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    Organelles A Level Biology

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    ellablythyn
    Organelles

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    Organelles A Level Biology

    Uploaded by

    ellablythyn
    3 views2 pages
    Organelles

    Original Title

    Organelles A level Biology (1)

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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    Organelles

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    3 views2 pages

    Organelles A Level Biology

    Uploaded by

    ellablythyn
    Organelles

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 2

    Cells

    Organelles
    Eukaryotic
    ● Lysosomes - contain hydrolytic enzymes called lysozymes that hydrolyse pathogens
    and worn out organelles. Contained within a membrane so enzymes do not digest the
    cell.
    ● Golgi apparatus - modifies and packages (into vesicles) lipids and proteins. Forms
    lysosomes
    ● Rough endoplasmic reticulum - folds and modifies proteins which are made by
    ribosomes that are found on the outside.
    ● Smooth endoplasmic reticulum - synthesis and processing of lipids. No ribosomes
    ● Ribosomes - made from a large subunit and a small subunit, composed of protein and
    ribosomal RNA. Ribosomes translate mRNA into an amino acid sequence (protein)
    Made from ribosomal RNA and protein
    ● Mitochondria - double membrane and inner membrane is folded into cristae. Cristae
    increases surface area for the attachment of protein. Inside is the matrix, which contains
    enzymes and ribosomes needed to create their own proteins.
    ● Chloroplast - double membrane, Inside is a fluid called the stroma which contains
    enzymes needed to make sugars during 2nd stage of photosynthesis. Inside the stroma
    are thylakoids arranged in stacks called grana. Thylakoids contain chlorophyll which
    absorb light during the 1st stage of photosynthesis. The intergranal lamellae connects
    grana, allowing for the exchange of substances such as electrons, enzymes and
    chlorophyll
    ● Nucleus - The nucleus itself controls the cell's activities by controlling the transcription of
    DNA. The nucleus contains nucleoplasm, the nucleolus, nuclear pores and the nuclear
    envelope. The nucleoplasm contains chromatin which is uncoiled DNA. The nucleolus
    makes ribosomes and the nuclear envelope is a double membrane which contains
    nuclear pores, which allows the movement of substances such as mRNA
    ● Cell wall - not in animal cells. Function is to keep the cells turgid and rigid and providing
    resistance to high osmotic pressure, meaning that the cell does not burst when high
    volumes of water enter the cell via osmosis. In plants and algal cells, the cell wall is
    made from cellulose, in fungi cells chitin and in prokaryotic cells murein
    ● Cell membrane - The cell membrane is a phospholipid bilayer which controls what
    enters and leaves the cell
    ● Centrioles - bundles of protein which produce spindle fibres that are vital for mitosis and
    chromosome separation
    ● Vacuole - multiple small vacuoles in animal cells which act as a storage for substances
    such as amino acids, lipids, proteins etc. In plant cells there is one larger permanent
    vacuole which also acts as storage, but also helps to keep cell rigid by pressing against
    the cell wall.
    ● Microtubules - cellulose tubes which clump together to make cell strong
    Prokaryotic
    ● Slime capsule - The slime capsule protects the prokaryotic cell against antibiotics and
    viruses.
    ● Plasmids - Not all prokaryotes have plasmids. Plasmids are small loops of DNA which
    contain genes such as antibiotic resistance. During binary fission, the daughter cells do
    not contain the same number of plasmids.
    ● DNA - DNA is found as a circular loop in the cytoplasm
    ● Mesosomes - mesosomes are folds in the cell membrane which increases surface area
    so respiration occurs at a greater rate
    ● Pili - Pili are used to sense and feel surrounding and to attach to surfaces
    ● Flagellum - used for locomotion (movement)
    Viruses
    ● Attachment proteins - Attach to host’s receptors for injection of genetic material
    ● Capsule - Made from protein and protects genetic material
    ● Lipid envelope - Allows cell to bud out of cell membrane
    ● Enzymes - Used to digest cell membrane so easier injection of genetic material.
    Reverse transcriptase found in HIV converts RNA into DNA copy.

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