Nature

➢Nature, in the broadest sense, is the

natural, physical, or material world or

universe. "Nature" can refer to the

phenomena of the physical world, and

also to life in general. The study of

nature is a large, if not the only, part of

science. Although humans are part of

nature, human activity is often

understood as a separate category

from other natural phenomena.

THE PLANTS
• A living organism of the kind exemplified by

trees, shrubs, herbs, grasses, ferns, and

mosses, typically growing in a permanent

site, absorbing water and inorganic

substances through its roots, and

synthesizing nutrients in its leaves by

photosynthesis using the green pigment

chlorophyll.
 Parts of plant

• The plant are many types

o Herbs: Small plants with a height in few

centimetres’ or a foot. Ex: grasses.
o Shrubs: These are quite bigger than
herbs, till a meter or more Ex: Basil
plant.
o Trees: These are gigantic plants

Plant tissues
▪ Meristematic Tissues. A meristematic
tissue constitutes a group of actively
dividing cells present in the growing...
▪ Permanent tissues. A permanent tissue
is a group of cells, which is derived
from the meristematic tissues, but
these...
▪ Protective tissues. Protective tissues are
a part of plant tissue system. ... It is the
outermost protective layer of...
Plant cells
▪ Plant Cell Definition. Plant cells are
the basic unit of life in organisms of
the kingdom Plantae.
▪ Functions of Plant Cells. Plant cells
are the basic building block of plant
life, ...
 ▪ Plant Cell Structure. The plant cell
has many different parts.
▪ Related Biology Terms. Eukaryotic
cell – A relatively large cell with a
true nucleus ...

Photosynthesis
For plants to perform photosynthesis they
require light energy from the sun, water and
carbon dioxide. Water is absorbed from the soil
into the cells of roots. The water passes from the
root system to the xylem vessels in the stem
until it reaches the leaves.
Exercise :1 a
The Animals
• Animals are multicellular eukaryotic

organisms that form the biological

kingdom Animalia. With few

exceptions, animals consume

organic material, breathe oxygen, are

able to move, can reproduce

sexually, and grow from a hollow

sphere of cells, the blastula, during

embryonic development. Over 1.5

million living animal species have

been described—of which around 1

million are insects—but it has been

estimated there are over 7 million

animal species in total. Animals

range in length from 8.5 micrometers

to 33.6 meters. They have complex

interactions with each other and their

environments, forming intricate food

webs. The kingdom Animalia includes

humans but in colloquial use the term

animal often refers only to non-

human animals. The scientific study

of animals is known as zoology.

 Animal cell

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY

• General structure of an animal cell.

Animal cells have a number of

organelles and structures that perform

specific functions for the cell. The huge

variety of cells that have evolved to fulfill

 different purposes do not always have

all the same organelles or structures.

Animal tissues

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC

1. Epithelial. Epithelial tissue is made of closely-

packed cells arranged in flat sheets. Epithelia
form the surface of...
2. Muscle. Skeletal muscles made of long fibers
whose contraction provides the force of
locomotion and other...
3. Connective. The cells of connective tissue are
embedded in a great amount of extracellular
material. These matrixes...

Animals eating habits

• Animals like squirrels, rabbits and rats feed on
hard grains and nuts. They bite these hard nuts
with very sharp front...
• Animals like snakes do not have chewing teeth,
they do not chew their food instead they swallow
their food whole.
• Animals like frogs have a long sticky tongue to
catch its prey.

•
•
Animal types
• Mammals
Mammals are vertebrates within the
class Mammalia which have a neocortex (i.e.,
higher brain functions), hair, three middle ear
bones, and mammary glands.

Birds
Birds are a collection of warm-blooded
vertebrates within the class Aves, identified by
feathers, toothless, beaked jaws, the laying of
hard-shelled eggs, a four-chambered heart, and
a well-built yet lightweight skeleton system.
Reptiles
Reptiles are four-limbed (aka tetrapod) animals
within the class Reptilia.

Amphibians
Amphibians are cold-blooded, four-limbed
vertebrates within the class Amphibia

Fishes
Fishes are the aquatic animals within the
class Anatidae that do not have limbs with
digits

Insects
Insects are the largest group of six-limbed (aka
hexapod) invertebrates within the class Insecta

Crustaceans
Crustaceans are a large, diverse group of
arthropods (i.e., segmented body with jointed-
limbs) within the class Crustacea.

Arachnids
Arachnids are another joint-legged (8-legs)
invertebrate animals (arthropods) within the
class Arachnida.
 •

Echiniderms
Echinoderms are marine animals classified
under the class Echinodermata. All
echinoderms in adult form contain radial
symmetry (e.g., sea stars).

Worms
Worms are animals with a long cylindrical tube-
like body with no limbs.
Mollusks
Mollusks are invertebrate animals within the
class Mollusca in the animal kingdom. At
present, about 85 thousand species of mollusks
are recognized & properly classified.

Sponges
Sponges are bottom-dwelling sea creatures
within the class Porifera in the animal
kingdom. They do not have tissues; Their body
does not have symmetry like humans.
Types of animals with eating
food

Herbivore
Herbivorous animals or herbivores (herbi,
plant; vore, eater) are those that eat only
plants and plant products. Cow, deer,
horse, giraffe, squirrel, and butterfly are
examples of herbivores. Special
Characteristics of Herbivores. Herbivores
like cow, horse, and goat have wide, blunt
teeth.

Carnivore
A carnivore, meaning "meat eater" (Latin,
caro, genitive carnis, meaning "meat" or
"flesh" and vorare meaning "to devour"),
is an animal whose food and energy
requirements derive solely from animal
tissue or meat, whether through hunting or
scavenging. Animals that depend solely on
animal flesh for their nutrient requirements
are called obligate carnivores while those
that also consume non-animal food are
called facultative carnivores. Omnivores
also consume both animal and non-animal
food, and, apart from the more general
definition, there is no clearly defined ratio
of plant to animal material that would
distinguish a facultative carnivore from an
omnivore. A carnivore at the top of the
food chain, not preyed upon by other
animals, is termed an apex predator.

Carnivore

Cannibals Scavengers

Cannibals

An animal that feeds on flesh of its

own species.
Scavengers

Scavengers are animals that

consume dead organisms that have

died from causes other than

predation. While scavenging

generally refers to carnivores feeding

on carrion, it is also a herbivorous

feeding behavior. Scavengers play an

important role in the ecosystem by

consuming dead animal and plant

material.
Omnivore

An animal or person that eats food of

both plant and animal origin.

Decomposer

An organism, especially a soil

bacterium, fungus, or invertebrate,

that decomposes organic material.

Parasite

An organism that lives in or on a

different kind of organism (called the

host) from which it gets some or all of

its nourishment.
Exercise 2 a
Author :S.PRAGATHISH

Pictures :Internet

Points :Internet