Uni o5 PnopeHies of matter

DI elkctuc

Di elechc Conatomi decmc Comsi amt (er)

Er)
a makHal u rauti o of th pur mu i v i of h e n

mediu (e) to ihu permitthivihy of t spau E)

Di pole md dupos momunt An ele tmc dupde

made up e two e q u
md oppok thoge poraded by a bmai itmce
change amd cl u searut
magnitude
ien hn d

cdupols moment 9
CoulLomb Mukr

olittion

Polani gation poMti e amd

The olupla cemeni
n thi presenu
create elecmc dipcles,
hgati ve changes
fied thu tC CLLL Polani gaHicn
echmc

oli eluctuc
bolud duin s olipcle
n
Ihe polani zaticn P
volume
Momind ber umit

C
2
F
P V
eah
h no moltwle pen umut vclume i N amd

haus memunt P tHan

N Pclai 3aHcn odor
NP
 Two types
0 NOn- Polar
di elkci cs
Non potan di elechicA
One Composed those moiecules
An ohich
Cendne C + Change Co inside with Hu
Ue
- change Such mole culus ane symmeron
JUn Shabe
p-o d-o)
excmplx C 0 , , CH4 eke

9n non poton di eclech cb, the

momint c each moluuult iu
olip ole
3ero SO Net dipole non paar

di elechic 0
PRLL
Polo du elechic A poian di eitenuc compostd

mole tulus in ohich cund en

D-unalde wth Centsu -
change do no
+ Such
paRa D Atam ce.
th
Chwg symmeuC )hape.

molculu

H0, N e
NO,

duelt chsu c each molecule

9n þolan
mO ment.
has non 3ero ou p ole
or ei po 1es e
But th moleul es
rcmdoml ori ented due td thermat
 muri
dpele
gutaucn thu tb Cnuliu n4 th

each otfuns
momeu a pco denm c
nut ofpde

han

Dielectuc Polan zúw on

when a

en p o

huld
uun tltcmc
exjer nal
s

E
thu cenre c
+u Charge
puilud un duecHOn

md - An oppoi k to E
of ep E
a parako
gn thu) w Cenh - + changes
sid to be
distor d md ani
hi moe uits 9
e polan 3ed.
E
Case 9
 oO

Ner elect uc fieid nide

potan ged du elect ru

Thus
pofau 3ation eltet cuss
ade crease in th net ejectuc
ield with in the di elecluc
oiai zation i dein unduCed cu pole
mOment per ut volume

Pnet
V

electuC SuscebH bJ lu ty 1 oumd that tht poiau-

3tion ib oureCH

to th efect Chet) euckuc tieid E n

proponHona
hu polauzed di elecmC.
Er -
ie P E P&E Er-1)

P&XE
u Subhbiluh amd
th elkuc
X i Calid
makrpa

hu poperty
 Dipe
Lechra polnta

V,
N

Tatat (means ct fo d pou)

V V

L OM

ON

Pm PO+ OM
t a Coe -Y +-QCuo
4 TE Y+aCo,G|
I (T+acoso) ( ar - a(Wp)
P PO-ON

Y-O C G

VaP
P Coo

P.
P CosO
Vdip Vaip 41TE
 lecucedd due to a dupolde
The
he
poten i a o poin (e)
trom thu Cunch ot h di pole P(r,o)

CoSe
Vip 6) P
4TE
where
Sin 6 +YR Cos0

E-v Sino

E ov P Codo
4TE, i+2k

sine
OV PSino to
Eo
4 TEYS

Henc
E (T.) Er +Ee
Cob+ Sin® ©
Er.0)
4 TE3

7Sincj+T
CoCR R Sine 1 + k Cose
Sint
CesoJ -TSine k

/
Cose Cos j - sin e k
 sino +k Cese)+ inc ( 1
E (,0) 8Cost
dup 4T3
- Sino)
sinci + 9Cose k+ sino
Cee
9 (
4TET3 Rin'e

tet + oe-sin')
4TE13
+ 3 t-1)
4TET 3Sne Coo
4 TE

(31*oe -)
3r co (sine)+
4TES

Cae Sine t+ toF-

4T
4TE saep ( ) - E

dip (r.e)asA s
)

4TYS

E(ho) ( 7 ) T-F]
E(Y) 4TE S
Eie cuc diglo cem ent wcon D

Sntoc
EEo-EpP A
Chge
clinsity
inducd ch a e
E A
Caulisd PolaigaHoh
&E - P
A
eE +P

D-EE+F ho pelasgatien

amd Calltd electuc disploca

free sP Surace change density
in tro oucad maxweu
men D name by
Col oun b m
mit
LOCa ect ic tiad in di eluctsu cs

or th total
the ectuc eld uwhidh am atdm Aee
0n
atum Ati Calud 9n er nas
elecuc tield a th
Local i d "

DerivaHon
h vauw othu u 1eld
lo ind
Yun p-HO follow
lornt3 g0ue some mp

thu sphu Cal Cau fy

Considn Condinuu
ih oside thu wity elchuc held
nuous un
t i du Conh
Omd nsicu ihi Cdiy

natue Lorent3 thepy

Ltt in m ezkrmalel
a didechic maial locd
materia
Conai der m atom A eth di eletic

The elechuc e d

OCHng em ato

A Calld

cai teld (ti)

md

E E+ +E
 oind due to
to th elrcic a
chanse dunsits n the Riaty of panallul
Rlatr aabaci for

DEEP
Eo
EEo E+P

EE+ /E

ond Ei due to n du Ced dharge

P induced pclanizaion
- cha dinsity

To nd E
tield due t atomic di poles

Pnesent nsid Loreng a vity spher icad cauiy)

depen ds on th C ysfal acRLre gtwe asume

thi CyAtal Cubic E0

TaL

Assumun pOuns unsid thu

oit U dptlu, palue
to eah othur han t toom
point Cenhe
9(P.T - 3 P
E(T)
4 ITES

dup E (2) L

7 , z dureCH ond awequai valun Cgeiw ipe )

SO

Eau 0
or smme he Coje
To ind tz U h u electsic tied due to peaizakm
hanges nducd On ihi SUntace e Spheu a Cavity
Let w Con Sider smau ua ds on Surtace e Hhe
the

Sphee bo f O+do L dq Charge em d s

E, SIn

d E , oo

dEcos

A due fod
The EF. inensi ty. at
dE6in
Chaye d dq Cuse
dEg Sine dieT anai
4TE

urfa Ohange denai ts

d dA-dS

dA
J to oa pctP.h
d ese ds T
polau zuhon
T comP
P Coso dS. Cos

4TE

ce f ung) x
huckne»
dS Cir umeren
T T S I h e ) Td6 A

Os Sino

TTYSI NO do
ds
 dta Cos o sinS do
4TE2

dE P Coe SIno do

net dE
0.

Co Sino do
9

Hence
Eo + E+ Eg + E
ELoc
N-Polaw 3aHdn
fo Cuhic Faor

EAOC N64P +0 Cacbic Nl

3e
P
3 EE
A
+P

t- +P &A

E+
CO
eo
E+
3
 Clausius MO Asatti atuon

LTS mosotti eguaHCnnelatus 1h diuuuc arr

Er lative permithuit) te anmcpol
(3) guuen

r2 3
Derivation
eluchHC teld te o scud c

thu in cuud dupcu momun

o ELc

R 0u N n
ahems in

ci elucic

Thu tot palauzahon ho. densi

PP
N

P 2 NoEc);
dieu tmc
dr S0tropic

Euc

Cryst a Cubic then

PE+
 E2Nd +
P1-3& wi E Ni O

PE &E X &E (Er -1)

3E i-

E (Er -1) N i di

( Nidi e)

2. Ni
+

1- 3
N
2Nid
Ni

1+ Nid

1- ENi

1+ a 1
1
erta - ii
 14 N i -1+

Er+

as
This is known
+ Clawius Moso ti equaHo

polauzahiliHes e
This wed to dthumine th elec)ucal
atoms r known

ypes ot echu cal polougak.u 3

(A Elecrronu c folaigabili e) oe n e tah ve

doud
the elecnon
thden o Charqe dutubuwion, ike
C am tom or molecuwe , to be distored om is norma

shpe by exter nad electuc ield

9onic Polau gabili y (d ion) 94 i i a l e d lo onic

is aplIEd to
makua. st ocus when electruc eld
dW
plac ed
C10uC madenia then caHons dmd amions
ge
use to a net dipole momen
tn OPp0S) e dire CHohs ving

Ovientatona Petau
Pola zabiiw ty (ip)
os
DIpolan

pela molru
In whvch +ve Ihe Orlen taHon
eltchca
and- do not townds thu ext nas
Co inud
Unut FO
 ility
The cla cal ectnonic olug hi"
DEc

Jectnonic Pu3auon aues due to thu olusplacemend

nu clews U
doud ladive 1o t charg
hu phebenu applied elechuc ect
maleu al
atom a di elechti
Considen a nee
hucleus 1 UOundud
+Ze md
on huClus
change which i disiubued

2e

by m eecnon dloud f chage

Jn
phuv raljws R.

gn absence oeLctnic ield

th centne e aauih s
huclus Cofnside
elechon
o each eher
+Ze
the elechro nuc Change denaity

totai e charge
vclume

Ze -3 Ze
4TR3

when h atom Rtacd in a Atauc homogeheo ws

ex ternas ield
h dis Rlacement
huclws along exerna
O CCuns md
appuied tield
he e cloud aso Aebanad

rom th nucLeus

Thus
 Uu equlu bum Condi t1oT
Ondur
equas trCe
he Rulting torce Lorent 3 foro)
- e Change oud
exteed on nu clews

fe e r c l o u d

-ze
+Ze E Ze.(te '
Ze
TR3
Substi tuHng Lh vaiw o te) 9'

ch ange n adiws >phuu

Px V
3
Le

ze

E
4 o

Hence T R E
ze

gnducd di pde momernt

P Charge x
displau mut
Ze x X

E
Zex 4 TE R ole 4TE R
ze

P 4TE R E
P 4TER
 dimenapn de volume
No
AC y : dependen u ode o gu
Polai3abiu

To Let utht abpu ed

ind u ac poiau3 abiii t y ,
eleduc a E =E Lec e

E- E. e e
E -O

HocR's L
fhe re Aheunj 10

md'x

dt
w x

m d'x
dt
boumd paouicu
Cha9 e
th elas H cally
Fan lwt

mas
m ac ietd E
e of moion
the w
dx e Etoce
KT dt
mdx
ELoce i o o
+
+ m

cdt
hC Pol au3ability

sen ce of E
sh ab
gn epeHenu

n w oom
h eledhron

2e
etoung
F-F

) 0 r o n m t negusnu

( (natu ru)
md + KY 0
dt md +m u0
=0
d w 1
-0
Now appling ih ac eld)
ejecmc dld
loc 8inot

then
EOM - e (Elec Sinwt)
m d 4Do

ume thu Aln cf abte DE

a
Xo Sin wt
Cos ui
d1 e w

d
w ounut
dmd
d
ub sHtuHn in
elEcSinwt)
Sinwt)
-
=

o Sin wt +mw ;
nD
- e EC
m u 0 -w*)
 - e t loe dus pla Cumuil

w,-wm
momu
NOW mplituds ofdipels
Inu Correu ponduhg
tpanalion
change
(-e)Ko

e Etoc
m(w-u')

Then by dtinatLo

elecho nic polugabill ty

eELoc

m ( o - w ) Etoc
Eloc
one atpm
e e this o r
m w-w)

per
atom Z
No no e N
umit vlm
=
atom
No ef

N Ze
de
mw-w*)

de Xe
ode E Loc) E
ElDC

So eAulling
scnic usupHbi liy
N Ze-

Xe m& (w-u)
For ihe relnaoive undtx

relaliue permi ability er1+e

1+
n
1+ NZez
me (w-uw)
(r er)n

1+ N Ze2

me (o-o)
relaHon blw n v(s w enown dispersjon