Technical drawing

Week: 1-2

Topic: ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

Chilekezi Daniel
 Orthographic Projections
■ Orthographic drawing or projection is a multi-view drawing that gives a
detailed and accurate information of article/artifact that is to be produced in
the workshop.
■ Orthographic Projections is a technical drawing in which different views of
an object are projected on different reference planes observing perpendicular
to respective reference plane.
■ Different Reference planes are;
– Horizontal Plane (HP)
– Vertical Plane (VP)
– Side or Profile Plane (PP)
■ Different views are;
– Front View (FV) – Projected on VP
– Top View (TV) – Projected on HP
– Side View (SV) – Projected on PP
 NOTATIONS

Following notations should be followed while naming

Different views in orthographic projections.

OBJECT POINT A LINE AB

IT’S TOP VIEW a ab

IT’S FRONT VIEW a´ a´ b´

IT’S SIDE VIEW a´´ a´´ b´´

Same system of notations should be followed

incase numbers, like 1, 2, 3 – are used.

TERMS ‘ABOVE’ & ‘BELOW’ WITH RESPECT TO H.P.

AND TERMS ‘INFRONT’ & ‘BEHIND’ WITH RESPECT TO
V.P.
3
 Types of views

Projections

Parallel Converge

Orthogonal Oblique

Multiview Axonometric

Multi-view drawing Pictorial drawing Perspective drawing

 View comparison
Type
Multi-view drawing Accurately presents Require training
object’s details, i.e. to visualization.
size and shape.

Pictorial drawing Easy to visualize. Shape and angle distortion

Circular hole
becomes ellipse

Right angle becomes

obtuse angle.

Perspective drawing
Object looks more Difficult to create
like what our eyes Size and shape
perceive. distortion
Distorted
width
 PLANES

PRINCIPAL PLANES
HP AND VP

AUXILIARY PLANES

Auxiliary Vertical Plane Auxiliary Inclined Plane Profile Plane

(A.V.P.) (A.I.P.) ( P.P.)

A.V.P.
 to Hp &  to Vp


 PATTERN OF PLANES & VIEWS (First Angle Method)

THIS IS A PICTORIAL SET-UP OF ALL THREE PLANES.

ARROW DIRECTION IS A NORMAL WAY OF OBSERVING THE OBJECT.
BUT IN THIS DIRECTION ONLY VP AND A VIEW ON IT (FV) CAN BE
SEEN. THE OTHER PLANES AND VIEWS ON THOSE CAN NOT BE SEEN.

PROCEDURE TO SOLVE ABOVE PROBLEM:-

TO MAKE THOSE PLANES ALSO VISIBLE FROM THE ARROW DIRECTION,
A) HP IS ROTATED 900 DOUNWARD
B) PP, 900 IN RIGHT SIDE DIRECTION.
THIS WAY BOTH PLANES ARE BROUGHT IN THE SAME PLANE CONTAINING VP.

Click to view Animation On clicking the button if a warning comes please click YES to continue, this
program is safe for your pc.

VP PP
Y
FV LSV
X Y
X TV

HP

HP IS ROTATED DOWNWARD 900 PP IS ROTATED IN RIGHT SIDE 900

AND AND
BROUGHT IN THE PLANE OF VP.
B FIRST ANGLE METHOD OF PROJECTIONS
R
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H
T

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A
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F

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P
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 Projection systems
1. First angle
system
First
- European countries
quadrant
- ISO standard

2. Third angle
system
- Canada, USA,
Japan, Transparent
Opaque
Thailand planes
planes
 Third
quadrant
 Orthographic views
1st angle system 3rd angle system
(Opaque (transparent planes/glass box)
planes)
 Orthographic views
1st angle system 3rd angle system

Folding
line

Folding
line
Folding
line

Folding
line
 Views arrangement
1st angle system 3rd angle system
Top View

Right Side View Front View Front View Right Side View

Top View
 Projection symbols
1st angle system 3rd angle system

d 1.7d

2.2d
 Methods of Orthogonal Projection
1. Natural Method: Revolve the object with respect to observer

2. Glass box method: The observer moves around the object.

Top view

Top view

Front
Right side
view
Front view Right side view play view
play
Glass box : Revolution of the planes of projection

Rear view

Left side view

Bottom view
Relative orientation of views

Depth
Width
Height
Summary : Problem solving steps

1 2

3 4
 Steps for Orthographic Views
152
64 Top
1. Select the
necessary
25~4
views 0
45 Front
2. Layout the 152
selected
Choose a drawing
views on a scale (say 1:1)
drawing
sheet. x
x
z
3. Complete each Top
selected

y
views.
x x
Front
4. Complete the
dimensions and
y

notes.
y

y
 View selection procedures

1. Orient the object to the best position relative

to a glass box.

2. Select the front view.

3. Select adjacent views.

 Suggestions: Orient the object
1. The object should be placed in its natural position.
2. The orthographic views should represent the true
size and true shape of an object (as much as
possible).

GOOD NO
!
 Suggestions: Select the front view
1. The longest dimension of an object should be
presented as a width (in a front view).

First Inappropriate
Second Good
choice
choice
Use more space
 Suggestions: Select the front view
2. The adjacent views project from the selected front
view should be appeared in a natural position.

Inappropriate
 Suggestions: Select the front view
3. It has the fewest number of hidden lines.

Good Inappropriate
 Suggestions: Select an adjacent view
1. Choose the view that has the fewest number of hidden lines.

Inappropriate

Inappropriate
 Suggestions: Select an adjacent view
2. Choose the minimum number of views that can
represent the major features of the object.
All information is
placed on a single
view.
Necessary

Hole’s information is placed

on a separated view.

Necessary
 Suggestions: Select an adjacent view
3. Choose the views that are suitable to a drawing sheet.

Poor

Not enough space

for dimensioning.

Choose another adjacent view. Good Change orientation of Good

the selected views.
 Summary
View selection has 3 steps

Orient Select Select

the front adjacent views
object view
 Object that requires only one-view
Flat (thin) part having a uniform thickness such as
a gasket, sheet metal
etc. Cylindrical-shaped
part.

Example

1
Thick Adjacent views
provide only a
part’s thickness
 Object that requires only one-view
Flat (thin) part having a uniform thickness such as
a gasket, sheet metal
etc. Cylindrical-shaped
part.

Example Example

Repeat !

Infer from CL
 Object that requires only two-view
Identical adjacent view exists.
The 3rd view has no significant contours of the
object. (Provides no additional information)
Example
Repeat!
 Object that requires only two-view
Identical view exists.
The 3rd view has no significant contours of the object.
(Provides no additional information)
Example 1
 Object that requires only two-view
Identical view exists.
The 3rd view has no significant contours of the
object. (Provides no additional information)
Example 2
 Example-1

Steps to draw projections

■ Identify surfaces
perpendicular or inclined to
the view
■ Surfaces parallel to the view
would not be visible in that
view.
■ First draw horizontal and
vertical reference planes
(easily identifiable on
drawing)
■ Start drawing from the
reference planes.
 Vertical reference

Top view
plane (VP)

Horizontal
reference
plane (HP)
 Midpoint

35

Φ 50
70 50

80+40+80=200
HP
Front view
Side view

70 Top view
20

80 40
30+20=5
0

VP
 +

70 Φ 50
50
25
200 25 125
Front view Side view

70 50
20

40
80 20 80

Top view
 FOR T.V.

Example-2

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

x y

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

TOP VIEW
DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
 FOR T.V. Example-3

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

X Y

TOP VIEW

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
 FOR T.V.
Example-4

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

X Y

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN TOP VIEW

DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT

BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
 FOR T.V. Example-5

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

X Y

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN TOP VIEW

DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT

BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
 Example-6
FOR T.V.

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

X Y

TOP VIEW

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
Example-7 FOR T.V.
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

35
FV

35

x 10
y

10 20 30

40

70

TV
O
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN
DRAW FV AND TV OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
Example-8 14

FOR T.V. ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

FV

30 10 30 SV

30

10

30
x y

ALL VIEWS IDENTICAL

TV
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN
DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
Example-9 15

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
FOR T.V.
ALL VIEWS IDENTICAL

FV SV

x y

10
40 60

40
TV
60
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN
DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
Example-10 FOR T.V.
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
ALL VIEWS IDENTICAL

FV SV

x y
10

40 60

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

40 TOP VIEW
DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD 60
 PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
GIVEN
DRAW FV AND TV OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE
FORPROJECTION METHOD
30
T.V.
Example-11
FV
RECT.
SLOT

10 50
35

10
X Y

20
D

TV

60 D
30 D

TOP VIEW
 FOR
T.V.
Example-12 ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

450

30
FV

40

X Y

30 D

40 TV

O
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN
15
DRAW FV AND TV OF THIS OBJECT 40
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
 Example-13

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

10 10 15

25

25
X Y
O 50 10

FV LSV

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

DRAW FV AND LSV OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
 FOR T.V.
Example-14 ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

X Y

TOP VIEW
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN
DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT IN
FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD