Orthographic Projection

Orthographic Projection
Introduction
The Six Principal Views
➢ The 6 principal
views are
created by
looking at the
object,
straight on, in
the directions
indicated.
Introduction
➢ Orthographic projection = 2-D
representation of a 3-D object.
Introduction
➢ An orthographic projection represents
different sides of an object.
The Glass Box Method

➢ How do we create the 6 principal
views?
Glass Box Method
➢ The object is
placed in a
glass box.
➢ The sides of
the box
represent the
6 principal
planes.
Glass Box Method
➢ The image of
the object is
projected on
the sides of the
box.
Glass Box Method
➢ Things to
notice!
→ The
projection
planes.
→ The
projectors.
→ How
surfaces A
and B are
projected.
Glass Box Method
➢ The box is
unfolded creating
the 6 principal
views.
Exercise 1-1
Principal Views
Exercise 1-1
➢ Label the 5 remaining principal views with
the appropriate view name.
Name
each
view.
Top
Name
each
view.
Top
Right Side
Name
each
view.
Top
Right Side Rear

Name
each
view.
Top
Left Side Right Side Rear

Name
each
view.
Top
Bottom
What are the differences
between the Right Side
and Left Side views?
Top
They are mirror

images with one
different line Bottom
type.
What are the differences
between the Top and
Bottom, and Front and
Rear views?
Top
They are mirror

images with
Bottom
different line types.
Which view(s) have the
least amount of hidden
or dashed lines?
Top Front and top views.
Bottom
The Standard Views

Standard Views
➢ When constructing an orthographic
projection, we need to include enough
views to completely describe the true
shape of the part.
→ Complex part = more views
→ Simple part = less views
Standard Views
➢ The standard views used in an
orthographic projection are;
→ Front view
→ Top view
→ Right side view
➢ The remaining 3 views usually don’t

add any new information.
Standard Views
➢ How many views do we need to
completely describe a block?
Standard Views
completely describe a block?
2 views.
The 3rd view
duplicates
information.
Standard Views
completely describe a sphere?
1 view.
A sphere
has only one
dimension.
Its diameter.
Front View
➢ The front view shows the most features
or characteristics of the object.
→ It usually contains the least amount of
hidden lines.
→ The front view is chosen first and the other
views are based on the orientation of the
front view.
View Alignment
➢ The top and front views are aligned
vertically and share the same width
dimension.
➢ The front and right side views are

aligned horizontally and share the same
height dimension.
Exercise 1-2
Line types
Example 1-2
➢ Notice how different line types are used.
Exercise 1-3
Line use in an orthographic

projection
Exercise 1-3
➢ Fill the following dotted orthographic
projection with the appropriate line types.
Fill in the visible
lines in to top view.
Fill in the visible
lines in to front view.
Fill in the visible lines
in to right side view.
Fill in the hidden
lines in to front, top
and right side views.
Draw the center
lines in all the views.
NOTICE!
The small dashes cross in the
middle.
NOTICE!
The center line connects
between features in the same
view.
Creating an Orthographic
Projection
Creating an Orthographic Projection
➢ Choose a front view.
→ Which view shows the most about the
object?
C
➢ Decide how many views are needed.
→ How many and which views?
2
Front
Top
For procedural reasons,

we will continue this
example by drawing all
3 standard views.
➢ Draw the
visible
features of
the front
view.
➢ Draw
projectors
off of the
front view.
➢ Draw the
top view.
➢ Project
back to the
front view.
➢ Draw a 45
projector
off the front
view.
➢ Draw
projectors
over to the
45 line
and down.
➢ Draw the
right side
view.
➢ Project
back if
needed.
➢ Draw
centerlines
where
necessary.
Completed Drawing
Projection Symbol
➢ United States = 3rd angle projection
➢ Europe = 1st angle projection
1st Angle & 3rd Angle
➢ Which orthographic projection uses 1st
angle projection and which uses 3rd.
3rd Angle 1st Angle

Exercise 1-4
Missing lines 1
Exercise 1-4
➢ Fill in the missing
lines in the front, right
side, and top views.
1 missing
visible line in
the front view.
The right side
view has 1
missing visible line
and 2 missing
hidden lines.
The top view has
5 missing visible
lines and 2
missing hidden
lines.
Exercise 1-5
Missing lines 2
Exercise 1-5
➢ Fill in the missing
lines in the top, front,
and right side views.
The top view has
1 missing visible
line.
The front view has
4 missing visible
lines and 4
missing center
lines.
The right side
view has 2
missing hidden
lines and 1
missing center
line.
Exercise 1-8
Drawing an orthographic
projection 1
Exercise 1-8
➢ Shade in the surfaces
that will appear in the
front, top, and right
side views.
➢ Estimating the
distances, draw the
side views.
➢ Identify the surfaces
with the appropriate
letter in the
orthographic projection.
1) Shade in the
surfaces of the front
view.
2) Draw the front

view.
3) Identify the
surfaces.
1) Shade in the
surfaces of the right
side view.
2) Draw the right

side view.
Notice the
3) Identify the horizontal and
surfaces. vertical
projectors.
1) Shade in the
surfaces of the top
view.
2) Draw the top Notice the 45 deg.

view. projector
3) Identify the
surfaces.
Exercise 1-9
Drawing an orthographic
projection 2
Exercise 1-9
➢ Identify the best
choice for the front
view.
➢ Estimating the
distances, draw the
side views.
Front view = A

Orthographic Projection

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Orthographic Projection

The Glass Box Method

Right Side Rear

Left Side Right Side Rear

Left Side Right Side Rear

Left Side Right Side Rear

They are mirror

Left Side Right Side Rear

They are mirror

Top Front and top views.

Left Side Right Side Rear

The Standard Views

➢ The remaining 3 views usually don’t

➢ The front and right side views are

Line use in an orthographic

For procedural reasons,

3rd Angle 1st Angle

2) Draw the front

2) Draw the right

2) Draw the top Notice the 45 deg.

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