HA W T OT

Wit
Cla s

For UPSC EPFO

 Table of Contents
Physics 2
Chemistry 44
Biology 90
Knowledge of Computer Applications 155
 Metal and Non-meal
Moon pewioobe oble ca's Ve eerená in
b/ral
l o n - melakd
Mebad Mebalodl
29)
Physicaleperhu g meals
EPchopos Ave akure in
donat elecheu Cakio
On he sde Peuodic Takle
Cu,
Cv, Gold lueh, Ison, Tin =Hiobai mehl

Meak ae Sobs fMeHury ywd a\

Caaseis koom emp
Meba are Dycbk and Mlleabe
oraudn inds heate inb
uir Sheer
Creld:moat Crald ws malesh
AL> Cu

Mebels ^ood condvcwrg eecioi t Hoal

Cexcep Lead)
s e 6 e t tomaducor heas t eeckroy 7
Metalk povoduce 4ovnd wsden beafer LSoroarus)

TheyTheyy ahe husorus

Hand /Sodin 4 B/ossivm s) allium
-
Mel Paint Cesu.p. k
Tuppeben -ghet n P) Bole N.
Sodium and Potasasium ave éept in
bep
becauue ey avt

senchve

Chencas ppethe
EecroepasAre
Meal+ O2
metal Meal Oxde
NAUe
Na +O2 J
Na,OBasie)
BUT A , 0 , 2n01
.ehaye aA RoT
Acioic, +Basic

Aphotekie
oide
Jaret
Nat Hsob >
Na O h
Pop Sovn
lve, Grold and Ngn-eaehve avh
Coppe wwee

A, 1aon7 Can reas uh

2'ne SMam

rebused
 Ph, Cu, A40
k, No, Co, , Al, 2n, E,
eu Ohve
y reahive

inreasiag reoth

Res conducor o Keat erec'o

ereoo
# SNe Ore = O Hoxn Bies Cy c)
Dask xed elves/Ruky sitwe
i zhc
L4loy i k e , aapeh
Creraral het
tosy ie
Copouna & e salt
SNer Ibobe Lg 1) seedry)
Mo Ceiver hat/wnas ast)
Vofens ink
Sier oide L
edn hayy
bnold Mos duche t Malleahle
Non reachve ; wo ble mekat.
Ore =O Calveile
veni%
Cu t A ae addes b Crold make
Sela hard.
Cu + A = Rolled hold

95.
mate y fuiy a bate

mead, uaally 4/vek, krad

or
eppek behoeen in
heetr

measie Pub brold.

karas
24k: 199
Cu o ahe addes
22k 92 Gold
8K 51
 27 mest abunoat meal
Z20

Ove Henahte
aynehre
Linoite
Side ite
Tronrite» Fool' gld
OP 9ron - Tmpwre pxm - % % Carbon

Cas 9son 22S carbn apui

hwog h* Lon -

0 12 to 0.14. caH bor

Crerent)

9Booon Metalbit Csemi'-mea

Ore 08orax
makigy glasanhiype
»

Ormokoa'e used in keasmen

Hod
Can cet
mak'ag tanksgphe
Magnesiu?
Mag nesite
-Dolomite
Coppek > Making Baais t Baa e

Co+Zn
ore Cuprte
Mala cAe
Coppek ence
/eg mosf

bndhnt in
Alunninium Ma abundant meal | universe
eeehic wire 4 kitehen utersils
ore Bauwite
Feltpas-l elspat
Corundum
Cayoie ue

Mexcw
excary Sphgemomanomee huselyt
ore Cnnaba% -
sMeruey olelphete

Lalcium yptum, Umeshne, Caldte

Leod-Gralena C?6)
leas bateves
Sadium - Bosaz (No, &, O7 ono
wte Sallperen (Waa)
Pobaceium
Nike Sallpeeh KNO
hhactium Wibate
 2nc
2.ncie
Calamine
Znc Blende

Uoium Ckadioauhve Hyh Morm Man uelins

Phh Bende (Uz 0s)
Thoaoun
orl Monzile
 Non-meal
ElPcavnepahive in rakute

hondBond in a l 3 tates
Sobd- Carbo Diamnd, oraphire.
vigwd - Baontine

Grad -

Co H NO, Nobogai4.
Bad carnductor o eleciei
except-Grsaphite 4 allerene)

Greneraly
louw DeruCBut orborn iyh atn

most abundant eement tn enviapnet

Niboyen Ruheyford discoveres.
ain Preuar of oppans, dead boda,bbod ky
in anyfoysung Yce-ceam.
used in pockek y
wed in ekche buls
Copound
Ningen

Hrmani a LN): habex poce s ued t papare

Fenlibie

9on canlst
Prnorea-041, Os
ro bdenum
 ychngenPPa: eemen Cpa

Most abindant eY Cavendt dcsvered

in UnivOrde Anthnee Lavos/e named

Can be wed as e l ( s u fulJ Gubr-

LamburiWe ree
Hihes Caloafe velvelisp k7h)
bhee
wed inmanufochrty Vanaapah

yohay onahrd
ol Vannpoh aAu
HC =Ch
Unsahrahd calaly Pahtat
fat

Lused nmakiy HeL

HCL
big. Hyadnog tn Rockes Ae

#
Contpound f ydpen
r0 niverAal sotvent
mox. odens as e(277 k)

o , ydrogen Perowiode
Merck's pvteK b pvdivce O2

odiunn Peroviale wrih ice

ice eald lte
adaing
Spluhion Sulphwic aud
Use: Bleacking age
nhtephe, Germiode
Preehvahon milR/WHnefoher bi
Tnerta/ Noble gas/Non- eackve /
zeo gar
2ero vasent gas.

8 0p Perooe7aklk -

inkate
free

Complee Valence shet

Helium

Koyparr
Xenan
Radon

Helium hhest nob gas

Alhs in terplaner e , gas
(2balons
Nan- tembushbla
*in oypen ybnde ued for divng
dtutes wh helium gas a as He

Sofukle in bbod
spoviogy ecs

On suface f sn! H2 4 He

Neon Aipost iricahra, darger-9gnadi

uled
used tn disch@ kke (ve 4r)
Aygtn Moet abundant oble g44
Moble
edin eleetrc bus

wed in weeaing ga4

O'-beetene letbe)

Kypon» ues m tlash i t G phayny

oas haye guA; B
Xenon knwn
lro ionisahm
and
reater e usvne
Bshd wih
enyit foom
oygon
mas eeconeative
t O are
element

Radioacive
Radon Rulhertorad oiscovees

Heaviu nohlh g

CRadboherapy
ses in Shin hena z-*y ph
 PERIODIC ThBLE
Dobereiner low of Triods
iven by a germon Scjentist 2obereine
awithmehc
by meon of he atomic masses of fist and he
hivel element in he trod Shovld be eayva t D3 at
Least alnost eyval to he atomic mass ofhe Second
element that it present ijn e triad.

A B C
Pbmic Ma Ms Mc
mass

Mg
Mg Ma t Me
2

Na K
Na +K = = 23
2 2
CR 6r

Demeit of e Law his law der not oslyd

oher ekmen.

** Newbnd Low of Octave

atthat time only S6 element were Known
Newhnd divicded he element into hoxi2ontol hase
k Sows
Kous.
Each ho/zontal mow hocd 7 elements.
when
when ekments ane ahonged h increosing ovde of eir
aomic morcer, me probertes of he egsth ekment ane
4 PLpetrton of the ptoperher of the fst
iist element
hist element H
Last elem ent Th
ekment hawing atomic masses vpb 4o
Limita ton: opbled to mly ghter
i.e. upto Caltiim
 Li Be B C N F
Na Mg Al
Si P C
K Ca

Mende leev Penodc toble -» 18c9

h o t trme ere were 63 ekmen oown
Mendeleev also Known as fhther of Pericdhc toble.
Principle Tncreasing Atomic Mass
He
He made 18 Grosps/ 9 Ports and 7 periocds
>Limiopon 0 increasing oxcer eff aoo oomic moss was
not shcty fothwed hoghout.
For exomp: Tdonine ond TE lniron
Cobolt and niche

As sotopes ane atoms of the Some ekment

having dfferent abmic mosses, hey dhould hove
been gien different pasition while
hem in he ordey of atom/c mas.
amorgg
Mocern Periodhe table19/3
iven by Heny Maseky
Totol ltmentin M.pr=/8
Now-a- doys = 126 (but not inclvdes in mpr)
awanged according to Tncreosinge order of Abmic Nombes
ZYoup= 1 ond pesiod 7
=

obo Calkd og form of Aniadhe toble /No. o

Probn
 Total Group z Veriens Column
Total Period: 7 = Hoxigenkl rous

> 1,2 (r3-18)

(3-12) 8locK-4
S P
d

Lanheneid> 57 radooAve

Acteno 8 03 elemenz

pestod = 2 elenent
&hox
2 n Pexto

log
32 Pesiod
26
rgrob GTHoop 16
Htyd0gen
Li- Lthiom
5Solfs
Nu-3 Socbom T Se-Selenium
KPotos.rum TeTellurivm
Rb Robi d vm a Polonium
Cs Caedum msl Ck trposihive elim hficte
loloachve
ement
frfroneim 5 alo hchn 9

Lhalcoges
Known elecTopasikve Mew ekrat

AIKol Me tals
I4- Grroup
Crsoop 17
N g n - m i l a
Helogen btou
Lmake <alt

BeBeylium adl CCcorben F Flo Ylne

LMos akcrngnh
ng magnesivm Si Sticon CI Chlb 1ine ch
a Co/6ium ByBromine
T Tocdine S
Sn Stronhurn d Sn Tin AtActattne do
Ba > Boivrn Pb Leod New eknt YTeneoie
Ra Kodiun I /
Radio ackive 156rou
Known ag Alkoline eanth me Bal NNi'rogcnNen ete) ullm

p-Phosphevoues
13 Gcoub As fhesinic Semi
ervetos
Boron Sb-parthmeng
A alwmiwm Bi >Bi'smuth
Y6ou 18: Albb/e J'ucb
G7a allim
In> Jndivm Paicops He
Ne
T > T h a l l i n
New ekment
addd in /S Croup
k Mybb
New element lwob|Chonv
inC Moscov'vm MXe Xono
(Nh) Rn Radon
New eleme
Canessen(:9
 Please
Mehals 94 () e t
known ofement1g
20

Nabtkal
Naktra/= Usanviu

Heanexmeal : Oomium Heaviest epment hhpuud:

Ununohum
diphtens L'hium

Most Aundant on Gah= OyJN

Univerde = ydrggen

in Nlitagen
Mehl in bawd osm
a
Merur
Nan-meas in vay fosm BxoMne
Raet esement Astekihn Astehne
Fukre mead Ttanium
Mos? eeehopasihve esement Caeliu
ek tonepohve Pluersne
 2 Usapum YoarAbanie
AS.
Ahmiesze nceane4 Pam Tayp bahrn Cie
Peruo ol)
AS =
dslanre p udens orber ehed

Arsne ize deereaue m

Ciegp) 0up 17
#rmJoap 17b , ormt aige
Aige
han

Eeebrposih- endeny Seove afesbon

rom outer sÁed

Paree4
rom
bom b Sobr eleehoposiy
hom Leff j - elecbopa. aeeseates

Retngaliv deseate4

om e bt -nouase

Tonsahn potenhal minimu eneYseauir b

i Jaervs
enove
loose paekes eleeertmosty
loosely
shate)
doee ale
Top b bobm =

ncseuse

left b
 Hwstn)
Avodns -Oun uw abw 9S 7.
pxo vAd that waie as dwiku wal 7.
dviaind wshx has pH * . fuemglans)
To mak pun wol 'cenducling , Aid hould yround wale37.
be miud i h t.
woln mphotuue molecule .
S Beluun H,0,0
oved y : emslad
H-Bena
Ho + Ho H,o + OH
audit + Baslt Nuhal

Amphoke

* walin uMal
pHOvAs y Awohmius

P
Pokenza yduogen OR ou o ydaogen

PH scal nvivd by Soxenser

PH (10"md/L)
pH=-Jog [H*]
-dog Cio]
- ) log Lio1
0Ln" (10"7 mad
PH
*gbuuiuu Wale *
Wal ú mgula
fo4.S
walor polau in nalhun
wali umivuusal solv.mt. H H

'Angulm ma palat * Polan s0lubim duas olunns

my pola
2 - mamis awalbn*

a- 0ide hycb 0gu

. huydsid oygen
 *Eomd Wate
Covalun bend tound in walie
edecbwnic cenigunatien
H is4
0 1s2s*p*
waty Malsuule
Seme mpontont Cempounds
?* H-Bond
memia (NH,)
.H-Bnd is prualm HF/o/N
puah wiu 'amull olus to anenia
oms wu (+ 7. Amm mia) Phoophuns (PH)
i.NH3 -uatd as nuluigunant Phoagum (coda)
2 Chloxakom ( CHdz
akoud in daek bxoun colowad Eattlt znd Tot gaa
eovas uith dotm , Becauae
CHd t o, j a t codz (Phoagunt - Towt

20-30 *ns
chlonsom makts booky umcensu bus for
wed m omal auyuies.

3.Uua NH2-CO-NH)
in dabarakasy.
t a t onganii cempound psuparedl
* N,o Nibrou ouol
4 Ehansl (HsoH) n dentiek amntathsaa
H-Bond s pruatnt
dunkiy alcohol
als o caed piit
5. Mih ansl (CH0H)
to ic acohol
ako called wood apiit '.
hetms Bu
Rod clls are damagrd nd pusen con
6. Autemu cH -CH3) tEtun (CH3-0-cHz)

Na paint n am atattuuta j e l l e n

also
Remov .
calud Thinn d n puuwmu
m adichiny aug
alho uatd a Dhug
3-yRLsWain x
ASolE walue Joms latu wth soap nd dtant.
. Hand Wal .Do esnt fon Jatkv with soap ma olutgE

Becaune Jmpunulus
K mpwilis Cal2 OR CaSOy OR Cal Hco3)2
Mg Soy Mg Hcos)
¥ Removal s HaHdmus
eposa handmuss Becaus o Bicartb onalus Calciun
&nd magniawm.

ww "By Boilig
l a e k uhod s y adding Caco, oR Cao)

Bzcaun o sulphales OR chlonidus

.Puamant handMs
caluwn nd magneauum.
Zeoli AOCLAS
A ype ponous eabalyut.
foxmulo, Na AL(Sio)3
att
So dlium aluninium Ailic

C. Hea Walie
D a o (Dautvium ouida)

pHooluud kuy elexolyau n o u a l w o u

, thne u i pant a huauyp
#n 6ooo po momal wa'
walw.
#Puu lo ,000 Libu(expenaue
 . eauy, watu hae high meltng md Boilng pomt khan
no ual w alur :

Nasumal wa Heay w a u

o'c 3.6 'c

Malking pt
lol C
ooC
Eailiny P
aLit s ward. n mueik n l a t as a mo durako.

utsOuwn walu s Alkalineu? * dn ocLom wall, 1ons

msdluu to pusavmu eNa oL duga pop
Meduss a
8
pH oum walus Oamisma
LA Ran drap shape s oval ?
* Plamt Hoots absarbs
dns'dlu to u au lenaion wdu uy 0sma sis .

0smo sis*
mOYnt
o my solunt em high conc o low conc hycugu
ALmi puKmLab le umbuam

usRobten egg smel

gas( Hyouogm ad sulphids (H,s gar)
*dn volamoes, Hs gas raluaaLd mon.
CuLs-Nacl apximklud em iis -

w om? wal + Nal

fLVamt i mulkny. Clu)
ha uuam mlking paint bec oms louw duu to j u u n g muxile

Nat apuinkling.
watv + Nat
duus
uns h e a t t e 8uine solutien
Na highly eacduie H.O
i n t in ail wull edinguishud hy eninguiaud luy kurosen
Sou 0 poun u t

* Phoaplhonsus tam nduu u m A.

 Carhon ampad
-Carbon= nen-mtel
dorni'c d . 6
Htari'c mass 12

Carbon Kos valeny o rake lor

chan
Carban has catenaion poiwe n
iphe
peviodbe table Ochane SiVcon
Csh alo kau
7 Caanabon
-C-
-C-é C -
M H H

- Carbor
make Covalen Bond dus w 4mal
valence 4ell Chenicas Bend
lonic
Allotrnpe an bon ovae
ydp
Dianomd Abn-meal Cordinati
- Hasdu allebape Vandes vad

C Tekohy dral
- C
Tehavakn

-C Shvht e
C
 Diamond i had canducor eeebaivi
du ahence og ee eleohor
Meliny pt = +7952
wed in alass cuh'ay, micaor cuhrg juot/og.

raphie Slotk lead

aood corndreor eleubicily
- e d in peni. lubocant, aa moevrakr
Cot0l vd inn-ea ebe
rephte A Aliopery alu t prene F
Vandek va Bond b/co ho lase
dopbie

vendekva
Rona

Aship val rsaphihe

Coke S0sandiV

= uked modekao
Grsphe
Fullerere Cso): aka Buekminsfer allerane
Grood Condutr
MP = bo0e
-

- wed n

making Nlanfub e, in tans-eh

bor making mic0Aip
bor

Crsaphere lote ol covere allorbtpe

Single laye G Crbon

ovd Condue .

- used in
makng msLh ouch scheer
LED, 7U puch 4crey
Bulet prOf Jake
in
makirg
Connbines bosm Carbon
n phoosyrhese
CO2
in pe ehiag ulsh&
lold dnk
reen House bras

Riogas
Makiy arbone Ase
tuby food
inmakno
s e
Dy ice (ob)
T-78.s¢
u s ed au y erabr in 4C..
 2. Carbon Manode Cco)
Aolublk i uman bleod
-

mo
oempg bbin Co rhoxy haengglb-n
Dah
silant kMee
wed in mat apru gas = COt

3 CH = MeMare/Marshges
Re/epsed in Bogas
- wefor coal eplasv'on

eyen
Crasesus plan Hosnmo

trit lnokral
o r speniy
dalpaf Pebsu
akiy yhere
SC2 lceftere
-

eipeniay Auit Canfonl

-in weldg

F# Carbon uih Halogen gvyp g a Z

selor 17 op in Pesodie
eerd
able.
Chlor Fhuro ashon CcF
aka ACgas Arepn ga
Bad for cbimatt
one d'ypleho
Mek npers
2 Chlofovm LCHcs
-
used aA mahet by. hanonia
-

ued i abcenee F

CHs t%
Phosg
ene

#nih ydooy gvp longa)

- ues ak salven
n makiag &09, 4hunpro, Condbbres
- uses bor ob'sssbuia Homepahie med ine

D CH oH Lme harel) Denahured

LTouit eHanol + meHans
 kebone rnup
e Acelone Nail paint removek
=

C- C

lhHsehyde gup LHeH)

oscmaldehyd
o ayuru sol. hrmaddeyde
a bmalin 3oluko

ef das body,
Presenah'm
pecinenn ibey lk
 lyners Molo ulo wephtz l hu
dolo
Polymeks e macko maecuses
foxmed mulkph maNmOk unit
Smales unit apet.

pomvy

On Me kasi ofcgi
Nakrl Semi'-
ynhuhe
Porin Celuore
Aceate ylarn 6.6
Celhlose
Celbdore Tey ere2
Mahrul kuhkes e

On He bask of ucktre

Lin@ak
Bxanhed Bnesg e
(vo-bnkea

den bnodensi
olyhone Melammna
Crard phsbi) Rek ebte
 o bauit o mloeulak wppityoxre
lesornes fbxers
Tharawrehy umrhsbe
Sofres infermobrulkt - Herdu

weaba orcel horget Hord wthe

intormoeculet
yon Healed
7roylene Coohs ofpoia
Bleible
89Mebne9-7fn,
BUnH- Raketto CPelystprere
BuNA- -hy e n
Neopore
 POLYMER

Polymer MonomeyY Use

, Polythene e hene

2. Polystye omb moMing

Styrene
3. PVc
(k Viny lch loide) Vingl Chlovicke Ppe main
4. Tefbn Tetsafluroethone Won-Sher CooKwoes

3. Terylene Dacron
s. TePolyes te TEvephathaic Acid+ Helnets
Ethylene+gycol
6. Folyacybnitsile Accrylonitie Woolen fiore
7.
Nybn 6,6 Adipic Acid-+ Bsistles of brush
Hexomethyldromine
8. Nylon 6 Captolactun Ropes moirg
9 Bakellite Phenol+ fosmeldehyde Elechicol Sutehes
Hendles of utencils

o. Melamine Mekmine+ fomeldbydeUnbreafoble CrocKery

. Artifciol Stx Cellvkse (glvcase) fibea/ cotton
Koyon
12 Viscose Cellulose Pavachute

13. Stosch Arnylose + Arny lopechin

RobbeY
NatoYal Rsbber Isopsene
Arhficial R bber Weoprene
Velcanizoton of Robber:
Nahpnol Robber A+ Sulpher Volcan'zated Rber
(s+fe CHovd)
A + Solher

Crosr Link
Storg0 Eondi
Suher(3-S) Avtovehicle'sre
in

Bollet proof Vest Kevlor (Bhemide)

Bllet proof Jactet> ly canbonutestLominated glax

Types af Polymer (on the bosis of hei Zntex moleeulor prces

. tostomers: Tntermolecwla forces 0e Weakest

: -Neoprene
2. Fibeys Tntemolecubr forces ae Stongest
-ybn

3. Thesmoplastic On heaing Sofe

On Cooli8g> Hard
eg-Pyhene, TEflon
On heoting Hard
. Thexmasetting:
On Cooling Soft
eg-Ba hellte, mebmine.
 sHerit oud,htoo
#Soap fats Pdnahe
obep ava
Solt of K/Na Hghey fatty aci.
R-CoOH + Cashc SodaSagconifration Solt +lycel
( Cooo)
twhere R Carbon chain used in
maKig Explosive

DetDetergent»
gent Tis he Salt of K/Na Sulphonit Aeid
I deceases he Surore tesion ef woter
CoC

#Estevifrcatton
Cao boxylic acid+ Alcohol ail

Coo tydrplywle
# Ghs IsCHELD ola
It Known as Super Cooled R-hyropipb2
liegurd.
Roui Materal Limestone Polat p o
ond PerRablu Soop
diom Carbonate (vaCos) yrera
Eano
Darfeas
1ypes of Glars eaku

Coloured Glass Chto mium Oxicde > reen

Cobalt oxide Blue
Lfon OXrde Broun
Manganese dioxede Porple/Res

yvex Gloss:
Bovax Na, 8,0, .

10H0
h hi's Bosax is Added resist he tempp
Used in
in Zabs> 7estvbes
 3. Ophcal gloss/ flint glas
glass
i s USed in the monifachuslng of Lens and

Prism
. Photbchvomatie glass
dol b presence of SILVER
BROMIDE h
become daK in Sunlighi.

S. fibre glass
I n his a laye of Plostic ptesent
T i uredin he making of aphcas fibre.

6. Soft/Sodo Ghss
Zt used in he maing of electric Bolb,
tubelight and window Ponelb

7. Crookek Glhss
n he monufachiung- of fancy a Sorglotsos
8. 3D Glass Known as loroid
Crown Glau Woamal 4pecg ung.
Cement
Tws frust made Taneph Appedin
Raw Matenal Limstone
Cl
ypsu
op
pe of Cement
0 Motar Cemtnt + Sond+ H,0
Cancxete> Cement +Stontpreces +H0
RCC Reinforced Cancaete Cement
(Gnerete Cement + Steel bar)
 The cel Yhy
Roset Hrok dcove.

"AN pland and animals aka malte c

cell he hase unt fe"
- M SAhdon L TSehwam

Cell Theay
e

ne 0 more cell
uncelulp mulh-celledse
ce Came Aom pore-evkhz9
c
cel dnde and jorm new CeM

unicehulkhk nulh celludes

rmoArno eba, botteb Kumaus, whle
Chlmydomonu e. ree e
All funchirtly Segte ifeant cell pefom
CeM &ols
Ce_
4 4peupc 7eue kdn
funchon muc/e
Uvek

Sanalle cel= botewa

 celk

Undifeanthòkod Dedferfabes
Digoantat
Capahe ounteyo Speonlbee cel Some
cek ake capabe
Peyforrniy dfal
h ceCaniml) untin Fmvehng
bach b undipre
mesrraht cel Hotd meninaie
pon ce wun ya7.

3
ermponen found inin evey
cell cel.

Lell mun bane yrhplhun Nucdes

CJe bke fuwi
CeCe w preen nly
anly Plant celungus
bacow
Nod
NO pee in timad cel

Pokoryohe e l
alwoy unicellup
breneh
mafeoa
No bohond'va
but netn No cAon plest
a ucRu No ER

Pimi hive i n camplete cel

LTaue nucleu iA absentt

en ehe suslance bound y a memboane
Eukasy ohc cel
Tsve nucleus preent

and camplete
hdpned Han
gankrs lome
found in all boiny
klue grren algae)
baovs and
upoobakyohe

hlornplas n plant celd

Membane- bound pan e l
av preent

- c e l m e m b r a n e

Mbchondouin / "selechivey pumeaba

rogi'bod
R'bosome (free)
Rbaxomelaehey
d o d o m e
- Nuc/eut
onro Cenke"
Endhplasme
Rebheulum
C r g m o S a m e

Conbau'h

DNA
prein
E

unere
Nucleolus Grene
ade
Pvdvday po/ey
 Shuchire udeu in he ntre Cnoy)

Nucteoplaum = ae
nudep memkawe
contained n
nuteus
Civng povt of
yheplhtr we Aorkphan.
covekedby celmekrane.
hiklui'od
ytasol+ erganelh hplzA7
gl-bke hchme

oganle

nuded
Weceoplas
hucleuu cankai Cagmahi
ksus maesiad
Cornol ersed

CrpmaSOme7
hetp i inheudene or

hofe chara t e
generabn

Dehoill Ce dayane
Pwtpbimm = Pial
balis fe
9o wrade p Cak bor?,y ragen, Mbegen
Otyen
 2. Muceus
Ae Componer nutlou
omakin huad Lbe nkoa
nhucleolu (a lainia
DNA CUommahin ndnl mosame
Caomnsomu con bin ene
ssegrmen w
umchiomal unit tmo some

3.Rkosome s'he paiein Synhe/s

Carnlain Rn

4ysosome dipeu hive baa/euicide by

Suhsana
secseh enyme h a t frod
y ewen
e enire dmages 0r

deas cek can hern

toining hen
Endoplasnic Reh cudm
Tube -he shuchse nucle membana
membrane helas n banspes
plasma

ko 9nfeunal uppos cel

membsare 4
hetpin foanalirn q Pasa
golgi hodi

2yp el
Royh ER Smooh CA
-Rubosgns ad psesent on 4wrfta -Asent
- help in ynhesls rannpodtabon Symhess4harspa
Pootein Lipiols
6. Grela
anlg Conpe Cue funchrn colee.fiag poten
&ecxehon

he cell
e ER
pans em utiale
helpe in famelion o spmel t ewxnsgmes
i n plant - GC = Dicposgrre

uochondnáá 2Dd shaped

Contains DwA
has eyme or cellular upiain
Pawe Horuse / E e /
Coll L shrrod u
Adenosine nphogala
CAT
8.Plashi'ds reemblz mibchorndu'a
LFound in pant cels ony Synhesre
at, potens and 4areh
Cantain DNA
has pgmn
typ eucoplaut olbvr/es
n s e cel Abrage cells

OUsom0plass Rgmen to colrk pag

lant
Chlooplosh conain Chlo mphy = bxeen
Co 2 sun Sugah
 Animal and Plant cel
&oh hove mitbchondia
Chbsoplas nlyi plant ce

Ro hove vacuoA
Plant lagt, Sigude vacuote
nimals Snale may
Pant e ave a Cel wwal ceumenbare
givés unyve, seckrgudak
skape
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 rai HeartF
bo 2 baaú
Hears
3D 150gprs
Cardiolgy Peah sfaped
mau la cmankahs
located /w 2 lwngs bus

L o ght Aide > Destoardio e

on)
for pumping blavd, - arkahn Expansin
Amembane cowers heasd Cadie memboare
Bovides ptechom
Weakt has pa
Lef

VENTRCL

#Pumpilg
Carakochorn> bbod ex heat
(sysole)

Eapansin bbrod enters hear

CDisble)
HeassLeast]= Sya. Dic 7Oml &ood
Amped
9ino Auwiculas node poduceu eat
s ea

Noxmas Heavdseas- Men 72

Women-79
kabi 120-00
Usuall But gor mat dewslt.
Ven inpuke blovd Autm omay Ven:
blooa
tAt eyy
y > Are bfovd Pudmonay otey Impur2

va
|
Supervos

Vera
ca
Hand
Bsain
4 Caheho
Astery
Pdnernay
Ven
ulmonay
Atery
vendCauv
PHeART AoRTA

Cebac
ven colae
Shma
Hepahc e Hepahi
ven veg abey
Porked
Supet medentoc
ven Tnteakinek

- kenal
Renal,
ven
kidney

mias
blooa
ininprtiy
 Valve valves in Human heak
h p bockwaro flrw lbod
heu exceu cafcim Hardeniy
valvee

Have h se
plocesd

xeneg 1o
Lung CPig vave at ued)

Rrs sovnd- I1
kwt
Pulmomay Produred y eotiag
valve HEART'-Miba
Valve
Tricaspid value

bde
A oxh 2 casi ote hao
7ncuspd va/ve
vahe
Sound Lvbs -Duh
abranas :
mwtr- mdh
yp wves
Bicuspd 7rcusp
 Cadae yde
3 pats
A
A. Auhicula Sysble > BloDd pukod iMo eAtnde

8. Vercle gyshle blood pufed from keast

o3 0ee.
C. Diasble

ak vanbeys hear epend

Loh sec

#S'no Aiculas Node

LAsoduce hearLea L nowgking
Hv node > elays heak/4eat
Pooper
Pare-makek ia
& up undek
Collax bone
aiyival beat
Pvdvces
Powored hg
Lihium betey

Ettetn- andio rapit

LSable 4 dichlo are nohad
L Potenhal didferene a cafulated
Mbma &lood Areu uka

Lels
Helmeai uked B or he i a t e
L phiapmo meno mee ned b meaA wke

ro-ension ype-aion
-
a low a LSweak, hetpan
Heat-abbuk

144 Oxge Aoaign: hobake sal

Yellersk skn Tenir anwi e
Sweainy Bmo king
Reason lor-e ine
weakneu
 Bovd gap
Lends/oinek discoreres (evain yto paotei
nhb odes a RC urface Plhna
podured Surfpre
0 Anhgen Anh'g en Aoh bso
fen: ppdure ro: shergher
ymphoy anhbod imnun
Boad gop ia dame Angen
AnHgen Bgod hohksdy Donate Atep
npup
A 4 A, 4B A 0

B
4
AB > 4B
All
Absent O 3,6
0 uni verdasdonos
HB+ Univetsal orep

TRh-fobr oAnbye '

Nenen and Landeener dscwered in RAeseA
mgn key

Anhgen D e
preues ve e A+,8, 0+ek
ahset> -ve

Rht danoRAt Rhdoe RAt 4 Rh

Rht Rh
RA
 Ey o blas nsit ds ease-
Mohex patrbes
erale wih Ah
Wonuph Phcera
Male wih
Arhgens ake kanyfersed pem
ahe'
PAO lood noher h
s4pbes y enbyo
R h 6/rod enbyo gelmiad
wih nohen'y Kloos
Mohee' cod add poduce anhbodie

Z 4:ld woasd born

But duig 2 Aild, mohes Leod+ anhsaobes

wus entes enbayo
inemyD
CExy o las/osa)
Soluhion: dechey anh-boobes
 76ind Bleod grp a
Faheh Metmes

AB
2 2Y 25
o 25

amee Mohe
O
&

ahe Mohes

SD A
 Respioatary Syam
intake
owidahin
rvo
Ene
Extea Tanyr
Ais Jungs H body par
anyey
Cels caky sus
owdahon
selease ellu

eneegr-La7)

praoho
Aerobic Anoeribi2
-in paeence o g n - assence O2
-in mes cel

ogons inveves =Nose

ogs Phaymx
Toachea
luys.
Nose
-Cavhlay aus Fan
akes a frarn amophehe and hanprlk
sakea
Repiu
Veaf ut ofoby Respisot
i e wahmes and
Arvn paxt Sonell moihr smd
- onnees
lkahon sain
ai Hais
Dogs have
ofochy

voca Cosod

Tsachea
Pleuokane
e
leva
ple

Boonch

. Diaphopo
Vocal toxd> podu vace
20*
5 mnfemala 7
Voire box / yryr
Small ape hph pilehe ferak
fosm ed by Caxhlaye
Tsochea> hanspou4 air ngs
l-shaped cakhleg e paovid aypp
tylain
Lin
L lrwek pas dvides o 2 par
calls

ngs caves y plewra membane

Priktakion blood{
vesb
Unt of ng
=

- 2 core prUe

Diphayn me dauwnunsd lungs expad

Sutfore Ara
inCreale
A enter
 Cxterma Aeupiati
Atnosphete ungy

Snhalahi E halahi

O, 20:9 O 6
Co0 03

N 79/y paihipafa
N 78
No
n
ephalon
Tsanlporahor ase

gei miras in hevd

Oypen catie y HaLmagobin (H 70, »

yr
4 oma anaunt* cabe
yPhtm oenly 5)
hs in RRC
<12gm/lao m Anemi

LTo Casdu'ed a b'-casbonate

23 Can bimino

y Plasma
 Ceulak Respisalig
oidaHtor n ce.> EneylA1?)
Crhurose la che
Acd hed
Enesgy povaduco ake pbe nbhondeo

owen hase
cel

Phocphae las
Ppodvns i n celhubs
ATP=Adinospe
p ' : 3AMIP
bres ene

Rapirahion=
Rate
breahk pe inutes /2 S breaks

Hod2o h 5 break
work
as mol ene

# 1200nl ar aluay poeaent n únge,

# SoD nl ar tn 6reah

2500 t 3000 ml = m .
cap ody G ug
 rell 24Tp
Eney coera umed y

and prduhtn a e vesl

 Nervou alystem
Neuaons Souchuas and funh snal unit
unt

brain

LReceve akomul m
Receive phr, detecs
ano krarkm Cental Nervotu
Syaen
D e n d i r e

Symapte
Nucheus
Al tro
ranimy

Renuek
Nessel noda
goandy
Dend7on

Neuron

DendaonReceive infoamabo

Nesse' ganls: Poten Sypothess

Aon:lindruical eube
L fr Aend nfpasmaliom/¬lPkockais
ipulse
lo veyed byylein Skeadh
shmdate Signalk
Renviek ode Increases neru
 End pelnt tson ynaphc knob
Lubolen part
Neurokankgrn o pakt

bundle
Weuro nal pALL
Hnough merves
2 newroM a Comee by
Synayse

fem
Cen tras Nehucu &ys bem
Lonsist Brnin
Spinal Cord
Peuiphenal enoul ayter

Auhnonit Meous
 Bxaain
a/euxolgY
tebomn

Coxpus
Collhu vm

ThaMaonus

Prkuiesy
ypoMallhmuu

Pong Ceresellu
Medula

Spin
Cos

ully
huly deelopd n6-7yars
3 ay erud

Durawmater outet
hransidZ vddl Meny
L Aaorec bxain
Pranatvn » ian h
8u loye4 brain, Cerbraepnas lus
praent
 Pant o ran
hrebain dbxoun ind bain
Tholamus Pepodutim
D:ncepho77
D,encephlm
ypoMalhmua »dunge, Miat nad Aap
brekain hisut, ek sex duië
Cerebou lapes past f braintY")
9deas, Mheughb, intellpera -Famlal
LyVicuad interpepehon Pakielal
Pracesiny ge
Veio memory embhon Tempad

lornbo wsign
Occpihd

Hind brain

Cerebedu »
bolandeg body
(o be afectes dusieg alcohal itake
Medula Invodunary povceuu kseainy
denhiry ek
Mid bsain =
amect ortbain and ind braa.

Pevipherad Alerworus s o
Netwoxk nenve found
Bettn
autkebe bv'n and pinad pinonina
Core

Cords

Nerues oran

bings infonmabon CUS Ogas

CwS

PNS
Spinal neve
Canial Ave
3/ pair
/2 pair
C62 oal)
 Aubnomic Mewors ayaeon

inpulburam CS nvobha/y-
Pelay

ANS

mpatesc Prlsympakahe
Aerelorate heas beas lorw ed
D.late ak/ee Enlayye up
lowes BP inraase

8himulase salivayY makes reshig

glands
decseue weat inoLale
gland ecreian

darco co test : Botimhnryal uued

#Bran appiyiprdse #
intputes brin ate
ate

meassMs
 Repzoduehve ale
Poocducb #p
Repoduch
exual Ase uat
Grameke aka paoduud rametes aka not poduod
Spems lr

Human p0duLAve azan

Paima Seconda
Ogans wshis podua larhepaa in seeodue hon
garete
Ovayy CA
7eahs

usehy
2Semina
vaAocle
Speur

4sehsa
pidedymu
Teahe
 Teks 2 numbe
Aag ag-Ube uchue Coptum
mase F|hbua
foxmedn okdomen Usde
ombrye Temprakka
enshive
L-7mom Pxpand ahen
kansfeted AAum T
a n k o wshes
#ephani: Scoknn not '7'
found

frn) Pvdvre 4p v?
eMini
Sepnevou hubuls a fund in rafs

aydiet Ce

Pxodue spesnM
cowed hen

Produe male ser hozmene

Andapgen -5ears
Seniny eny
Tesrasfero
hbuldh

Epideclpr aval ho

Epidedyud hoses 4pekm pvduus dy e

dt = hans pa Apem pm teuht

p em
S'eminal v@ule = Pesmanenty
S/ore
Ssiypties'duir gjaaulaton
Rras ae gland bcates inpnt F
chnn
see2 pAsKes e cenhe

Ponoete and
Secxela alui udeh potecl 4pehm

# SeMe numbe founs

F pesm ale
Seme
P 7.4

focose carboydrceh founs

ejaulahon =3ml semen 14kespan
spehn: 72
so0 m Spem Saroh ce
Psv vicks
nuinon

73
 Fenale mduhve yso
Ovasie
ovai
- pai f ardrnt/abpivkse
- uerus
5
arehr
hube
uer Endomervm
Vagrns
Vulea
n femae-femal 4e agaj
Oygonad
ovasAkap and cose he
bdry
bdney
0r v2
Thoya h 0o9enesi pm
eeaes me

pe aNA

2 homones ovak'e
esogn Ppestrene
eninine va -
o i n e tary
Seft shin duswing merssuas
dut. rommay Ghnd
reeue mahse y
yde
fepr i meintenwe
eh

Oviducs ub vbe
vasy h e uherus
ulens hotow nusulah yan wwm opau o
ild
Cenuix= Junchtr o vagina and ufere

Vyina Bix canad

aecxet mucaus keep he ho w

Fexbezabti Duisvizg
Duing copulahn o
mibisnk pena
neeases 1a6

agina
SpenA eoh
oVum - uteruu
SpO falpn
ente hube

exhbre
oons
nenbsane
pedenf ohex fechitahr
Spem om
en teuiry

-9 dayt
2yfoh ae s cendu
geahin g o e aache
uterus
h Ufeine wnll
divsin ok
Cnplenahon)
Nous rgole id
knoton aA enbyo
Ebaxyo gel ntahon frern
mo
heu' /od Hovys
plarenta (waste of embayo
h also emoves
 ovulahn ge loh 13
Dhulesw shnclate
Shrrulohy houmore
Folbib.
ovayes Ona pub
ekare o egn 4 agettre

Penodvchve phaie ftnalu s-50yeu

=

chdacevses mersalye.

vaY podures evey 2gh dy

uheu ol became hek -

reasy 6 rewve

3gofe

& not ve@ived: weruu

ualle
brlahs

Loop o appey-7 =
Znka -ufeuine aacephve
Deuire
Places in uteruu h erent P y

#Vaetmy Va de exers in nales ia hoked

Tuecory: llapian Tuse &/ ka

S1Ds ADS

Syphile
Cren hl Hrpd
 hektal &yuten
sbetelas syten
Skull
Wpe
pad o
mfer cuk kiin

No. koree z 22 ear bonelb

2&ptuod
Yanb Akull onel

Csaniu (3) Pay

Eae hgne (6)

Sepes
rempo
mallu3x2-6 aid6one
A nd undek
inud tound gue pund n
middk ea ecR

aud honls
Pygomahe (heek 4oru l)
Marila i
ancbulas ) Cc
Nose hu 6).
y a Aove ()
 Pair o12 bomee 2u koma
pwecd deart and ungs
Uinites morenent tornu

to 7 e
Chent bone Stenu)
Conneteo %
S/onv Toye

29 410 Rhs
14/2 loakiy
Rs
Ventebval Calunn
Atas base5
Suppors b bod
Numbes
As Aotahon
2 n Cld
26 in hotul
Spind cosd
9a veesehas aum
7ofal 26 columns
bundle nevee houoo
L aka.
Spinat Cord
Ltonnech
w
dtekenk sgard
oin
 Tohal cotumn 26

Cenital (7)
oraie lrn)
Lumher l(5)
Sacum c ) /
ocay Ci) (w

ocors Girdle
Colah or& u bme

Humeus

Bcapula/Rlade bone/ Clav'al

P ha ) Hat b

Capal (8)
me apol5)
ONPhal/eygus (n)
30 bon i
, - 60 bane in
one hand
Umbe
 0 2 honee
emue)

Patela
1eg5 3 X2 6 0

1:6a
Cu) rbil

77aksald4
(7
Pkallg meh
tarsals

gamin

Joing

B Sn ona
Bone 10nt-2arnen nemenu
Smov
lu'd
Bone nuuc/e Tendon
 Tint Abxholog4 ind

Poymanen
Tempony Perfes
kvbne
Verkkaos Ball
olumn, dock e 1 n
Rs ca
ge Jin
imos
mOVemow
Pvo elptgd,
Saddle 1oint
Cempstely m t
Bal and Aocket1oint
360 movt.
Humerus wh Aahro Grsdle
Femuk wwh Pese aide

Kige Tint > door- Uhe

noventant n 0me obivechon
ebouw 4nee

Pivo/ 3nt
otahon &
oradiu 4 r a
lookig eyyt and i t
Neck sLul! 4
Aie)
Elpsaid Jgin Sadde Tint
Phaegges,
u Raolvius and caspal
ulha
(abiddky 1oint
Caxpals - Carpals
 Musdes
Buld p aud bads iredres.

Numbet 639 fo 6s3)

Shoges Mau teru ucle /Jouo)
laxyes alues bubock
lange &arbo'd Thighs
buie Candae heak
invslunay
Biceps
7ceps
Foreahn
ochrol> hear

euadit ept Sarybriu (ngh)

Calfreps
Delsols Shadde
 Ebiminaton wue Ddues Am ked

bod

Melabob
nabobsm Caabobs

Human excxetoy áAtem Corsi

a
pais g bdneyt
e l e r hube
iameA out dney
eah

naybladoes
Lwhe Uine
Collecke,
era

kine: seanshaped
wmpoces emrany erie unig-Nepher
Mepkn nchgnas unt oo hdny
hadney

atomertu
Rouwmank capCule

.co leci
duc
 Nepa37 kang/es
e e n g port = abmervluu

alo mesulus = ehwo bloros apilat

arenaa/ey atachs
Encloses in a tpcul kporhm
Bowrane apR ule
extends int aine hée e s
goee he cale hir9 d v

erahow gloerlus-
peltuk2
ilterabon
ntidAomeailu separate uutt.
bood tomes i lomelus Mvuegh ewrs
Astovol

eruns aomeul edferen

atero aferwb
 ahnd and Homna

balnndsOgans ushich Acete AAne

Ghnds
EMotine Endo csne

DuctDuct ate found - Ductle

Reease 3me -

Med uhebma drty

ino Blooo,
Rekse Hoomone

##Mixedgland e laneseas

Phulayy gand o s
found in Brain
lanneces ws pohakms

Hnterwo Para fobizl sbmulatig honsne

i relepes

Ma4ter
Gnlana
Luteingiag homare
EAdsenocorh ceit Shimelale Moran
7hy 9d honudabi doon,
bravuh Hoa.
Middle Malenbsia Shimulalig Home
oorks on smosM m Leucodenma) Pin eut Skn Coltih
wwr mdu Yoshesw'os Owbeo, Hamhep in lackahon
conohon>ama dabveg. Birh Honn,
Anh Dilhc Homsne »cnol
Ptosin injechon /70
wareE
in uinee
bnspoh Hom Shmula/z gou
Lke boala
dtoazdes >fou
Cheomyl
a444 duwvarfreu

FSH
Spenrm

LH Shnulah pordurbon and Spe

7SH Shmulat Thy vaid

Shimulnl Adbenat Gland

#ACTH

abnd 5Tm)
- locahd boh 4iodlu rochea
Relenes hy oine Hoaonene

hAvateu Cropsh Hoanore

-&alance lodne dhieny zoike1

*hen Secsebion Hormone is dj» Jard contdes
Haskinbo
Sel-dpoion
# hoahymb
U
gland
y o s Glond
locatrd around
i n umbet
SeCete parahyrb Movm ove aka

Paranyi
Cothol alrim atnl

Thy mus Gland

keAindternm
secete hymosin Hou e
Main bin innune2 gah
y auhie in adul

# Peneas Ghnd
- in Bran

conecfe whhahmu
3ye human Biolegcas cbok
bund tn children

Con vente tofo 'koous hesue

Sote poin Melafeoin Homgne
BP Crthok elanin
hd'senal Gland
loated boh bdne
Cap skapes
Ae' gland> Sugar melaboekry
>Balt eaining
e hoamone povobu
Sotroe ene
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7sojan hrse pentiry tely as ghinahe
Maluare

slw.-inthl! malware achorns.

ky malvaka uthicA ahru all heyumkes
Cmpuken - ardperuoral nfornaho).
Rootk/ =
Secxet cpufek Y
cenhoves atreu a Corputek

ahvely oing Peene.

They are atociakbs w

malvrt2

Tratyiar wIns viaues

Spyunre =w nlalled whou he end
uses hn swkdye aeals inene
Agye daka sersve iefoamato

Adware =unwantes hw deplny adverhsenen

n coputeh Acveln

Phistong ybe- akack b ial user dna

nchrdiog ptn cedrtal uity
enail a weap f to'ckeing seajpient
in pouioiy pedpnre forratis

&mufrg: a pe Dental-of s i c e

atark hat
nerwork wih lae volume F
manpulahin P
KoBeyh
addreue in ne
attak can vedul in rtme ,
o ees aci o ve udedm ve