNnfsf :jfYo, dlxnf ljsf;,
    lzIff, vfg]kfgL, lhlj; gu/kfnLsf,
    /]8qm;, kqsf/ dxf;+3, nufPt ;+3
    ;+:yfsf k|ltlglwx? pkl:yt j}7ssf]
    ;~rfng lhNnf vfg]kfgL tyf
    ;/;kmfO{ l8lehg sfof{no k|dv
    ' Pj+
    ;dGjo ;ldltsf ;b:o ;lrj
    u0f]zaxfb'/ yfkfn] ug'e
    { Psf] lyof] .
    uf]ljGb v8\sf

    hfkfgn] #) jif{tf klxnf]k6s


    aflif{s Jofkf/df 3f6f a]xf]/]sf] 5 .
    ;g\ @)!! sf] dfr{df cfPsf] e"sDk
    / ;'gfdLsf ;fy} P]g lanof] eO{ lgof{t
    sd x'Fbf hfkfgsf] Jofkf/ 3f6f
    a]xf]gk{' /]sf] xf] . of] jif{ hfkfgn] em08}
    @$ va{ () ca{o]g cyf{t sl/j
    #@ ca{8n/ 3f6f ePsf] ;/sf/n]
    a'waf/ 3f]if0ff u/]sf] 5 . hfkfgL
    cy{dGqfnon] ;g\ !(*) otf of]
    ;a}eGbf 7"nf] Jofkf/ 3f6f ePsf]
    atfPsf] 5 . hfkfgn] b] z leq
    pTkfbg ug{ k|lt:kwL{ Ifdtf u'dfPsf],
    hfkfgaf6 lgof{t c;lhnf] aGb}
    uPsfn] ax'/fli6o sDklgx?sf KnfG6

    cGoq ;l//x]sf] h:tf sf/0fn] Jofkf/


    3f6f ePsf] hfkfg l/;r{OlG6Ro"6sf
    clwsf/Lx?n] atfPsf 5g\ . hfkfgsf]
    Jofkf/ 3f6fdf cfGtl/sdfq sf/0f
    5}gg, sdhf]/ cd]/sL cy{tGq,
    o'/f]k]nL C0f ;d:of / yfONof08sf]
    af9L nufotsf cGt/f{li6o sf/0fn]
    hfkfgsf] lgof{t 36]sf] 5 h;n] ubf{
    p Jofkf/ 3f6fdf k/]sf] 5 . hfkfgn]
    blIf0f sf]l/of, tfOjfg / l;+ufk'/af6
    lta| k|lt:kwf{sf] ;fdgf ul//x]sf]
    cWoogn] b]vfPsf] 5 . hfkfgaf6
    7"nf KnfG6x? aflxl/b} ubf{ oxfF
    /f]huf/Lsf] yk ;d:of x'g] cg'dfg
    ul/Psf] 5 .

    hfkfg #) jif{ k l5 Jofkf/ 3f6fdf

    /fatOfc t]u %! 3fd nf; *^)@

    kf6L{ Pstfa4 eP/


    cufl8 a9]sf] 5
    gldn]sf s'/f b'Oj{ 6} b:tfj]hdf cfcfk\mgf] 7fpdf /fv]/ s]xL ;femf
    lgisif{x, lg0f{ox u/]sf 5f}, o;nfO{ xfdLn] ;femf k|:tfj eg]sf 5f} .
    rf/ a'b ] ;xdltsf] cfwf/df ul7t ePsf] of] ;/sf/sf] ;Gbe{
    ;dfKt eO;s]sf] 5 . ca gof cfwf/xdf ;/sf/ lgdf{0f
    ug]l{ t/ nfUg'k5{ .

    ;ftfsf] s'/fsfgL
    ) kf6L{ s f] s] G b| L o ;ldltsf]
    a} 7 skl5 tkfO+ { x k| l zIf0f
    sfo{ q mddf Ps eP/ k| : t' t
    x' g ' e Psf] 5, s] ;fF R r}
    kf6L{ l eqsf] ljjfb 6' l Ps}
    xf] t <
    o;df b'Oj{ 6f kf6fx 5g\, Pp6f
    gldn]sf s'/fx 5g\, Pp6f ldn]sf
    s'/fx 5g\ . gldn]sf s'/f b'O{j6}
    b:tfj]hdf cfcfgf] 7fpFdf /fv]/
    s]xL ;femf lgisif{x, lg0f{ox u/]sf
    5f}F, To;nfO{ xfdLn] ;femf k|:tfj
    eg]sf 5f}F . ldn]sf] s'/f oxL xf] .
    To;df d'VotM g]kfnL qmflGtsf]
    sfo{lbzf, tTsfn, kf6L{n] nfu" ug]{

    sfo{gLlt / sfdsf/jfxLnfO{ cufl8


    a9fpg tof/ ul/Psf] sfo{of]hgf g}
    xf] . oL tLgj6f ljifodf xfd|f] ;xdlt
    ePsf] 5 .
    ) o;/L cfgf ] kf6L { l eq}
    z+ s fsf] l:yltdf tkfO{ + x n]
    /fli6 o /fhgLltdf k| e fj
    hdfpg ;Sg' x ' G 5 / <
    cfhsf] g] k fndf /fli6 o
    /fhgLltnfO{ kxnleq lng' lgs}
    dxTjsf] s'/f xf] . xfd|f] Vofndf clxn]
    xfdLn] h] kf; uof}F, ToxL s'/fn]
    hgtfnfO{ c:ki6tf ePsf ljifox,
    cfz+sf ePsf ljifo / lrGtf ePsf
    / u/]sf ljifoxnfO{ k|:6\ofpg

    hgljb|fx] eGg] s'/f s]xL g]tfxsf] cfsf+Iff


    / nx8df x'g] s'/f xf]Og, hgljb|fx] t
    hgtfsf] clwsf/, hgtfsf] r]tgf /
    ;+ul7t zlQmdf e/kg]{ s'/f xf] . g]kfndf
    hgo'4 eof], hgcfGbf]ng eof], Tof]af6
    cufl8 ;fl/Psf] k|:tfjxdf hgtf
    ;xdt 5g\ . olb oL s'/fxnfO{ sfFu|;
    ] ,
    Pdfn]xn] a'em]gg\ eg] cfgf] clwsf/sf]
    nflu hgtf ;8sdf cfpg] s'/f, ;+3if{df
    cfpg], ljb|fx] df cfpg] s'/fnfO{ xfdLn]
    :jfefljs 7fGg'k5{ .
    --xfd|f] rfxgf ;xdltdf NofP/ b'Oj{ 6} ju{ /
    b'Oj{ 6} b[li6sf]0f c6fpg ;Sg] / sfd ug{ ;Sg]
    ;xdltn] g} xf] eGg] xf] . t/, hxfF;Dd clxn]
    t'?Gt} Ao'tF fpg] ls gAo'tF fpg] eGg] s'/f of]
    ;/sf/ / sfFu;]| Pdfn]sf] /a}ofdf e/ k5{ .
    --;/sf/df hfg'k5{ eGg]df kf6L{ Ps 5 t/
    ;/sf/nfO{ ju{;3+ if{sf] df]rf{ s;/L agfpg] /
    hgtfsf lj/f]wLx;u ;/sf/df a;]/ s;/L
    ;+3if{ ug]{ eGg] ljifo g6'lg'n] w]/} ;d:of k}bf
    u/fPsf] 5 .

    g]qljqmd rGb ljKnj, :yfoL ;ldlt ;b:o Pg]skf dfcf]jfbL


    ;lsG5 eg] xfdLnfO{ k/]sf] 5 lsgls
    hgtfdf d'VotM dfcf]jfbL kf6L{ stf
    hfnf eGg] cGof]ntf lyof], To;nfO{
    xfdLn] dfcf]jfbL kf6L{ hgjfbL qmflGt
    k"/f ug]{ lbzflt/ g} cufl8 a9]sf]
    5 eGg] :ki6 kf/]sf] 5f}F . bf];|f] ev{/
    nfu" ug]{ eg]sf rflxF hgtfsf]
    ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug{sf] lgldQ k|oTg
    ug],{ ePg eg] hgtfnfO{ ljb|fx] sf]
    lglDt tof/L xfntdf /fVg] / t];|f]
    s'/f, clxn] hgtfsf] ;+ljwfg /
    /fli6o :jfwLgtfsf] lj?4df h'g
    if8\oGqx ePsf 5g\, To;lj?4df
    hfu/0f cleofgx rnfpg] eGg]
    :ki6 5 . oL s' / fxn] /fli6 o
    /fhgLltnfO{ k| e fjsf/L 9n]
    lgoGq0fdf /fVg ;lsG5 eGg] xfd|f]
    dfGotf xf] .
    ) rf/ a' F b ] ;xdlt / ;] g f
    ;dfof] h g k| l qmoflj?4
    tkfO{ + x n] rsf] { cfjfh
    p7fpg' ePsf] lyof] , o;
    ljifodf s] l Gb| o ;ldlt s] x L
    gaf] n ] s f] h :tf] b] l vof] lg
    xf] O g <
    xf]Og, o;df xfd|f] b'Oj{ 6f b[li6sf]0f
    5g\ . k|r08 / afa'/fdn] xfdLn] 7Ls}
    u/]sf 5f}F eGg] k]; ug'{ePsf] lyof] .
    xfdLn] Tof] uNtL eof] , Tof]
    cfTd;dk{0flt/ hfg] vt/f eof] eGg]
    /fv]sf lyof}F . of] b'O{j6f ljifo
    sfo{stf{;Dd hfg kfpF5 . o;df
    clxn] ev{/ Pp6fn] csf]{sf] k|:tfj
    jf b[li6sf]0f :jLsf/ u/]sf] l:ylt
    5}g .
    ) t/, tkfO{ + x n] eg] h :tf]
    sfo{ s tf{
    tf { tx;Dd k ' U bf
    sfdsf/jfxL t 6' l ;Sg]
    cj:yf 5 lg, xf]Og / <
    xf], of] klg ;To xf] . s}of}F s'/fx
    sfof{Gjogsf] tx;Dd hfg] ;Defjgf
    klg 5 . To;}n] xfdLn] clxn] ljjflbt
    ljifoxnfO{ sfof{Gjog gu/f}F eg]/
    ;xdlt u/]sf 5f}F .
    ) afa' / fd g] t [ T jsf] ;/sf/nfO{
    lkmtf{
    lkmtf { af] n fpg] elgPsf]
    lyof] . clxn];Dd sfof{Gjog
    ePsf] 5} g . s] oxL
    ;/sf/nfO{ /fli6o ;xdltsf]
    ;/sf/ agfpg]lt/ nfUg'ePsf]
    t xf] O g <
    rf/ a'Fb] / ;ft a'Fb] ;xdltsf]
    cfwf/df ;+ul7t ePsf] of] ;/sf/sf]
    ;Gbe{ ;dfKt eO;s]sf] 5 . ca
    gofF cfwf/xdf ;/sf/ lgdf{0f
    ug]{lt/ nfUg'k5{ . of] s'/f afa'/fd
    cfkm}Fn] klg a'g'kg]{ s'/f xf] .
    ) ;/sf/n ] xfn} NofPsf]
    sfo{ o f] h gf
    ;' z f;gsf]
    kf6L{leq 5nkmn eP/
    ;xdltdf NofOPsf] xf] <

    ;/sf/ / kf6L{sf] aLrdf tfnd]n


    gaGg' g} xfd|f] kf6L{sf] ;aeGbf
    sdhf]/ kf6f] xf] . w]/}h;f] ljjfbx,
    w]/h
    } ;f] ;d:ofx ;/sf/ / kf6L{aLr
    ag]sf c;dembf/Lxn] g} ubf{ ePsf
    5g\ . ;/sf/df hfg'k5{ eGg]df kf6L{
    Ps 5 t/ ;/sf/nfO{ ju{;+3if{sf]
    df]rf{ s;/L agfpg] / hgtfsf
    lj/f]wLx;Fu ;/sf/df a;]/ s;/L
    ;+3if{ ug]{ eGg] ljifo g6'lg'n] w]/}
    ;d:of k}bf u/fPsf] 5 . tyflk
    afa' / fdhLn] Nofpg' ePsf]
    sfo{of]hgfsf] af/]df kf6L{leq 5nkmn
    ePsf] 5}g .
    ) eg]kl5 clxn] klg kf6L{ /
    ;/sf/aLr tfnd ] n xx'' g
    ;ls/x] s f] 5} g <
    ;/sf/sf] af/]df s]lGb|o ;ldltn]
    ;/sf/ kmls{gk' 5{ cyf{t\ ;/sf/ gofF
    9n] lgdf{0f ug'k{ 5{ eGg] lg0f{o u/]sf]
    5 . To;sf/0f of] ;/sf/;Fu l;f]
    kf6L{ Pstfa4 x'g] eGg] s'/} ePg .
    ) ;/sf/n] hg;Qfsf] lg0f{ o
    nfu" ug] { atfPsf] 5, o;
    ljifodf s] eGg' x ' G 5 <
    ;/sf/sf] of] lg0f{onfO{ xfdLn]
    ;sf/fTdskdf lnPsf 5f} F .
    o;af/] d f hgtfn] , hgjuL{ o
    ;+u7gxn] klg ;dy{g ul/;s]sf
    5g\ . cfjZos kof] eg] o;sf] kIfdf
    hgkl/rfng klg ug]{ xfd|f] ;f]rfO 5 .
    ) tkfO{+x hg;Qfaf6 ;'? ub}{
    hgcbfnt / hgkl/ifb\ klg
    Ao'Ftfpg nfUg'ePsf] 5 eGg]
    cGo bnxsf] cf/f]k 5 lg,
    s] eGg' x ' G 5 <
    dflg;x
    cfcfgf]
    :jfy{ c g' ksf s' / f p7fpF 5 g\ .
    cfk" m nfO{ ;gs r9] s f] e/df
    p7fpF5g\ . s'/f To;f] xf]Og, l;} /fHo
    Joj:yf, /fHo k|0ffnLnfO{ hgtfsf]
    xftdf Nofpg'k5{ eGg] dfcf]jfbL
    b[li6sf]0f 5Fb}5 . of] PSn} a:bf
    hg;Qf agfof], hgcbfnt agfof],
    hg;] g f agfof] , o;n] hgjfbL
    Joj:yfsf ;fdfGo cfwf/x lgdf{0f
    u/] / cfPsf] xf] . xfd| f ] rfxgf
    ;xdltdf NofP/ b'Oj{ 6} ju{ / b'Oj{ 6}
    b[li6sf]0f c6fpg ;Sg] / sfd ug{
    ;Sg] ;xdltn] g} xf] eGg] xf] . t/,
    hxfF;Dd clxn] t'?Gt} Ao'Ftfpg] ls
    gAo'Ftfpg] eGg] s'/f of] ;/sf/ /
    sfFu|];Pdfn]sf] /a}ofdf e/ k5{ .
    ) tTsfnsf] l:ylt x]bf{ bnx
    ;+ l jwfg n] v geGbf cGo
    ljjfbxdf
    clNemPsf
    5g\ . o;n] ubf{ ;dodf
    ;+ l jwfg aGg] 5fF 6 b] l vF b } g ,
    o; ljifodf s] eGg' x ' G 5 <
    sfF u | ] ; , Pdfn] s f] kZrufdL
    b[li6sf]0f / kZrufdL Jojxf/sf] sf/0f

    hgtfsf] ;+ljwfg aGg] ;Defjgf


    lgs} Go"g eP/ uPsf] 5 . o;df
    cem} ;'wf/ cfPsf] 5}g .
    ) s] o:tf] cj:yfdf hgljb|f]x
    ;Dej 5 <
    hgljb| f ] x eGg] s' / f s] x L
    g]tfxsf] cfsf+Iff / nx8df x'g]
    s'/f xf]Og, hgljb|f]x t hgtfsf]
    clwsf/, hgtfsf] r]tgf / ;+ul7t
    zlQmdf e/kg]{ s'/f xf] . g]kfndf
    hgo'4 eof], hgcfGbf]ng eof],
    Tof] a f6 cufl8 ;fl/Psf]
    k|:tfjxdf hgtf ;xdt 5g\ .
    olb oL s' / fxnfO{ sfF u | ] ; ,
    Pdfn]xn] a'em]gg\ eg] cfgf]
    clwsf/sf] nflu hgtf ;8sdf
    cfpg] s'/f, ;+3if{df cfpg], ljb|fx] df
    cfpg] s'/fnfO{ xfdLn] :jfefljs

    7fGg'k5{ .
    ) tkfO{+x cfgf] kf6L{sf] ljjfb
    ldnfpg ;Sg' x' G g, b] z nfO{
    s;/L ljjfbd'Qm agfpg
    ;Sg'x'G5 eg]/ k|Zg p7fOFb}5,
    o; ljifodf s] eGg' x ' G 5 <
    clxn] xfdLn] kf6L{leqsf] ljjfbnfO{
    ;fk]lIftkn] ldnfof}F eGg] g} xf] . Ps
    r/0fnfO{ dfcf]jfbL kf6L{ Pstfa4 eP/
    g} cufl8 a9]sf] 5, o;df s'g} z+sf
    dfGg'kb}{g . hxfF;Dd ;a} ljjfbx
    ldNg] eGg] s'/f xf], Pp6f kf6L{df
    ax;x eO/xG5, Tof] cufl8 klg
    al9/xG5 . d'Vo s'/f kf6L{n] cfgf]
    / gab\nf];, hgtfsf] lhDd]jf/L
    g5f] 8 f] ; \ , gTofuf] ; \ / /fHonfO{
    kfGt/0f ug]{ 7fpF;Dd k'ofcf];\ eGg]
    g} xf]], To;df xfdL b[9 5f}F .

    ;/sf/sf] af/]df s]lGb|o ;ldltn]


    ;/sf/ kmls{gk' 5{ cyf{t\ ;/sf/
    gof 9n] lgdf{0f ug'k{ 5{ eGg]
    lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 . To;sf/0f of]
    ;/sf/;Fu l;f] kf6L{ Pstfa4
    x'g] eGg] s'/} ePg .
    --sfu;
    ]| , Pdfn]sf] kZrufdL
    b[li6sf]0f / kZrufdL Jojxf/sf]
    sf/0f hgtfsf] ;+ljwfg aGg]
    ;Defjgf lgs} Go"g eP/
    uPsf] 5 . o;df cem} ;'wf/
    cfPsf] 5}g .
    --d'Vo s'/f kf6L{n] cfgf] /
    gab\nf];, hgtfsf] lhDd]jf/L
    g5f]8f];,\ gTofuf];\ / /fHonfO{
    kfGt/0f ug]{ 7fpF;Dd
    k'ofcf];\ eGg] g} xf],] To;df
    xfdL b[9 5f}F .

    /fatOfc t]u %! 3fd nf; *^)@

    stf/sf] g]kfnL b"tfjf; lsg ;a}sf] ;femf x'g ;s]g <


    dWok"j{ Pl;ofcGtu{t vf8L
    d'ns
    ' stf/df /x]sf] g]kfnL b"tfjf;
    / /f] h uf/sf] nflu cfPsf]
    g]kfnLx?sf] af/]df s'/f ubf{ rf/
    jif{ cufl8sf] stf/df sfo{/t g]kfnL
    >ldsx?sf] cj:yf / clxn] s f]
    cj:yfdf w]/} g} cGt/ cfPsf] 5 .
    pgLx?df ljsf; ePsf] r]tgf tyf
    stf/ cfP/ ljrNnLdf k/]sf g]kfnL
    >ldsx?sf] lxt / clwsf/sf] nflu
    b"tfjf;n] v]n]sf] k|ToIf e"ldsfnfO{
    cfk|jf;L g]kfnLx?n] slxn} e"Ng'
    x' F b } g . lgof] u n] NofPsf] gofF
    sfo{ z } n Ldf stf/sf ljleGg
    ;+ 3 ;+ : yfx?n] ;xof] u k' ofPsf]
    sf/0fn] ubf{ b"tfjf; cfgf] of]hgfdf
    ;kmn ePsf] ;a}nfO{ 5n{ ePsf]
    s'/f g} xf] . g]kfnL b"tfjf;sf] kxndf
    g]kfnL >ldsx?sf] tnj ^)) af6
    stf/L l/ofn *)) ug{'k5{ eGg]
    cleofgdf klg stf/sf ljleGg
    ;+ 3 ;+ : yf / b" t fjf;n] v] n ] s f]
    e"ldsfsf] af/]df s;}n] lj;{] k|of;
    klg ul/g'x'b}g . /fhb"tn] >ldssf]
    lxtdf lgefPsf] olx e"ldsfsf]
    d"of{+sg ub}{ g]kfnaf6 bf]xf cfpg]
    hf] sf]xL ljleGg bnsf g]tf nufot
    k//fi6 dGqfno, a}b]lzs /f]huf/
    ljefu, >d tyf oftfoft Joj:yf
    dGqfnosf pRr kbsf sd{rf/Lx?
    cfpFbf x'g\ jf k|wfgdGqL jf /fi6klt
    bf]xf cfpFbf g} lsg gx'g\ . /fhb"tsf]
    sfo{zn
    } Lsf] sfo{dN" of+sg x]/L pgsf]
    sfo{sfn ylkg'kg{] dfu ;lxt y'k}|
    ljGtLkq klg stf/jf;L ;d'bfoaf6
    r9fPs} xf] . stf/sf ljleGg
    ;d'bfox?n] u/]sf] of] cg'/f]wnfO{
    ;/sf/af6 ;'gj' fO{ ePg . s'g} klg
    sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{sfn ;lsPkl5 :jb]z
    lkmtf{ hfg'nfO{ ;fdfGo ?kdf lnP/
    a:g' l;jfo xfdLdf c? s'g} ljsNk
    klg /x]g . /fhb"t ld>sf] stf/
    cfudgkl5 7ubnfnx?af6 ePsf]
    7uL / cGofo nufot stf/sf
    ljleGg d'ns
    ' sf Joj;foLx?n] ug{
    cJojxfl/s sfo{k|0ffnLaf6 kLl8t
    g]kfnLx?sf] b"tfjf;df nsf]{ nfUg
    yfn]sf] /fhb"t ld>sf] sfo{sfnsf]
    ;'?jftsf] ;dob]lv g} xf] . sdL
    sdhf]/LnfO{ ;'wf/]/ k|:t't x'Fbf klg
    g]kfnL Joj;foLx?nfO{ ;f}tfsf] ?kdf
    x]g{] b"tfjf;sf] k"jf{ux| L ;f]r Jojxfl/s
    lyof] ls lyPg egL s;}n] d'Nof+sg
    ug{] ;do klg vlr{Pgg\ . ;/sf/n]
    stf/sf] g]kfnL b"tfjf;df cfly{s
    tyf cGo ;d:ofk|lt j]jf:tf u/]sf]
    cj:yfdf b"tfjf;sf] Pp6f crDdsf]
    tf}/tl/sf 5, Tof] tf}/tl/sf eg]sf]
    oxfF l:yt ;+ 3 ;+ : yf tyf
    Joj;foLx?sf] cufl8 cfly{ s
    ;xof]usf] nflu xft km}nfpg' .
    /fhb"t ld> cfpg'cl3 g} stf/sf
    ljleGg ;d'bfox?sf] ;+oS' t k|of;df
    stf/df cfP/ ;d:ofdf k/] s f
    g]kfnLx?sf] nflu sNof0fsf/L sf]ifsf]
    :yfkgf ul/Psf] lyof] . g] k fnL
    ;d'bfox?sf] ldnL kLl8tx?sf] lxtsf]
    nflu v8f ul/Psf] pSt sf]if stf/sf]
    sfg'g cGtu{t a}w 5}g egL g]kfnL
    ;d'bfosf] cleofgnfO{ b"tfjf;af6
    g} ljkmn agfO{of] . To; a]nfdf
    sNof0fsf/L sf]ifnfO{ cj}w b]Vg]
    /fhb"tsf] cfFvfn] clxn] ;dfhsf]
    cufl8 ;xof] u sf] ofrgf u/L
    ;/sf/n] ;'gj' fO{ gu/]sf] d'4fnfO{ klg
    kfvf nufP/ cfgf] Psn lg0f{o
    cg';f/ b"tfjf;df sd{rf/L /fVg' s]
    of] ;/sf/sf] gLlt cg'?k sfd
    ul/Psf] lyof] t < /fhb"tn] ug{] Psn
    lg0f{o s] ;fFRr} a}w lyof] t < g]kfnL
    ;d'bfox?sf] of] cleofgnfO{ lg?T;fx
    kfg]{ sfd b"tfjf;af6 ePsf]df o;
    cleofgdf nfu] s f ;Dk' 0 f{
    cleofgstf{x?df ;xof]uk|lt pT;fx
    36\g' kSs} klg b'MvbfoL s'/f xf] .
    olb g]kfnL ;d'bfosf] sNof0fsf/L
    sf]ifsf] cleofgnfO{ b"tfjf;n] ;xof]u

    nId0f vltj8f
    u/L Jojxf/df nfu" u/] s f] eP
    b"tfjf;df a:g cfPsf kLl8tx?n]
    olt 7"nf] ;d:of ef]Ug'kg]{ lyPg .
    u}/ cfj;Lo g]kfnL ;+3sf tTsflng
    cWoIf pk]Gb| dxtf]n] stf/sf] nflu
    sNof0fsf/L sf]ifsf] nflu b; xhf/
    cd]l/sL 8n/ lbg] jrga4tf u/]tf
    klg g]kfnL b"tfjf;sf /fhb"tn]
    ;/sf/L / u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfaLr ;femf
    vftf vf]Ng cj}w x'g] eGb} c;dy{
    hgfPkl5 stf/af6 %) xhf/
    l/onsf] xf/fxf/Ldf ;a}af6 af]lnPsf]
    /sd tyf dxtf]n] k7fpg] elgPsf]
    /sd s;}sf] JolStut vftfdf /fVg
    gldNg] cj:yfdf To;a]nf 7'nf]
    wg/fzL /fhb"ts} sf/0fn] u'dfpg'
    k/]sf] s'/fnfO{ ;lDembf ax't b'Mv
    nfU5 . >ldssf] lxtsf] nflu dfq
    eg]/ p7fpg nfluPsf] $) %) nfv
    xf/fxf/Lsf] /sdsf] of] cleofgdf
    b"tfjf;af6 ljleGg axfgf agfO{
    lakmn kfl/Psf] lyof] . Pgcf/Pgn]
    cleofg :j?k NofPsf] sNof0fsf/L
    sf]ifnfO{ b"tfjf;n] ;xof]u u/]sf] eP
    clxn] b"tfjf;df sd{rf/L cefj
    ePsf] cj:yfdf ;f]xL sf]ifsf] k};faf6
    g} lghL b/aGbLdf sd{rf/L egf{
    ;lsGy]g / < o;sf] cnfjf d cfkm}n
    F ]
    klg kLl8tx?nfO{ ;xof]u ug{]eg]/
    b"tfjf; hfFbf b"tfjf;af6 ef]u]sf] /
    b]vs
    ] f] s]lx pbfx/0f k]; ug{rfxG5' .
    b"tfjf;sf] ;]N6/df /x]sf kLl8t
    g]kfnLx?nfO{ d}n] k|To]s dlxgf Ps
    ;o l/ofn lbg] 3f]if0ff ;lxt ha d
    b"tfjf; uPsf] lyPF, dnfO{ klg ToxfF
    lg/fz agfP/ k7fO{of] . To; ;dodf
    /fhb"t ld>n] d}n] lbG5' eg]sf]
    dfl;s ;o l/ofn lngnfO{ pxfFn]
    c:jLsf/ ug'e{ of] . glng'sf] sf/0f;Fu}
    pxfFn] k|:6 kfb}{ eGg'eof] ls b"tfjf;n]
    cfgf] dof{bfnfO{ lal;{P/ cfly{s
    ;xof]u lng ldNb}g eGg] hjfkm cfof] .
    lbg] OR5f ePsfx?n] b"tfjf;df
    cfpg] u/]sf kLl8tx?nfO{ :jo+ e]6/]
    cfkm}n
    F ] lbg] pbL{ pxfFn] nufpg'eof] .
    olb b"tfjf;sf] sd{rf/Ln] cfg} xftn]
    lng gldNg] eP b"tfjf;n] g} cfJxfg
    u/]/ ljleGg ;+3;+:yfnfO{ l6s6 tyf
    /f;gsf] nflu cfJxfg ub}{ / cfk"mn]
    ljleGg ;dfhaf6 k|bfg ul/Psf]
    l6s6 / /f;g kfgL b"tfjf;sf]
    sd{rf/Ln] a'emL lnPsf] kmf]6f]x? klg
    ljleGg klqsfx? tyf cgnfO{gdf
    5flkPsf] ;lrq pbfx/0f / k|df0fx?
    xfdL;Fu 5g\ . s] To;/L lng'rflxF
    ca}w ePg < /fhb"tsf] cfu|xdf
    ljleGg ;+3;+:yf tyf ;dfh;]jL,
    JojzfoLx?n] lbPsf] l6s6 lng' rflxF
    s] Tof] a}w xf] < s] ;dfh;]jf ug{ /
    s;}sf] b'vdf ;fy lbgsf] nflu
    /fhb"tsf] lgufx kfPdf dfq a}w x'g]
    xf] < :j:k" m t{ efjgfn] ;xof] u
    ug{kfpg' s] xfdL k|jf;Lsf] bfloTj
    xf]Og < /fhb"tsf] of] egfO{n] d h:t}
    kLl8tx?sf] b'vdf ;fy lbg eg]/
    sl:;Psfx?sf] lg:jfy{ ;xof]uL dgdf
    7"nf] cf3ft k'us
    ] f] dx;'; ePsf] 5 .
    ha ha b"tfjf;df 7"nf] ;+s6
    cfO{k5{, To; cj:yfdf b"tfjf; o;/L
    g} g]kfnL ;dfhsf] cufl8 nDk;f/
    k/]/ ;xof]usf] ofrgf u/]sf] s}of}F
    pbfx/0fx? xfdL ;dIf 5g\ .
    b"tfjf;sf] sfd eg]sf] stf/df
    cnkq k/]sf g]kfnLx?nfO{ g]kfn
    kmls{g] jftfj/0f agfpg' dfq xf]Og .
    sfg'gL ;d:of lgbfg u/]klg cfly{s
    ;+s6 kbf{ b"tfjf;n] u'xfg{] eg]sf]
    oxfFs} g]kfnL ;dfhx?nfO{ xf] .
    b"tfjf; olb ;fFRr} g} >ldssf] xs
    lxtsf] nflu w] / } lrGtf lnP/
    ;sf/fTds ePs} lyof] eg] g]kfn
    ;/sf/af6 k7fO{Psf] @% nfv vr{
    u/]/ dx+uf] uf8L lsGg] lyPgg\ .
    lgsf;f ePsf] ;f] /sdsf] s]lx c+z
    b"tfjf;df cnkq k/L 3/ hfg

    gkfPsf kLl8tsf] xjfO{ l6s6 tyf


    ljxfg a]n'sf pgLx?nfO{ b'O{ 5fs
    eft vfgsf] nflu klg ah]6 5'ofpg
    ;SbYof] . u}/ cfjf;Lo g]kfnL ;+3
    eg]sf] s'g} JolSt xf]Og . ljZjsf]
    ljleGg e"efudf :yfkgf ePsf]
    dof{lbt ;+:yf xf] . u}/ cfjf;Lo
    g]kfnL ;+3sf] af/]df h] h:tf s'/f
    ul/Pklg uDeL/ k|s[ltsf] dfdnfdf
    ;xof]u ug{ ;w}F tTk/ 5 . Tolx
    cg' ? k Ps jif{ c ufl8 g] k fnL
    b"tfjf;df lkcf/cf] /fVg] cleofgdf
    Pgcf/Pg stf/n] arga4tf hfx]/
    u/]sf] lyof] . ha;Dd b"tfjf;df
    Pgcf/Pgn] /sd hDdf ub} { g
    ta;Dd lkcf/cf] egf{ gug{] /fhb"tn]
    c8fg lnPsf lyP . kmn:j?k
    Pgcf/Pgn] klxnf] r/0fsf] /sd
    afkt !@ xhf/ l/ofn
    dxfdlxdHo'nfO{ x:tfGt/0f uof] /
    b"tfjf;df Pgcf/Pgsf] >f]taf6
    lkcf/cf] klg lgo' S t ul/of] .
    lkcf/cf]n] b"tfjf; 5f]8]/ uPsf]
    dlxgf} F kl5 dfq Pgcf/PgnfO{
    hfgsf/L u/fP/ b"tfjf;df hDdf
    u/]sf] /sd lkmtf{ lng cfpg egL
    pbL{ uof] . s] olx xf] b"tfjf;sf]
    cK7\of/f] l:ylt cfpFbf ;xof]u ug]{
    ;+:yf k|lt b"tfjf;n] ug{ Jojxf/ <
    Pgcf/Pgsf] nufgLdf lgo' S t
    ul/Psf] lkcf/cf]n] sfof{no 5f]8]sf]
    s]lx lbgdf g} Pgcf/PgnfO{ hfgsf/L
    u/fpg ;Sy] g / < @))% df
    tTsflng k|wfgdGqL lu/Lhfk|;fb
    sf]O/fnfn] b"tfjf; gePsf] d'ns
    " df
    u}/ cfjf;Lo g]kfnL ;+3 g} b"tfjf;
    xf] eGb} Pgcf/PgnfO{ bf] > f]
    b"tfjf;sf] ;+1f lbFb} >lds tyf
    kLl8t g]kfnLsf] lxtdf ;xof]u ug{
    tTk/tf b]vfpg] u}/cfjf;Lo g]kfnL
    ;+3nfO{ b"tfjf; ejgdf pgLx?sf]
    clkml;on sfuhkqx? /fVgsf] nflu
    b/fh /fVg lbg' egL ;j} b"tfjf;nfO{
    eg]sf] s'/fnfO{ o; cl3sf k"j/{ fhb"t
    ZofdfgGb ;'dgn] b"tfjf;df b/fh
    /fVg lbPsf] af/]df stf/sf ;j}
    ;+3;+:yfsf JolStTjx?nfO{ yfxf
    ePs} s'/f xf] . t/ dxfdlxd /fhb"t
    8f= ;'og{ fy ld>sf] cfudg kl5 #%
    lbg] ;"rgf hf/L u/L Pgcf/Pgsf]

    b/fh x6fpg lgb{ ] z g lbO{ o f] .


    Pgcf/Pgn] Pp6f b/fhsf] nflu dfq
    sf]7f ef8fdf lnP/ /fVg c;Dej
    ePsf] x'gfn] b"tfjf;sf] xnsf] s'gfdf
    /x]sf] Tof] b/fh b"tfjf;s} s'g}
    sf]7fdf aGbL ePsf] s'/f klg stf/df
    a:g] ;j}nfO{ hfgsf/L ePs} xf] .
    Tolx a] n f b] l v g} ;/sf/sf]
    cfb]znfO{ cj1f ub}{ Pgcf/PgnfO{
    zq'jt Jojxf/ ug{ yfn]sf] xf] . cfh
    Tolx Pgcf/Pg;+u cg'go u/L
    ;xof]usf] ck]Iff ub}{ b"tfjf;df
    sd{ r f/L egf{ ug{ ] e gL cfly{ s
    ;xof]usf] nflu xft km}nfpg' kg{]
    cj:yf cfpFbf lxhf] Pgcf/Pgn]
    NofPsf] sNof0fsf/L sf]ifsf] lehgnfO{
    b"tfjf;n] kSs} klg ;lDemPsf 5g\
    t < b" t fjf;df ljleGg sfdn]
    cfpg]x?sf] nflu kfgL lkpg] s'n/sf]
    Joj:yf ul/lbG5' eGbf klg /fhb"tn]
    s'n/ /fVg gldNg] egL stf/sf wd{
    /] U dL tyf ;dfh;] j L gf/fo0f
    vgfnnfO{ klg lg/fzf agfO{
    kmsf{Psf] lyof] . olb s;}n] lbPsf]
    pkof]uL / dfgjLo ;xof]usf] nflu
    k| b fg ul/g nfu] s f] a:t' n fO{
    c:jLsf/ g} ug{' lyof] eg] b"tfjf;sf]
    x/] s sf] 7 fsf] leQfdf ljleGg
    ;+ 3 ;+ : yfsf] gfd c+ l st 38L
    e'm08ofpg'rflxF a}w xf] < cfk"mnfO{ dg
    gk/]sf] s'/f 5g\ eg] /fd|} zLif{ /
    ;Gbe{df ;xof]u ug]x{ ?nfO{ klg b'Tsfg'{
    / cfgf] JolStut dfgl;stfsf]
    pkhn] ug{ r fx] s f] sfddf eg]
    ;/sf/sf] cfb] z klg grflxg]
    b"tfjf;sf] at{dfg sfo{z}nL eg]
    cfZro{nfUbf] /x]sf] 5 . klxnf
    nfO{;G] ; lbP/ ufl8 l;sfpg k7fpg]
    b"tfjf;sf] of] gLlt slt lkmtnf] 5
    eGg] s'/f dfly pNn]v ul/Psf] s]lx
    pbfx/0fx? g} kof{Kt 5 . k|jf;L
    ;dfhx?sf] lxtsf] nflu u7g
    ul/Psf] stf/sf] ljleGg ;fdflhs
    ;+:yfx?nfO{ ldnfP/ n}hfg'sf] ;f
    ;+:yfx?aLr a]dn
    ] sf] l:ytL l;h{gf
    u/L cfgf] dfq u'0fufg ufpg] ;+:yfsf]
    kIfkf]if0f ug{ b"tfjf;sf] 4}wrl/qn]
    ubf{ stf/sf y'k|} JojzfoL tyf
    ;fdflhs ;+3;+:yfx?n] cGofo dx;';
    ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . b"tfjf;n] ;]ts
    ' f]
    e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{k' g]d{ f o:tf] ;f}tg] L
    Jojxf/ ug{ kSs} klg /fd|f] kIf xf]Og .

    ;xsf/L ;+:yfnfO{ (@ 3f/ dfx'/L


    bf . clDjs]Zj/L dfx'/L kfng
    ;xsf/L ;+:yf 3f]/flxnfO{ lhcfO{l6
    gfds ;+:yfn] cfh 3f]/flxdf (@ 3f/
    d]lnkm]/f dfx'/L ljt/0f u/]sf] 5 .
    lrtjg kl5 dfx'/L r/0fsf nflu
    bf]>f] pko'Qm lhNnf eGb} bfnfO{
    dfx'/L ljt/0f ul/Psf] ;+:yfsf If]qLo
    k|ltlglw Pj+ ljt/0f sfo{qmdsf k|dv
    '
    cltly hgs l;+n] ;xsf/Lsf cWoIf
    /fdx/L zdf{ kf}8o\ fnnfO{ x:tfGt/0f
    ug'{ePsf] lyof] . dxsf] k|of]u ug]{
    afgLsf] ljsf; u/f}F . eGg] gf/fsf
    ;fy ul/Psf] sfo{ q mddf jf] N g]
    jQmfx?n] rf}/fl; Jo~hgdf kfO{g]
    lrNnf] kbfy{jfx]s *# Jo~hg z'4
    dxdf kfO{g] eGb} dxnfO{ Jofks
    agfpg' kg]{ atfPsf lyP . t]n, g'g,
    ;+u} dxsf] klg Joj:yf u/L ls/fgf
    k;nx?n] ljqmL ug'{ kg]{ atfP . eg]
    xf]6n
    ] df jGg] vfhfdf dxsf kl/sf/
    agfpg cg'/f]w ug'{ kg]{ wf/0ff /fv] .
    vfgfdf dxsf] dfqf ldnfpg] jflgsf]
    ljsf; ug'{kg]{ wf/0ff /fv] . To;}u/L
    ;/sf/L lgsfPdf slt dfx'/L 5 <
    slt dx pTkfbg x'g5
    \ / ljlqm ug]{
    jhf/ sxfF xf] < eg]/ tYof /fVg'
    kg]{ ;'emfj lbP . dfx'/L kfngsf] nflu
    bfdf k|z:t ;Dejfgf x'Fbf klg
    ;/sf/L nufgL x' g g;s] s f] d f
    cfnf]rgf u/]sf lyP .
    bfdf dfx'/Lsf] nflu xfjfkfgL
    r/0fsf] nflu tf]/L tyf lrp/L v]ltsf]

    pj{/ e'ld ePsfn] pko'Qm jftfj/0f


    ePsf] atfP . dlxnf j[4j[4f b]lv
    x/]sn] ;lhn} dfx'/L kfNg kfnL
    cfocfh{g ug{ ;Sg] eGb} To;sf
    nflu ;/sf/L ;'ljwf / k|rf/ k|;f/sf]
    Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ atfP . JolQmut
    ?kdf 3/3/df dx j]Rb} lx8\bf sd
    u'0f:t/ / ld;fj6sf] vt/f x'g] eGb}
    hjfkmb]lx x'g]u/L 6]8dfs{ nufP/
    ;+:yfut ?kdf j]Rg'kg]{ wf/0ff /fv] .
    ;+:yfn] ;g\ @)!@ df b]zsf ^
    lhNnfx? ;'v]{t, bf, s}nfnL /
    Ko' 7 fgdf sfo{ q md nfu' u/] s f]
    hgfPsf] 5 . sfo{qmdf lhlj;sf
    cfn]k clws[t ;'bg jxfb'/ l8;L,
    ;xsf/L l8lehg sfof{ n osf
    hfu]Zj/ g]kfnL, dlg s0f{ Gof}kfg]
    s[lifljsf; sfof{nosf wgaxfb'/ k'g,
    bf pjf;sf ;lrj ;'Gb/ uf}td,
    g]kfn kqsf/ dxf;+3sf ;ljg
    lk|of;g nufPtn] dGtJo /fv]sf]
    sfo{qmd ;~rfng nf]s/fh ;'jl] bn]
    ug'{ePsf] lyof] .

    ;fj{hlgs
    :yfgdf
    w"dk| fg gu/f}+ .

    /fhgLltdf dlxnf ;xeflutf


    k'gd e
    ;dfh ljsf;sf] nflu dlxnf / k'?ifsf] e"ldsf ;dfg x'G5 . o;sf
    nflu dlxnfn] k'?if;/x ;xeflutf / k|ltlglwTjsf] clwsf/ kfpg' k5{ .
    /fHosf gLlt lg0ff{os txdf dlxnfsf] ;dfg ;xeflutf cfhsf] ckl/xfo{tf
    xf] . dlxnf clwsf/ :yflkt ug{ ;xL dfWod /fhgLltdf dlxnfsf] ;xeflutf
    klg xf] . g]kfndf @))* ;fn dlxnfnfO{ dtflwsf/ k|fKt ePsf] xf] .
    To;kl5 dfq} dtbftfsf] ?kaf6 g]kfnL dlxnfx?n] /fhgLltdf kfOtfnf
    cl3 ;f/]sf x'g\ . dtflwsf/ k|fKt eP klg Tof] ;dodf ;+;b\ / dlGqd08ndf
    dlxnfsf] pkl:ylt lyPg . @)!% ;fndf ePsf] lgjf{rgdf fl/sfb]jL
    7s'/fgL lgjf{lrt x'ge
    ' Psf] lyof] . pxfFnfO{ g} g]kfnsf] /fhgLltdf ;xefuL
    k|yd dlxnf dflgG5 kl/jlt{t kl/k|]Iodf g]kfnsf] /fghLltdf ;+VofTds
    lx;fan] dlxnfsf] pkl:yt a9L b]lvP klg cfly{s, z}lIfs, ;dfg sfdsf]
    ;dfg Hofnfh:tf clwsf/ sltko g]kfnL dlxnfn] cfh;Dd k"0f{?kdf
    kfpg ;s]sf 5}gg\ . dlxnfk|ltsf] of] wf/0ff sfod /xg'df /fHosf x/]s
    lg0ff{os If]qdf dlxnfsf] e"ldsf gx'g' g} xf] . ;dfhdf dlxnfnfO{ x]g]{
    b[li6sf]0f ;xL gx'g,' dlxnfsf] /fhgLlts ;xeflutf sd x'g,' nfdf] ;do;Dd
    PsbnLo zf;g sfod /xg',' ;/sf/sf] Wofg cf}Bf]lus ljsf;df ghfg'h:tf
    sf/0fn] g]kfnL dlxnfx? ljZj;d'bfodf ePsf kl/jt{gsf] k|efjaf/]
    hfgsf/ /xg ;s]gg . /fhgLlts If]qdf dlxnfsf] e"ldsf Tolt k|efjsf/L
    aGg ;s]g .
    lj=;+= )$^ sf] cfGbf]ngkZrft )$& ;fndf g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg
    hf/L eof] . pSt ;+ljwfgdf /fli6o;ef / k|ltlglw;ef gfds b'O{ ;bgsf]
    Joj:yf lyof] . To;df /fli6o;efdf tLghgf dlxnf /fVg] Joj:yf ul/Psf]
    lyof] . ;+ljwfgdf Joj:yf u/]cg'?k )$* sf] cfdlgjf{rgkZrft
    /fli6o;efdf tLg hgf dlxnf ;xefuL ePsf lyP . To:t} k|ltlglw;efdf
    cf7hgf dlxnf k|ToIf dtbfgaf6 ;+;b\df k'Ug ;kmn eP . of] cjlwdf
    dlxnfnfO{ /fHosf] x/]s lgsfodf ;dfg ;xefuLtf u/fpg] ljifo p7fg u/L
    dlxnf ;f+;bx?n] /fHonfO{ bafa lbPsf lyP . dlxnfsf o:tf hfoh
    dfuk|lt /fHosf] Wofg hfg} ;s]g . To;kl5 )%! df ePsf] cfdlgjf{rgdf
    ;fthgf dlxnf ;bgdf ;xefuL eP . pgLx?n] klg o;cl3 g} p7fpFb}
    cfPsf] dlxnf d'2fnfO{ ;bg;dIf p7fP / )%@ ;fndf dlxnf dGqfnosf]
    :yfkgf eof] . dlxnfsf] ;jfndf of] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ pknlAw lyof] . To:t}
    @)%$ sf] :yfgLo lgjf{rgdf k|To]s j8fdf Ps hgf dlxnf ;b:o clgjfo{
    /xg] Joj:yf ul/of] . of] csf{] dxTjk"0f{ pknlAw lyof] . To:t} )%^ sf]
    cfdlgjf{rgdf eg] ;+;b\df dlxnfsf] ;+Vof j[l4 eof] . To;a]nf ljleGg
    /fhgLlts bnsf] tkm{af6 !@ hgf dlxnf ;f+;bsf] ;bgdf k|ltlglwTj
    lyof] . o; cjlwdf dlxnf ;f+;bx?sf] bafasf] sf/0f d'n'sL P]g P3f/f}+
    ;+zf]wg ljw]os ;+;bdf k]z eof] . of] ljw]osdf dlxnfsf]] ;Gbe{df ljif]ztM
    b'O{j6f ljifo lyP . k}Q[s ;DklQdf 5f]/LnfO{ 5f]/f;/x ;dfg clwsf/ /
    ue{ktgnfO{ sfg'gL dfGotf lbOg'kg]{ ljifo . b'O{ gDa/df pNn]lvt ljifo
    kf; eP klg klxnf] gDa/sf] ljifonfO{ ;bgdf Ps xftn] clwsf/ lbg] /
    csf{] xftn] lng] u/L kf; ul/of] .
    hgcfGbf]ng )^@ ^# sf] ;kmntfkl5 )^# df3 ! ut] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg
    @)^# hf/L eof] . o;n] dlxnfdflysf] e]befjsf] cGTo, k|hgg :jf:Yosf]
    xs, dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fnfO{ b08gLo agfpg], k}Q[s ;DklQdf 5f]/f;/x
    5f]/LnfO{ ;dfg clwsf/ ;+j}wflgs ?kdf :yflkt uof] . cGtl/d ;+;b\df
    ljleGg /fhgLlts bnaf6 %& hgf dlxnf ;f+;bx?sf] ;bgdf pkl:ylt
    /Xof] . ;fy} o; cjlwdf dlxnf ;f+;bx?sf] ;Ghfn s;sf] lgodfjnL /
    dfgj a]rljvg tyf cf];f/k;f/ P]g ;bgaf6 kf; ePsf] lyof] . g]kfnsf]
    Oltxf;df dlxnfsf] /fhgLlts ;xeflutfsf] sf]0faf6 x]bf{ of] 7"nf] pknlAw
    xf] . ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgkl5 ljleGg /fhgLlts bnsf u/L !(& hgf
    dlxnf ;ef;bx? ;+;b\df pkl:yt 5g\ . xfn sfod ;+ljwfg;efsf !$
    j6f ;ldltdf $ j6f ;ldltsf] ;efklt dlxnfx?n] k|fKt u/]sf 5g\ .
    To:t} Joj:yflksf ;+;b\sf] !) j6f ;ldltdf klg $ hgf dlxnf ;efkltsf]
    pkl:ylt 5 / ;+ljwfg;efsf] pkfWoIf kbdf klg dlxnf k|ltlglwTj 5 .
    o;/L @)!% ;fnsf] ;+;bLo lgjf{rgaf6 Ps hgf dlxnfn] /fhgLltdf
    ;fg{ePsf] kfOnfsf] pknlAw cfh;Dd cfOk'Ubf clxn] Jofks j[l4 ePsf]
    5 . tyflk cGwsf/df ?dlnO/x]sf] dlxnf ;+Vof klg sd 5}g . /fhgLltdf
    ;xeflutfsf] ;jfn t stf xf] stf, cem} klg st} dlxnfnfO{ dlxgfjf/L
    x'Fbf 3/df a:g glbg] rng sfod} 5 . Tof] cj:yfdf pgLx?nfO{ ;"o{sf]
    k|sfz gkg]{ 7fpF PsfGt uf]7df nu]/ /flvG5 . To; If]qdf 5fpk8Lk|yf,
    e'mdf / b]psL k|yfsf gfddf dlxnf tfl8t g} x'g' k/]sf] 5 . cem} klg
    g]kfnsf y'k|} 7fpFdf dlxnfnfO{ af]S;Lsf] cf/f]kdf lb;flk;fk v'jfOG5 .
    g]kfns} t/fO{ ;dfhdf clxn] klg y'k|} dlxnfn] cfk"m ul/a kl/jf/df
    hlGdPsf sf/0f bfOhf] Nofpg g;s]sfn] kltsf] 3/af6 lg:sg' k/]sf] 5 /
    sltko dlxnfnfO{ oxL lgxFd
    ' f dfl/Psf] klg 5 . Psn dlxnfnfO{ ;dfhdf
    x]g{] b[li6sf]0fdf kl/jt{g cfpg ;s]sf] 5}g . of] ;a} x'g' eg]sf] dlxnfn]
    ;lqmotfk"j{s gLltlg0ff{os txdf ;xeflutf ghgfP/ klg xf], To;}n] klg
    dlxnfn] /fhgLltdf ;lqmo ;xeflutf hgfpg} k5{ . /fli6o hgu0fgf
    @)^* sf] tYofsf] k|f/lDes glthfcg';f/ clxn] g]kfndf k'?ifeGbf
    dlxnfsf] ;+Vof a9L 5 . of] cjlwdf dlxnfn] cfgf] clwsf/ :yflkt ug{sf
    nflu /fhgLlt nufot cGo ;a} lgsfodf ;xeflutf hgfpg' clgjfo{ 5 .
    To;f] ug{ ;lsof] eg] dfq} ;dtfd"ns ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f ;Dej x'G5 .

    /fatOfc t]u %! 3fd nf; *^)@

    k|jf;sf] g]kfnL kqsfl/tf / k|jf;L g]kfnL kqsf/ ;~hfn


    ljZjsf dfglrqdf Pp6f ;fgf] b]z
    g]kfnsf xfdL g]kfnLx? cfh ljZjsf
    ljleGg b]zsf s'gfsfKrfdf ljleGg
    :j?k / ljleGg tl/sfn] cfgf]
    pkl:ylt hgfO{/x]sf 5f}+ . ljz]if u/]/
    cWoog /f]huf/L / Joj;fosf nflu
    ljleGg b]zdf 5l/P/ /x]sf g]kfnLx?
    blIf0f Plzof afx]ssf /fi6x?df sl/j
    #) nfv /x]sf] cg'dflgt cfFs8f 5 .
    k|jf;L g]kfnL xf]: of u}/ cfjf;Lo g]kfnL
    h'g gfdn] lrlgP klg xfd|f] pkl:ylt
    jf:tljstfdf Pp6f g] k fnLsf]
    klxrfgsf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf]
    dfof g]kfnL cg'el" t g]kfnL ;+:s[lt
    g]kfnL /xg;xg cflbsf] k|rf/ k|;f/
    xf];\ of o;sf] hu]gf{sf nflu k|jf;df
    /x]sf g]kfnLx?sf] e'ldsf cToGt
    dxTjk"0f{ /x]sf] pbfx/0fx? xfdL ;fd'
    5n{ g} 5 .
    k|jf;df /x]sf #) nfv eGbf
    al9 g] k fnLx?n] ljleGg If] q df
    ;+ul7t eP/ sfo{ ug{nfO{ ;d:of
    ;dfwfg ug{ tyf ;+:s[lt k/Dk/fsf]
    hu]gf{ ug{ ;fd'lxs ?kdf rf8jf8
    dgfpg tyf Joj;flos ?kdf sfo{
    ul//x] s f 5g\ . ltg} ;+ u l7t
    :j?kx?sf sf/0f cfh k|jf;df /x]sf
    g]kfnLx?n] ;fdflhs Joj;flos
    k]zfut /fhgLlts wfld{s eflifs
    ;fF:s[lts :j?ksf ljleGg ;+3
    ;+u7gx?sf] lgdf{0f u/]sf 5g\ /
    k| j f;df klg g] k fnL ;fF u 7lgs
    ultljlwx? df} n fPsf 5g\ .
    ljZjel/sf g]kfnLx?n] cfk"m /x]sf]
    b]z jf zx/df ul7t o:tf ;+3
    ;+ : yfx?sf ultljwLx?nfO{
    ;~rf/dfWod;Dd n}hfg tyf k|rf/
    k|;f/sf nflu ljleGg d'ns
    ' df ljleGg
    lsl;dsf g]kfnL ldl8ofx?sf] ljsf;
    ePsf] 5 . g] k fnL ;fF u 7lgs
    ultljlw a9\b} hfFbf k|jf;df g]kfnL
    kqsfl/tfsf] ljsf;n] klg ult
    lnPsf] xfdL ;fd' :ki6 5 . ljleGg
    cgnfO{g j]eklqsf 5fkf klqsf
    6]lnlehg cgnfO{g /]l8of] tyf
    6]lnlehg cflbn] ;dfrf/ ;Dk]|if0f
    tyf ;]jf lj:tf/ ul//x]sf 5g\ .
    k|jf;df g} sfo{/t g]kfnLx?sf]
    ;s[otfdf :yflkt ;+rf/ u[xx? tyf
    g]kfnsf k|ltli7t ;+rf/ u[xx?n] klg
    k|jf;df /x]sf g]kfnLx? ljrdf ;+rf/
    pBd ug]{ p2]Zosf ;fy cfgf ;+rf/
    u[xx?sf] lj:tf/ ug{ yfn]sf 5g\ .
    ljleGg ;+rf/ dfWoddf ;+nUg /lx
    g]kfndf kqsfl/tf u/]/ xf];\ of
    k|jf;df g} cfP/ kqsfl/tfsf] ;'?
    u/]sf g]kfnL kqsf/x?sf] cg'dflgt
    cfFs8f sl/j !% ;osf] xf/fxf/Ldf
    /x]sf] 5 hf] clxn] klg k|jf;jf6
    g]kfnL kqsfl/tfdf tlNng /x]sf
    5g\ . ;dfhsf] P] g fsf] ?kdf

    s'df/ sfsL{
    lrlgPsf] g]kfnL kqsfl/tfn] ljb]z
    klg df}nfpg] cj;/ kfO{/x]sf a]nf
    g]kfnL kqsf/x?sf] 5ftf ;+u7g
    g]kfn kqsf/ dxf;+3sf k|jf; ;Dks{
    zfvfx? klg lj:tf/ x'g yfn]sf 5g\ .
    xfn sl/j ( b]zdf ul7t k|jf;
    zfvfx?df cfj4 kqsf/x?n] g]kfnL
    kqsfl/tfnfO{ ;+ul7t ?kdf cl3
    a9fpg d2t ul//x]sf 5g\ .
    ljifo k|;u+ nfO{ hf]8g\ k' bf{ k|jf;df
    sfo{/t g]kfnL kqsf/x? ljleGg
    b]zdf ;+ul7t x'g] qmd al9/x]sf a]nf
    ljZjel/ 5l/P/ /x] s f g] k fnL
    kqsf/x?sf] ;femf kmf]/d lgdf{0f
    ug{sf nflu Pp6f k|of;sf] yfngL
    cS6'j/ @))( af6 ePsf] 5 . g]kfn
    kqsf/ dxf;+3sf] 5ftf d'lg /xg]
    u/]/ lgdf{0f ul/Psf] k|jf;L g]kfnL
    kqsf/ ;+hfn ljlwjt ?kdf !@
    cS6'j/ @))( df :yfkgf eO{ ljleGg
    b]zdf sfo{/t g]kfnL kqsf/x?nfO{
    o;df ;dflxt ug{] k|of; eO{/x]sf]
    5 . g]kfnL kqsfl/tfsf] O{ltxf;df
    of] Pp6f kxnsbdL sfdsf] ?kdf
    lnO{Psf] 5 . ljZje/Lsf g]kfnL
    kqsf/x?nfO{ Pp6} 5ftfd'lg Nofpg]
    k|of; :j?k ut !! cS6'j/ @)!)
    df sf7dfF 8 f} + d f ;DkGg ljZj
    ;Dd]ng4f/f ul7t tby{ sfo{;ldltn]
    sfo{ ul//x]sf] 5 . s'g} klg gofF
    sfdsf] ;'?jft ug{nfO{ sl7g g} x'G5
    tyfkL lt sl7gfO{x?sf] ;fdgf ub}{
    cufl8 a9\g'kb{5 . ljZjel/ 5l/P/
    /x] s f g] k fnL kqsf/x?nfO{ of]
    cleofgdf ;fd]n ug{ klg Pp6f
    r'gf}lt xf] / Tof] r'gf}ltnfO{ jt{dfg
    sfo{;ldltn] ;fdgf ub}{ g]kfnL
    kqsf/x?sf] xslxt Joj;flos ;'/Iff
    cflbdf lg/Gt/ k|of; ub}{ ef]nLsf
    lbgdf Pp6f kl/kSj ;+:yfsf] ?kdf
    cl3 a9\g]5 . ;+:yfdf cfj4 x'g jf
    u/fpgsf nflu kxn ul//xFbf klg
    o:tf cg]sf}+ r'gf}tLx? cfpg] ub{5g\ .
    xfn k|jf;df /x]sf g]kfnLx?n] ;+:yf
    vf]Ng' jf vf]ns
    ] f ;+:yf ljgf pknlJw
    lgl:s[o x'bF } hfg] k|rng Pp6f df]8n
    ]
    h:tf] ePsf] 5 . o;sf d' V o
    sf/0fx? ;+:yfk|lt ;DjlGwt If]qsf
    k|ltlgwLx?sf] rf;f] gx'g' k|efjsf/L
    sfo{qmdx? Nofpg g;Sg' ;DjlGwt
    kIfnfO{ ;+:yfsf] cjwf/0ffsf af/]df
    oy]i6 hfgsf/L gx'g' tyf ;+:yf k|lt
    nugzLn gx'g' g} x'g\ . h;/L k|jf;L
    g]kfnL kqsf/ ;+hfnnfO{ ljZjJofkL
    g]kfnL kqsf/x?sf] ;femf kmf]/dsf]
    ?kdf cl3 Nofpg] cjwf/0ff k|:t't
    ul/Psf] 5 To;sf] oyfy{ cjwf/0ff
    k|jf;df /x]sf ;a} kqsf/x?n] cem}
    klg a'g ;Sg' ePsf] 5}g of t

    a'emfpg] qmddf xfdL r'ss


    ] f] xf}+ o;sf]
    d'Nofsg cfkm}df x'g' klg h?/L 5 .
    ;femf ;+hfnsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ ljsf;
    ug{sf nflu ;a}n] ;femf cleofg
    yfn]sf] v08df jf cleofgnfO{
    lg/Gt/tf lbg] jf phf{ k|bfg ug{
    cfkm} + nfu] s f] v08df ;+ h fnsf]
    cleofgn] ;fy{stf cjZo kfpg]5
    / o;sf nflu k|jf;L g]kfnL kqsf/
    ;+ h fn (ENJN) ;b} j nflu
    kl//xg]5 . k|jf;L g]kfnL kqsf/
    ;+hfn cfkm}+df k'0f{;+:yf eO{;s]sf]
    5}g of] Pp6f cleofgsf] ;'?jft dfq
    xf] . s'g} klg cleofgsf] lj:tf/ ug{
    jf ;+u7gsf] lj:tf/sf nflu Pp6f
    :6]l/ sld6Lsf] cfjZostf cjZo
    kb{5 Tolx :6]l/ l6dsf] lgdf{0f
    xfdLn] cS6'j/ @))( df u/]sf xf}+ .
    ;f] l6dsf] ;+of]hg o'PO{df sfo{/t
    hfls/ x';g} n] ug{e
    ' Psf] 5 eg] g]kfn
    kqsf/ dxf;+3sf ;Dks{ zfvfx?
    /x]sf b]zsf zfvfx?nfO{ o;sf]
    ;b:osf] ?kdf cl3 ;fl/Psf] 5 .
    To:t} cleofgsf] ;'?jft b]lv g}
    ;Dks{ d f /x] s f b] z sf Pshgf
    k|ltlgwLnfO{ o;sf] ko{jI] fssf] ?kdf
    dgf] g og u/L o; ;+ h fnsf]
    cjwf/0ffnfO{ lj:tf/ ug{ yfngL
    ul/Psf] 5 . ;+hfndf ljleGg b]zdf
    sfo{/t g]kfnL kqsf/x?nfO{ cfj4
    u/fpg] cleofg :j?k o;sf] ;'?jft
    b]lv g} ljleGg b]zdf 6f:skmf];|
    sld6Lx?sf] lgdf{0f ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfn
    kqsf/ dxf;+3sf] ;Dks{zfvfx?
    lj:tf/ gePsf /fi6sf kqsf/x?sf]
    k| l tlglwTj ;f] l x 6f:s kmf] ; |
    sld6Lx?n] ug]5
    { g\ / ltg} 6f:skmf];|
    sld6LnfO{ cfufdL lbgdf ;s[o
    agfpb} d't{?kdf cl3 a9fO{g]5 .
    cS6' j /df sf7dfF 8 f} + d f ;Dd] n g
    cfof]hgf ug{' k"j{ g} @! j6f /fi6df
    6f:skmf];| ;ldlt u7g u/]/ cfly{s
    g}lts ;fFu7lgs ;xof]u tyf ;'emfj
    ;+sng ug{ sfo{ ul/Psf] lyof] /
    ;f]lx phf{sf sf/0f g} of] ;+hfnsf]
    lgdf{0f ;Dej ePsf] xf] . s'g}klg
    cleofgn] ;kmntf kfpgsf nflu
    ;a}sf] ;xsfo{ clt g} cfjZos
    kb{5 . @! j6f b]zdf ul7t o;
    ;+hfnsf 6f:skmf];| sldl6x?sf]
    lqmoflzntfsf sf/0f of] ;+hfnsf]
    u7g ;fy} ljZj ;Dd]ng ;Dej eP
    h:t} ltg} 6f:skmf];| sld6Lx?sf]
    lqmofzLntf lg/Gt/ sfo{n] dfq of]
    cleofgsf] p2] Z o xfl;n
    ug{;lsg]5 . o;sf nflu ;a}n]
    cfgf] 7fpaf6 sfo{ ug{ clt g} h?/L
    5 . xfdL k|jf;df /x]/ kqsfl/tf
    ug{ g]kfnL kqsf/ xf}+ . ;Dk'0f{ g]kfnL

    kqsf/x?sf] 5ftf ;+u7g g]kfn


    kqsf/ dxf;+3 g]kfndf lqmofzLn
    5 / To;sf ljb]z ;Dks{zfvfx?
    g]kfn jflx/ ( j6f b]zdf lqmofzLn
    5g\ . g] k fn kqsf/ dxf;+ 3 sf]
    5ftfd'lg /x]/dfq xfdL k|jf;L g]kfn
    kqsf/x?sf] ljZjJoflk ;+hfn lgdf{0f
    ul/Psf] 5 . xfdL k|jf;df /x]/
    kqsfl/tf ug{ g]kfnL kqsf/x?sf]
    klxrfgsf nflu klg g]kfn kqsf/
    dxf;+3 ;Fusf] cfj4tf clt g}
    clgjfo{ 5 . g]kfnL kqsf/ ePsf]
    gftfn] g]kfn kqsf/ dxf;+3sf]
    ;b:otf lng' jf cfk"m sfo{/t b]zsf
    /x] s f] ;/sf/L dfGotf k| f Kt
    kqsf/x?sf] ;+u7gsf] ;b:otf lng'
    clt cfjZos 5 . ;/sf/L dfGotf
    k|fKt ;+:yfsf] ;b:otf lng'sf] kmfO{bf
    ef]nLsf lbgdf cGt/f{li6o kqsf/
    dxf;+ 3 sf] ;b:otf lng tyf
    cfjZos k/]sf] v08df ;xof]u lng
    ;lsg] 5 . ljZjel/sf g] k fnL
    kqsf/x?nfO{ o; ;+hfndf cfj4
    u/fpb} g]kfn kqsf/ dxf;+3sf]
    ;b:otf lbnfpg' / g]kfn kqsf/
    dxf;+3sf] l;kmfl/;df cGt/fli6o
    kqsf/ dxf;+3sf] ;b:otf lbnfP/
    ljZj kqsfl/tf hutdf g]kfnL
    kqsfl/tfnfO{ :yflkt u/fpgsf
    nflu of] ;+hfnn] kxn ul//xg]5 .
    o; sfo{sf nflu ;+hfnn] ;Dk'0f{
    k|jf;L g]kfnL kqsf/x?nfO{ cfJxfg
    ul/;s]sf] 5 eg] k'g o; sfo{df
    ;xof]u tyf ;dy{g ug{sf nflu
    xflb{s cfu|x ub{5 .
    ljb]zsf ljleGg b]zdf k|jfl;Psf
    g]kfnLx?sf] ultljlwsf sf/0f b}lgs
    ;of}+ ;dfrf/x? pTkfbg eO{/x]sf 5g\ .
    lt ;dfrf/x?nfO{ ldl8of;Dd NofP/
    k|efjsf/L agfpg cem} klg ;lsPsf]
    5}g . g]kfnL ultljwLx? cToGt}
    k|efjsf/L 5g\ tyfkL lt ultljwLx?sf]
    plrt d'Nofsg x'g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g .
    To:tf ultljwLx?sf] ;dfrf/ ;Dk]i| f0f
    ug{ kqsf/x?n] klg plrt 7fFp;Dd
    ;dfrf/x?nfO{ ;Dk]i| f0f ug{g;ls/x]sf]
    cfhsf] of] cj:yfdf ;Dk'0f{kj| f;L g]kfnL
    kqsf/x?sf] ;dfrf/nfO{ ;+sng u/L
    ljt/0f ug{ Go'h a}s
    + sf] cfjZostf
    5 . ;f] Go'h a}s
    + sf] :yfkgf u/L ljleGg
    ;+rf/ dfWodnfO{ ;dfrf/ ljt/0f
    ug{;s]sf] v08df k|jf;sf] g]kfnL
    kqsfl/tfnfO{ Joj;flos ?kdf cl3
    a9fpgsf nflu d2t k'Ug]5 . o;sf
    nflu k|jf;L g]kfnL kqsf/ ;+hfnn]
    ljz]if kxn ;'? u/L k|jf;sf] g]kfnL
    kqsf/LtfnfO{ Joj;flos ?kdf cl3
    a9fpg]5 .
    +nv
    ] s k|jf;L g]kfnL kqsf/ ;+hfnsf
    ;lrj tyf g]kfn kqsf/ dxf;+3
    ;Dks{ ;ldlt stf/sf cWoIf x'g .

    b|t" dfu{sf] d'cfAhf ljt/0f ;'? kqsf/nfO{ sfu;


    ]| sf] wDsL

    /fhwfgLaf6 t/fO{ hf] 8 \ g ]


    kmfi66ofs lgdf{0fsf qmddf hUuf
    clwu|x0fdf k/]sfx?nfO{ ;/sf/n]
    d'cfAhf ljt/0f ;'? u/]sf] 5 .
    k|wfgdGqL 8f=afa'/fd e/fO{n] b|'t
    dfu{ lgdf{0fsf] sfdnfO{ k|fyldstfdf
    /fVg lgb]z
    { g lbPsf] ef]lnkN6} jf6
    lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no dsjfgk'/n]
    d'cfAhf ljt/0f ;'? u/]sf] xf] . k|dv
    '
    lhNnf clwsf/L lbg]z e/fO{n]
    /fhgLlts bnsf k|ltlglwx?sf]
    /f]xa/df d'cfAhf ljt/0f u/]sf x'g\ .
    dsjfgk'/sf] 5ltjg uflj;* sf
    t'n;L/fd nfld5fg]sf] ( sf ;ft
    w'/ hUufsf] d'cfAhf /sd ?= @ nfv
    *) xhf/ k|ltsfsf b/n] @^ nfv
    !* xhf/ / 5ltjg^ sf rGb|sd
    ' f/
    /fO{sf] $ sf !) w'/ gDa/L hUufsf]
    !@ nfv ^) xhf/ ?k}of"sf] r]s
    hUufwgLnfO{ cfOtjf/ x:tfGt/0f
    ul/Psf] xf] . lhNnf k| z f;g
    sfof{nodf ePsf] d'cfAhf ljt/0f
    sfo{qmddf g]skf Pdfn]sf ;lrjfno

    ;b:o Pjd\ k"j{;f+;b s[i0f bfxfn,


    PsLs[t g]skf dfcf]jfbLsf ;x;]qm]6/L
    an/fd an, g] k fnL sfF u | ] ; sf
    ej;fu/ >] i 7 nufot g] t fx?
    ;xefuL lyP . &^ lsnf]ld6/sf] 5f]6f]
    b"/Lsf] kmfi6 6ofs vGg] sfd g]kfnL
    ;]gfn] lg/Gt/ ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . !@
    ld6/ rf}8fO /x]sf] kmfi6 6ofssf]
    $@ lsnf]ld6/ 6ofs vlg;s]sf]
    atfOPsf] 5 . &^ lsnf] l d6/
    nDafOsf] b|'t dfu{sf] %^ lsnf]ld6/
    efu dsjfgk' / df kb{ 5 .
    dsjfgk'/df dfq @ ;o $* lsQfsf]
    ! xhf/ $ ;o ( sf hUuf clwux|0f
    ug{k' g]{ / To;sf nflu #) s/f]8eGbf
    a9L /sd vr{x'g] k|d'v lhNnf
    clwsf/L e/fO{n] atfP .

    5f] / f;/x
    5f] / LnfO{ klg
    :s' n k9\ g
    k7fcf} + .

    g]kfnL sfFu|]; ndh'sf Ps


    sfo{stf{n] kqsf/sf] xft sf6\g] wDsL
    lbPsf 5g\ . cfgf] kf6L{s"nsf]
    ;dfrf/ gcfPsf] eGb} g]kfnL sfFu;
    ]|
    ;' G b/ahf/ ufpF sfo{ ; ldltsf
    ;efklt d'/nL s'dfnn] g]kfn kqsf/
    dxf;+3 ndh'sf ;lrj Pj+ ndh'
    va/ b}lgssf sfo{sf/L ;Dkfbs
    gjLg/fh s'Os
    F n
    ] nfO{ 6]lnkmf]gdfk{mt\t\
    o:tf] wDsL lbPsf x'g\ .
    s'dfnn] s]xL lbgcl3 ndh'
    SofDk; ;'Gb/ahf/df ePsf] 36gfsf
    ;DaGwdf d+unaf/ k|sflzt ndh'
    va/df n] l vPsf] ;DkfbsLosf
    af/]df c;Gt'li6 hgfpFb} xft sf6\g]
    / klqsf hnfpg] wDsL lbPsf]
    s'OFs]nn] atfP . s'dfnn] ;f]xL
    36gfsf] tl:a/ lvRg] qmddf csf{
    kqsf/ c~hgs'df/ lxdfnLnfO{
    Sofd/faf6 tl:a/ x6fpg bafa lbFb}
    b'Jojxf/ u/]sf] kLl8t lxdfnLn]
    atfPsf 5g\ . s'OFs]n uf]/vfkq
    b}lgs, Od]h 6]lnlehg;Fu cfa4 5g\

    eg] lxdfnL hgcf:yf ;fKtflxs;Fu


    ;d]t cfa4 5g\ .
    36gfsf] lhNnfdf lqmofzLn
    ljleGg ;~rf/ ;Da4 ;+3;+:yfn]
    lj1lKtdfk{mt\t\ lgGbf Pj+ eT;{gf
    u/]sf 5g\ . g]kfn kqsf/ dxf;+3
    ndh' zfvfsf cWoIf s[i0f s];L,
    k|]; rf}tf/L g]kfn ndh' zfvfsf
    cWoIf O{Zj/ kf08], g]kfn k|;
    ] o'lgog
    ndh'sf cWoIf s[i0feujfg >]i7,
    qmflGtsf/L kqsf/ ;+3 ndh'sf
    ;+ o f] h s jf;' b ] j yfkf, OG;] s
    ndh' sf k| l tlglw s[ i 0fk| ; fb
    clwsf/L / cflbjf;L hghflt
    kqsf/ ;+3 ndh'sf ;lrj cfz
    u'?n] ;+oS' t ?kdf lj1lKt k|sflzt
    u/L 36gfsf] eT;{gf u/]sf x'g\ .
    lj1lKtdf nf]stflGqs kl/kf6Ldf
    klg ;~rf/sdL{dfly wDsLk"0f{ efiff
    / u'08fubL{ z}nLsf] k|of]u ug{]
    u}/lhDd]jf/k"0f{ ePsf] eGb} bf]ifLpk/
    t' ? Gt sfg' g L sf/afxL ug{
    k|zf;g;Fu dfu ul/Psf] 5 .

    /fHosf] x]/fOdf k|f1x


    dfwjk|;fb bfxfn
    g]kfnsf] jt{dfg lzIff k|0ffnLnfO{ x]//] eljiojf0fL ug]{ xf] eg] cfpFbf s]xL
    bzsx;Dd g]kfnsf] lzIff cj:yf cfhsf] eGbf emg} sdhf]/ / lbzfxLg eP/
    hfg] kSsf 5 . lzIff xfl;n ug{ eg]sf] pT;'stf, ufDeL{tf, l;h{ffTdstf, ;xgzLntf,
    lhDd]jf/Laf]w, cg'zf;gsf] rfxgf a9\b} hfg' xf] . ha xfdL lzIffsf txut eof
    r9\b} hfG5f},+ oL u'0fx xfdLdf uxg x'bF } hfg'kb{5 . xfdLxn] lng] lzIff JolSt
    pkof]uL dfq geO{ ;dfhf]kof]uL x'gk' b{5 . xfnsf ljBfyL{xsf] lk9LnfO{ x]g] { xf] eg]
    pNn]lvt u'0fx ljBfyL{ju{nfO{ IfL0f x'bF } uPsf] cfef; x'G5 . o;f] x'gs
    ' f] sf/0f
    klxrfg gePsf] klg xf]Og . xfdLx ;a}n] c?nfO{ g} bf]if nufP/ kfgLdflysf]
    cf]efgf] aGg] k|of; ul//x]sf x'G5f}+ . lzIff hLjgf]kof]uL gx'g,' lzIffn] cg'zfl;t
    ;dfh lgdf{0f ug{g;Sg'sf] sf/0f xfdLx cfkm} klg xf}+ t/ klg xfdL cfgf
    kIfkftL Jojxf/xnfO{ ;Rofpg Jojxfl/skn] ;kmn ePsf 5}gf}+ . sf] slt
    bf]ifL eGg] vf]hL t s;}n] unf{ / ul//x]sf] klg xf]nf . t/, of] kSsf xf] ls b]zsf]
    lzIffsf] :t/ tn emg{s
    ' f] k5fl8 k|dv
    ' lhDd]jf/ /fHo g} xf] . /fHosf] zf;g
    Joj:yf l:y/ gx'bF fsf b'ikl/0ffdx lzIff If]qdf dfq gk/L ;du| hLjgdf g}
    kb{5g\ . To;}n] /fHosf] /fhgLlts l:y/tf ;Eo ;dfhsf] hu xf] . /fHosf]
    ljleGg If]qnfO{ x]g] { b[li6sf]0f g} To; If]qsf] p:yfg jf ktgsf] sf/0f xf] .
    hxfF;Dd /fHosf] k|f1xk|ltsf] b[li6sf]0f 5, Tof] g} jt{dfg sdhf]/ lzIff
    k|0ffnLsf] sf/0f xf] . /fHon] clxn] pTkfbg u/]sf] hgzlStnfO{ xfdL a'l4hLjLxsf]
    eL8 t eGg ;sf}n+ f t/ ljfg eGg ;Sb}gf}+ . a'l4hLjL / ljfg JolStdf w]/} cGt/
    5 . a'l4hLjL To:tf] JolSt xf] h;n] cfgf] hLljsf rnfpgsf nflu cfk"m;Fu
    ePsf] a'l4 / IfdtfnfO{ qmozlSt;Fu ;f6\5 . cfgf] cGtlg{lxt annfO{ ahf/df
    laqmL ug{ x/bd pBt /xG5 . Pp6f a'l4hLjLn] cfk"mdfq lhpgsf nflu jf egf}+
    cfk"m pRr :yfgdf k'Ugsf nflu cg]s xts08f ckgfpF5 . o:tf] JolSt pRr
    kbd} k'u] klg cGttM p;n] cfgf] dfq} JolStut k|ultdf Wofg lbG5 / cfTd
    k|z;+ fsf] ef]saf6 slxNo} c3fpFbg} . a'l4hLjL JolStn] cfk"mnfO{ hlxn] klg :jR5
    jf c:jR5 v]nsxdf k|lt:kwL{ agfO/xG5 . p;n] c?sf] a'l4sf] sb/ klg
    ub}g{ / c?sf] cfnf]rgf p;sf b}lgs sfo{x cGtu{t kb{5g\ . jf:tjdf
    a'l4hLjL JolSt c/fhs klg x'g;S5 / To:tf JolStaf6 /fHon] jf ;dfhn]
    ck]Iffs[t kmfObf lng ;Sb}g . t/, ljfg To:tf] JolSt xf] hf] an]sf] aQLn] h:t}
    pHofnf] 5g{ ;Ifd x'G5 . ljfg JolSt cg'zfl;t, dof{lbt, zfnLg, lhDd]jf/,
    uDeL/, lgikIf / ;j{q k'Ho x'G5 . p;df rft't{ f, kfv08Lkg / 3[0ff x'bF g} . p;n]
    ;a}nfO{ Goflos cfFvfn] x]g]{ Ifdtf /fVb5 . xfd|f] b]zsf] lzIffk4ltn] pTkfbg
    u/]sf clwsf+z JolStx a'l4hLjLx dfq 5g\ t/ ljfg 5}gg\ . jf:tjdf
    /fHon] g} ljfg jf k|f1xnfO{ klxrfg ug{;ls/x]sf] 5}g .
    /fHo rnfpg] /fhgLlts kf6L{n] xf] . xfd|f] b]zsf k|dv
    ' kf6L{sf] k|f1nfO{ x]g]{
    gh/ Psbd} ]ifk"0f{ 5 . cfgf] kf6L{ zf;g nDAofpg kf6L{n] k|f1xnfO{ k|fl1stfdf
    hf]8 lbg'eGbf kf6L{] k|rf/s jf /Ifssf] kdf k|of]u ul//x]sf 5g\ . Pp6f b]zsf]
    z}lIfs cj:yf Tolta]nf dha't x'G5 hlta]nf k|f1x cg';Gwfg, /rgf, ;dfnf]rgf,
    vf]h, cGj]if0f tyf cflj:sf/df tNnLg x'G5g\ . t/, clxn] k|fl1s kbdf cf;Lgx
    oL s'g} klg sfddf eGbf a9L tNnLg /fhgLlts rfnafhLdf dfq kfOG5g\ .
    elgG5, df5fsf] an kfgLdf x'G5 . To:t} k|f1xn] klg cfgf] an k|fl1stfdf
    vf]Hg'kb{5 . /fhgLlts kf6L{] ;lqmo sfo{stf{ eP/ k|fl1s an vf]Hg' k|f1xsf]
    sdhf]/L xf] eg] /fHon] klg cfgf] kf6L{ k[i7kf]if0f ug{ slyt k|f1xnfO{ sfvL
    Rofk]/ jf:tljs k|f1xnfO{ 5fofFdf kf/]/ lg?T;flxt ug{ g]kfnsf] lzIff k4ltnfO{
    emg} kl5 ws]Ng' xf] . ljZjljBfnosf] g]tT[ jsf] kbdf kf6L{ efuj08f u/L lzIffsf
    dlGb/xnfO{ /fhgLlts lqm8f:yn agfpg] k|of; ljutsf s]xL jif{df x'bF } cfPsf]
    5 . o:tf] v]naf6 xfdLn] s;/L ;Eo gful/s / ;Eo ;dfh lgdf{0f xf]nf eGg]
    ck]Iff /fVg ;S5f}+ / - ljfgxnfO{ a'l4hLjL x'g afWo kfg{ sfd :jo+ /fHon] g}
    ul//fv]sf] 5 To;}n] t ljfgx a'l4hLjL x'bF } cGttM a'l4hLjL alg/x]sf 5g\ .
    k|fl1s kbdf sfo{st JolStxsf] Ifdtf j[l4tkm{ /fHon] rfn]sf sbdx
    klg k"jf{ux| Lk"0f{ 5g\ eg] kbf]Ggltsf nflu /flvPsf dfkg k|lqmofx klg xr'jf
    5g\ . /fHon] Ifdtf j[l4sf cj;/x klg cf:yfsf ;uf]qLxnfO{ afF8kmfF8
    ul//x]sf] 5 . kbf]Ggltsf s'/f ubf{ klg lglZrt ;do;Ldf;Dd ;]jf u/]sfxnfO{
    :jtM a9'jf k|lqmof cufl8 a9fPsf] 5 . jf:tjdf s'g} JolStn] nfdf] ;do;Dd
    ;]jf u/]sf] eGb}df ;Ifd g} x'G5 eGg ;lsbFg} . ;Ifdtf t p;n] u/]sf vf]h,
    /rgf, cg';Gwfg, cGj]if0f cflbsf cfwf/df ul/g'k5{ . aL; jif{df bz jif{] u/]sf]
    e/df s;}sf] :jtM a9'jf x'G5 eg] Tof] j}1flgs x'g ;Sb}g . s;}n] aL; jif{df tL;
    jif{j] f u/]/ klg gofF k':tfnfO{ lbg] pNn]Vo lnlvt rLh ;Fu 5}g eg] Tof] t
    tnadf/f dfq xf] . To:t} s;}n] kfFr jif{dfq ;]jfdf /x]/ klg tL; jif{j] f ug{sf]
    eGbf w]/} rLh gofF k':tfnfO{ 5f]8s
    ] f] 5 eg] p;sf] of]ubfgnfO{ pRr d"Nof+sg ug{]
    kl/kf6L x'gk' b{5 . nfdf] ;]jf cjlwnfO{ kbf]Ggltsf] dfks dfGg' cj}1flgs dfq
    geO{ cGofok"0f{ klg 5 . o:tf] Joj:yfn] /fd|f] sfd ug]x{ nfO{ xtf]T;flxt u/L
    r'krfk a; sf] k|jl[ QnfO{ a9fjf lbG5 .
    /fHon] clxn];Dd k|f1xsf] bhf{ ls6fg ug{;s]sf] 5}g . Pp6f ljBfno jf
    ljZjljBfnosf] lzIfs, k|fWofkssf] ;/sf/L bhf{ s] xf] eGg] k|i6 5}g . lghfdtL,
    k|x/L tyf ;]gftk{maf6 ljleGg kb;/x Pp6f k|f1sf] bhf{ sxfFg/] xf] t -p;n]
    vfOkfO cfPsf ;'ljwfsf cfwf/df eGg] xf] eg] Pp6f lj=P= kf; u/]/ clws[t
    eP/ ;]jf/t sd{rf/Lsf] ;'ljwf SofDk; k|dv
    ' xn] kfpg] ;]jf ;'ljwfeGbf a9L
    5g\ . s] Pp6f Pd=P= jf lk=Pr=8L= u/]/ k|fWofkg ug{ k|fWofks lghfdtLtkm{
    ;'Aaf jf clws[t;Fu lg/Lx h:tf] aGg' Goflos bhf{ ls6fgL xf] t -Pp6f t[tLo jf
    ljtLo >]0fLsf] clws[t l;=l8=cf]= jf Pn=l8=cf]= aGg kfpF5 eg] k|fWofks eO;s]sf]
    JolSt lsg gkfpg] -oxfFg/] ;]jf, ;'ljwf tyf ;Ddfgdf k|f1x 7luPsf 5g\
    h;nfO{ /fHon] t'?Gt ;Daf]wg ug{k' b{5 .
    h'g b]zdf k|fl1s JolStTjxnfO{ /fhgLlts kf6L{n] cfgf] bf; agfO/xG5g\,
    Tof] b]zdf lzIffsf] :t/ slxNo} dfly p7\bg} . k|f1xnfO{ kf6L{n] :jtGqkn]
    sfd ug{lbg'kb{5 . jf:tjdf k|f1xnfO{ /fhgLlt ug{lbg' x'bF g} . pgLx Pp6f
    ef]6/dfq aGg ;Sg'kb{5 . pgLxn] z}lIfs If]qsf] ljsf; tyf p:yfgdf dfq
    sfd ul//xg'kb{5 . kf6L{sf] bafa cfPdf k|f1xn] To;sf] k|ltsf/ ub}{ k]zfut
    dof{bfdf Psh'6 x'gk' b{5 . k|f1xn] /fhgLlts kf6L{nfO{ cfgf] JolStut k|ultsf]
    eof agfpg'xbF' g} . olb s;}n] To:tf] u5{ eg] Tof] k|f1 x}g . p;n] k|fl1s k]zf
    5f8]/ /fhgLlt ug{kfpF5 t/ k|fl1s vf]n cf]9/] /fhgLlts kf6L{ dltof/ aGg] xf]
    eg] p;n] cfk"mnfO{ dfq geO{ l;+uf] b]znfO{ laufl//x]sf] x'G5 . k|fl1s If]qnfO{
    /fHoaf6 ;Ddflgt u/fpg] lhDdf k|f1xs} xf] . cfly{s tyf zlStnf]esf sf/0f
    l;+uf] lzIff If]qnfO{ abgfd ug{ sfd s'g} klg k|f1n] ug'x{ bF ' g} eg] /fhgLlt ug{ /
    /fHo rnfpg]xn] klg k|f1xnfO{ k|fl1s sfddf dfq ;Lldt /xg k|l] /t u/]df
    s]xL jif{df g} xfd|f] b]z z}lIfskdf ;jn / ;Eo aGg]5 . =

    /fatOfc t]u %! 3fd nf; *^)@

    bfsf] ljsf; / bf];f| ] cGt/f{li6o ljdfg:yn


    dWoklZrdf~rn ljsf; If]qsf]
    /fKtL c~rndf kg]{ bf lhNnfs} b]pv'/L
    pkTosfb]lv pQ/df kg]{ Ps P]ltxfl;s
    k|fs[lts ;|ft] / ;fwgn] kl/k"0f{ pkTosf
    xf] . oxf"af6 cGgkft, bnxg / t]nxg
    k|r/' dfqfdf lgof{t x'gY\ of] t/ clxn]
    xl/of] jg g]kfnsf] wg rl/tfy{ ug{
    o; lhNnf kxf8af6 cf]O/f] nfu]sf]
    a;fO;/fO, clgolGqt a9\bf] dfgj
    a:tLsf] rfk / jgh+unsf] plrt ;+/If0f
    gx'g' s
    ' f] sf/0fn] pQ/ blIf0f eP/ aUg]
    vf]nfx?n] o; pkTosfnfO{ l;+lrt u/L
    h'g dfqfdf pj{ t'NofPsf lyP Tof]
    clxn] v:s"bf] cj:yfdf 5 . jgh+unsf]
    x|f;n] d"n tyf vf]nfx? ;'Sg yfn],
    lkpg] kfgLsf] ;|ft] klg sd x'g yfNof] .
    zx/Ls/0fsf] gfddf 3f]/fxL /
    t'n;Lk'/df s]xL kSsL 3/x? lgdf{0f
    x'g,' lgdf{0f eO;s]sf af6f3f6f s]xL
    km/flsnf] kfg{, s]xLdf u|fe]n ug{, s]xL
    dfqfdf ;jf/L ;fwgsf] cfjfudg a9\g,'
    :jf:Yo, lzIff, ;~rf/, rnlrq
    k|bz{gLsf] If]qdf s]xL ljsf; x'g' cflb
    s'/fx?n] afXo?kdf oxf"sf] ljsf;
    ePsf] h:tf] b]lvP klg jf:tljs x'gk' g]{
    ljsf;af6 of] 7fp" 7luPsf] 5 . ljsf;
    x'g nfu]sf zx/x?df x'gk' g]{ lah'nL,
    vfg]kfgL, 9n lgsf;, ;/;kmfO{sf] /fd|f]
    Joj:yf, pBf]uwGbfsf] ljsf;, oftfoft,
    l;+rfO{, ;~rf/ cflbsf] plrt k|aGw,
    :jf:Yo If]qdf Pp6f /fd|f] c:ktfnsf]
    Joj:yf, lzIff If]qdf Pp6f k|fljlws
    1fg tyf lj1fg SofDk;sf] :yfkgf,
    jgh+ u n, tfntnfp, gbLgfnfsf]
    cfjZos ;+/If0f, vlgh e08f/sf]
    klxrfg tyf plrt Joj:yf OToflb
    s'/fx?sf] oyf]lrt ljsf;sf nflu ca
    ;Dk"0f{ pkTosfaf;L Psh'6 eO{ nfUg'kg]{
    a]nf cfPsf] 5 .
    oxf"sf] k|fs[lts ;'Gb/ agfj6sf]
    pko'St pkof]u tyf kof{Kt ;|ft] /
    ;fwgsf] cfjZos ;+/If0f Pj+ ;dj4{g
    ug{;s] /fi6s} Ps ;d[4 lhNnf x'g]
    s'/f lglZrt 5 . oxf"sf] kof{j/0f /
    k|fs[lts ;DkbfnfO{ arfO{ /fVg o;
    pkTosfsf] ;dtn e"efusf] pQ/tkm{
    /x]sf] dxfef/tsf] km]bLdf h+unleq
    /x]sf ;Dk"0f{ a:tL -h;n] dxfef/tsf]
    blIf0ftk{m lnPsf] h+un ljgfz ug{ sfd
    u/]sf] 5 ._ ;"u uf"l;P/ /x]sf] h+un
    If]qsf] ;+/If0ffy{ pSt If]qnfO{ lgs'~h
    jf cf/If agfpg lgtfGt cfjZos 5 .
    ljutsf jif{df ePsf b'Oj{ 6f ljdfg
    b'3{6gf / b'|tultdf a9\ b f] ljdfg
    cfjfudgsf] rfksf] sf/0fn] ubf{ bf];f| ]
    cGt/f{li6o ljdfg:yn km/flsnf] /
    ;'/lIft 7fp"df x'gk' g]{ cfjZostf dx;';
    eO/x] s f] kl/k| ] I odf cGt/f{ l i6 o
    l;dfgfaf6 6f9f /x]sf] blIf0ftk{m #)))
    lkm6eGbf sd prfO ePsf / pQ/tkm{
    dxfef/t ^))) lkm6eGbf sd prfO
    ePsf >[v
    + nfx?n] 3]l/P/ /x]sf] d'ns
    ' s}
    ;a} e Gbf
    7" n f]
    k" j { b ] l v
    klZrdtkm{nflDrP/ /x]sf] Ps ;'Gb/td
    ;'/lIft pkTosf ePsf] sf/0fn] bf
    pkTosf g} b]zsf] Pp6f o:tf] pkTosf
    xf] hxf" bf];f| ] cGt/f{li6o ljdfg:yn
    lgdf{0f x'g cfjZos eO;s]sf] 5 . o;f]
    x'g ;s]df bf lhNnfsf] ljsf; dfq
    xf]Og a? klZrd g]kfns} pTyfg x'gs
    ' f
    ;fy} /fi6 lgdf{0fdf 7"nf] 6]jf k'Ug] 5 .
    cGt/f{li6o ljdfg:yn lgdf{0f ubf{
    Wofg k' ofpg' k g] { cg' s " n tf M-!_
    cg' s " n hxfhsf] p8fg cjt/0fdf
    s'lx/f]n] lgs} afwf k'ofp"5 hf] bf
    pkTosfdf sd x' g ] ub{ 5 . hf8f]
    df};ddf sf7df8f}+ / t/fO{sf lhNnfx?
    h:tf] lbp" ; f] afx| ah] ; Dd /
    slxn]sflx" @ ah];Dd s'lx/f] -x':;'_
    nfUg] ub}{g h;n] ubf{ Visibility
    cg's"n x'g] ePsfn] !@ ah] eGbf klxn]
    x'g] Smooth lF ight a9L eGbf a9L
    ;~rfng x'g ;S5g\ . a9L eGbf a9L
    Tourist flight x'g ;S5g\ . bf]kx/
    kl5 x'g] lF ight rough (ournpy
    and Tourbulent) x' g ] x' g fn]
    ko{ 6 sx? To:tf] p8fgdf p8fg
    ?rfp"bg} g / p8fg klg c;'/lIft x'g5
    \ .
    To;}n] ljb]zL d'bf| cfh{g ug{ z'esfo{df
    sdL cfpg'sf ;fy} Po/nfoG;x? 3f6fdf
    hfg] ;Defjgf x'g5
    \ . bfh:tf] 7fp"df
    cGt/f{li6o ljdfg:yn lgdf{0f ug{;s]df
    w]/} h;f] Po/nfoG;x?n] a9L eGbf a9L
    hxfhx? oase ug{ ?rfp"5g\ h;n]
    ubf{ laxfg ;a]/b} l] v ko{6s l;hgdf
    a9L eGbf a9L ko{6snufot cGo
    p8fgx? ug{;lsG5 / Po/nfoG;x?
    gfkmfdf x'g] / ljb]zL d'bf| cfh{g ug]{
    sfo{df klg ult cfp"5 . o;/L laxfg}bl] v
    cg'sn
    " b[Zofjnf]sg x'g] ePdf a9LeGbf
    a9L p8fg x' g ;Sg] ePsfn]
    Po/nfoG;x? klg kmfObfdf x'g\5g\,
    ljdfg:yn klg kmfObfdf x' g \ 5 ,

    gf/fo0fk|;fb
    ofq'x?nfO{ klg s'lx/f]sf] sf/0fn] lF itht
    Delay x'g uO{ cgfjZos lbSs nfUbf]
    kvf{Odf kg{' kb}g{ . 9'jfgL x'gk' g]{ ;fdfg
    klg oyf;dodf oyf:yfgdf k' U g
    ;Sb} g . xfn;Dd hxfh Oase
    (Night stop) x'g] ljdfg:ynx?
    Tolt pko'St 7fp"df gePsf sf/0fn]
    g]kfnsf] xjfO{ oftfoftdf 7"nf] c9\rg
    k} b f ePsf] 5, h' g ;d:of bf
    pkTosfh:tf] /fd|f] b[Zofjnf]sg x'g]
    7fp"df w]/} hxfh oase x'g ;Sg]
    7"nf] ljdfg :yn lgdf{0f ug{;s]df
    ;dfwfg x'g;S5 h;n] ubf{ xjfO{
    oftfoftsf] ljsf;df 7"nf] ;xof]u
    k'U5 .
    hxfh p8fg ubf{ Ps 7fp"af6 csf]{
    7fp"df k'Ubf kyk|bz{gsf s]xL lglZrt
    k| l qmofx? x' g \ 5 g\ h; cGtu{ t
    Pliotage,
    Celestia
    Nlavigation, Deadreckoning
    / Radio Navigation cflb kb{5g\ .
    clGtd b'O{ oGqsf] ;xf/fn] kyk|blz{t
    x'g] t/Lsf x'g\ eg] klxnf b'O{ rflx"
    Landmarks / tf/f u|xx? x]/]/ b"/L /
    lbzfsf] 1fg x'g] cs{ kyk|bz{gsf
    t/Lsf x'g\ . cg's"n b[Zofjnf]sg /
    cg'sn
    " df};d ePsf] v08df slxn]sflx"
    kyk|bz{g ug{ -af6f] b]vfpg]_ oGq km]n
    ePsf] cj:yfdf klg hxfh pk/f]St
    klxnfsf b'O{ t/Lsfaf6 kyk|blz{t eO{
    uGtJo ljdfg:yndf k' U g;S5 .
    o;k| s f/ cg' s " n df} ; d x' g ]
    ljdfg:yndf Navigationa
    Aldvantage klg lng ;lsG5 . @_ km/flsnf] 7fpF M kxf8n] 3]l/Psf]
    pkTosf eP klg jl/kl/sf dxfef/t
    / r'/] kj{ sd prfO ePsf >[+vnf
    ePsfn] / b]zs} ;a}eGbf 7"nf] pkTosf
    ePsfn] 7"nf 7"nf h]6 ljdfgx? p8fg
    cjt/0f ug{ kof{Kt 7fp" k'U5 . p8fg
    cjt/0fdf s'g} lsl;dsf] cK7\of/f]
    x'"b}g . -#_ cGt/f{li6o l;dfgfb]lv leq
    jf 6f9f x''g'kg]{ 7fpF M bf pkTosf
    sf7df8f} + pkTosfkl5 cGt/f{ l i6 o
    l;dfgfb]lv 6f9f -leq_ kg{ ;a}eGbf
    7"nf] pkTosf ePsfn] p8fg tyf
    cjt/0f ug{ 7"nf ljdfgx?nfO{ df};d
    tyf Po/ 6flkmssf] sf/0fn] Hofld
    ug'k{ g],{ rSs/ nufpg'kg]{ cj:yf k/]df
    ;f]sf nflu oxf" kof{Kt If\nland
    Space k'U5 . cGt/f{li6o ljdfg:yn
    lgdf{0f ubf{ xjfO{ oftfoft ;'/lIft
    Pj+ lgoldt ug{] p2]Zon] Air Traffic
    lgoGq0fnfO{ ;/nLs[ t ug{
    ljdfg:ynsf] b[ Z ofjnf] s g dfly
    lgolGqt cfsfzsf] l;dfs+g ug{;kb{5
    h:tf] Termina lContro Alrea
    (TMA), Aerodrome Contro
    Zlone (CTR) cflb hxf" hxfh Air
    Route, Air Ways af6 cfP/ TMA ,
    CTR df ldN5g\ . o:tf lgolGqt jfo'
    If] q leq k| j ] z u/] s f hxfhx?nfO{
    qmdj4?kdf ;DalGwt sG6f]n 6fj/n]
    cjt/0f u/fp"5 . o;}u/L p8fg eg{
    hxfhx?nfO{ klg CTR / TMA eP/
    k7fpg'kg]{ x'g\5 . o:tf lgolGqt jfo'
    If]q cfg} b]zsf] jfo' If]qleq kg]{
    ePdf Air Traffic lgoGq0fdf ;lhnf]
    x'g'sf] ;fy} cfg} b]zsf] cfsfzdfly
    ljgf s'g} afwf c9\rg To:tf lgolGqt
    jfo' If]q lgwf{/0f ug{;lsG5 . o:tf]
    cGt/f{li6o ljdfg:ynsf] Vinicity
    dfly cfjZos kg]{ To:tf lgolGqt
    jfo' If]q lgwf{/0f ug{ bf pkTosf
    dflysf] cfsfz pko'St tyf kof{Kt
    x'g\5 lsgeg] bfsf] ;b/d'sfdb]lv
    cGt/f{li6o l;dfgf $@ dfOn (36.4
    Nautca lMlie) 6f9f kb{ 5 .
    ;fdfGotof CTR sf] nflu 10 NM / TMA
    sf nflu 25 NM cfjZos x'g\5 h;sf]
    nflu bf pkTosf dflysf] cfsfz
    kof{Kt x'g\5 .
    -$_ zlStzfnL kyk| b z{ g ug] {
    oGqx? h8fg ug{ cGt/f{ l i6 o
    ljdfg:yn cGt/f{li6o l;dfgfb]lv
    6f9f M p8fg ug{ hxfhx? gx/fpg
    ;s'zn uGtJo :yfgdf k'Ug ;s"g\ eGg]
    p2]Zon] kyk|b{zg ug{ zlStzfnL
    oGqx? ljdfg:ynsf] Vicinity df
    h8fg ug'k{ b{5 . olb To:tf] 7fp" csf]{
    b]zsf] l;dfgfsf] w]/} glhs kg{ uof]
    eg] To:tf] l;dfgfdf kg{] b]zsf To:t}
    vfnsf oGqx?nfO{ l8;{6{ ug{;S5 /
    cfgf]nfO{ klg csf{sf]n] l8;{6{ ug{;S5 .
    o;n] ubf{ b'O{ b]zaLrdf ljjfb p7\g
    ;S5 . t/ bf pkTosf cGt/f{li6o
    l;dfgfb]lv 6f9f kg]{ ePsfn] To:tf]
    ;d:of cfOkb}g{ .
    -%_ ljdfg:yndf lgjf{ w ?kn]
    ljleGg lsl;dsf p8fg eg{ s f

    lu/L

    nflu ljdfg:yn cGt/f{ l i6 o


    l;dfgfb] l v 6f9f x' g ' k b{ 5 M
    cGt/f{li6o ljdfg:yn cGt/f{li6o
    l;dfgfb]lv glhs ePdf slxn]sflx"
    df};dsf] v/faL jf Navigation sf
    oGqx? km]n eP/ p8fg eb}{ u/]sf] hxfh
    l;dfgf kf/ u/L l5d]sL b]zsf] To:tf]
    s'g} lgif]lwt If]q jf Military oase
    tkm{ j]z ug{uPsf] v08df cAh]S;g
    x'g ;S5 . l;dfgfglhs To:tf lgif]lwt
    If] q x' g ;S5g\ t/ bf pkTosf
    cGt/f{li6o l;dfgfb]lv 6f9f kg]{ ePsfn]
    To:tf] ;d:of cfOkb}g{ .
    -^_
    Aircraft
    Performance cem /fd|f] x'g] M
    bf pkTosf High lAtitude df klg
    gkg]{ / udL{ofddf klg oxf"sf] ;/b/
    clwsd tfkqmd #!=%) ;]= x'g] ePsfn]
    cyf{ t udL{ o fddf klg Tolt a9L
    tfkqmd gx'g] ePsfn] Aircraft
    performance /fd|f] x'g\5 . a9L
    tfkqmd x'b" f xfjf kftnf] eO{ Density
    lAtitude a[l4 x'g uO{ Aircraft
    performance df c;/ ub{5 . High
    Alititude ePsf ljdfg:yndf klg
    Aircraft performance /fd|f]
    x'b" g} . xfjfdf a9L cfb|tf x'g] 7fp"df
    klg Aircraft performance sd
    x'g5
    \ . bfsf] xfjfdf t'ngfTds b[li6n]
    sd cfb|tf x'g5
    \ . a9L xfjf axg] 7fp"df
    klg Aircraft performance sd
    x'g5
    \ . t/ bfdf p8fgnfO{ c;/ ug{]
    vfnsf] Tolt xfjf rNb}g .
    -&_ Po/kf] 6 { ; ' / Iffsf] nflu
    cg's"n M bf pkTosf cGt/f{li6o
    l;dfgfb] l v 6f9f kg{ ] ePsfn]
    ljdfg:ynsf] zflGt ;'/Iff ldnfpg
    ;lhnf] x'g5
    \ . glhssf] ;Ldfkfl/af6
    ljdfg:yndf x'g ;Sg] ;DefJo vt/f
    sd x'g5
    \ . cGt/f{li6o ljdfg:yndf
    a]nf df}sfdf VIf\P, VVIf\P p8fg x'g
    ;S5g\ . cGt/f{li6o l;dfgfb]lv 6f9f
    ePdf To:tf p8fgx?df zflGt ;'/Iff
    ldnfpg ;lhnf] x'g5
    \ . bf pkTosf
    cGt/f{li6o l;dfgfaf6 k|jz
    ] ubf{ bf
    eGbf blIf0fdf /x]sf] b]pv'/L pkTosfdf
    k|jz
    ] ug{k' g]{ / To;kl5 b'Oj{ 6f kxf8sf
    >[v
    + nf kf/ u/]/ dfq bf pkTosf cfpg]
    ePsfn] ;'/Iffsf] b[li6sf]0fn] klg of]
    bf pkTosf a9L ;'/lIft 5 . t/fO{h:tf]
    v'nf Easliy Vulnerablie, Easliy
    Accessible 5}g / t Airport
    Security / Air af{ety sf] nflu
    cg'sn
    " 5.
    -*_ t:s/L /f]Sg cg's"n M bf
    pkTosf cGt/f{li6o l;dfgfb]lv 6f9f
    kg]{ ePsf] / rf/}lt/ kxf8n] 3]l/Psf]
    pkTosf ePs} sf/0fn] ubf{ cGt/f{li6o
    ljdfg:ynaf6 x' g ;Sg] ;DefJo
    t:s/Lh:tf cj}w s[Toaf6 a9L ;'/lIft
    5 . v'nf l;dfgf ePsf] 7fp"df o:tf
    cj}w sfo{ /f]Sg sl7g x'g5
    \ .
    -(_ cGt/f{ l i6 o ljdfg:yn
    lgdf{ 0 f ug{ cfGtl/s tyf afXo
    s' g } lsl;dsf] afwf Jojwfg
    gePsf] M bf pkTosf cGt/f{li6o
    l;dfgfb]lv 6f9f kg]{ ePsfn] cGt/f{li6o
    ljdfg:yn lgdf{0f ug{ s'g} lsl;dsf]
    afXo bafa jf Jojwfg cfpg g;Sg]
    / o; pkTosfdf xfn;Dd
    ljdfg:ynn] l8;{6{ ug{;Sg] To:tf] s'g}
    lsl;dsf] lgs'~h cf/If0f :yfkgf eO{
    g;s]sf]n] 7"nf ljdfg p8fg tyf
    cjt/0f ubf{ cfpg] 7"nf] cfjfhn]
    jGohGt'nfO{ c;/ k'ofO{ efUg ;Sg]
    vfnsf] s'g} vt/f 5}g . olb cGt/f{li6o
    ljdfg:ynsf] glhs} To:tf] s' g }
    ko{6sLo b[li6n] jGohGt' cf/lIft
    lgs'~h jf cf/If /x]5 eg] To:tf]
    cj:yfdf jGohGt' t;{/] efUg ;S5g\ .
    h;n] ubf{ ko{6s 36\g ;Sg] ;Defjgf
    x'g5
    \ . cGt/f{li6o ljdfg:yn lgdf{0f
    x'g] If]qdf ljdfg :ynn] c;/ ug{
    To:tf] vfnsf] s'g} pBf]uwGbf klg oxf"
    :yfkgf eO;s]sf 5}gg\ .
    -!)_ sd nfutdf klg a9L
    dha't wfjgdfu{ lgdf{0f ug{;lsg]
    M sf7df8f}+ / t/fO{ If]qsf] h:tf] anf}6]
    tyf b'd6 k|sf/sf] df6f] bf pkTosfdf
    5}g . oxf"sf] e"agf]6 alnof] lrD6\ofOnf]
    df6f]n] ag]sf] x'gfn] cGo 7fp"df eGbf
    oxf" t'ngfTds b[li6n] vr{ sd ub{5 /
    ljdfg:yn a9L dha't agfpgsf nflu
    a9L df6f] p7fO/xg' kb}g{ eg] oxf"sf]
    lEevation ;/b/ @))) lkm6 5 .
    hlt;'s} kfgL k/] klg 8]g eP/ uOxfN5,
    kfgL hDg kfp"bg} . oxf"sf] df6f]sf] LCN
    (Load Classification Number)
    /fd|f] 5 . hlt;'s} ef/ axg ug{ ljdfg
    cjt/0f ubf{ klg wfjgdfu{n] yfDg

    ;S5 .
    -!!_ j} s lNks cGt/f{ l i6 o
    ljdfg:yn Tolt 6f9f gePsf] M
    uGtJo ljdfg:yn s'g} sf/0f -df};d,
    6]lSgsn jf cGo s'g} 6flkms cflb_ n]
    hfg g;lsg] ePdf hxfhsf] nflu csf]{
    j}slNks ljdfg:yn cfjZos k5{ .
    oxf"af6 h]6 ljdfgsf nflu sf7df8f}+
    ljdfg:yndf k'Ug @) ldg]6 eGbf a9L
    gnfUg] ePsfn] o;nfO{ 6f9f eGg
    ldNb}g .
    -!@_ cGt/f{li6o ljdfg:ynsf]
    nflu ;xfos x'g] ljljw If]qx?sf]
    pkof] u M b] p v' / L ndxLb] l v bf
    t'n;Lk'/;Dd lkr/f]8 alg;s]sf] 5 .
    ca bfb]lv aflx/ t/ glhs} l5d]sL
    lhNnfx?df /x] s f ko{ 6 sLo Pj+
    lt:y{nx?df k'Ug klg Tolt b'ud
    { 5}g .
    lkr af6f]n] ;'ud agfO;s]sf] 5 .
    oxf"af6 s/La # 306fdf k'lug] n'lDagL
    Pj+ 6fOu/ 6K; ePsf] zfxL alb{of
    /fli6o lgs'~h cflbnfO{ o; If]qaf6
    glhs} /x]sf] ko{6sLo If]qsf] ?kdf
    pkof]u ug{;lsG5 . To;}u/L o; If]qsf]
    ax'rlr{t lt:y{n hxf" xhf/f}+ xhf/
    :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL -ljz]if u/L ef/tLo_
    lt{ofqLx? cfpg] ub{g\ h'g If]q k'Ug
    bf eP/} hfg'kb{5 . To;nfO{ klg Ps
    ko{ 6 sLo If] q sf] ?kdf pkof] u
    ug{;lsG5 Tof] 7fp" xf] :ju{f/L
    cf>d . bf lhNnfleq} klg To:tf cg]s
    tLy{ Pj+ ko{6sLo:yn n'sLl5kL /x]sf
    5g\ . cGt/f{li6o ljdfg:yn lgdf{0f
    ugf{n] To:tf If]qx?sf] ljsf; x'g uO{
    of] If]qs} pTyfgdf ;xof]u k'U5 . bfdf
    kg{ To:tf P]ltxfl;s wfld{s tLy{ Pj+
    ko{6sLo :ynsf] oxf" j0f{g ug{;Dej
    gePsfn] s]xLsf] gfd dfq pNn]v
    ug{;lsG5 .
    h:t} b+uLz/0f yf? /fhfsf] /fhwfgL
    ;'sf}/f, l;4/Tggfy Pj+ u'? uf]/Ifgfysf]
    rf} 3 ] / f d7, wf/fkfgLsf] kf08] Z j/
    dxfb]jsf] d7, lqggkf j8f g+= & df
    kg{] a/fxIf]qsf] afx|sg' ] bx, o;} gkfsf]
    j8f g+= % df kg{] clDas]Zj/L dlGb/,
    ;'vb /fd]Zj/, ul96fs'/f, xf";Lk'/sf] b]jL
    dlGb/, lahf}/L l5NnLsf]6sf] sflnsf
    dflnsf, uf]a/l8xfsf] lzj / jgjf/Lb]jL
    dlGb/, wgf{sf] ;/Lsf]6 b]jL, :o"hfsf]
    afu]Zj/L b]jL, ;tal/of l/xf/sf] tKt
    s'08, sf]Onfaf;sf] /fdhfgsL dlGb/,
    t'n;Lk'/sf] lqd"l\{ t dlGb/, k'/wf{/f, n/}gf,
    rl/+u] bx, ef]6] bx, lsrgL bx cflb .
    o; afx]s klg bfdf o:tf cg]s
    ko{6sLo If]qx? 5g\ -h;sf] oxf" gfd
    dfq pNn]v ug{klg ;Dej 5}g_\ hxf"
    ljleGg rf8{kj{x?df k"hfcfhf / d]nf
    nfUg] ub{5g\ .
    oxf" o:tf ko{6sLo:ynsf] cnfjf
    vf]h tyf klxrfg x'g g;s]sf vlgh
    e08f/ Pj+ pBf] u wGbfsf ljljw
    ;Defjgf k| z :t ePsfn] pk/f] S t
    ;Dkbfsf] oyf]lrt ljsf; x'g ;s]df
    pTyfgsf] qmddf oL ;asf] ;du|
    ljsf; / bf];|f] cGt/f{li6o ljdfg:yn
    Ps csf{sf k"/s x'g ;S5g\ . @)%)
    ;fnlt/ o; k+lStsf/n] g]kfnsf] bf
    pkTosf dfq Pp6f pko'St :yn xf]
    hxf" bf] ; | f ] cGt/f{ l i6 o ljdfg:yn
    lgdf{ 0 f ug{ ; lsG5 egL cfg}
    ;+of]hsTjdf 6l/ufp" uflj;sf] k|fu+ 0fsf
    cWoIf u0f]z rGbsf] cWoIftfdf ;a}
    uflj; ;b:ox? nufot To; e]usf
    a'l4hLjL tyf cfd hgtf ;+nUg ePsf]
    Pp6f ljrf/ uf]i7L cfof]hgf u/]sf]
    lyof] . pSt ljrf/ uf] i 7Ldf bf
    pkTosfdf bf] ; | f ] cGt/f{ l i6 o
    ljdfg:yn lgdf{0f ug{ tyf ljBdfg
    ljdfg:ynsf] ;Dj4{gsf nflu >L %
    sf] ;/sf/ ko{6g dGqfnodf cg'/f]w
    u/L k7fpg] lg0f{o ePsf] lyof] . o;
    k+ l Stsf/n] bf lhNnfsf kqsf/
    6Lsf/fd /]UdL, dw';"bg kf}8]n / s]kL
    l3ld/]nufot cGo kqsf/aGw'x? tyf
    a'l4hLjL ldqx?nfO{ o; ;DaGwdf
    k|rf/k|;f/ ug{' kof] egL a]nf df}sfsf]
    e] 6 3f6df cg' / f] w ug{ ] u/] s f] /
    pxf" x ?af6 o; ;DaGwdf Jofks
    hgdt tof/ ug{] sfddf 7"nf] ;xof]u
    ePsf] Joxf]/f oxf" pNn]v ug{ ;fGble{s
    7fGb5' . ;fy} o; k'lgt sfo{df ;a}
    ju{If]qaf6 cfjZos ;xof]u x'g] g} 5
    eGg] z'esfdgf 6\q\mofp"5' . o;/L bf
    lhNnf k|fs[lts ;f}Gbo{n] el/Psf],
    ljsf;sf ljljw ;Defjgfn]
    5rlNsPsf], ljljw P]ltxfl;s Pj+
    ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfn] el/k"0f{ lgwL eP/
    klg ck]lIft ljsf; x'g g;s]sfn] oxf"
    bf];|f] cGt/f{li6o ljdfg:yn lgdf{0f
    x'g ;s] b]zsf] ;Gt'lnt ljsf; ug{
    p2]Zo kl/k"{\lt x'g;S5 . o;sf] nflu
    ;a} dg, arg / sd{n] Psh'6 eO{
    nflu kof+} eg] gx'g] s] 5 / .

    w'dk| fg;DaGwL sfg'g, s'/} dfq


    k|jL0f aflgof
    Pslbg ;fj{hlgs ;jf/L ;fwgdf ofqf ug]{ qmddf Ps ofq'n] lgl:kmqmL
    r'/f]6 tflg/x]sf lyP . ToxL ;jf/L ;fwgsf] leQfdf df]6f]df]6f cIf/df n]lvPsf]
    lyof], s[kof uf8Lleq w'dk| fg lgif]w 5 . To;}u/L, Pslbg Pp6f k|ltli7t
    l6=le= Rofgndfk{mt\ l;+xb/af/sf] u]6cufl8 lg9'S{ s eP/ r'/f]6 p8fO/x]sf
    Ps ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ ;~rf/sdL{n] tkfO{nfO{ ;fj{hlgs :yfgx?df w'dk| fg ug{
    kfOFbg} eGg] s'/f yfxf 5}g < eg]/ ;f]w] . t/, tL JolStn] Sofd]/fs} cufl8
    r'/f]6 tfGb} af]n,] sfg'g 5 eGg] t yfxf 5 t/, ;a}n] tfg]s} 5g\, clg sfg'g
    Pp6fnfO{ dfq} xf] / < eg]/ pN6f] k|ltk|Zg t]:of{P . oL t k|ltlglw s[ofsnfk
    dfq} x'g\ . s]xL ;docl3 ;/sf/n] ;fj{hlgs :ynx?df w"dk| fg ug{ gkfpg] /
    u/]sf] kfOPdf sfg'gL sf/jfxL g} ug{] u/L 7"n} xNnLvNnLsf ;fy sfg'g
    agfof] . To;nfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf sfof{Gjog ug{t] km{ klg alnof] k|lta4tf
    JoSt uof], ;/sf/n]. t/, lgb]l{ zsf ;j{q w"dk| fg olta]nf cnkqsf] cj:yfdf
    5 . ;/sf/n] /fHo tyf ;/sf/sf lgsfo, ;+:yf jf sfof{no, lzIf0f ;+:yf,
    jfo';j] f tyf ;fj{hlgs ;jf/Lsf ;fwg, tflnd tyf :jf:Yo;DaGwL ;+:yf,
    ljdfg :yn, k':tsfno, lzz' :ofxf/ s]Gb|, cgfyfno, wd{zfnf, 5fq tyf
    5fqfaf;, ;fj{hlgs zf}rfno, ;fj{hlgs pBf]u tyf snsf/vgf :yn,
    wfld{s :yn, rnlrq 3/, ;fF:s[lts tyf gf6\ozfnf s]Gb|, cltly u[x,
    /+uzfnf, kf}8L kf]v/L tyf k'n xfp;, ;fj{hlgs ;jf/Lsf k|tLIffno, rd]gf
    u[x, nh, xf]6n, l/;f]6,{ ef]hgfno, af/, l8kf6{dG] 6n :6f]/ tyf ldgL dfs]6{
    cflb :ynx?nfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L w"dk| fg
    lgif]lwt If]q 3f]if0f u/]sf] 5 . olb pSt lgif]lwt If]qx?df sf]xL, s;}n] w'dk| fg
    u/]df jf lgodsf] pNn3+g u/]df b08, hl/jgf x'g] elgPsf] 5 . If]q /
    k|sl[ tsf cfwf/df b08, ;hfo leGgleGg tf]lsPsf] 5 . o;y{ ;/sf/n]
    ;fj{hlgs :ynx?nfO{ w'dk| fg lgif]lwt If]q agfpg] w]osf ;fy sfg'g g} lgdf{0f
    u/L ;sf/fTds sbd rfn]sf] b]lvG5 . t/, g]kfnL ;dfhdf k|rlnt dfg]
    sfg'g, gdfg] sfuhhsf] vf]:6f] eGg] pvfgn] olta]nf oxL k|;df 7\ofSs}
    d]n vfG5 . o;sf] cy{ xfdLsxfF hlt sfg'g ag] klg cfh;Dd ltgsf]
    Odfgbf/L / k|efjsf/L ?kdf sfof{Gjog x'g ;s]sf] 5}g eGg] g} xf] . h;sf
    sf/0f sfg'g b:tfj]hx? aGb} hfg] / ;Fu;Fu} pN3+ng klg x'bF } hfg] b"/fj:yf
    p:t} /xg'n] ;/sf/sf clwsf+z sfg'g, cWofb]zdfk{mt\ NofOPsf lgb{l] zsfx?
    Joy{ ;fljt x'bF } cfPsf 5g\ . cGttM s]xL ;docl3 ;/sf/n] NofPsf]
    w'dk| fg;DaGwLsf] sfg'gsf] klg o:t} xljut ePsf] 5, x'bF 5
    } . ;/sf/n]
    sfg'grflxF agfpg] t/ sfof{Gjogsf] kIftkm{ e/kbf{ / pRr cg'udg ug{
    g;Sbf ;'zf;gsf lglDt agfOPsf sNof0fsf/L o:tf sfg'g c;kmn x'bF }
    cfPsf 5g\ . h;sf] kl5Nnf] hNbf]aNbf] pbfx/0f ;j{q w'dk| fg lgb]l{ zsf
    @)^* xf] . h;nfO{ /fd|u} /L sfGofGjog ul/g] ;/sf/sf] 3f]if0ff / k|lta4tf
    olta]nf s'/} dfq} ;fljt x'bF 5
    } . 7f]; ?kdf sfof{Gjogsf] kIfnfO{ k|efjsf/L
    agfpg g;Sbf NofPsf] sfg'g gfd dfq}sf] sfg'g aGb}5 olta]nf . ;/sf/n]
    ;fj{hlgs ?kdf w'dk| fg ug{ gkfpg] /0fgLlt cl3 ;fg{ cfkm}dF f :jfutof]Uo
    5 . To;}cg'?k lgb]l{ zsf klg cl3 ;fl/of] . t/, ;/sf/n] nfu" u/]sf] lgb]z
    { sf
    / sfg'gsf] b"/fj:yfaf/] ;/sf/nfO{ s] yfxf < dGqfnos} d"n9f]sfdf v'ndv'nf
    w'dk| fg x'bF f klg ;/sf/sf lgsofx? d"sbz{s 5g\. dGqfnoleq} lgl:kmqmL
    w'dd| fg eO/x]sf] 5 . t/, sfg'gL bfo/fdf Nofpg s;n] hfFu/ b]vfpg] . c?
    t c?, pkef]Stf klg plQs} cf8Da/sf ;fy w'dk| fg ul//x]sf 5g\ . Psftkm{
    ;fj{hlgs :ynx?df w'dk| fg ug{ gkfOg] / u/]df b08, ;hfo x'g] sfg'g nfu"
    ul/Psf] 5 eg] csf]t{ km{ ;j{q x'g] o:tf s[ofsnfkn] ;sf/sf] sfg'gnfO{
    v'ONofO/x]sf 5g\ . sxLF, st} o; ljifodf s'/f pl7xfn] klg To;n] ljjfbsf]
    cj:yf lgDTofpg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . w"dk| fg ug{n] fO{ sfjf{xL ug{ ;/sf/n] ;a}eGbf
    klxn] r'/f]6 sf/vfgfx?nfO{ aGb ug{k' 5{ clg dfq} pkef]StfnfO{ sf/jfxL
    ug{k' 5{ eGg] h:tf :j/ w]/} ;'Gg kfOG5 . ;/sf/n] afSnf] lgb]l{ zsfdfk{mt\
    NofPsf] sfg'gdf w"dk| fg;DaGwL nfd} km]xl/:t 5 . jf sfg'g x]bf{ / ;'Gbf
    dfq} klg carflxF ;fj{hlgs :ynx?df w'dk| fg gx'g] ef] eGg] cfefif ;lhn}
    x'g5\ . To;df klg lj1fkg, a]rlavgsf] cj:yf b]lv lnP/ pTkfbg sDkgLx?sf
    nflu agfPsf] sfg'g x]bf{ s8fem}F nfU5 . t/ sfof{Gjogsf] kIf olt ;Dd
    lkmtnf] 5 ls ;/sf/s} dGqfnoleq xfsfxfsL w'dk| fg x'bF f klg ;/sf/n] dfvf]
    dfg{ ;s]sf] 5}g eg] ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ dfq} b08, ;hfo ug{nfO{ sfg'g agfOg'
    sltsf] Gofo;+ut s'/f xf] < nfdf] cEof; / tof/L kl5 ;/sf/n] agfPsf]
    w'dk| fg;DaGwLsf] sfg'g olta]nf kmutM sfg'gs} nflu dfq} h:tf] b]lvFb}
    cfPsf] 5 . w'dk| fg tyf ;'lt{hGo j:t'sf] pkef]uaf6 a;]l{ g xhf/f}F dflg;x?n]
    Hofg u'dfpFb} cfO/x]sf 5g\ . g]kfns} tYofnfO{ dfq} x]bf{ klg of] eofjx
    b]lvG5 . ;/sf/L tYofnfO{ dfq} x]g{] xf] eg] g]kfndf a;]l{ g !^ xhf/ dflg;
    d5{g\ . w'dk| fg tyf ;'lt{hGo kbfy{sf] pkef]usf sf/0f Ps} lbgdf $$
    hgfn] Hofg u'dfpg] tYof ;/sf/;Fu} 5 . ;fj{hlgs :yndf w'dk| fg ubf{
    sfg'gL sf/jfxL ug{;Sg] ;/sf/n] ;'lt{hGo j:t'x?sf] pTkfbg ug{ sf/vfgf
    lsg aGb ug{ ;Sb}g < w'dk| fg;DaGwLsf] sfg'g nfu" ub}{ ubf{ of] k|Zg klg
    plQs} k]lrnf] ?kdf p7\b5
    } olta]nf. csf]t{ km{ sfg'g agfPkl5 Tof] sfg'g
    nfu" ug]{ ;jfndf ;/sf/n] k|efjsf/L ;+oGq lgdf{0f ug{ klg ;s]sf] 5}g .
    k|ydtM sfg'g agfOlbgs} nflu dfq} eP klg agfOlbg] t/ nfu" ul/Psf]
    sfg'gsf] sfof{Gjogtkm{ plrt Wofg k'ofpg g;Sbf o:tf sNof0fsf/L sfg'gx?
    l/Qf] gf/f x'bF } cfPsf 5g\ . h;/L s8fOsf ;fy sfg'g agfOG5, To;}u/L
    sfof{Gjogsf] kf6f]nfO{ klg k|fyldstfdf /fv]/ sfg'g nfu" eP, gePsf] cyjf
    sfg'gsf] kl/rfng ubf{ To;sf] l/hN6 x]gn
    { fO{ /fHosf cg'dugsf/L
    lgsfox?nfO{ ;lqmo kfg{ g;Sg' ;/sf/sf] sdhf]/L xf] . To;df klg hxfFaf6
    clg h;n] sfg'g agfOlbG5 ToxLFaf6 clg To;}n] sfg'gsf] 7f8f] pN3+g u5{
    eg] To:tf] sfg'gnfO{ hgtfn] sbflk klg :jLsfg{ 5}gg\ . To;sf nflu sfg'g
    lgdf{tfx? klg k|ydtM Odfgbf/L / uDeL/ aGg cfjZos 5 . olta]nf
    aflx/ w'dk| fg;DaGwL sfg'g dfq} kmflnPsf] 5, To;sf] pkof]lutf, hjfkmb]lotf,
    k|efjsfl/tf / kl/0ffdsf af/]df ;/sf/n] rf;f] b]vfpg ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . Ps
    yfg sfg'gsf] lstfa n]lvlbg] / sfg'g aGof 5 x} elglbg hlt ;lhnf] 5,
    nfu" ul/Psf] sfg'gnfO{ k|efjsf/L / Jojxfl/s ?kdf ;fy{s t'Nofpg Tolts}
    hl6n / r'gf}ltk"0f{ 5 . sfg'gnfO{ alnof] / hglk|o agfpg sfg'gL Odfgbfl/tf
    / ljZj;gLotf klg plQs} vfFrf] k5{ cGoyf sfg'g aGb} hfg], wf/fx? ylkFb}
    hfg] qmd /f]lsg]5g} . olb sfg'gsf] sfof{Gjog z"Go x'g] xf] eg] o:tf sfg'g
    km]l/ klg ylGsg]df b'Od{ t 5}g . To;sf nflu sfg'g nfu" eP, gePsf] a'g /
    To;sf] k|efjsfl/tfaf/] ;xL x]Ssf /fVg / cg'udg ug{ /fHon] cg'udgsf/L
    alnof] ;+oGq agfpg klg cfjZos b]lvG5 . xf]Og eg] ;fj{hlgs:ynx?nfO{
    w'dk| fgd'St If]q /fVg] ;/sf/sf] kl/sNkgf / w'dk| fg ug{x] ?nfO{ sfg'gL bfo/fdf
    Nofpg] sfg'gM oL b'jd} fly kfgL gkf]lvPnf eGg ;lsGg .

    7
    j}bl] zs===

    k|fljlws ;xof]u ug{] ePsf] 5 .


    lkmSsL ef/t ;/sf/ / ef/tLo pBf]u
    jfl0fHo dxf;+3 -lkmSsL_f/f ;+oS' t
    ?kdf ;~rflnt nufgL;DaGwL
    hfgsf/L lbg] ;"rgf s]Gb| xf] . ;"rgf
    s]Gb|nfO{ OGe]i6 Ol08ofn] k|fljlws
    ;xof]u ug]{ ljifodf o;cl3 g}
    ;Demf}tf eO;s]sf] Gof}kfg]n] hfgsf/L
    lbP . o:tf] ;"rgf s]Gb| g]kfndf
    klxnf]k6s :yfkgf x'g nfu]sf] xf] .
    s]Gb| ;~rfngdf cfPkl5 :jb]zL
    tyf ljb]zL nufgLstf{nfO{ nufgLsf]
    If]q 5gf}6 ug{ ;xof]u k'Ug]5 .
    g]kfndf ;g\ @)!@ nfO{ nufgL jif{
    3f]if0ff eO;s]sf] cj:yfdf nufgL
    s]Gb|sf] e"ldsf dxTjk"0f{ x'g] Gof}kfg]n]
    atfP . ;"rgf s]Gb| dfk{mt\ 7"nf]
    dfqfdf j}bl] zs nufgL leq\ofpg] nIo
    lnPsf 5f}F pgn] eg] . s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf
    ePkl5 j}b]lzs nufgLsf nflu
    ;Dk"0f{ ;"rgf Ps} :yfgaf6 kfOg]
    ePsfn] nufgLdf Psf/ gLlt nfu"
    x'g] ;/f]sf/jfnfx? atfpF5g\ . % va{
    o"/f]sf] ljQLo :yfloTj ;+oGq df3
    (, a|;]N; -a]lNhod_ . o"/f]kdf
    cfly{s ;6;Fu h'Wg gofF ljQLo
    :yfloTj ;+oGqsf] k|:tfj ul/Psf] 5 .
    o"/f]k]nL ;+3 -O{o" cy{zfGqLx?sf] of]
    xKtf a:g] a}7sn] xfn k|of]udf /x]sf]
    o"/f]lkog kmfOgflG;on :6\oflaln6L
    ofl;ln6L -O{PkmP;Pkm_sf] ;fdf
    o"/f]lkog :6\oflaln6L d]sflghd O{P;Pd_ Nofpg gofF cle;lGwnfO{
    clGtd ?k lbg] a'lemPsf] 5 . $
    va{ $) ca{ o"/f]af6 ;'? u/]/ clxn]
    @ va{ %) ca{ o"/f] afFsL /x]sf]
    O{PkmP;Pkmn] ;6u|:t b]znfO{
    ljQLo p4f/ ug{ g;Sg] b]lvPkl5
    gofF ;+oGq agfpg ;lqmotf a9]sf]
    xf] . O{ o " ; | f ] t x?sf cg' ; f/ gofF
    ;oGqsf ?kdf cl3 ;fl/Psf]
    O{P;Pdsf] k|f/lDes cfsf/ % va{
    o"/f]sf] x'G5 . lu|;, cfo/Nof08 /
    kf]r{unnfO{ g/fd|/L ufFHb} O6fnL /
    :k]gsf] cy{tGqnfO{ klg IftljIft
    t'Nofpg] ;Defjgf af]ss
    ] f] C0f;+s6
    ;dfwfg ug{ OP{Pd k|efjsf/L x'g]
    ck]Iff O{o" ;b:on] lnPsf 5g\ . o;n]
    ljQLo ahf/ tyf pkef]Qmfx?sf]
    36]sf] cfTdljZjf; k'g{hfu[t x'g]
    cfzf klg o"/f]k]nL /fi6n] u/]sf]
    b] l vG5 . b' O { xKtfcl3 dfq
    cGt/f{li6o d'b|fsf]if -cfO{PdPkm_n]
    ;du| o"/f]k g} dGbLtkm{ nlDsPsf]
    lrGtfsf aLr cfgf] cfkTsfnLg
    sf]ifsf] cfsf/ ^ va{ o"/f]n] a9fpg]
    of]hgf ;fj{hlgs u/]sf] lyof] .
    o;afx]s, O{o"sf cy{zfGqLx?sf]
    a} 7 sn] o" / f] h f] g sf] ljQLo
    cg'zf;gnfO{ cem} alnof] agfpg
    Ps csf{] ;lGwsf] d:of}bf tof/ ug{
    klg a'lemPsf] 5 . oL b'j} d:of}bf
    hgj/L #) df cfof]hgf ul/g] Ps
    ;df/f]xdf o"/f]kn
    ] L g]tfx?n] x:tfIf/
    u/]kl5 k|of]hgdf cfpg]5g\ . O{o"
    clwsf/Lx?sf cg';f/ o"/f]lkog
    :6\oflaln6L d]sflghd -O{P;Pd_
    cfufdL h'nfO{af6 ;lqmo x'g]5 .

    ;+3if{kl5====

    ;Demf}tf u/]sf] x'gfn] ca k|r08 /


    afa'/fdnfO{ ljZjf; ug{ ;lsGg .
    Tolt dfq xf]Og, kf6L{leq Pstf
    x'gf;fy To;sf] lj?4 !$!% bnsf]
    df]rf{aGbLsf cEof;x klg eP .
    k|r08 / ls/0fsf] kl5Nnf] Pskl5
    s]xL ljZn]ifsxn] l6Kk0fL u/L klg
    xfn] ls ;k{nfO{ b"w v'jfP/ kfn]kl5
    clGtddf p;n] cfkm}FnfO{ 8:5 .
    kl/l:ylt a8f] hl6n aGb}5, Psflt/
    kmfu'gsf] klxnf] xKtfdf ;+ljwfgsf]
    8f6 Nofpg'kg]{ cj:yf 5 / csf]t{ km{
    h]7 !$ kl5 ;+ljwfg;efsf] cl:tTj
    ;dfKt x'Fb}5 . of] ;+ljwfg;efaf6
    hgtfsf] ;+ljwfg aGg ;Sg] ;Defjgf
    Go"g eP klg kf6L{ Psl9Ssf eP/
    zflGt / ;+ljwfgsf] kIfdf s]lGb|t
    x'g] lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 . kf6L{n] zflGt /
    ;+ l jwfgsf nflu hgk| b z{ g /
    ;8saf6 bafasf sfo{ q mdx
    Nofpg] ePsf] 5 . zflGt / ;+ljwfg
    geP hgljb| f ] x ug] { cfgf]
    kfn'6f/sf] dd{nfO{ bx|f] u/L ;dft]sf]
    5 . cfdhgtfnfO{ sfo{stf{df abNg]
    gLlt lnPsf] 5 .
    km] l / Ps k6s kf6L{ n ]
    cfdhgtfsf] kl/jt{ g k| l 6tsf]
    rfxgfnfO{ ;dft]sf] 5 . hghLljsf

    /fatOfc t]u %! 3fd nf; *^)@


    / /fli6otfsf] ;jfndf km]l/ Pp6f
    7"nf] cfFwL cfopg ;Sg] ;Defjgf
    a9]sf] 5 . dfcf]jfbLleqsf] Pstfn]
    ;a} kf6L{leqsf lj/f]wx dTy/
    ePsf 5g\ . o;f] egf}F, xfd|f] kf6L{sf]
    pstfn] ;a}df Pp6f ;Ggf6f pTkGg
    eof] . lj/f]wL zlQmx ax't t/lt
    ag]sf 5g\ / cft+lst klg . vf;u/L
    PsLs[t dfcf]jfbLnfO{ 3]/f xfn]/,
    ysfP/ cfgf Ph]08fx kfl/t
    u/fpg] /0fgLltdf xf}l;Psf ;+;bLo
    kf6L{xnfO{ kl5Nnf] kf6L{leqsf]
    Pstfn] xfQL cfof], xfQL cfof] k'm:;f
    agfOlbPsf] 5 . kf6L{leqs} Pscsf]{
    zlQmnfO{ Pscsf{sf lj?4 prfNg]
    pgLxsf] bfpk]r lgsDdf ePsf] 5 .
    ;fFrf] cy{df kf6L{sf] PstfnfO{
    ultzLn agfO{ /fVg h'k}| cK7\of/fx
    5g\ . g]t[Tjt xdf ePsf] PstfnfO{
    sfo{stf{P / hgtf;Dd k'ofpg'
    cfjZos 5 . ;d:ofx jf
    d'2fxnfO{ yftL /fVg] jf csf]{ zAbdf
    ;d:ofxsf] tTsfn ;dfwfg gvf]Hg]
    jf d'2fxsf] t'?Gt ;'gj' fO{ gug]{
    k|jl[ Qn] kf6L{ ;~hfnnfO{ hfd u/fPsf]
    5 . kf6L{ hLjgsf ck|Tox
    cfg} ultdf lqmofzLn x'g kfPsf
    5}gg\ . r]g ckm sdf08df dflyb]lv
    tn;Dd ;d:ofx 5g\ . km]l/ klg
    kf6L{nfO{ hLjGt agfpgsf nflu
    g]tT[ jn] ;fd"lxs 9n] a9L lrGtg
    ug'{kg]{ cj:yf 5 . kf6L{sf x/]s
    lg0f{ox Pp6f k|lqmof, k4lt jf
    ;+ : yfut 9n] ug] { kl/kf6Lsf]
    ;a}eGbf sdL 5 .
    lglZrt}kdf kf6L{leq b]lvPsf
    u}/;j{xf/f ;+:s[lt cfhsf uDeL/
    r'gf}tLx x'g\ . o;n] g]tfxsf]
    ul/df / hgljZjf;nfO{ 36fpFb}
    n}hfG5 . g]tT[ jn] JolQmuteGbf klg
    ;fj{hlgs hLjgnfO{ a9L Wofg
    lbg'k5{ . g]tfxk|lt juL{okd}
    cfnf]rgf / cljZjf; a9] eg] To;n]
    g]tfsf] hLjgrqmnfO{ g} ;dfKt
    ul/lbg ;S5 . ;fwf/0f hgtfx
    jt{dfgsf nflu dfq afFR5g\ eg]
    g]tfx eljiosf] nflu afFRg'k5{ .
    jt{ d fgnfO{ g} ;a} y f] s b] V g]
    cj;/jfbL b[li6sf]0fnfO{ TofUg}k5{ .
    k|To]s g]tT[ jn] Pp6f a]Un} prfO xfO6_, k[ys cfbz{ jf 5'} klxrfg
    agfpg ;Sg'k5{ . jf:tjd} h'g hf]uL
    cfP klg sfg} lr/]sf eGg] pvfgnfO{
    r'gf}tL lbg] g]t[Tj agf];\ eGg]
    z'esfdgf 5 . c;fwf/0f dfG5]xn]
    dfq ;+;f/df 7"nf7"nf kl/jt{g Nofpg
    ;S5g\ . cf};t dfG5]sf ;+:sf/ /
    b[li6sf]0feGbf w]/} dfly p7\g ;Sg]
    hgtfsf] zAbdf dxfg\ g]tfxsf]
    vfF r f] 5 eGg] tYonfO{ r' g f} t L
    cfcf];\ .
    [email protected]

    ;'zf;g===
    cfrf/;+ l xtf, @)^* k| e fjsf/L
    9+uaf6 sfof{Gjog ul/g], ;fj{hlgs
    ljbfsf lbgx? k'g/fjnf]sg u/L
    36fOg], /fli6o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\sf]
    k'gu{7g ul/g], /fli6o em08f /
    /fli6o ufg ahfpg] ;DaGwdf ;+lxtf
    / lgb]{lzsf tLg dlxgfleq agfOg]
    pNn] v 5 . ;' z f;g;DaGwL
    sfo{of]hgfsf] cg'udg tyf d"Nofg
    ug{ k| w fgdGqL cWoIf /x] s f]
    pRr:t/Lo cg' u dg ;ldltsf]
    Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

    aLdfn]vdf===
    g]kfn, Pe/]i6, g]sf], PnfOG;, Pg=jL=,
    d]6fnfOkm / n'lDagL OG:of]/]G;
    sDklgdf u/L !% cf]6f aLdfn]vaf6
    s/La ?= !! nfveGbf a9Lsf] e"m6f]
    bfaL k/]sf] 5 . @)^^ ;fndf t];|f]
    kIf aLdf clgjfo{ ul/Pkl5 o:tf]
    e"m6f] bfaL cfpg yfn]sf] /fli6o aLdf
    ;+:yfgsf ltjf/Ln] atfP . bfaL
    ul/Psf] e"m6f] 7xl/Pdf bfaL ug]{
    JolStsf] cfhLjg aLdf gx'g] / sfg'gL
    sf/afxL;d]t x'g] k|fjwfg /x]sf] aLdf
    ;ldltsf k|jQmf z]v/s'df/ cof{n
    atfpF 5 g\ . e" m 6f] bfaLn] Pp6f
    sDklgnfO{ dfq geP/ k"/} ;dfhnfO{
    c;/ kfg{ pgsf] egfO{ 5 . pgn]
    eg], o:tf] k|jl[ Qn] aLdf sDklgx?
    ;6df kg{;S5g\ . /fli6o oftfoft
    Joj;foL ;+3sf pkfWoIf bLks
    clwsf/Ln] df]6/ aLdfn]vaf6 e"m6f]
    bfaL u/]sf] k|df0f eP tTsfn} k|x/L

    ;+3Lotf, hftLo clwsf/ / o;;DaGwL e|dx


    rGb| lhPd
    g]kfn ca s]lGb|st[ ;fdfGtL zf;g
    Joj:yfaf6 d'St eO{ ;+3Lo u0ftGq g]kfn
    aGb}5 . ;a} g]kfnLn] rfx]sf] ;+3Lo u0ftGq
    g]kfn aGg] bf}/fg / k'/fgf] /fHo ;+/rgf
    eTsfOPsf] of] ;qmd0fsfnLg g]kfn lgs}
    hh{/ cj:yfjf6 u'lh|/x]sf] 5 . ;+3Lotfsf
    af/]df ;8sb]lv ;bg;Dd lgs} ax;x
    eO/x]sf 5g\ . tL ax;x s;/L cfO/x]sf
    5g\ < s'g kdf eO/x]sf 5g\ < tL;DaGwL
    s}of}F e|d / ;Totfx /x]sf 5g\ . ljz]ift
    ;+3Lo /fHo lgdf{0fdf hftLo clwsf/sf
    ax;x rsf]{ kdf p7]sf 5g\ . o;sf
    ;fy} o; ;DaGwdf e| d x klg
    Jofkskdf cufl8 cfPsf 5g\ . h;n]
    ;+3Lo lgdf{0fdf s}ofF} cfz+sfx k}bf u/L
    hl6n ;d:ofx lgdf{0f u/]sf 5g\ . ;a}
    cfz+sf / ;d:ofnfO{{ a'g / ;Daf]wg
    ug{ ;+3Lotf s] xf] / o;sf] cfjZostf
    lsg eof] eGg] af/]df a'g' h?/L 5 . ha
    /fhf k[YjLgf/fo0fn] g]kfnnfO{{ ef}uf]lns
    kdf PsLs/0f u/] g]kfn ef}uf]lns kdf
    PsLs/0f eP klg ;fdflhs kn], hftLo
    kn], eflifs kn] / ;f+:s[lts kn]
    g]kfn ljljwtfn] el/Psf] b]z xf] . o;sf]
    cfg} hftLo, eflifs, ;fFsl[ ts tyf
    P]ltxfl;s klxrfg 5 h;nfO{{ k[YjLgf/fo0f
    zfx / To; kl5sf zf;sxn] slxn]
    klg a'g ;s]gg\ . pgLxn] s]jn Ps
    efiff, Ps ;+s[ltsf] Pstfsf] /6fg
    nufO/x] . h;sf sf/0f cflbaf;L
    hghfltx cfg} d'ns
    ' sf nflu klg
    bf];f| ] bhf{sf] gful/s x'g k'u] . g]kfn
    ;lbof}F jif{;Dd s]lGbs[t ;fdGtL
    /fHoJoj:yfaf6 ;~rfng eof] . o;n]
    hgtfxnfO{{ cfgf] eljio cfkm}F lgdf{0f
    ug{ lbPg . /fHosf ;|ft] / ;fwgxsf]
    plrt afF8kmfF8 x'g ;s]g . ax';V+ os
    cflbjf;L, hghflt / ljut If]qsf
    hg;d'bfon] /fHosf] ;'ljwfsf] slxNo}
    pkef]u ug{ kfPgg\ . cfgf] ;+:s[lt, efiffsf]
    hu]gf{ ug{ kfPgg\ . /fHon] ;w}F pgLxnfO{{
    ;f}tg] L Jojxf/ uof] . To;sf/0f pgLx
    ;a} If]qdf kl5 k/] . pgLxsf] P]ltxfl;stf
    u'Dof], pgLxsf] klxrfg u'Dof], To;}n]
    pgL lz/ 7f8f] kf/]/ lxF8g\ ;s]gg\ .
    pgLxsf] ;du| cl:tTj ;+s6df kof] .
    o;sf] d"n sf/0f g} s]lGb|st[ ;fdfGtL
    /fHo;Qf xf] eGg] cfwf/df o;sf] ;dfwfg
    / ;Daf]wgsf nflu ;+3Lo /fHosf] cfjZos
    eof] . o;n] dfq ;a} ju{ ;d'bfosf]
    ;d:ofnfO{{ xn u5{ eGg] dfGotfdf ;+3Lo
    /fHosf] cfjZostf eof] . clxn] h;/L
    lj/f]w ePsf] 5, Tof] eg]sf] ;dfwfg ubf{

    pTkGg x'g] hl6ntfaf6 efUg] dg;foaf6


    g} cfPsf 5g\ . ;+3Lo /fHo s;sf nflu
    cfjZos 5 eGg] s'/f lgs} ;f]rgLo ePsf]
    5 . clxn] ;+3Lo /fHosf nflu s}of}F
    ljrf/x cfPsf 5g\, tL ljrf/xsf]
    cfzodf s] a'g ;lsG5 ls h;nfO{{
    ;+3Lotfsf] cfjZostf ePsf] 5}g . pm g}
    ;a}eGbf a9L ;+3Lotfsf] kIfdf pleFb} uPsf]
    / To;n] ;+3Lotfsf] d"n dd{ /
    cGt/j:t'nfO{{ cf]em]ndf kfl//x]sf] 5 . clxn]
    ;+3Lotf grflxPsf] / afWotfjz
    ;+3LotfnfO{{ :jLsf/ ug{ afWotf ePsf]
    kIf g} /fhg}lts If]qdf / cGo lg0ff{os
    kIfdf xfjL x'bF } uPsf] 5 . To;n] ljleGg
    e|dx l;h{gf u/L ;a} kIfnfO{{ k|efljt
    kfg{ e/k'/ k|of; ul//x]sf] 5 .
    ;+3Lotf pTkLl8t hghflt, hflt,
    ju{;d'bfo tyf If]qsf hgtfnfO{{ rflxPsf]
    xf], h;n] ubf{ /fHosf] ;'ljwfdf ;dfg
    kx'r
    F xf];\ / cfgf] ;d'bfosf], If]qsf],
    ju{sf] ljsf;df pgLsf] ;xeflutf eO{
    cfgf] eljio lgdf{0fdf nfUg ;s'g\ . To;}n]
    pgLxnfO{{ ;+3Lotf cfjZos k/]sf] xf] .
    o;sf] eflubf/ klg pgLx g} x'g\ /
    o;sf] lg0f{o lng] clwsf/ klg pgLxsf]
    dfq x'gk' g]{ xf] t/ To;f] geO{ ;+3Lotfsf]
    cfjZostf gePsf / h;n] zlbof}bF l] v
    /fHosf] ;fwg / ;|ft] df PstkmL{ /fHo
    ul//x]sf ;Lldt JolStxn] ;+3Lotfsf]
    d"n dd{nfO{ afP/ km]l/ ;+3Lotfs} gfddf
    gofF tfgfafgf a'lg/x]sf 5g\ . sltko
    bnx ltgLxs} tfgfafgfdf :j/ ldnfP/
    ;+3Lotfk|lt g} ljt[i0ff hufpg] b'ik|of;
    ul//x]sf 5g\ . pgLxn] ;f]rs
    ] f] ;+3Lotf
    s]jn pgLxsf nflu dfq x'g] s'/fdf
    ;a}n] ;f]Rg'kg}{ ePsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] jf:tljs
    w/ftndf 6]s/] u/]sf] ;+3Lotf g} jf:tljs
    ;+3Lotf xf] . cGoyf g]kfn km]l/ 7"nf] Gdf
    km:g] ;Defjgf x'g ;S5 . s] ;+3Lotfn]
    g]kfnsf] ;a} ;d:ofsf] xn ug{ ;S5 <
    cfhsf] ax;n] o;sf] lgwf{/0f ug{k' b{5 .
    ;+3Lotf s:tf] ePdf ;a} ;d:ofsf] xn
    x'G5 jf h;n] ;+3Lotfsf] nflu alnbfg
    u/] h;nfO{{ ;+3Lotfsf] cfjZostf 5
    eGg] s'/fnfO{{ Wofg lbP/ dfq ;+3Lotfsf]
    cfwf/x lgdf{0f u/L b]zsf] k'g;+/{ rgf
    ug{k' b{5 . cfh b]zsf] ef}uf]lns, ;fdflhs,
    ;fF:s[lts, eflifs, P]ltxfl;s klxrfg /
    ;fdfYo{ h :tf /fHo k' g ;{ + / rgfsf
    cfwf/xleq klg ljljw e|dx l;h{gf
    u/]/ ;+3Lotfsf] gfddf oyfl:yltnfO{{
    :yfkgf ug{ nfluk/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . h'g
    ;d:t pTkLl8t cflbjf;L tyf ju{sf
    nflu 8/nfUbf] kdf ple/x]sf] 5 .

    k|zf;g dfk{mt\ 5fglag u/L sf/afxL


    ug{k' g]{ atfP . Joj;foL ;+3 o:tf
    unt sfddf ;+nUg ePsf] eGg]
    cf/f]k e"m6f] ePsf] pgsf] bfaL 5 .
    o;}u/L 6flkms k|x/L dxflg/LIfs
    u0f]z/fh /fO{n] k|x/Ln] e"m6f] k|dfl0ft
    u/]sf] k|df0f ePdf To;df ;+nUg
    k| x /LnfO{ lgodfg' ; f/ ljefuLo
    sf/afxL ul/g] atfP .

    !! k|bz
    ] ===

    ;"rgf==

    sd{rf/Lsf] JolStut sfo{;kfbg,


    af] n kq k| : tfjsf] c:jLs[ l t,
    dlGqkl/ifbsf lg0f{o, sfg'gadf]lhd
    ul7t cfof] u , ;ldlt, sfo{ b n
    cflbsf k|ltj]bg, ;/sf/sf] Pp6f
    lgsfoaf6 csf]{ lgsfonfO{ lbOPsf]
    /fo;'emfj, sfgg'adf]lhd s;}nfO{
    sfnf];"rLdf /fVg] ljifo lghfdlt
    sd{rf/Lpk/ ljefuLo sf/afxLsf
    qmddf ckgfOPsf] 5fglagh:tf
    ljifodf lglZrt cjlw;Dd ;"rgf
    lbg /f]s nufOPsf] 5 .
    o;}u/L, lgjf{rg cfof]udf bn
    btf{sf nflu k]; ul/Psf] sfuhft,
    lgjf{rg cfof]udf k/]sf ph'/L jf
    lgj]bg, k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f;DaGwL
    ;Demf}tfh:tf ljifodf klg ;"rgf lbg
    ;/sf/n] /f]ss
    ] f] 5 . gofF juL{s/0fdf
    Gofokflnsf / Joj:yflksfsf ljifo
    eg] ;df]jz 5}gg\ . o;cl3 hf/L
    ePsf] ;"rgfsf] xsdf k'g/fjnf]sg
    u/L v' s ' n f] agfpg' k g] { cfjfh
    pl7/x]sf a]nf ;/sf/n] hf/L u/]sf]
    kl5Nnf] juL{ s /0fn] ;fj{ h lgs
    dxTjsf ;"rgf k|jfxnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{
    vf]lhPsf] ;/f]sf/jfnfx?n] atfPsf
    5g\ . ;"rgf cfof]usf k|dv
    ' cfo'St
    ljgo s;h'n] kl5Nnf] juL{s/0fk|lt
    c;Gt'li6 JoSt u/] . of] juL{s/0f
    nfu" ug]{ eP ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL
    P]gnfO{ /2Lsf] 6f]s/Ldf ldNsfOlbP
    x'g] atfP .

    j'Fbfdf cfof]usf ;+of]hs dbg


    kl/of/n] dt lbg jfFsL /x]sf] >f]tn]
    atfPsf] 5 . /fHosf] gfd s] /fVg]
    eGg] ljifodf klg cfof] u sf
    ;b:oaLr Psdt 5}g . cfof]un]
    d+unjf/;Dddf cfgf] ;'emfj k]z
    ug{ ' k g] { d f Ps xKtf ;do yKg
    ;/sf/;F u cfu| x u/] s f] lyof] .
    >f]tsf cg';f/ cfufdL df3 !& ut]
    ;'emfj ;lxt k|ltj]bg a'emfpg]
    cfof]usf] tof/L 5 .

    d]nDrL===
    -P8LaL_sf] !# s/f]8 &) nfv,
    hfOsfsf] ! s/f]8 *) nfv, hfkfg
    a}s
    + OG6/g];gn -h]las_sf] $ s/f]8
    &% nfv, t]n lgof{ts /fi6x?sf]
    ;+u7g -cf]k]s_sf] ! s/f]8 #& nfv,
    Pg8LPkmsf] ! s/f]8 $ nfv / g]kfn
    ;/sf/sf] ( s/f]8 ^ nfv $) xhf/
    cd]l/sL 8n/ nufgL 5 . cfof]hgf
    lgdf{0f ug{ g]kfnnfO{ C0f ;xof]u
    pknAw u/fPsf bft[ l gsfon]
    k/fdz{jfkt ^ ca{? k}ofFeGbf a9L
    /sd pgLx?s} b]zdf nu]sf 5g\ .
    cfof] h gfaf6 k| y d r/0fdf
    l;Gw' k fNrf] s d] n DrL vf] n fsf]
    l/jdf{df afFw agfO{ b}lgs !& s/f]8
    ln6/ kfgL ;'Gb/Lhndf lgdf{0f ul/g]
    k| z f] w g s] G b| ; Dd Nofpg] /
    k|zf]wgkl5 pkTosfdf ljt/0f ug{]
    nIo 5 . bf];f| ] / t];f| ] r/0fdf qmdzM
    ofl / nfs{ vf]nfaf6 !& !& s/f]8
    ln6/ yKg] dxTjfsf+ I fL nIo
    ;/sf/n] lnPsf] 5 .

    Sofg===
    7fpFaf6 sf7df8f};
    F Dd rNg] ;femf
    oftfoft nf]slk|o x'Fbfx'Fb} r/d
    /fhgLlts x:tIf]ksf sf/0f Wj:t
    ePsf] lyof] .

    ;+3Lotfsf] cfwf/ hftLotf x'gx' bF' g} eGg]


    s'/f cfh lgs} ;txL t/ rsf]{ kdf
    pl7/x]sf] 5 . /fHok'g;{+/rgf tyf
    /fHo;lStsf] afF8kmfF8 ;ldltn] u/]sf] !$
    k|b]zsf] k|:tfjdf k|:tfljs hftLo
    P]ltxfl;s klxrfgsf cfwf/df ePsf
    gfdfs/0fx klg lgs} cfklQsf] ljifo
    ag]sf] 5 . h;leq /x]sf] cGtlg{lxt
    ;fdflhs, ;fF:s[lts dgf]lj1fgnfO{{ a]jf:tf
    u/]/ s]jn lj/f]w ug]{ ;d:ofnfO{{ ;dfwfg
    ug]{ xf]Og, a? aNemfpg' xf] . of] cjZo xf]
    ls s'g} klg Ps hfltn] csf]{ hfltnfO{{
    x]Kg' x'bF g} , lyrf]ldrf] ug'{ x'bF g} , hf] lxhf]
    ;Dk"0f{ cflbjf;L, hghfltdfly eof] t/
    tL P]ltxfl;s klxrfgsf gfdx e"uf]nsf
    gfdx x'g\ h;sf e"ldk'q cflbjf;L,
    hghflt x'g . pgLxsf] Tof] e"uf]n;Fu+
    P]ltxfl;s ;DaGw 5 . To; If]qsf] k|fs[lts
    ;Dkbf / To;;Fu ;DalGwt k/Dk/fut
    pTkfbg / cfly{s ;DaGw lgs} ulx/f] /
    c6'6 5, hf] /fHosf] e]befjk"0f{ Jojxf/n]
    slxNo} km:6fpg kfPg . pgLxsf] cfg}
    efiff 5, cfg} ;+:s[lt 5 . cfg} k/Dk/f
    5 / /Lltl/jfh 5, h'g e"uf]nsf] df6f]df
    pgLxsf efiff, ;+:s[lt slxNo} g5'lg]
    u/]/ ldl;Psf] . h;sf] ;+/If0f / ;+j4{g
    s]jn pgLxn] dfq ug{ ;S5g\ .
    zlbof}bF l] v pgLx /fHoaf6 cflbjf;L,
    hghflt ePs} gftfn] pTkL8gdf kb}{ cfPsf
    5g\ . s] cfgf] efiff, ;+:s[lt / cfgf]
    klxrfgnfO{{ pgLxn] cfg} lg0f{oaf6
    ;+j4{g / ;+/If0f ug]{ clwsf/ 5}g < h'g
    e"uf]n;Fu pgLxsf] P]ltxfl;s gftf 5,
    h'g e"uf]nsf nflu pgLxn] >d, dg /
    /ut vr{s
    ] f 5g\, pgLxnfO{{ To; e"uf]nsf]
    ljsf; ug]{ clwsf/ 5}g < pgLxn] rfx]sf]
    ;+3Lotfsf] :jk oxL xf]Og < pgLxsf]
    cfgf] klxrfgljgf s;/L dx;'; ug{
    ;S5g\ gofF g]kfnsf] < hftLo kdf
    gfdfs/0f ul/Psf k|bz
    ] xdf cGo
    hfltxsf] :yfg s] x'g] eGg] af/]df clxn]
    lgs} e|dx /x]sf 5g\ . pgLx ToxfF
    a:g kfpFbg} g\ . pgLxsf] To; :yfgdf
    bf];f| ] bhf{sf] gful/s aGg] 5 h:tf cg]s
    e|dx l;h{gf eO/x]sf 5g\ . o:tf e|dsf]
    l;h{gf ljz]ift b'O{ vfn] cltjfbsf sf/0f
    ePsf 5g\ . Ps hghfltxleq /x]sf]
    cltjfb, bf];f| ] u}/hghfltxleqsf]
    cltjfb . klxnf] k|sf/sf] cltjfbn] s]jn
    To; If]qdf cfgf] dfq hftsf] clwsf/
    :yfkgf ug{ rfxG5 / cGo hftnfO{{ lgif]w
    ug{ rfxG5 / bf];f| ] k|sf/sf] cltjfbn]
    hghfltxsf] xs / clwsf/ slxNo}
    :yfkgf gxf];\ eGg] rfxG5 . bf];f| ] vfn]
    cltjfbnfO{{ k/f:t ug{ hlt ;lhnf] 5
    t/ klxnf] vfn] cltjfbn] To;nfO{{ phf{
    lbO/x]sf] x'G5 . To;} sf/0f oL b'O{ vfn]
    cltjfb g]kfnsf] jf:tljs k'g;{/+ rgfsf
    afws alg/x]sf 5g\ . g]kfnsf] hftLo
    clwsf/ :yfkgf ug{ oL b'O{ cltjfbnfO{{
    k/f:t gu/L ;Dej 5}g . lgZro klg
    g] k fnsf] /fli6 o cv08tf /
    ;fj{ef}ldstfdf ;a} ;r]t x'gk} b{5 . hftLo
    ljv08g / cfk;L d]nd]nfksf nflu
    ;a} ;r]t x'gk' b{5 . t/ s] g]kfndf
    clxn];Dd s'g} hftLo e]befj lyPg <
    s] ;a} hghfltx afWotfjz cfgf]
    hftLo efiff, ;F:s[ltsf] klxrfg gi6 ug{]
    gLlt x'bF f klg r'k nfUg' kl//x]sf] lyPg <
    k|To]s ;do eflifs tyf ;fF:s[lts
    sl7gfO{sf sf/0f /fHosf] ;'ljwfaf6 al~rt
    xg] dfq xf]Og, ckdflgt x'g' kl//x]sf]
    5 . cfgf] P]ltxfl;stf u'Dbfu'Db} klg

    u'dgfd x'g' kl//x]sf] 5 . oL ;a} s'/fsf]


    ;Daf]wg gu/L s;/L /fli6o Pstf sfod
    ug{ ;lsG5 < lgZro klg ;a} k|bz
    ] df
    ;a} hfthfltxsf] a;f]af; /x]sf] 5 tL
    ;a}sf] To; k|bz
    ] df a/fa/ xsclwsf/
    x'g cfjZos 5 . t/, s] k|bz
    ] sf] gfd
    hghfltxsf] P]ltxfl;s, ef}uf]lns
    klxrfgsf] gfdaf6 /fVbf c? hflt
    ckdflgt x'gk' b{5 < cjZo kb}g{ h;/L
    To; If]qdf clwsf+z :yfgsf] gfd
    hghfltsf] efiffsf cfwf/df x'bF f ckdflgt
    x'gk' /]sf] 5}g, To;/L g} ckdflgt x'gk' b}g{ .
    Tof] P]ltxfl;stf xf] Tof] klxrfg xf] . s]
    pgLxsf] To; If]qdf xsclwsf/ :yfkgf
    ubf{ cGo hfltxsf] xs / clwsf/
    vf]l;G5 < vf]l;Fbg} a? hghfltxsf]
    xsclwsf/;Fu} pgLxsf] xsclwsf/ klg
    :yfkgf ul/G5 . s] To; If]qdf a:g] cGo
    hfltn] hghfltnfO{{ lyr]sf x'g\ jf e]befj
    u/]sf x'g\ < cjZo xf]Og /fHosf] unt
    gLltsf sf/0f To; k|sf/sf] e]befj ePsf]
    xf] . ;a} lj?jfxn] Ps} k|sf/sf] dnhn
    / uf]8d]n kfPgg\ . cGo hfthfltx If]qLo
    kdf dfq pTkL8gdf k/] t/ hghfltx
    If]qLo kdf dfq xf]Og, ;Dk"0f{kdf
    pTkL8gdf k/] . s] hghfltxnfO{{ hftLo,
    eflifs, ;fFsl[ ts tyf ;fdflhs clwsf/
    lbFbf cGo hfltx bf];f| ] bhf{sf gful/s
    aGg hfG5g\ < cjZo x'bF g} g\ a? pgLxsf]
    ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTjsf] clwsf/ dfq
    xf]Og, pgLxsf] If]qLo clwsf/ klg
    ;'lglZrt x'G5 . To; If]qsf] ef}uf]lns,
    ;fdflhs / ;a} w/ftnnfO{{ ToxL kdf
    a'g'kb{5 / ToxL kdf ;Daf]wg
    ul/g'kb{5 .
    olb hftLo cfwf/df ;+3Lotf lbg]
    xf] eg] g]kfndf !)! hflt 5g\ . oL
    ;a}nfO{{ ;+3Lotf lbg'kb{5, hf] ;Dej
    5}g eGg] h:tf] s'ts{ ug]x{ sf] lgs}
    7"nf] 8\of 5 d"ntM of] hghfltxnfO{{
    clwsf/ glbg] dfgl;stfaf6 hlGdPsf
    ljrf/ xf] . ;+3Lotfsf] d"n dd{dfly
    logLxn] lgs} 7"nf] k|xf/ ul//x]sf 5g\ .
    ;+3Lotf lsg cfjZos eof] eGg] s'/fsf]
    h8df guP/ km]l/ ;Dk"0f{ hghfltxnfO{{
    pxL pTkL8gdf /flv/xg] ljrf/n] s;/L
    g]kfnsf] ;d[4tf b]Vg] < h'g e"lddf
    pld|Psf la?jfnfO{{ dfg{s} nflu gofF
    la?jfx pgLxsf] If]qdf /f]lkof] . lgs}
    uf]8d]n / dnhn ul/of] h;n] h'g
    e"lddf pld|Psf la?jf lyP, tL la?jf
    dg{ nfu] . To;}n] aflx/af6 NofOPsf
    la?jfnfO{{ h;/L dnhn lbP/ x'sf{Oof] .
    To;/L g} pgLxnfO{{ klg dnhnsf]
    cfjZostf 5 . k|af;L lj?jf a/fa/
    pgLx klg x'g kfpg' kb{5, ta dfq
    h+unsf] x/fe/f a9\g] 5 . ;d[4 h+un
    aGg] 5 eGg] s'/f g} xf] . g ls ;a}
    lj?jfx kmfn]/ ToxfF pld|Psf lj?jfnfO{{
    dfq hf]ufpg] eg]sf] xf], To;}n] ;a}
    lj?jfx x'ss
    {] f nflu hf] lj?jfx
    sdhf]/ ePsf 5g\, x'sg{ kfPsf 5}gg\, tL
    lj?jfnfO{{ :ofxf/;Def/ u/L k|af;L
    lj?jfxh:tf] agfpg' s] g/fd|f] xf] / <
    ;of} hfltsf cfcfg} ;d:ofx 5g\,
    ;a}sf] ;dfg clwsf/ 5 . ;a}n] b]z, zf;g
    tyf lgod, sfg'g xfd|f] cfg} xf] eGg]
    dx;';' u/fpg ;Sg'kb{5 dfq gofF g]kfn
    aGg;S5 / zflGtsf] :yfkgf x'g ;S5 .
    ;+3Lo /fHo, :jfoQ If]q / ;+/lIft If]qsf]
    cjwf/0ff cg'ksf] ;a} hfthfltxsf]
    ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug{k' b{5 . ;f]xL cg'k
    clwsf/sf] Joj:yf ug{k' b{5 .

    kG5Lx?sf] aw ug]{ tyf df;'sf] pkef]u ug]{ k|j[lQ kl/jt{g u/f}+ .


    a8{k\mn h:tf kG5LhGo /f]ux?sf] lgoGq0fdf ;xefuL agL,
    cfk"m klg arf}+ ;dfhnfO{ klg arfcf}+ .
    kG5Lx?sf] aw 3/aflx/ kfgLsf] ;|f]teGbf 6f9f ug]{ u/f}F .
    s'v'/f sf6]kl5 e'OF /fd|f];Fu kvfNg], k'5\g] -lg;+qmd0f_ u/f}F .
    aw ul/;s]kl5 s'v/' f tyf sfFrf] df;'sf] n;k;af6 afnaflnsfx?nfO{
    6f9} /fvf}F .
    df;' sf6]kl5 lg:sg] kmf]xf]/, ;'nL, Kjfn cflbnfO{ hyfefjL gkmfnL
    vfN8f]df uf8\g] jf hnfpg] u/f}F .
    s'v'/f;Fusf] n;k; tyf df;' sf6\g] sfd ;lsPkl5 ;fa'g kfgLn]
    /fd|f;
    ] Fu xft w'g] u/f}F .
    leqL efu;Dd /fd|f];Fu kfs]sf] s'v'/fsf] df;' dfq vfg] u/f}F .
    la/fdL jf d/]sf s'v'/fsf] df;' s'g} klg cj:yfdf vfg] gu/f}F .
    c08fsf] leqL;Dd ;fx|f] x'g] cj:yf;Dd pdfn]/ of ksfP/ vfg] u/f}F .

    a8{km\ n' /f]usf] /f]syfd / lgoGq0fdf xfdL ;a}sf] k|lta4tf


    g]kfn ;/sf/

    s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqfno kz' ;]jf ljefu

    Pleog OGk\mn'oGhf lgoGq0f cfof]hgf


    a"9fgLns07, sf7df8f},F kmf]gM $^%)!@*&, $^%)$(!, $^%)!@*

    /fatOfc t]u %! 3fd nf; *^)@

    sf= lh= k|= sf= b= g+= !^#@)^#^$

    hl6n aGb}5 zf;sLo :j?ksf] ax;


    clxn] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] lgs}
    ljjflbt aGg k'us
    ] f] ljifo zf;sLo
    :j?ksf] ljifodf /fhgLlts bnx?aLr
    lgs} rsf]{ ax; rln/x]sf] 5 . d"ntM
    tLg 7"nf bnx?df g]kfnL sfFu;
    ]| n]
    d'n'ssf] zf;sLo :j?k;DaGwdf
    ;+;bLo k|0ffnLaf6 6;d; ug{ g;lsg]
    ts{ ul//x]sf] 5 eg] dfcf]jfbL s'g}
    klg xfntdf k|ToIf lgjf{lrt /fi6klt
    d'ns
    ' sf] sfo{sf/L k|dv
    ' x'gk' g]{ c8fgdf
    5 . ptf Pdfn] eg] ldl>t k|0ffnL
    ckgfpg ;lsg] demwf/df plePsf]
    5 . o;} kl/j]zdf ldl>t zf;sLo
    :j?ksf] ljkIfdf kqsf/ ljhos'df/
    sflGtk'/ b}lgsdf n]V5g\ s}6l/gf
    s}kmsf] cf]7, P]Zjof{ /fosf] ufnf /
    k|Llt lhG6fsf] v'f ld>0f ul/of] eg]
    xfd|f pk;ldltsf ljfg\ ;ef;b\x?n]
    sNkgf u/]em}F s'g} ck"0f{ ;'Gb/L xf]Og,
    c:6fjqmsL alxgL pTkGg x'gl] 5g\ .
    o;} k[i7e"ldaf6 ;'? ePsf] zf;sLo
    :j?ksf] ax;n] clxn] /fhgLltnfO{
    lgs} t/lt t'NofOlbPsf] 5 eg]
    /fhgLlts bnx?df cfufdL ;+ljwfgdf
    d'ns
    ' sf] zf;sLo :j?k s:tf] x'g] eGg]
    ljifodf lgs} 7"nf] dtfGt/ b]lvG5 .
    d'ns
    ' sf] zf;g k|0ffnL;DaGwL ax; /
    ljjfb clxn] bnLo 3]/fdf dfq ;Lldt
    5}g, Tof] ax; / ljjfbn] aflx/L j[Qdf
    klg 7"n} xnrn k}bf u/]sf] 5 .
    cvaf/sf kfgfx?df b]lvg] zf;sLo
    :j?k;DaGwL ljrf/f]Qh
    ] s n]v, /rgf
    / ax; jf:tjd} ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf
    nflu slQsf] kmnbfoL x'g] xf], Tof] t
    ef]lnsf lbgx?n] g} b]vfpg]5 . t/
    klg 3gLe"t eGb} uPsf] zf;sLo
    :j?ksf] ax; / ljjfbn] eg]
    /fhgLlts l8:sf];n
    { fO{ gof" r/0fdf
    k'ofpg] cf"sng ug{ ;lsG5 . oBlk
    ax; / 5nkmndf kfOg]
    /rgfTdstfsf] cefj eg] ;a}df
    b]lvG5 g} . /fhgLlts bnx?n] t
    cfgf] bnLo cfu|x / s'07fsf cfwf/df
    ax; k}/jL ug'{ g} eP, u}//fhgLlts
    JolStTjx?af6 ;d]t ToxL k|sf/sf]
    k}/jL x'g] u/]sf] 5 . pgLx? d"ntM
    /fHok'g;{/+ rgf, ;+3Lotf / zf;sLo
    :j?ksf] ax;df s]xL /fli6o tyf
    cGt/f{li6o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx?sf] nfOg
    jl/kl/ g} k}/jL ul//x]sf b]lvG5g\ .
    x'g t d'ns
    ' sf] k'g;{/rgfsf] d'2f g}
    k/fdz{bftf / PghLcf]x?sf] ks8leq
    uO;s]sf] cj:yfdf ;dfhsf af}l4s

    dlgs/ sfsL{ lgjt{dfg

    hdftaf6 pgLx?sf] nfOgsf] JofVof /


    ax; x'g' c:jfefljs xf]Og g} . d'ns
    ' nfO{
    kl/jt{g ug]{ Ph]08fsf] sdf08 bnx?df
    x'gk' g]d{ f Tof] k/fdz{bftf / u}/;/sf/L
    ;+:yfx?sf] xftdf hfg' b'ef{Uok"0f{ aGb}5 .
    zf;sLo :j?kh:tf] c;fWo} hl6n /
    dxTjk" 0 f{ ljifonfO{ pxL k' / fgf]
    dfgl;stfsf cfwf/d} JofVof / ljZn]if0f
    ul/g' d'ns
    ' nfO{ k'/fg} 9/f{df rnfpg
    vf]Hg' xf] . o; k|sf/sf] z}nL / ;+:sf/n]
    g d'n'ssf] cu|ufdL ?kfGt/0fsf
    Ph]08fx?nfO{ g} ;dfTg ;S5, g t
    ljBdfg zf;sLo lje]bx?sf] cGTo g}
    x'g;S5 . o;n] kmut gof" ;+:s/0fdf
    k'/fgf] Oltxf; n]Vg]l;jfo s]xL x'g5
    ] g} .
    /fhgLlts j[Qdf x'g] zf;sLo :j?ksf]
    ax;df ;Defjgf / /rgfTdstfeGbf
    cfu|x / s'07f a];L 5 . vf;u/L g]tfx?
    s;/L cfkm"n] sfod u/]sf] /fhgLlts
    jr{Zj hf]ufpg ;lsG5 / cfkm" ;w}eF l/
    s'g} g s'g} ?kdf ;Qfsf] jl/kl/ /xg
    ;lsG5 eGg] sf]0faf6 k|efljt eP/
    ax; / 5nkmndf ;fd]n 5g\ . pgLx?
    5f]6} cjlwsf] nflu eP klg s;/L
    zlStdf k'Ug ;lsG5, To;}cg'?ksf]
    zf;sLo :j?k ckgfpg'kg{] lg/Lx ts{
    ug{;d]t kl5 k/]sf 5}gg\ . o; dfg]df
    ;+;bLo k|0ffnLnfO{ g} lglj{sNk dfGg]
    Psyl/sf] lg/Lx ts{ 5, /fi6klt
    hgtfaf6 r'lgg] eof] eg] Tof] lg/\sz
    '
    aGg]5 / p;n] clwgfosjfb nfb\g5
    ] .
    t/, hgtff/f k|ToIf lgjf{lrt /fi6klt
    lg/+sz
    ' x'g5
    \ eGg' hgfb]zsf] ckdfg
    ug]{ xf] / hgtfnfO{ pgLx?sf] /fhgLlts
    clwsf/af6 al~rt u/fpg vf]Hg' xf] .
    hgtfsf] clwsf/nfO{ ;Lldt agfpg
    vf]Hg' xf] . cem hgtfnfO{ /fi6kltsf]
    rog ug]{ clwsf/ ltdLx?sf] xf]Og
    eGg' xf] . lglZrt?kdf hgtfn] r'gs
    ] f]
    /fi6klt g} hgpQ/bfoL x'g5
    ] . p;n]
    cfgf] kb hf]ufpgsf] nflu ;+;bLo
    c+s ul0ftdf x]lng' cfjZos kg]{ 5}g
    / t'ngfTds?kdf hgtfsf] nflu a9L
    sfd ug{] cj;/ klg ldNg]5 . olb
    JolSt v/fa x'g uof] eg] csf]{ k6s
    hgtfn] p;nfO{ bl08t ug{] 5g\ .
    To;sf/0f p;n] ;s];Dd hgtfsf] dg
    lhTg] k|of; ug{5
    ] . csf]t{ km{sf] jf Tof]
    zf;sLo :j?k x'gk' 5{ eg]/ k'/fgf
    ;+;b\jfbL bnx? kl/jt{gnfO{ 5]Sg] u/L
    ax;sf t/ l;h{gf ul//x]sf 5g\ .

    lgZro klg cg]sf}F k|sf/sf] pTkL8g /


    lje]bsf] dfv];f\nf]df lhpg ljjz /
    /fHosf] d"nk|jfxaf6 unxTofOPsf
    hgtfsf] k|ltlglwTj x'gu] /L zf;sLo
    :j?k lgwf{/0f ug{ ;lsPg / ;a}nfO{
    ;fdflhs Gofo lbnfpg] lbzfdf pGd'v
    x'g ;lsPg eg] h:tf];s
    ' } zf;sLo
    :j?k ckgfP klg To;n] gof"
    ?kfGt/0ftkm{ d'n'snfO{ 8f]ofpg
    ;Sg]5g} / d'ns
    ' km]l/ klg k"jQ
    { /
    cj:yfdf kmls{g ;Sg]5 . cflv/
    kl/jt{g ;a}sf] rfxgf / ;kgf xf] .
    7Ls ;dodf To;sf] ;Daf]wg x'g ;s]g
    eg] cK7]/f] kl/l:ylt lgdf{0f x'g;S5 .
    zf;sLo :j?ksf] af/]df ax; ubf{
    Oltxf;nfO{ kms]/{ ;dLIff ug{] h?/L
    x'g hfG5 . xfdLn] cfw'lgs g]kfnsf] 5
    bzssf] Oltxf;nfO{ x]of}F eg] klg
    g]kfndf xfn ckgfO"b} cfPsf] ;+;bLo
    zf;g k|0ffnL k"0f{tM c;kmn eO;s]sf]
    b]Vg ;S5f}F . @))& ;fnsf] /fhgLlts
    kl/jt{gn] d'ns
    ' sf] zf;sLo :j?kdf
    s'g} km]/abn Nofpg ;s]g . @)!%
    ;fndf klxnf]k6s cfdlgjf{rg eof] /
    sfFu;
    ]| g]tf aLkL sf]O/fnfsf] g]tT[ jdf
    ;/sf/ u7g eof] . t/ pgsf] ;/sf/
    b'O{ jif{ k'Ub} tTsfnLg /fhf dx]Gb|n]
    ;}lgs ljKnj u/L zf;g;Qf cfgf]
    xftdf lnP / d'n'snfO{ #) jif]{
    k~rfotL sfn/flqdf hfs] . km]l/ klg
    bnx?n] @)$^ ;fndf PstGqLo
    /fhzfxL 9fn] / d'ns
    ' df km]l/ Psk6s
    k|hftGqsf] k'g:yf{kgf;lxt ax'bnLo
    zf;g Joj:yf cfof] . To;kl5 em08}
    !^ jif{df g]kfnn] ;+jw} flgs /fhtGqsf]
    hfdf;lxtsf] ax'bnLo k|hftflGqs
    Joj:yf cjnDag uof] . t/ b'ef{Uo
    egf}F jf lgolt ;f] cjlw Oltxf;s}
    cl:y/ / sn+lst aGg k'Uof] . l6sfpg
    / rnfpgnfO{ e/dUb'/ k|oTg ul/Psf]
    ;+;bLo cEof;af6 cGttM P]ltxfl;s
    c;kmntfafx]s s]xL xft k/]g . of]
    3fdem}+ 5n{ /x]sf] oyfy{nfO{ 5f]k/]
    k'gM ToxL ;+;bLo cEof;sf] jsfntdf
    ;do vlr{g' d'vt{ f l;jfo s]xL xf]Og .
    ;+;bLo cEof;df ;Dk"0f{ /fhgLlts
    bnx?sf] Wofg g} ;/sf/ agfpg] /
    lu/fpg]d} s]lGb|t x'g] x'b" f l;f] ;+;b\sf]
    ;fdYo{ g} To;}df vr{ x'g k'us
    ] f] Oltxf;
    xfdL;"u 5 . @)^# kl5sf] P]ltxfl;s
    kl/jt{gkl5sf] cjlwdf klg tTsfnLg

    k|wfgdGqL dfwj g]kfnn] /fhLgfdf


    lbPkl5 ax' d tLo k| l qmoff/f
    k|wfgdGqLsf] lgjf{rgdf Eofu'tfsf] wfgL{
    k'ofpg g;Sbf & dlxgfsf] cjlwdf
    !& k6s;Ddsf] r'gfjL ofO"ofO"sf]
    hux";fOsf] tLtf] cltt cfdgful/ssf]
    dfg;k6ndf cem} tfh} x'gk' 5{ . ;+;bLo
    cEof;sf] oxL sfnv08df ;Qf
    l6sfpgsf] nflu h] klg ug]{ k|jl[ Q
    ;+:sf/s} ?kdf :yflkt x'g k'Uof] /
    clxn] klg xfdL ToxL k|jl[ Qdf x]lnO/x]sf
    5f}F . d'VotM zflGt / ;+ljwfgsf]
    ljifonfO{ cnkq 5f8]/ k|wfgdGqL 8f=
    afa'/fd e/fO{sf] ljsNk vf]lhg'kg]{
    ts{n] ToxL dfg;lstfnfO{ phfu/
    u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnL /fhgLltsf] lgotL
    egf}F jf g]kfnLx?sf] b'ef{Uo, P]ltxfl;s
    kl/jt{gkZrft\ klg /fhgLlts bnx?
    Tof] k'/fgf] /f]uu|:t dfgl;stfaf6 dfly
    p7\g ;ls/x]sf 5}gg\ . /, ;xdtLo
    ;+:sf/sf] ljsf; ub}{ cfly{s ;d[l4lt/
    nlDsg'kg]{ /fhgLlt ;+;bLo c+s
    ul0ftsf] dfv];f\nf]df clNemPsf] 5 .
    clxn] ;jfn /fHosf] k'g;{/+ rgfsf] xf],
    h;n] ljBdfg ;a} k|sf/sf lje]b /
    pTkL8gx?sf] cGTo ug{ h?/L 5 .
    To;sf/0f s'g} bn ljz]ifsf] cfu|x jf
    k"jf{ux| sf] e/df d'ns
    ' nfO{ k'/fg} ;+;bLo
    bnbndf km;fP/ /fVg vf]lhof] eg]
    Tof] ef]lnsf nflu c;fWo} kZrufdL
    sbd ePsf] 7xg]{ lglZrt 5 .
    To;sf/0f /fhgLlts bnx?n] lhDd]jf/
    eP/ s]xL d'Le/ u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf /
    k/fdz{bftfx?sf] ks8d} ;Lldt
    /fHosf] ?kfGt/0fsf] d'2fnfO{ y't/]
    /rgfTds ax; / 5nkmn ub}{ cu|ufdL
    lgsf;df k'Ug' h?/L 5 . gq ef]ln
    d'ns
    ' sf] jfu8f]/ ;DxfNg] bnx? geO{
    ltg} u};; / k/fdz{bftfx? x'g5
    ] g\ .
    bnx?n] a]nd} f uDeL/ eP/ ;f]rg" \ .
    xf], clxn]sf] ;+qmd0fsfnLg cj:yfdf
    klg h'g hftLo, eflifs, n}l+ us, cfly{s,
    ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts klxrfgsf] d'2f
    p7]sf] 5, To;nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ;lsPg
    eg] To;n] csf]v
    { fn] ljb|fx] hGdfpg]
    lglZrt 5 . clwsf/ / klxrfgsf nflu
    ul/Psf cfGbf]ngx?nfO{ /fHon] cfly{s
    ?kfGt/0fsf] Ph]08f;"u ;dGjo u/L
    juL{o d'2f;"u hf]9g\ ] s8L km]nf kfg{
    ;lsPg eg] km]l/ klg xfdL Gsf]
    k'jf{4lt/ kmls{g;Sg] ;Defjgf 68\sf/f]
    aGb} uPsf] 5 .

    ;tLn] ;/fk]sf] b];f]zd/fh/ kf]afa'


    /
    fdsf]
    aa{
    /
    fx6
    v/]n

    dxL a9\bf xf];\ jf hgtfn] s'g}


    ljifodf b'Mv kfpFbf xf];\ emnemnL
    ;Demg'kg]{ Pp6} AolStTj ag]sf 5g\
    8f= afa'/fd e/fO{ . pgL ul/asf
    k|wfgdGqL x'g\ . dfcf]afbLsf] dWoddfuL{
    eP/ cfPsf pgL cj;/afbL / ;j{xf/f
    au{sf] aLr wf/af6 cufl8 a9]sf
    AolSt . To;} n ] pgn] k| r 08sf]
    cj;/afbL / df]xg j}Bsf] ;j{xf/f
    au{nfO{ ;Demgf ub}{ cufl8 a9\g' kg{]
    cj:yf xf] . afa'/fdnfO{ ;Demgsf nflu
    !^ jif{sf] l76f]nfO{ ;Demg'kg]{ x'G5 . cem
    eGg] xf] eg] )%@ ;fndf hlGdPsf]
    dfcf]afbLdf ;a} ul/a / ;dfh kLl8t
    AolStsf] ;xefuLtf lyof] . Tolta]nfsf]
    d'Vo p2]Zo g} zf];s ju{nfO{ w/ftnLo
    l:yltdf Nofpg' lyof] . clg Gofo lbg'
    lyof] kLl8t ju{nfO{ .
    lgs} r'gf}tLsf] ;fdgf u/L h+un
    uPsf] lyof] dfcf]afbL . h+unleq
    hgfj/sf] ;+ut} gu/]klg /ftf/ft h+un
    h+un lxF8/] } eP klg dfcf]afbLn] !)
    jif{ latfPs} xf] . xf], clxn] Tof] dfcf]afbL
    !^ jif{sf] nSsf hjfg ePsf] 5 . p;n]
    h+unb]lv ;8s x'bF } ;bg / ;/sf/df
    /fh ul//x]sf] 5 . o:tf] nfU5 p;n]
    h] rfxG5 ToxL ul//x]sf] 5, eO/x]sf]
    5 . olb Tof] !^ jif{ l76L x'GyL eg]
    snsnfpFbL / nhfpFbL xGyL . p;n]
    P;Pn;Lsf] k/LIff lbP/ SofDk;]
    hLjgsf nflu hfg cft'/ x'GyL . p;sf
    afa'cfdf / pm :jo+ ;+oldt 5g\ eg]
    eljZo u'Yg] a]nfdf x'GyL . ToxL lx;fa
    lstfa Ps nSsf hjfg l76f]df klg
    nfu' x'G5 . ;+oldt geP pm :jfF7 eP/

    lg:sg] 5 . oxL l:yltnfO{ t'ngf ug{]


    xf] eg] dfcf]afbLdf s]xL g]tfx? /
    sfo{stf{x? ;+oldt 5g\ . pgLx?
    uDeL/ 5g\ . pgLx?nfO{ cfgf] /
    g]kfnLsf] lrGtf 5 . oL ;Lldt dfq
    5g\ . afFsL :jfF7 5g\ hlGdPsf] !^
    jif{sf] lau|]sf] rl/q h:tf] . oxL
    lalu|Psf] rl/q ;8sb]lv ;bg;Dd
    ePsf] cg'ej cfd g]kfnLn] ug{ yfn]sf
    5g\ . w]/} ;/sf/ b]lvof] ca ;fFlRrs}
    ;+3if{ u/]sf] dfcf]afbLsf] ;/sf/ klg
    x]/f}+ g eGb} ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgdf
    ;xfg'el" tsf] ef]6 dfcf]afbLn] kfPs} xf] .
    Tof] ;xfg'e"lt dfcf]afbLn] k|r08
    g]tT[ jsf] ;/sf/sf a]nfdf v'j} vfof] .
    To;kl5 deGbf 7"nf] of] d'ns
    ' df sf]xL
    x'g ;Sb}g eGg] cxd\ kfn]sf k|r08n]
    tTsfnLg k|wfg;]gfklt ?Sdft
    s6jfnsf] sf/0fnfO{ lnP/ ;/sf/af6}
    xft w'gk' of] . k|e' / tfgfzfxx?sf]
    v]n ;lsPsf] 5}g eGb} dfcf]afbL v'j}
    dlRrof] . zflGt k|lqmofn] ult lng
    g;s]sf] / ;+ljwfg agfpg] sfd klg
    clNemPsf] a]nf dfcf]afbL g} ;/sf/df
    guP emg\ s'/f] lau|g] 7fg]/ Pdfn]sf
    dfwjs'df/ g]kfn / emngfy vgfnn]
    ;/sf/sf] g]tT[ j ;Dxfn]kl5 dfcf]afbLn]
    g]tT[ j ;DxfNg] cj;/ kfof] . /, To;sf]
    g]tT[ j 8f=afa'/fd e/fO{n] ug{] cj;/
    kfP . afa'/fdnfO{ dfcf]afbL leqsf
    ;sf/fTds / O{dfGbf/ AolStTjsf ?kdf
    cfd ;j{;fwf/0fn] dfq xf]Og ljkIfL
    bnx?sf g]tf tyf sfo{stf{n] klg lng

    yfn]sf lyP . ;du|sf x]bf{ g]kfnLn]


    rfx]sf k|wfgdGqLsf ?kdf afa'/fdnfO{
    pEofOof] . o;sf] d'Vo sf/0f xf] k|r08
    g]tT[ jsf] ;/sf/sf cy{dGqL x'bF f pgn]
    p7fPsf] s'/f ;fFRr}sf] ;d[4 g]kfn
    agfpg] emns afa'/fdn] Tolta]nf
    lbPsf lyP . To;}sf] Jofh :j?k pgL
    g]kfnsf] k|wfgdGqL eP . t/ ul/asf
    k|wfgdGqLn] b]zsf] ljsf; / :t/nfO{
    lbg bf] u'gf / /ft rf}ug' f ug{k' g]d{ f
    ahf/ efp kf] XjfQ} a9fP . ug{g;Sg]
    s'/f s]xL 5}g eGb} pgn] x/]s If]qdf
    lgb{z
    ] g lbFb} lx+8] . ;Dej s'/f klg u/]
    c;Dej s'/f klg u/] . sfd gu/]
    klg g]tfdf x'gk' g]{ u'0f;d]t gePsf
    afa'/fdn] efiffnfO{ lgs} ;:tf] agfP .
    h] af]n] klg x'g] atfOlbPsf afa'/fdn]
    slxn] ef/t;Fu u/]sf] ljkf ;Demf}tfnfO{
    /fd|f] eg] t slxn] sl/o/ hf]lvddf
    /fv]/ ;Demf}tf u/]sf] eg] . pgsf] of]
    egfO{sf] cy{;d]t cfkm}n
    F ] ga'em]em}+ u/]
    pgn] . lrlgofF k|wfgdGqLnfO{ leq\ofP/
    lakL sf] O /fnf / lul/hfk| ; fb
    sf]O/fnfsf] prfO{ cfgf] klg ePsf]
    eGg kl5 k/]gg . t/ vf]O t lakL /
    lhkLn] u/]h:tf sfd u/]sf] < /fli6o
    ;/sf/sf] g]tT[ j klg cfkm}n] ug{]
    eG5g\ . km]l/ kf6L{n] v6fPsf]n] ubf{
    t'?Gt} lkmtf{ x'g klg ;Sg] atfpF5g\ .
    ;fx|} s]6f}n] :jefjsf t/ cfk"mn] h]
    ul//x]sf] xf] Tof] ;xL g} ePsf] 7fGg]
    afa'/fd !^ jif{sf] l76} x'g\ eGg'df Ps
    /lQ klg glxlRsrfP x'G5 . x'bF f x'bF f

    g]kfnnfO{ slxn] ef/t / slxn] rLg;+u


    dh{ ug'k{ g]{ ts{ /fV5g\ . s;}n] cfgf]
    b]z dh{ePsf] b]Vg ;S5 < of] klg
    s]6f}nk] g g} xf] . o'jfx?nfO{ pmhf{
    yKg'k5{ eg]/ lzIff g} ;a} xf] eGb}
    lzIffd'vL efif0f klg 7f]s] . s;}n]
    gkTofPkl5 ca ljBfyL{s} dg e'6g\ '
    k5{ egL tlD;Psf pgn] lzIffdf v'j}
    hf]8 lbP . t/ pgsf] Tof] vf]qmf] efif0f
    g t slxNo} Aojxf/df Nofpg] k|of;
    u/] g t lzIff slxNo} c?n] lng'k5{
    eGg] dfGotf /fv] . cfk"mn] ef/taf6
    lkPr8L u/]sf pgn] lzIffnfO{ dxTj
    lbFbf x'g\ t ;+:s[tsf] k9fO aGb u/fpg]
    lyPgg\ . ljZjn] g} ;+:s[tnfO{ ;a}eGbf
    k'/fgf] / /fd|f] lzIff elg/x]sf a]nfdf
    ;+:s[t a'em]sf afa'/fdn] lsg kf]
    ;+:s[tsf 7]nLx? hnfpg cu|;/ x'bF f
    x'g\ . leqL / aflx/L cfj/0fnfO{ lgs}
    km/s agfPsf k|wfgdGqL afa'/fdn]
    efif0fs} qmddf ;tLn] ;/fk]sf] b]z
    geGg klg cfu|x u/] . lzIffn] ubf{
    ;tLnfO{ bf]if lbOPsf] pgsf] ts{5 .
    of] pgsf] ts{ klg l7s} xf]nf ;do
    ;fk]If . t/ hgtfn] ljZjf; u/]sf
    k|wfgdGqLn] hgtfnfO{ g} b'Mv lbg],
    hgtfsf efjgfnfO{ s'lNrg] / laxfg
    ;fFemsf] uf;;d]t l6Kg g;Sg] u/L
    ahf/ efp a9fpg]nfO{ s] eGg] <
    ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f / zflGt k|lqmofnfO{
    lgisif{df gk'ofP $% lbgd} /fhLgfdf
    lbG5' eg]sf k|wfgdGqL kfFr dlxgfdf
    b]znfO{ emg} cwf]ulttkm{ ws]ns
    ] f 5g\ .
    To;}n] s'g} ;do o:tf] eGg] lbg gcfjf];\
    g]kfn afa'/fdn] ;/fk]sf] b]z xf] .

    ;z+lst a]Olh / xfd|f] d':sfg


    zlzw/ e08f/L
    s]xL jif{cufl8;Dd Plzofsf] lj/fdL /fi6 of k"js
    { f] t/e'hfsf ?kdf klZrdfx?n]
    kl/efiff ug]{ b]z rLg cfh ljZjsf] bf];f| ] 7"nf] cy{tGq ePsf] /fi6sf ?kdf
    cufl8 cfPsf] 5 . ef/tnfO{ dfq xf]Og o'/f]k / cd]l/sfnfO{ ;d]t ;fDojfbsf]
    e"tn] sd t/ lrlgofF kmf]ljofn] a9L nv]6g\ yfn]sf] 5 . To;}sf] :jfefljs
    kl/0ffd ;fd|fHojfbL xtf;f ltAatnfO{ prfNg] / a]OlhnfO{ xfGg] /0fgLltcGtu{t
    v]Ng yfn]sf] s]xL jif{ eO;s]sf] 5 . uDeL/ cfly{s ;+s6df km;]sf] ;dsfnLg
    Psn w'j| Lo ;fd|fHojfbn] cem} rLgnfO{ k5fg{ ;Sg] hu]8f zlStsf ?kdf
    ;fdl/s zlStnfO{ hf]ufP/ /fVg ;s]sf] 5 . rLgsf] pbonfO{ 3]/faGbL u/]/
    t;f{pg ljz]iftM cd]l/sfn] hfkfg, blIf0fsf]l/of, O/fs / ckmuflg:tfgdf h:t}
    g]kfndf klg ljzfn ;}Go cv8f :yfkgf ug{rfxG5 . cd]l/sfsf] Tof] e"d08nLo
    ;fd|fHojfbL p2]Zo Tof] a]nf k"/f x'g5
    ] , h'ga]nf g]kfnsf] /fli6o Pstf / ;Defjsf]
    hu eTsg] 5 . ef/t / rLg h:tf b'O{ ljzfn l5d]sLx?sf] r]kj' fdf /x]sf] xfd|f]
    b]z g]kfn tLa| ultdf gof" g]kfn lgdf{0fsf] dgdf]xs cfj/0fdf e"d08nLo
    ;fd|fHojfbsf] km/flsnf] v]n d}bfg aGb} uO/x]sf] 5 . cfh /fli6o /fhgLltsf]
    s]Gb| efudf g]kfnsf] :jfledfg / ;fj{ef}ldstfsf] cl:tTj xf]Og hftLo /fHox?sf]
    cl:tTjsf] vf]hL eO/xg', ;+jb] gzLn e"uf]ndf cjl:yt l;+uf] d'ns
    ' nfO{ ax'/fli6o
    /fHosf] unt kl/efiff ug{ / g]kfn PsLs/0fsf] j}wtfdfly k|Zg p7fpg' ;fd|fHojfbL
    e"d08nLs/0fsf] OG66] ;
    \ df dn xfNg' xf] .
    g]kfnsf] /fli6o cl:tTjsf] cToGt 7"nf] uf}/jk"0f{ Oltxf; /x]sf] 5 . klZrdf
    ;fd|fHojfbn] rLgnfO{ t/e'hfnfO{ h:t} lr/f kfbf{, ef/tdf c+uh
    ]| x?n] #)) jif{
    zf;g ubf{ ;d]t g]kfn h:tf] Pp6f ;fgf] lxdfnL d'ns
    ' sf] ;fj{ef}ldstf /
    cv08tf hf]lug'df xfd|f k'vf{x?sf] ;fgf] b]zelStk"0f{ alnbfgn] sfd u/]sf] 5}g .
    bf];f| ] ljZjo'4k5fl8 ljZjsf s}og cf}klgj]lzs d'ns
    ' x? d'St eP t/ ;'uf}nL
    ;lGwn] s;]sf] cw{cf}klgj]lzstfsf] hl~h/ !% cu:t !($& df cfhfb ePsf]
    ef/tn] yk sl;nf] agfof] . To;f] t ef}uf]lns cv08tfsf] /Iff / /fli6o d'lStsf
    lgldQ b]zeSt g]kfnLx?nfO{ clj/fd ;+3if{ ug{kl//x]sf] 5 . o; bf}8fgdf g]kfnL
    /fli6o ;fj{ef}lds cv08tfsf] /Iffsf] k|Zgdf lrlgofF sf8{ klg lgs} zlStzfnL
    c:q aGb} cfPsf] Oltxf; af]Nb5 . ;g\ !(^@ df xfd|f] blIf0flt/sf] l5d]sL d'ns
    '
    ef/tn] g]kfndfly lj:tf/jfbL lu4]bl[ i6 nufO/x]sf] Ps cj:yfdf tTsfnLg
    lrlgofF" k//fi6dGqL dfz{ r]g oLn] g]kfndfly s'g} d'ns
    ' n] xdnf ub{5 eg]
    To;nfO{ xfdL rLgdflysf] xdnf ;Demg] 5f}+ eg]/ lbPsf] cleJolSt sd ljrf/0fLo
    5}g . g]kfnsf] /fli6otf / ;fj{ef}lds cv08tfsf] ;Ddfg / k~rzLnsf] l;4fGtsf
    cfwf/df d"Nof+sg ubf{ rLgn] g]kfnnfO{ c;n l5d]sL d'ns
    ' sf ?kdf Jojxf/ ub}{
    cfPsf] b]lvG5 . ;u/dfyf ljjfb, d':tf 36gf nufotsf ljifodf rLgn]
    P]ltxfl;s tYo / oyfy{nfO{ :jLsf/ u/]/ cfgf] wf/0ff ;fj{hlgs u/]sf] lyof] .
    clxn] ljZjsf] bf];f| ] 7"nf] cy{tGq af]ss
    ] f] / efjL dxfzlStsf ?kdf pbfpg]
    kydf lx+8s
    ] f] rLgn] ;fd|fHojfbLx?sf] ;fdl/s 3]/faGbLnfO{ tf]8g\ sf lgldQ
    ;j{ky| d cy{tGqs} lkn/nfO{ dha't afpgsf lgldQ s;/t ul//x]sf] 5 . To;
    l;nl;nfdf blIf0f cd]l/sfsf a|flhn, So"jf, e]gh
    ] o' nf nufotsf d'ns
    ' x?;"usf]
    cfly{s / s"6gLlts ;DaGw / ldqtf tyf Sofl6g cd]l/sfsf] PG6L ODKof/nfh{Ho
    kmf];l{ ;tsf] ;'dw'/tfsf] w/ftndf pleb} u/]sf] rLgsf nflu g]kfnL e"ldsf] ;'/Iff
    clgjfo{ 5 . To;}n] rLgn] lgs} t/n / ;+qmd0fsfnLg cj:yfdf /x]sf] g]kfndf
    olta]nf Pp6f :yfoL /fhgLlts zlStsf] vf]hL ul//x]sf] 5 . lrlgofF k|wfgdGqL
    j]g lhofjfcf]sf] ut zlgjf/sf] kfFr 306] g]kfn e|d0fsf] t/Lsf, g]kfnn] lauf/]sf]
    s"6gLlts dof{bfsf] kmn dfq} xf] . dfcf]jfbLsf] ef/tk/:t gLlt, s"6gLlts
    pQfpnf]kg jf cIfdtf / j}rfl/s ptf/r9fjsf kbf{x? v'ln/x"bf a]Olh
    dfcf]jfbLx?l;t ljZj:t x'g g;Sg] dfq xf]Og ;z+lst eO/x]sf] b]lvG5 .
    nf]stflGqs u0ftGq :yfkgf ePkZrft /fHo ;~rfngsf] ljlwdf /x]sf bnx?n]
    Ps rLg gLltdf k|ltj4tf hgfP klg Jojxf/tM g]kfndf ltAatLx?sf] ultljlw
    / pGdfb al9/x]sf] 5 . To;nfO{ ;/sf/n] /f]Sg ;ls/x]sf] 5}g .
    cd]l/sfsf] g]tT[ jsf] Psn w'j| Lo ljZj / ax'wj|' Lo Plzofsf] /0fgLltdf /x]/
    uf]6L rfln/x]sf] cd]l/sf / o'/f]ksf clwsf+z ;fd|fHojfbL d'ns
    ' x?l;t ef/tn]
    cf0fljs ;Demf}tf u/]sf] 5 / olta]nfsf] ef/t ljZj ;fd|fHojfbsf] a}zfvLdf
    blIf0f Plzofdf Pp6f rLglj/f]wL lkn/sf ?kdf pleg tof/ 5 . ;dsfnLg
    ljZjdf km]l/Psf] zlSt ;Gt'ng cg'?k hfkfg klg cd]l/sL w'j| df v8f eP/
    ltAatLx?nfO{ dn xfNg tof/} ePsf] kl/b[Zodf g]kfnsf] cl:y/ dfq xf]Og ef/t
    / ljZj ;fd|fHojfbk/:t /fhgLlt rLgsf nflu klg ;d:of ag]sf] 5 . o:tf]
    cj:yfdf rLgsf] Wofg g]kfnsf] /fhgLltlt/ s]lGb|t eO/x"bf g]kfn;"u p;sf]
    nfdf] s"6gLlts u[xsfo{sf] h?/t 5 . t/, rLgn] cfgf] e/f];fof]Uo /fhgLlts
    zlStsf] klxrfg ug{ g} ;s]sf] 5}g . lrlgofF k|wfgdGqLn] zlgjf/ ;DkGg u/]sf]
    gf6sLo e|d0f / &% s/f]8 cd]l/sL 8n/sf] ;xfotf l5d]sLk|ltsf] ;bf;otf /
    cf}krfl/stf dfq xf] . lrlgof" s"6gLltsf] g]kfnk|ltsf] s'g} gofF cfofdsf] ;'?jft
    xf]Og . ;/sf/sf k|jQmfn] h'g cfzoaf6 cleJolSt lbPsf 5g\ To;n]
    jf:tljstfl;t d]n vfGg .
    ;fd|fHojfbL ljQLo ;+:yfx?af6 b]zdf cfpg] cyfx wg/fzLsf] andf ;+3Lotf,
    hflt, efiff, wd{ ;+:s[lt, If]q / ln+usf d'2fx?nfO{ l;4fGtxLg t/Lsfn] p7fOPsf]
    5 . ;+3Lo /fHo ;~rfngsf bf}8fgdf ckgfOg] Pp6f k|fljlws ljifo dfq xf] .
    To;n] /fHo Joj:yfsf] ;fdflhs / juL{o rl/ql;t vf;df ;/f]sf/ /fVb}g .
    ljZjsf] g+= ! ;fd|fHojfbL d'ns
    ' cd]l/sfdf ;+3Lo k|0ffnL 5 . To:t} ;f]leot
    ?;df ;dfhjfbL Joj:yfdf klg ;+3Lo k|0ffnL ckgfOPsf] lyof] . t/, g]kfndf
    ;+3Lotf :jLsf/ ug{nfO{ k|ultzLn 7fGg] t/ PsfTds k|sf/sf] k|hftflGqs
    ljs]lGb|s/0fsf] kIfdf pleg] ;d]tnfO{ oyfl:yltjfbL, k'/ftgjfbL eg]/ cfnf]rgf
    ug{ h'g ;f]rfO 5, of] e|fds ;f]rfO xf] . ;+3Lotf /fHo ;~rfngsf] ljlwdf Pp6f
    ;fdfGo jf c;fdfGo h] egf}+ k|fljlws ljifo dfq eP klg o;n] af]s/] NofPsf
    d'2fx?sf sf/0f xfd|f] b]zsf] ;Gbe{df cle;fk ;fljt ePsf] 5 . ;+3Lotf
    g]kfnsf] hflt, efiff, wd{ ;+:s[lt / /fli6o ljv08gsf] k'lnGbf aGg] vt/f
    df}nfO/x]sf] 5 . ;+3Lotf;"u p7]sf gf/fx?sf] sf/0f vnalnPsf] /fli6o Pstfsf]
    hudf cd]l/sfn] g]kfndf ;}Go cv8f :yfkgf ug{ of]hgf agfO/x"bf a]Olh
    ;z+lst ag]sf] 5 . t/, xfdL 8n/sf] e'no} fdf ;+3Lotfsf] gf/f hf]8n] nufO/x]sf
    5f},+ xfd|f] unkf;f] ;'ls{b} uO/x]sf] 5 .
    bf];f| ] ljZjo'4kl5 cd]l/sfn] hfkfgnfO{ ;+3Lotfdf hfgsf lgldQ ;Nnfx
    lbPsf] lyof] / hfkfgLx?n] cfgf] e"lddf a? cd]l/sL ;]gf :jLsf/ u/] t/
    ;+3Lotf :jLsf/ u/]gg\ . clxn] klg cd]l/sfsf] cf]sfofdf 6fk'df cd]l/sfsf] $&
    xhf/ kmf}h k/]8 v]ln/x]sf] 5 . cfh hfkfgLx? t 5g\ t/ cd]l/sfsf] tKs]gLaf6
    d'St 5}gg\ . cfh xfdLn] e"d08nLo /fhgLltsf] ljiffSt k|jfxnfO{ ;fdgf ug{
    g;s]/ ;+3Lotfsf] kIfdf NofKr] 7f]ss
    ] f 5f}+ . ef]ln laxfg xfdLn] xfd|f] 5ftLdf
    ljb]zL kN6g k/]8 v]nfpg :jLs[lt lbg]5f}+ . To;kl5 g xfdL ;d[4 x'g5
    ] f},+ g t
    :jfwLg . g]kfnsf] /fhgLltdf ef/t, cd]l/sf / o'/f]kn
    ] L o'lgog Pstdf;n]
    v]ln/x]sf 5g\ . ;/sf/L u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx?sf] tKs]gLdf km:b} uO/x]sf] 5 .
    /fli6otfsf tGt'x? db}{ uPsf 5g\ o:tf] tl:j/ b]v/] pQ/lt/ l5d]sL ;z+lst
    5 t/ Oltxf;sf] dhfs xfdL eg] d':s'/fO/x]sf 5f}+ .

    k|sfzs tyf ;Dkfbs M /fh]Gb|k|;fb lrdf}l/of, sfof{no M afuahf/, sf7df8f}F, df]afOn M (*$!$)#*%!,
    E-mail : [email protected],website: www.chhepyastraweekly.wordpress.com sDKo'6/ tyf d'bs
    | M lwDn] ckm;]6 k|;
    ] , b]jLgu/, cgfdgu/k5fl8

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