Year 7 Cell Specialisation

Organisation of The
Organism
OVERVIEW
• CELL STRUCTURE & ORGANISATION

• LEVELS OF ORGANISATION
• SIZE OF SPECIMENS
INTRODUCTION ORGANI-
SATION
• Imagine gas exchange occurs in a cell and a mice to stay alive

• A cell gas exchange can be done via diffusion because it is small
• A mice require organs because they are big, diffusion cannot occur
• Larger organisms are made up of cells
• Cells work together forming larger structure called tissue
• Tissues then made up organs and then organ system
• Systems work together forming an organism; animals, human,
trees.
CELL STRUCTURE
&
ORGANISM
Must: describe and compare the structure of a plant cell with an
animal cell, as seen under a light microscope
Should: state the functions of the structures seen under the light
microscope in the plant cell and in the animal cell
Could: identify and state the function of mitochondria and rough
endoplasmic reticulum in diagrams and images of cells
Cell structure & organisation
• Cell is the building blocks of life
• Simplest units of life
• Chemical reactions in the cell keeps organism alive
• Have different shapes and various functions
• All cells have cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus and vacuole.
Plant cell
Animal cell
CELL STRUCTURE PLANT & ANIMAL
CELLS
Name of part Description Function
Cytoplasm Jelly-like with organelles and particles •Contains cell organelles (e.g
inside. mitochondria, nucleus, ribosomes).
Cell membrane Semi-permeable layer that forms •Prevent cell contents from escaping
boundary around the cytoplasm. •Controls the movement of particles
going inside or outside the cell.
Nucleus Circular/ oval structure containing DNA in •Control cell activities (e.g. cell division,
the form of chromosomes. development).
Vacuole (small) Fluid filled space enclosed by a •Contain water and food substance such
membrane. Animal cells only have small as proteins & carbohydrates.
vacuoles
PLANT &
CELL STRUCTURE ANIMAL
CELLS
Name of part Description Funnction
Ribosomes Can be found attached to ndoplasmic •Synthesis protein

reticulum’s membrane of floating free in
cytoplasm
Smooth & rough Smooth ER •Producing, transporting and
Endoplasmic Flattened cavity surrounded by a membrane storing proteins
Reticulum which links with the nucleus.
Rough ER
ER with the membrane holds ribosome
Mitochondria Slipper shaped, oval or elongated when •Produce energy from food
viewed in 3D. Most numerous in regioins of substance through aerobic
rapid chemical activity respiration process
CELL STRUCTURE PLANT CELLS
Name of Part Description Function
Cell wall tough, non-living layer made of •Gives plants fixed shape
cellulose surrounding the cell •Prevent plant cell from bursting
membrane. •Freely permeable layer that allows water and
salt to pass through
Vacuole (large) A fluid filled space surrounded by a •Contain cell sap, a watery solution consists of
membrane. salts and sugars.
•Help to keep plant cell firm, creating outward
pressure by pushing cytoplasm aside.
Chloroplast An organelle containing chlorophyll •Traps light energy for photosynthesis
CELL STRUCTURE CHLOROPLAST
• Contain green pigment called

chlorophyll
• Grana found in chloroplasts
contain chlorophyll which
captures energy from sunlight
• Essential for photosynthesis
Label the cell
PLANT VS ANIMAL
CELL STRUCTURE CELLS
Animal Cells Plant cells

Cell wall absent Cell wall present
Chloroplast absent Chloroplast present
Small vacuoles, temporary in animal cells Large vacuoles containing cell sap.
LEVELS OF
ORGANISATION
Must: define and give examples of tissue, organ and organ
system
Should: describe the structure of the specialised cell to
their functions
Could: explain the different levels of organisation in
drawings, diagrams and images of familiar material
CELL
CELL ORGANISATION SPECIALISATION
• Most cells become specialised

after they have finished dividing
and growing
• Referred to division of labour
• When cell specialised, they:
• Do one particular job
• Develop distinct shape
• Undergo special kinds of
chemical change in their
cytoplasm
CELL ORGANISATION CILIATED CELL
Cell structure Adaptation to Function
Tiny cytoplasmic Form the lining of the nose and

hairs called cilia windpipe
Perfrom continual •Creates stream of fluid (mucus)

flicking movement •Cdust and bacteria through the
bronchi and trachea away from
the lungs
XYLEM
CELL ORGANISATION VESSELS
Cell Structure Adaptation to Function
Long hollow Enables water to move

tubes (no easily through the lumen.
protoplasm)
Lignified walls Lignin strengthens the

walls and prevents the
xylem vessels from
collapsing
ROOT HAIR
CELL ORGANISATION CELL
• Long and narrow

• Increase surface area to volume ratio of the cell
which leads to increased absorption of water
and mineral salts from the soil
PALISADE
CELL ORGANISATION MESOPHYLL
CELL
• Columnar and packed with chloroplasts

• Helps to make food by trapping light energy for photosynthesis
CELL ORGANISATION RED BLOOD
CELL
Cell Adaptation to Function

structure
Contains Haemoglobin transports
haemoglo O2 from the lungs to all
bin parts of the body.
No Carry more haemoglobin
nucleus which leads to increased
transport of oxygen.
Circular Increased surface area to
biconcave volume ratio of the cell.
shape Hence, increased transport
of O2
CELL ORGANISATION SPERM CELL
Cell Structure Adaptation to Function

Male sex cell with oval Contain nucleus which carries genetic
shaped front information
Tip called acrosome able to Digest cells around an egg and the egg
secrete enzyme membrane.
Mid-piece packed with Provide energy for rapid movement.

mitochondria
Tail Moves with a whip-like action enabling the

sperm to swim.
CELL ORGANISATION NERVE CELL
• Conduct elecctrical impulses along the fibre to and

from the brain.
• Very long fibres and connects distant parts of the
body to CNS and spinal cord.
CELL ORGANISATION EGG CELL
• Spherical and larger than sperm cells

• Ova, singular: ovum
• Have large amount of cytoplasm
• Contain yolk droplets made up of protein and fat
• Nucleus carries genetic information
• The function is for reproduction
LEVELS OF ORGANISATION TISSUE, ORGAN
AND SYSTEM
Tissue
• A group of similar cells which work
together to perform a specific function
• E.g. Muscle, lining of intestine, root hair
tissue.
Organ
• Structure made up of a group of tissues
working together to perform a shared
function.
Organ System
• A group of organ of related function,
working together to perform body
function. Cells of the larger organisms
cannot survive on their own
SIZE OF
SPECIMEN
Must: understand the basic feature of light microscope
Should: calculate magnification and size of biological
specimens using millimetres as units
Could: calculate magnification and size of biological specimens
using millimetres and micrometres as units
SIZE OF SPECIMENS
 Most cells cannot be seen with
naked eye.
 Hand lens have magnification up to
20x
 Light microscope provide
magnification up to 1500x (most in
school up to 400x)
 Eyepiece magnification is 10x
 Magnifying power indicates how
much larger the image will be
compared to the specimen size.
 E.g. (x10 eyepiece)( x40
objective lens)
 Total magnification is 400x
SIZE OF SPECIMEN MAGNIFICATION
• When image is drawn, the drawing is usually much larger than the image
• When calculating the magnification make sure that units of both sizes are the same.
• Calculating magnification:
observed size of the image (or drawing)

Magnification =
actual size of the specimen
• Calculating actual size of specimen:
Actul size of observed size of the image (or drawing)

=
specimen magnification
• Make sure the units are quoted
SUMMARY
• All cells contain cytoplasm enclosed in a cell membrane and most of
them have nucleus which carries genetic information.
• Chemical reaction take place in the cytoplasm to keep the cell alive.
• Only plant cells have cell wall, large vacuole, and chloroplasts.
• Cells are often specialised in their shape and activity to carry out
particular jobs.
• Cells specialised and arranged themselves to tissue, organ and finally
make up systems.
• Magnification of a specimen can be calculated if the actual size and
the size of the image are known.

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Organisation of The

• CELL STRUCTURE & ORGANISATION

• Imagine gas exchange occurs in a cell and a mice to stay alive

Name of part Description Function

Ribosomes Can be found attached to ndoplasmic •Synthesis protein

Name of Part Description Function

• Contain green pigment called

Animal Cells Plant cells

• Most cells become specialised

Cell structure Adaptation to Function

Tiny cytoplasmic Form the lining of the nose and

Perfrom continual •Creates stream of fluid (mucus)

Cell Structure Adaptation to Function

Long hollow Enables water to move

Lignified walls Lignin strengthens the

• Long and narrow

• Columnar and packed with chloroplasts

Cell Adaptation to Function

Cell Structure Adaptation to Function

Mid-piece packed with Provide energy for rapid movement.

Tail Moves with a whip-like action enabling the

• Conduct elecctrical impulses along the fibre to and

• Spherical and larger than sperm cells

observed size of the image (or drawing)

• Calculating actual size of specimen:

Actul size of observed size of the image (or drawing)

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