TECHNOLOGY CENTER

AND THE
MANUFACTURING
ADVANCED

ANTIOQUIA REGIONAL

SHEET 2026375

PNEUMATIC BRAKE
SYSTEM

TEACHER: Juan Camilo Betancur

DATE \@ "d MMMM" \* MERGEFORMAT 28

Darwin V alencia G aleano

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 Workshop 04 Pneumatic brake system
Answer the following questions:

1. Consult the History, evolution, Classification and development of the

Pneumatic Brake system in Motor Vehicles.

2. Make a description of the Parts, pieces and components of the Pneumatic

Brake System and the function that each of them fulfills, as well as their location

within the brake system.

3. Make a list of 10 most common failures and breakdowns in the

pneumatic brake system and their possible solution. As well as tools and

equipment used for repair and diagnosis.

4. What Types of Maintenance are applied to this Pneumatic Brake System

from maintenance (Corrective, Predictive and Preventive).

5. What new technologies have been developed in the Pneumatic braking

system of a motor vehicle in the last decade, explain how they work and what

benefits it brings to the braking system?

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 1. Consult the History, evolution, Classification and development of the

Pneumatic Brake system in Motor Vehicles.

History of air brakes

Westinghouse

George Westinghouse started a new business in 1869 that made the first triple valve air brake

system. The new system will work in three steps to efficiently and safely stop a locomotive: 1) The

system was loaded, therefore the brakes could be released. 2) When the brakes were applied, the air

pressure decreased and the valve allowed air to enter the reserve tanks. 3) Air escaped once the

brakes were applied and the increased pressure released them. Working this way, even if the brake

system failed (lost air), they could be applied and the train would stop. This is the opposite of how

other braking systems work: the brakes fail and the vehicle cannot stop.

Improvements

Although air brakes were a vast improvement over hand brakes, it could still take time for air

to be pumped through the train for the brakes to work. So the biggest improvement to the braking

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system was adding a compressor to the train that pumped air through a brake tube into an air cylinder

in each car.

Automobiles

Automobiles began using air brakes in 1903. The first car to have them was called the

Tincher. While improvements continued to make car air brakes, a vacuum energy booster braking

system was developed, which is similar to modern air brakes. It used a vacuum to reduce the

physical force needed to apply the brakes. This system was first used on the Pierce Arrow of 1928.

Competence

In addition to Westinghouse, other companies began developing air brake systems. One of

these, Bendix, eventually merged with the Westinghouse Automotive Air Brake Company in 1930.

By 1934, the company had taken air brake production around the world and had plants in France,

Germany, Italy and England.

Second World War

The outbreak of World War II accelerated improvements and refinements to the air braking

system. By 1949, air brakes were used in a standardized manner on heavy trucks, trailers, and buses.

Other companies also continued to enter the market and developed not only air brakes, but new

versions of braking systems.

emergency system

This system releases the parking brake and saves some reserve air to use in case of a leak.

The operation of the parking brake system on most trucks has springs in the air chambers that are on

the rear axle or axles of the truck that operate the parking brakes.

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 To apply the parking brake, the graduated hand control valves are actuated to the ON position

and air is released from the parking brake circuit.

Therefore, the parking brake spring expands to move the stem and operates the S. This

secures the brake shoes to support the rear brake drums.

Brake pressure warning indicator

The brake pressure warning indicator will illuminate in both low air pressure (less than 4.9

bar) and high air pressure (more than 8.1 bar).

Low air pressure warning

If the pressure drops below 4.9 bar in the brake system, the low pressure warning indicator

will illuminate.

Air pressure gauge

A common air pressure gauge shows the air pressure in the brake system.

Some bus models have an air pressure indicator that has two low pressure warning indicators

equipped with a built-in warning buzzer. Sensors provided in the main and secondary air tanks detect

the air pressure. The warning light illuminates on the main and secondary ones depending on the

pressure difference. That is, the warning light indicates the circuit with the lowest air pressure. The

warning buzzer will activate when the system air pressure drops below 4.9 bar and rises above 8.1

bar.

That is a safety feature, so if the truck stops because the pressure is too low, the brake service

will not work.

Service brake system:

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 This second system stops the vehicle when the brake pedal is pressed. As it does so, it passes

through the pedal valve, which modulates the air flow to the brake chambers. The brake chambers in

turn push the brake regulators, components that keep the brakes regulated. There are different types

of brake regulators: manual and automatic

Manual brake regulators are exactly as their name implies. They must be adjusted manually

to keep the brakes regulated.

Automatic regulators adjust, as their name implies, automatically to keep the brakes

regulated. Their operation is optimal if they are kept lubricated. The problem is that most people

don't do it, and therefore they get stuck and stop working. If you have automatics, it is best to use

white lithium grease.

The brake regulators rotate a shaft that also rotates the S eccentric brake (named for its letter

“S” shape) pushing the brake shoes on the drums. Inside the eccentric shafts S are the bearings,

which must be checked every time the shoes are changed. These also need to be greased.

Finally, there are air disc brakes, but they are not very common. Most brake shoes have an

indicator built into the end of the pads that tells you when they need to be replaced. The replacement

also includes accessories such as springs and bearings for the brakes. Likewise, drums should always

be replaced when changing brake shoes. This is good because there will be wear and tear on them.

Features of pneumatic brakes

 High durability brakes : This type of braking system works for hundreds of

thousands of km, with proper maintenance.

 Fatigue-resistant braking system: Being pneumatic, it does not heat up easily;

which improves its performance, since brake heating generates a loss of efficiency .

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  Expensive implementation : Being a braking system with so many benefits, it is

usually expensive, so it is not viable in private vehicles, but it is viable for machinery and means of

mass transportation or distribution of goods, subjected to greater work and effort in comparison. .

2. Make a description of the Parts, pieces and components of the Pneumatic

Brake System and the function that each of them fulfills, as well as their location

within the brake system.

A pneumatic brake is made up of the following elements:

Air compressor

The air compressor is responsible for delivering air to the storage tanks, it is connected to the

engine through gears or belt. The compressor can be cooled by air or by the engine cooling system

itself.

compressor governor

The governor is responsible for controlling the operation of the compressor, when it delivers

air to the storage tanks. When the tank pressure rises to 125 psi, the governor stops the compressor

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from pumping air . When the pressure drops to 100 psi (pumping pressure ) the governor allows

the compressor to run again.

Storage tanks

As their name says, they are compressed air accumulation tanks. Size and capacity vary by

vehicle. The tanks contain enough air to allow the system to operate as many times as necessary,

even when the compressor stops working.

Storage tank drain

It is responsible for draining water and oil that enter the compressor. Water and oil tend to

accumulate at the bottom of the air tank so it is important to drain them through the drain valve,

since water and oil are harmful to the brake system. This valve can be manual or automatic,

automatic valves also have a manual mechanism. The automatic valves are also provided with an

electric heating system to prevent freezing in winter.

alcohol evaporator

Some systems are equipped with alcohol evaporators, it evaporates in the system to reduce

ice formation in winter. Because if there is ice in the system, the brakes stop working.

Security valve

In the main tank there is a safety relief valve, this element prevents the pressure of the

system and the tanks from rising. This valve normally opens when the pressure is at 150 psi. If the

safety valve leaks air , it means that something is wrong and you should take it to a mechanic.

Brake pedal or pedal valve

The brake is activated by pressing the pedal, this is also called a pedal valve, by applying

greater pressure on the pedal, greater air pressure will be applied. If the pedal is released, the

pressure is reduced and the brakes are released.

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 When this happens, some of the compressed air in the system is released, thus the air

pressure in the tanks decreases. This loss must be replaced by the air compressor. Pressing and

releasing the pedal unnecessarily can let air escape faster than the compressor can replace it.

If the pressure drops too low, the brakes will not work. When you press the brake pedal,

there are two forces acting against your foot. The first force comes from a spring, and the second,

from the air pressure that goes to the brakes . This allows you to feel how much air pressure is

being applied to the brakes .

Pressure gauge

All vehicles equipped with air brakes have a pressure gauge connected to the air tank. If

the vehicle has a dual air brake system, it will have a gauge for each half of the system (or a single

gauge with two needles). Dual systems are discussed later in this manual. The gauges indicate how

much pressure there is in the air tanks.

Applied pressure gauge

This gauge shows how much air pressure you are applying to the brakes (but not all

vehicles have it). If you must apply more pressure to maintain the same speed, it means that the

capacity of the brakes is decreasing. In that case, you should slow down and use a lower gear. The

need to increase pressure may also be due to poorly adjusted brakes , air leaks, or a mechanical

problem.

Low air pressure warning

The low air pressure indicator signal is mandatory on vehicles that have air brakes . This

visual signal must come on before the air pressure in the tanks drops below 60 psi (or, on older

vehicles, to half the compressor governor cut-out pressure ).

Generally, the indicator signal is a red light but may also be a buzzer. Another type of

warning is the “wig wag”. When system pressure drops below 60 psi, this device drops mechanical

arm. When the pressure rises above 60 psi, the automatic signal will rise and disappear.

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 The manual repositioning type must be set to the “hidden” position manually. Please note that

it will not stay in place until the system pressure is above 60 psi. On large buses it is common for

low pressure warning devices to display the signal when the pressure reaches 80 or 85 psi.

brake light switch

The air brake system does this by using an electrical switch that is powered by air pressure

and causes the brake lights to come on when you apply the air brakes .

Brake limiting valve

Some older vehicles have a front brake limiter valve and a control in the cabin. The control

usually has two brands: normal and slippery. When the control is placed in the slip position, the

limiting valve cuts the normal air pressure to the front brakes in half.

These valves were used to reduce the risk of the front wheels skidding on slippery surfaces.

However, what they actually do is reduce the braking capacity of the vehicle. The braking of the

front wheels is good in any circumstance. Tests have shown that the front wheels are unlikely to skid

due to braking even on ice. For normal braking capability, make sure the control is in the “normal”

position. Many vehicles have automatic limiting valves on the front wheels, which decrease the

amount of air applied to the front brakes , except when applied with a pressure of 60 psi or greater.

These valves cannot be controlled by the driver.

spring brake

All trucks, tractors and buses must be equipped with emergency brakes and parking brakes ,

which must be held by mechanical force, since air pressure can leak over time. For this, spring

brakes are generally used. While driving, the air pressure restrains the powerful springs. If the

pressure disappears, the springs activate the brakes .

A parking brake control located in the cab allows the driver to release air from the spring

brakes , which causes the springs to apply the brakes . A leak in the air brake system that causes

all the air to escape will also cause the springs to apply the brakes . Spring brakes on tractors and

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single trucks apply fully when the air pressure drops to 20 to 45 psi (typically 20 to 30 psi). Do not

wait for the brakes to apply automatically. As soon as the buzzer sounds and the low air pressure

indicator light comes on, immediately stop the vehicle safely while you can still control the brakes .

The stopping power of spring brakes depends on them being properly adjusted. If they are

not, neither the regular brakes nor the emergency or parking brakes will work correctly.

Parking brake control

On newer vehicles that have air brakes , the parking brakes are applied using a yellow

diamond-shaped control knob that can be pushed and pulled. To apply the parking brakes (spring

brakes ) pull the knob out. To remove them, push it. On older vehicles, the parking brakes may be

controlled by a lever. Whenever you park, use the parking brakes .

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 3. Make a list of 10 most common failures and breakdowns in the

pneumatic brake system and their possible solution. As well as tools and

equipment used for repair and diagnosis.

1. The oil passes from the compressor to the braking system . Possibly caused by oil

collecting on the bottom of the tire inflator.

2. Air escapes around the faucet cone . It may be because the faucet cone fits poorly.

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 3. Air escapes through the safety valve. It occurs because the safety valve does not

close.

4. The compressor is pumping, but the gauge pressure is rising very slowly. This

failure may be due to the regulator screw being loosened so that both tanks are filled simultaneously.

5. When braking, the pressure on the gauge drops rapidly. The reason is insufficient

air reserve. The regulator screw is tightened too much so that it fills only the auxiliary tank.

6. Once the engine is stopped, the pressure in the air tanks drops rapidly. Although

the pipe and devices attached to the air tanks are properly closed, the check valve does not leak, so

air escapes back to the compressor.

7. During emergency braking, pressing the pedal to the end of its travel. The

pressure in the brake cylinders does not rise to the pressure level in the tanks, which is because the

spring support plate does not collide with the discharge piston.

8. When we notice the presence of water in the air tanks , this failure is reflected in

the air dryer. Which means that the dryer needs maintenance and replacement of the filter and gasket.

9. When we notice the presence of oil in the air tanks , it means that the compressor

has an internal failure. It could be a broken seal or ring, among other causes. This passage of oil into

the tanks causes the seals to deteriorate, losing their tightness. This failure is dangerous as it can

compromise the optimal functioning of the brakes.

In the air dryer we will find the governor. On many occasions this governor can cause problems in

terms of load control, either because it generates overpressure or because it does not generate enough

pressure.

10. When the compressor is overloading . In this case a valve will make a strange noise

and discharge automatically. This is an indicator of problems with the compressor governor or

problems directly with the compressor.

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 11. When the compressor is overloading . In this case a valve will make a strange noise

and discharge automatically. This is an indicator of problems with the compressor governor or

problems directly with the compressor.

TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT

Break Link Scanner for Truck ABS Brakes

Nexiq's Brake link simplifies and streamlines the brake troubleshooting process for truck technicians
with all major trailer ABS and power line carrier (PLC) systems, resulting in safer towing operations
and lower costs. preventative maintenance for fleet owners.

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 4. What Types of Maintenance are applied to this Pneumatic Brake System

from maintenance (Corrective, Predictive and Preventive).

AIR SISTEM
Drain the air tanks daily to prevent moisture from accumulating in the system.

Let's periodically check the truck's air lines. Let's verify that there are no broken seals or

gaskets that allow water or oil to leak into the system, or that there are air leaks that compromise the

pressure. This can affect braking, especially in cold weather.

AIR PRESSURE
Air tanks should have a pressure of 100 to 140 pounds per square inch. Incorrect pressure

will activate an alert in the cabin.

*Avoid driving if the air tank pressure is not within range, or if the compressor regulator

is not working. A malfunctioning regulator cannot maintain sufficient air pressure for safe

driving.

The function of the brake band springs is to retract the bands when they no longer have

mechanical pressure transmitted by the cam and wheel. The brake band springs work whenever

the brake system is applied, they receive high stress cycles. Therefore, when the time comes to

replace the bands, the springs will already have given way, since factors such as: stress fatigue,

sudden changes in temperature, deformations, etc. occur in their working regime.

Check the brake linings and hoses

Brake linings are often the first part of the brake parts that need to be replaced. Liners should

not be loose or stained with oil or grease, and should be replaced if their thickness is less than 0.50

cm.

controls connected air hoses

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 To the brake areas to ensure proper mounting and check for wear issues. Trucks that have

been exposed to the weather elements can suffer from corrosion. Moisture entering the brake system

will impact the linings and can cause brake failure.

Replace brake shoes constantly

Many truck brake shoes come with replacement indicators that warn drivers and technicians

when parts are starting to wear out and need to be replaced.

A good practice is to replace all brake parts

It is necessary at the same time when you schedule maintenance. This way, you will ensure

that the useful life of the parts is similar. If you replace the brake shoes, also replace the other

interrelated parts such as the drums, bushings, pins and springs.

Check the tires and brake chambers

Tires should be inspected at regular intervals to ensure proper and safe brake performance.

Examine all exposed areas frequently. Clean them and look for signs of cracks, corrosion, wear, or

other damage.

Visually inspect the air chambers

to make sure the push rods are not damaged, loose or broken. Compression spring fracture is

the primary cause of all spring brake failures. Water, salt, oil and other contaminants attack and

weaken the spring, causing corrosion and ultimately failure. Lastly, the chambers should be replaced

in pairs to maintain good balance of the brakes on the axle.

Maintain correct air pressure levels

Correct air pressure ensures proper use of the brake. If your truck's gauge is running below 60

psi before you start driving, you should check the brakes or gauge to make sure everything is in

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order. You should not drive a truck if the air pressure is that low. The pressure should run between

100 psi and 125 psi.

Lubricate slack adjusters and chambers

Proper lubrication makes a big difference to the life of slack adjusters and S-cams (which

push the shoe into the drum to stop movement). This maintenance tip keeps your brakes in alignment

and supports both automatic and manual brake adjustments.

Check air dryers every month

The air dryer collects and removes solid, liquid and aerosol contaminants, such as water and

oil, before they enter the air brake system and compromise the efficient operation of the truck. That

is why it is important that you protect them from contamination.

valve replacement

If you find it's time to change a valve, start with the basics of air system maintenance, chocking the

wheels so the vehicle doesn't roll, and draining the air system and tanks before opening things up.

“Then you can really get started,” Sheehan says. “Removing the valve from a vehicle is not too

difficult, it is more important to put a new one on it.”

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 following specific tips:

· Always follow the General Safety Guidelines detailed in each Bendix Service Data Sheet or

Installation Instructions to help prevent personal injury.

· Whenever possible, cover the valve with its connectors before putting it in the vehicle. If your

valve has a built-in mounting surface, use it to hold it while you attach the connectors.

· Do not put a valve in a vise to put the connectors on, and do not tighten the main diameter of the

valve. Changing the shape of the valve, even slightly, is a quick path to needing another replacement.

· Avoid using too much thread sealant on fittings – more is not always better, because if the

substance gets into the valve, it can clog things up and prevent the internal parts from moving.

· Once you orient a connector, avoid back-torqueing: always go in one tightening direction.

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· Remember proper valve orientation: You don't want to install a valve upside down: the exhaust port

should always face downward to prevent water or other contamination from collecting inside.

End of work

When it's time to reconnect the air lines, check the type of connection. A threaded hose simply

screws into place, while a push connector hose will require a 90-degree cut on the end. “You can see

a lot of problems if you're connecting a hose that's not trimmed properly,” Sheehan says. “Once air

has been reconnected, follow standard system level check procedures for chassis valves, and perform

specific tests for dash valves, testing trip pressures, override functions and other operations.

There is another tip regarding valves that both technicians and drivers should pay attention to:

as a general rule, avoid putting anything in the air system. Sheehan has seen everything from various

alcohols, which can wash away valve lubricants and deteriorate valve seals, to tool oil placed directly

into brake lines. It's almost invariably a bad idea. “The valves are reliable and vital, and they don't

require a lot of care,” he said. "But exposing them to substances they're not designed for is definitely

on the 'don't do' list."

5. What new technologies have been developed in the Pneumatic braking

system of a motor vehicle in the last decade, explain how they work and what

benefits it brings to the braking system?

HYDROPNEUMATIC BRAKE SYSTEM (AIR – PACK) CHARACTERISTICS

OF THE HYDROPNEUMATIC BRAKE SYSTEM

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 In medium-tonnage trucks (up to approximately 10,000 kilograms) and in some trucks with

front disc brakes, hydropneumatic installations have become widespread, which are mixed

installations with a hydraulic base and pneumatically assisted servo with compressed air. To do this,

it has the typical elements of a hydraulic installation and those of a pneumatic installation that serve

as support or assistance. "The final force on the wheels is provided by hydraulic cylinders and

receivers." 1 Given that the force necessary to operate this hydraulic installation is quite large due to

the tonnage of the vehicle, pneumatic assistance using compressed air is used, which acts on the

main hydraulic brake pump. The main group of this installation is the oleo-pneumatic converter,

located in the center of the truck and containing the main pump and the pneumatic assistance

cylinder.

In some cases, to comply with regulations and have two circuits, the group doubles the

number of components and we find two hydraulic pumps, each with its corresponding pneumatic

assistance cylinder. The driver, when pressing the brake pedal, acts on a pneumatic valve, generally

two bodies, one for each circuit. The pressurized air generated by a compressor driven by the engine

is stored in the cylinders (one for each circuit). When the driver activates the valve, air is allowed to

pass from the boiler to the corresponding pneumatic assistance cylinder. The displacement of the

cylinder piston acts directly on the piston of the hydraulic brake pump, but with an amplified force

impossible to obtain without this method

The hydraulic pressure generated reaches the wheel receivers and brakes the vehicle. In these

systems the parking brake is usually pneumatic with a spring chamber, which guarantees the

immobility of the system.

ADVANTAGES OF THE HYDROPNEUMATIC BRAKE SYSTEM The

advantage of this type of hydropneumatic brake system is that high braking pressures are achieved

with small components and the direct action of the brakes with minimal reaction times, due to the

hydraulic transmission. It also allows the use of disc brakes. Another important advantage of this

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system is to obtain large braking forces, which is why compressed air is used as an auxiliary force. In

light to semi-heavy commercial vehicles, hydraulic installations with compressed air braking

amplifier are used, which helps the foot force.

ANTI-LOCK AIR BRAKE SYSTEM

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Anti-lock braking systems (ABS, German Anti-Blockier-System)

ABS functions

• The function of this system is to prevent the wheels from locking when performing

emergency braking. Therefore, they must have a braking regulation capacity and with this the

regulation algorithm* is optimized, improving the use of adhesion and regulation comfort.

The braking force of a vehicle depends on various

factors: vehicle speed.

• load it carries.

• room temperature.

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 • Tires.

• road and vehicle conditions.

In a conventional brake system, pressing the brake pedal strongly results in a considerable

reduction in wheel rotation, the braking pressure tends to increase depending on the force exerted on

the brake pedal, but the risk of locking the wheels, favoring slippage due to speed differences.

With the following consequences:

• Difficulty maintaining control over the direction of the vehicle, since the front wheels are

blocked.

• Loss of vehicle stability.

• Premature and irregular tire wear.

• In the special case of a truck-tractor with a trailer, the Swiss army knife effect is generated

when the alignment between the tractor and the trailer is lost. This effect consists of the uncontrolled

articulation between the tractor-truck and the trailer as a result of panic braking and poorly balanced

brakes.

A pressure regulation system equipped with ABS is basically composed of:

1.Wheel speed sensors.

2.An Electronic Control Unit (ECU).

3. Pressure modulating valves.

4. Diaphragm cylinder.

5. Brake pedal valve

6. Compressed air tank

7. Gear wheels

Electronic Control Unit (ECU) The ECU unit is the control center or

"brain" of the:

• Anti-lock Braking System (ABS)

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 • Automatic Traction Control (ATC)

• Rollover Stability Control (RSC)

• Electrical Stability Control (ESC) This unit receives information from the sensors,

processes the data and transmits signals to the modulators (actuators) and active braking valves to

perform different tasks.

We can find control units for different needs. And mounted on different

parts of the vehicles

The security circuit

It checks the ABS system, that is, the sensors, the regulating solenoid valves, the electronic

system and the wiring, when starting the trip, as well as during a trip with or without brake

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application. Warns the driver of any possible error or failure by turning on the warning lamp,

disconnecting the system or parts of it. The conventional brakes are maintained, only the anti-lock

protection is limited or no longer used. The valve activation is made up of power transistors (power

supply phases) that are activated by signals from the main circuit and switch the current to operate

the regulating valves.

Regulating solenoid valve

The regulating solenoid valves have the mission of increasing, reducing or maintaining the

pressure in the brake cylinders in a matter of milliseconds during a braking process and depending on

the regulation signals from the electronic system.

ABS relay valve (boxer valve)

The ABS relay valve (boxer valve) is composed of two relay valve parts with common

connections for supply pressure and control pressure.

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 It is placed in the pneumatic brake system in front of the brake cylinders and serves to

modulate the pressure inside the brake cylinder. If the ABS electronic system activates the valve,

modulation (pressure generation, pressure maintenance and pressure reduction) of the cylinder

pressure occurs independently of the pressure regulated by the trailer or tractor brake valve. In

passive state (without activating the electromagnets) the device has the function of two relay valves

and through short response, amplification and release times it serves for rapid ventilation and

bleeding of the brake cylinders.

ATC (automatic traction control)

ATC control helps improve traction in poor traction conditions and roads. ATC reduces the

potential for articulated vehicle collapse caused by excessive wheel spin during acceleration or

cornering. ATC control works automatically in two different ways. • When one drive wheel rotates at

a different speed than the other, ATC control momentarily applies the brake until traction is

regained. • When both drive wheels are spinning on a poor traction surface, ATC automatically

reduces engine power to obtain optimal traction between the tire and the road.

ATC activates and deactivates automatically. The driver does not need to activate this

feature. If the vehicle is in a traction control event, the ATC indicator lamp will illuminate,

indicating that ATC is active. Once the event is over, the lamp turns off.

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 ATC control uses the basic ABS components plus an active braking valve, which can be

installed with individual modulating valves, or as part of the rear valve package.

Pressure Modulating Valves

The modulator valve controls air pressure to each affected wheel-end brake during an ABS,

RSC, or ESC event to reduce speed and prevent wheel lockup. Modulating valves are also used in

ATC events to achieve correct traction at the affected wheel end.

A modulating valve is usually located on a frame rail or crossmember, near the brake

chamber, or as part of the valve package. The valve package combines two modulating valves, a

service relay or rigid exhaust valve and, depending on the vehicle configuration, an active braking

valve (ABV).

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 Rollover Stability Control (RSC)

Rollover Stability Control is an option designed to help drivers master conditions that could

result in their vehicles rolling over. When the RSC detects conditions that could cause a rollover, this

system is responsible for reducing engine torque, activating the engine retarder, applying the correct

pressure to the drive axle brakes, and if necessary, can modulate the semi-trailer brakes. to reduce the

speed of the vehicle. Depending on the application and vehicle configuration, the steering axle

brakes may also be applied. Like ATC control, RSC control works automatically. The driver does

not need to select this feature.

Components of CSR control

The RSC control uses many of the same components used in ABS and ATC, including

modulator valves, active braking valves and wheel speed sensors. The RSC control ECUs are

different from the ABS ECUs since they contain an internal accelerometer that measures and updates

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the lateral acceleration of the vehicle and compares it with a critical threshold at which a rollover can

occur. Depending on the vehicle manufacturer, the RSC control ECUs are oriented towards the

XX/YY or ZZ axis. To ensure correct operation and best performance, verify that the ECU is

perfectly level and securely installed.

ASR traction control system

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 ASR functions

• Pneumatic motor regulation. A proportional valve specially developed for this purpose and

the corresponding adjustable actuator on the injection pump drive linkage achieve a notable

improvement in traction and regulation comfort.

• Electronic engine regulation. The electronic system has ports for conventional electric or

electronic engine management systems, as well as the corresponding SAE ports.

• Indication of functions. Activation of the ASR system can be indicated to the driver directly

by a control indicator and serve as a warning of slippery ground. Special features

• Speed limiter

• ABS-/ASR function switch

• Diagnostic port / Fault code

In addition to the electronic ABS/ASR system, its components also include a proportional

valve and an adjustable actuator. Other components include the no-load stop cylinder (required only

with single-lever injection pumps). The speed limiter comes into operation before the vehicle reaches

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the maximum permissible speed defined and stored in a non-volatile EEPROM memory of the

electronic system. Using the proportional valve and the adjustable actuator, the injection pump

regulator lever is adjusted so that the maximum allowable speed of the vehicle is not exceeded. This

maximum speed can be regulated

Proportional solenoid valve

The proportional valve controls the injection pump regulator lever by regulating pressure to

the adjustable actuator. The output pressure is in direct relation to the magnetic current controlled by

the ECU through pulse width modulation (PWM); This current activates the proportional valve. Low

hysteresis allows a wide range of pressures for the adjustable actuator, allowing lever adjustment

movements from very fast to almost stationary

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