Cell & Intercellular Junctions

The Cell
Dr Diwakar Kumar Shah

Assistant Professor
Department of Anatomy
Nobel Medical College Teaching Hospital
THE CELL
Cell
 Basic structural units of all tissue and
organ
 Organized into different system with
division of labour, specialization,
interrelation,& central control
Structure of Animal cell
A cell consists of
 Cell membrane
 Nucleus
 Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
 Outer limit of cell
 Semi permeable &
consist of 3 layers
 Outer –protein
 Intermediate-
bimolecular
phospholipid
 Inner-protein
 Total thickness-75 Å
Function
 Maintains shape & provide micro-environment for cell
function
 Allows free passage of gases &water
 Lipid soluble substances like steroid hormones can
enter the cytoplasm through lipid layer
 Numerous transmembrane protein channels permit
selective permeability to ions like sodium, potassium,
calcium, chloride & bicarbonates
 It acts as sensory surface and carries various receptor
molecules which combine with specific molecules of
tissue fluid and alter the metabolic activities of the cell
by stimulation or inhibition.
 It serves in the recognition of identical cells & their
assembly to form specific tissues
The Nucleus
 More or less spherical mass covered by envelope
 Situated within cytoplasm near the centre
 Consists of:
 Nuclear envelope
 Chromatin threads (Resting cell)
 Chromosomes (dividing cells)
 Nucleolus
 Nuclear sap
 Sex chromatin or barr bodies
Nuclear envelope
 Covers nucleus & consists of two unit membrane
 Outer membrane studded with ribosome derived from rough
ER of cytoplasm
 Inner membrane is a seperate entity, ribosome free
 Numerous nuclear pore of octagonal shape present in
membrane
 Each pore is about 80nm in diameter, through which mRNA,
rRNA, tRNA are transmitted from nucleus to cytoplasm.
 A typical nucleus present 3000-4000 pores
CHROMATID THREAD & CHROMOSOME
 Resting phase, nucleus contains network of chromatin
threads or granules
 Individual chromosomes cannot be identified-
 Uncoiled segment of chromosome, thinned k/A euchromatin
-genetically active
 Coiled segments of chromosome -heterochromatin-
genetically inert
 46 chromosomes- 23 pairs
 22 pairs- autosomes
 One pair sex chromosome
CONTINUE...
 Female-XX
 Male –XY
 Genes – located in chromosome are part of DNA
molecules
 Gene responsible protein synthesis
 RNA- 3 types
 m-RNA- messenger RNA
 r-RNA- ribosomal RNA
 t-RNA- transfer RNA
NUCLEOLUS:
 Spherical body, without membrane
 Close to nuclear membrane
NUCLEAR SAP
 Fluid containing protein
 Fills up the interspaces between the chromatin threads and
the nuclear membrane
 Serves as a medium for transport of rRNA & mRNA to the
nuclear pore
SEX CHROMATID/BARR BODIES

 Resting phase (Interphase) -heterochromatin planoconvex
body- beneath nuclear membrane
 Disappear during the cell division
 Highly coiled, genetically inactive x chromosome
THE CYTOPLASM
 Part of protoplasm which intervenes between
the cell membrane and the nuclear envelope.
 Also k/a cytosol
 Two parts:
 Organelles/active elements
 Paraplasm/inclusions
ORGANELLES:
 Mitochondria
 Endoplasmic Reticulum
 Ribosome granules
 Golgi apparatus
 Lysosomes
 Phagosomes
 Peroxysomes
 Centrioles & microtubules
 Filaments & fibrils
 Inclusions:
Glycogen
Fat globules
Pigment
MITOCHONDRIA
 Rod like/vesicular membrane bound bodies
 Consist two membranous wall
 Outer membrane and inner membrane, separated by
inter-membranous space
 Inner membrane folded-incomplete partition-cristae
mitochondrialis
 Function
 ATP formation
 Power house of cell
 Maternal in origin, abnormal mitochondrial DNA causes
 Muscular weakness
 Degenerative diseases of CNS.
RIBOSOME GRANULES
 Composed of ribosomal RNA and protein
 Two types – 40s & 60s
 In cytoplasm some ribosomes are free, some attached
to ER -making rough surface
 Free ribosome –synthesize protein-utilize for
metabolism of cell & its growth
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
 Intercommunicating membranous vesicles or
tubules
 Extends- nuclear membrane to cell membrane
 Two varieties
o Rough & Smooth ER
o Rough ER: o Smooth ER
o Attachments of o Plexiform network of
ribosome granules tubules
o Helps in protein o Devoid of Ribosomes
synthesis & its o Helps synthesis of
storage lipid and steroid
o Presents in all o Eg :Sarcoplasmic
secretory cell e.g. reticulum of striated
muscle
: Acinar cell of
pancreas
GOLGI APPARATUS
 Smooth, closely packed, intercommunicating membrane
saccules - arranged in stacks
 Presents in most of cell, prominent in secretory cells
FUNCTION
 Collects synthesized proteins from rER & converts to
glycoprotein
 Glycoprotein stored in apparatus –discharge to exterior
as secretory products
LYSOSOMES
 Thick walled membranous vesicles
 Contains hydrolytic enzyme- proteases, lipases,& acid
phosphatases
 Also, k/a Suicidal bags- destroy all organelles of cytoplasm
 In healthy cell –protective in function – destroy bacterial
invaders
 Removes degradation remains of cytoplasmic organelles
PHAGOSOMES
 Particles or living micro-organism enter cytoplasm from
outside are covered with infolding of cell membrane K/A
phagosomes
 Phagocytosis: Process of lysis of contained material by
hydrolytic enzymes of lysosomes.
 Pinocytosis: Liquid entrance into cytoplasm
PEROXISOMES
 Membrane bound vesicle - mostly in nucleated cell

 Contain oxidative enzymes - catalase
 Helps detoxification of various substance
 Found in thyroid follicular cells
CENTRIOLES &MICROTUBULES
CENTRIOLES:
 Cells capable of division-two centrioles
 within cytoplasm & close to nuclear membrane
 Dense region of cytoplasm containing centrioles K/A centrosomes
 Helps in synthesis of microtubules during cell division & spindle
formation
 Helps in sprouting of cilia & microtubules
MICROTUBULES
 Cilia, Flagella & centrioles- composed of microtubules
 They are filamentous structure made of soluble tubulin protein
 Help in transport of various substance into cytoplasm
 Concerned with movement
FILAMENTS & FIBRILS
 Ultramicroscopic network of filamentous structure

different from microtubules
 Acts as internal support of cell
 Some filaments enter central core of microvilli
 Others form actin & myosin filaments of contractile
muscle
INTERCELLULAR JUNCTION
JUNCTIONAL COMPLEX:
 Consist arrangements which hold cells together close
to free margin
 Complex consists: from outside inside
ZONULA OCCLUDENS:
 Outer laminae of cell membrane of two adjacent cells
are fused-quintuple layered membrane
 Fusion-around circumference of cell wall
 Extend over 0.2-0.5 micron
ZONULA ADHERENS:
 Adjacent cells membrane not fused
 Separated by 200 A°
 Extends from 0.3-0.5 micron around perimeter of cell
MACULA ADHERENS/DESMOSOME:
 Adjacent cell seperated by space of 240A°
 Consists of localized area of cell membrane Cell
membrane of pace contain electron dense material-
transmembrane protein
 Inner lamina is dense ,fibrils of terminal web attached
 Numerous in cell of stratum spinosum of epidermis
 Pemphigus occur-development of abnormal antibodies
to protein
 Blistering of skin & mucous membrane
GAP JUNCTION:
 Circular intercellular area with hundreds of tiny pores
 Intercellular gap of 3nm which bridges numerous
transmembrane channels (connexons)
 Connexons formed by ring of six connexon proteins
 Seen in tissue like liver epidermis, cardiac muscle and
smooth muscle.

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The Cell

Dr Diwakar Kumar Shah

SEX CHROMATID/BARR BODIES

 Membrane bound vesicle - mostly in nucleated cell

 Ultramicroscopic network of filamentous structure

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