Iheamoduunamics

Two bodieo in Condack in Thermal

Thea mal Equi librtuun Eaualibrum
when all macsoscopic propeo Jiko IniHally PaVsT
PrenouePI,V6lum[V], Temperatue [T] A B PVT
maso (m1, ho. cmodeo nl ane conakant
and do net
PAuTPaGl00 o ooo
Oo
0o
change uih Hma FinallyHeat od 0o O0
A 8 until sami
o O0
Abodyub said tobe tenperaue. A B
ConducHna T G )
Ineqilibrium uih A B
ito Surourding ilit Tdiath e i c
io inuleled PV T PvT

compleleb Inswabed Theamal eqjuilibriuy

Boundary bluw 2 boduo
adiabaHcJ
Ttenal EnesqyLU
Leroh Law Thea modynemicCo To tal = Intexnal Exenal
two bodiasae in theunal ea.uwith ene ene enag
anehar hind body then thay muat be in
Forqaep
thonmal equilibun with eachohe.
U Internal enUray
Degee a fieadom Cf
-Degrea a readomuio tho number e indapendenrt U Kinekc energy Poknttaleneqy
due to moHon7 + fdueto inkea-
wayo in shich a molcule poss ep tianslaion
molecule molecular
ofaional and vib ratonal moton. atoreotbo|
For qaneD at reat
OR
Ihe numbes ol indapendontf kamo uh He
expreaoion or kuakc eneng1 not dapend on each
Oh
Monoatomic qap Lauo EquipanHonoEneag
LHe, Ne,Ar.]
DOF The aueage hunuHc enorg y ansoctaled with each
3 tans laion
O tokaton DOF dagrta o freadom ol amolecue u 1hT,hune
3 +2 at Hih kmp Kub R/N|and Tb maanuyedl in haluin.
braton
1moleaule 1boF, K.E - KT
Daiatomio qap
LHa, Na,0 1 molecule f boF k.EKT
3 on DOF
2 rolaion DOF K.EImode RT 2
f 5+ 2at Hyibrahen K.Eon noles a
Poyakomic gao
Lso CO2 CHy , K.EnRTT
iher fS 42 olahon
High
-Non-Linead
AU AKE-fnRAT For ideal
3trans
3 ta
Charge i'n Ineanel eneI9 U FCT
f6942a
Specii Heat & MolarSpecik Head Capadik
CA0 C A
mAT hAT Molar SHC at Conolant Yolume [C]

AP CmAT A ChAT Agv n CvAT

Molar SHC at conotant Piesou e [co]
Molar
Maad

mole
mDS
wat
Pp hCar
weli

Cv&CpIn uRmo ef Monoatomic (f3)

Cv R Cp-Cv RUniveral
Gras Conakant
-Y Y 67
Fox all aa tD

Cp-Cv Y: I+2baiah mc (f:S)

Monoatomic Daiatomi c Polyatomic
3 f 6 Pobluat omic [f-¢]
Cv
SR 3R Y:1I33
Cp 4R
YmonsYaia > Ytiat

Gp & Cy in tcamo R&Y Woxk ih Thermoduhami

Pauth yun cHon
Gv R CpYR W PAV
P- Constant
Intexna Eneray[u
For ideaa W- Pdv
Slale uien
VI
AU AkE = hfRAT Praiable
2 Sign Convenhien
U- hCvAT Any Prouso iAV: +Ve epannien
wOTk done by gao W+ Ve

AU in acdic procudo - 0 iiBV-ve, Compress ioh

woTk done on he sysem a W: -Ve
AU in teramo P
W Area under PlVaurue
AU= h CvAT= hfRAT
in cy clie Procuso
AU h RLh-T1
W- Are o Cyde
nRT-hR T] Clockuwise =tve
Ant cd -ve
 Furat Lauwa{ Them eduhamicsdni/
Hent [ap] Enargy
It o a sakemenfal CoroervahonG
conolan.
unuedaa ub
Enungy in ha
Ap mCAT

in texmo S.H.C
A-W+ AU
Ap nCaT ody hamuco
ypeo Proano in Th
erum
hast
in uem o mouas speciic Isobaric Proceno
V T
jnosP Conolant
A0 hCuAT Chanlcb Law Conaant

atcorokant
Gnrapho
AD hCp4T
at conskant P P

Sian Conuvechioh
+ve
Heat qiuen to Syaem =

Heatqi ven by sgokm-

Isochoaic Psoccso
V: Conatant - Holar SHC
PT Cp1)R Y
Conaant
APp hCpT
AU hCvdT AlwaS
W : APp -AU
Guqpho hcp0T
-
hCyAT
W
W-hRAT

E Molar SHC TsothesMal Paoce

Cv- fR R Veny veuy s lousi Grxaphs
2 PelecHhyconducina boundas y
T Corolant
FAU= hCvAT T

APV- nCu AT
DPv- PV- Conotant Ts
W= o P,Vi P&V
Molar SHC
CT 00
WehRT Joge V
VI
W: hRTJege P
P /Ap W
 Adiabaic Pro ceD Gaph
Very vey raptay P Slope
Perecily isulating bodundasy Slop
Ymon Ydia Ypoy
Ap-0 ex
PV-COokant
TV cOnstant Companison a d e e n t
P TY = conofan
Po oceo HeH
Molar SHC =O Expanoiopn

Fox Same AV
AU hCvA T
isobanic NoaK dong
W= -AU Wisobanc Wisother
isohermal Wadiabuh Wisachozieg

P
Gomprebcoion Fos SameAV
Wadia > Wisotu>
WisbaucWisocho
diakakie
V V

iSaoHena
diabaht
isobanc
jsechost 2n Law e Then m ody hamics
JstLa P w*AUu
eal conueteolintuwo
A l l we+k,cannot be
VI V Hat
A#w
Heat Enai'ne aps
Deuia ushich coruerd teas to wo:k.
2n Lau
posstbi° 9ondoanel
Heas
Soure heuin- Planck Statement
- No proCana uuo possible ush ose sole repub
YCsexuE T u the anbaspion ofhaat krom a resenvio
Pcinpus) and CCTmglok conu eTioh of hat înte woK

Wok 1007,
Coupus)
ekecuan het possible
Ptwsle
Hea
yeexviour T
Stnk
w-Pi-P
h r-p
Car bota Heaf
h 1-P2 T Engins.
T
h -T Temp.in
TT kolwin
 LIdeal HealEraina
Graaph TsoHherm
Casnodtb Heat Erqlne ex panoit/T
operaira blw Samaem peaku re
No haat enaina moc Hhasn Ca tnots adiabahe
LTETJCan have ellicuny expanuse

Heat Enqine
sokhernad T2
l a x or
a¥nods Head ena'ne Compre

ottao in asnotb Heat Eagine

Isohemal exparbioh Isothesmal Compessioh
T: Conatand, qn expandina T-Conokant, qas'Compeboe.dl
Heat absorbed by qan-P Heat uo relenped P2

Adiabake eepanbion AdiabadHc conpression

Ap-0

Rekaigesator 2nd LawoTheamodynamics

Reneune e Caanols Heed engine

Chauoius Stademen
Room -atechriak whose
T WPPz
-

No procLD is possible
Sole seauuo tha thanaero
Ideal relqelatotr *o
haaem celder object
Cihpu) hotes object.
wor
dechical
Pa (oupud)
DT
T

Goellacant o Perlexmance
k: udpu
Input

Pr-P

T
T-l