Nig. J. Anim. Prod.

2017, 44(3):342 - 353 Nigerian Journal of Animal Production

© Nigerian Society for Animal Production

Performance evaluation and haematological biochemical parameters of West African

dwarf goats fed pineapple waste (Ananas comosus) with or without yeast
(Saccharomyces cerevisiae) supplementation
1
Adekanbi, A. O., 2Onwuka, C. F. I., 2Oni, A. O., 4Ojo, V. O. A., 3Ajayi, F. T., 1Popoola, M.
A.
1
Federal college of Animal Health and Production Technology, P.M.B 5029, Moor
Plantation, Ibadan, Nigeria.
2
Department of Animal Nutrition, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria.
3
Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, P.M.B 5029, Moor Plantation, Ibadan,
Nigeria
4
Department of Pasture and Range Management,
Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria.
Abstract
Pineapple waste (PW) is an agro-industrial by-product containing high fibre and can be
harnessed by feeding it to ruminant animals to solve their nutritional problems in Nigeria. A
study was conducted to assess the nutritive value of Pineapple (PW) as supplementary feed for
ruminant animals during the dry season when grasses are either not available or of low
quality. Pineapple waste were collected, sundried and then used for the feeding trial at
different inclusion levels of 0%, 10%, 20% and 30% with or without yeast supplementation
(WOWYS). Twenty four West African dwarf bucks (between 6.5 and 7.5 kg) were assigned to
eight dietary treatments with three bucks per treatment and arranged in 2 x 4 factorial layouts
in a completely randomized design over a period of 84days. Data were obtained on growth
performance and haematological parameters. Results of performance characteristics showed
that average concentrate consumed (257.58 g/day), total weight gain (3.23 kg), metabolic
0.75
weight gain (2.48W ) and daily weight gain (35.88 g/day) of experimental animals were
significantly higher (p? 0.05) in goats fed 10% inclusion level WOWYS. Pineapple waste
inclusion levels WOWYS significantly (p? 0.05) influenced white blood cell count (WBC),
lymphocytes, monocytes and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration across the
treatments. The monocytes (3.00%) Neutrophil counts (30.00%) were best and significantly
higher (p? 0.05) in goats fed 10% PW inclusion level WOWYS while WBC increased
significantly (p? 0.05) across the dietary treatments (9.63 – 11.65 x103/mm3) and were within
normal levels expected of healthy goats. It is concluded that dietary inclusion of PW with or
without yeast supplementation in concentrate diet up to 10% improved the performance
characteristics and haematological blood parameters of West African Dwarf goats without
any adverse effects.
Keywords: Pineapple wastes, Yeast, Performance and Haematology

Introduction feed supply (Akangbe and Adeleye, 2002).

Ruminant production is an important Ruminant livestock play an important role in
component of agricultural sector in the economic development of Nigeria in
Nigerian economy. The nation's meat terms of feeding the steadily growing
supply is almost exclusively derived from population and providing the available
ruminant livestock. The major constraint of resources for national development. Goats
increasing small ruminant productivity is are classified as an important small ruminant
the improvement of ruminant nutrition and on account of their unique ability to adapt

342
West African dwarf goats fed pineapple waste (Ananas comosus) with or without yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)

and maintain themselves in harsh injury of all forms, including feed toxicity
environment. Their small size relative to (Ihedioha et al., 2004). Haematological
cattle contributes to their wide distribution constituents reflect the physiological
and easy management by farmers. They are responsiveness of the animal to its internal
considered superior to other ruminant and external environments which include
species in their utilization of poor quality feed and feeding (Esonu et al., 2001). This
and high fibre feeds (Oyeyemi and Akusu, study is designed to evaluate the
2005). They are mostly kept as sources of performance and haematological parameters
meat, milk and skin. Other purposes of of West African dwarf goats fed diet
keeping goat include household income, containing pineapple waste with or without
festival season and special occasions yeast supplementation.
(Odeyinka and Okunade, 2005). Pineapple
waste is an example of such agro-industrial Materials and methods
by-product that can be utilized to a good The experiment was conducted at the
advantage for ruminant nutrition in Teaching and Research Farm of the Federal
Nigeria. College of Animal Health and Production
Pineapple waste is usually discarded as Technology, Moor Plantation, Ibadan in the
waste after processing and it is a rich source South- Western Part of Nigeria. The area lies
of energy but low in protein (Fadel et al., within the rain forest ecological zone, and
2 0 0 0 ) . Ye a s t p r o d u c t s s u c h a s falls within longitude and latitude 70 27N '

Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Aspergillus 0 '

and 3 25E, respectively at altitude 200-
oryzae appear to be more useful in 300m above the sea level with an annual
manipulating rumen metabolism. As a rainfall of about 1250 mm. The temperatures
result, the use of S. cerevisiae as a microbial and relative humidity ranged from 30-35 C
0

feed additive has increased during the past and 76-84% respectively. The experiment
20 years. However, the response of yeasts is was conducted during the dry season.
not consistent on the nutrient utilization, Collection and processing of the
rumen fermentation and production which experimental diets
depend on several factors. Pineapple waste
The use of yeast in ruminant animal Fresh wet pineapple wastes (peelings and the
nutrition has been the subject of numerous pulp peelings) were collected in
studies over the last decade. It has been polyethylene woven sacks from Lafia
postulated that its inclusion in the diet of Canning Factory of Fumman Agricultural
farm animals is beneficial; however, right Products Nigeria Ltd., Apata, Ibadan,
amount must be added for optimal results to Nigeria. The collected materials were
be obtained (Fickers et al., 2005). sundried for ten days on asphalt surface, kept
Haematological studies represent a useful in a jute bag in preparation for feed
process in the diagnosis of many diseases formulation with other ingredients.
as well as investigation of the extent of Source of Yeast
damage in the blood (Onyeyili et al., 1991). Yeast was purchased from STK Industries
Haematological studies are important Limited 8, Offin Canal, Apongbon, Lagos
because the blood is the major transport Island, Lagos State, Nigeria(Major
system of the body and evaluations of the distributor for Guangxi Danbaoli yeast
haematological profile usually provide Company- Limited, China).
vital information on the body's response to Composition of yeast (Baker's yeast)

343
 Adekanbi, Onwuka, Oni, Ojo, Ajayi, and Popoola

The yeast used in the study was the maintained on Panicum maximum and
commercially available 'baker's yeast' maize sievate. Fresh water was also supplied
(Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Baker's yeast ad libitum. After the adaptation period, the
contains nitrogen base, biotin, calcium animals were divided into eight treatment
pantothenate, folic acid, inositol, niacin and groups of three animals each, after balancing
it is also rich in protein and vitamins. them for body weight. Each group of
Experimental animals and their animals was randomly assigned to one of the
management eight different experimental concentrate
A total number of twenty four (24) male diets.
West African dwarf goats aged 10- 12 Experimental design
months with an average live weight of 6.5± The experimental design was completely
2kg were used for this study. The animals randomized design in a 2x4 factorial
were housed intensively in well ventilated arrangement. The animals were divided
individual pens disinfected with morigad randomly into eight groups containing three
solution before their arrival. To ensure good replicates each, after balancing them for
condition of the goats, they were given weight. The feeding trial lasted for 84 days.
prophylactic treatments which included Animals were fed at 5% body weight while
intramuscular application of clean water was provided ad-libitum.
oxytetracycline and vitamin B complex at a Experimental diets
dosage of 1ml/10kg body weight of the Eight experimental concentrate diets were
animal. They were also dewormed with formulated to contain varying levels of
1ml/10kg body weight of Albendazole® and pineapple waste at 0, 10, 20 and 30% with or
treated against ectoparasites with without yeast inclusion in replacement for
0.5ml/10kg body weight of Ivomec®. The maize bran. Other ingredients in the diets
animals were allowed an adaptation period which were constant are bone meal, wheat
of two weeks during which they were offal, dried brewers grain, premix and salt
(Table 1).
Table 1: Ingredient composition (%) of the concentrate diets
Ingredients With yeast Without yeast
0% 10% 20% 30% 0% 10% 20% 30%

Maize bran 50.00 40.00 30.00 20.00 50.00 40.00 30.00 20.00
Pineapple waste 0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00
Bone meal 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00
Wheat offal 24.50 24.50 24.50 24.50 24.50 24.50 24.50 24.50
Premix 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25
Salt 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25
Dried brewers grain 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00
Yeast 1 1 1 - - - -
Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Determined Analysis
Dry matter 89.84 90.03 89.89 89.91 90.08 89.91 89.50
Crude protein 16.21 15.28 14.92 15.17 15.39 13.78 13.89
Crude fibre 11.37 14.67 15.59 15.73 14.58 17.58 17.24
Ether extract 3.74 3.61 3.57 3.55 3.63 3.68 3.65
Ash 7.59 7.14 6.88 7.21 7.26 6.54 6.75
Nitrogen free extract 50.93 49.33 48.93 48.25 49.22 51.61 48.42
Neutral detergent fibre 41.69 42.93 49.87 48.95 43.27 51.87 52.33
Acid detergent fibre 27.08 31.79 38.79 39.05 28.79 40.08 41.06
Acid detergent lignin 9.79 10.78 11.06 10.76 11.95 11.79 11.87
Hemicellulose 14.61 11.14 11.08 9.90 14.48 11.79 11.27
Cellulose 17.29 21.01 27.73 28.29 16.84 8.29 29.19
(-) indicates diets without yeast supplementation
(+) indicates diets with yeast supplementation at the rate of 1g per kg of feed

344
West African dwarf goats fed pineapple waste (Ananas comosus) with or without yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)

Feed intake and live weight changes Results and discussion

The growth of the animals in response to the Chemical composition of Pineapple Waste
experimental treatments was monitored by - (PW) and Panicum maximum (PM)
taking their pre-experimental body weights, Table 2 shows the chemical composition of
followed by weighing on a weekly basis pineapple waste and Panicum maximum
prior to feeding. Feeds offered daily per used in the experiment. The crude protein
animal were recorded and refusals were value for pineapple wastes recorded
weighed and recorded to compute feed (11.78%) was contrary with the report of
intake on daily basis. Feed conversion ratio Okoruwa and Njidda (2012). These
(FCR) was also calculated. researchers reported a crude protein of (4.66
Collection of blood samples %). The high crude protein of pineapple
5mls of blood sample was collected from wastes obtained in this study could be as a
three randomly selected goats per treatment result of high fermentation. The crude fibre
via jugular vein puncture using hypodermic and dry matter percentage reported here
syringes before feeding into a labelled were similar with the report of Okoruwa and
sample bottle containing anticoagulant and Njida (2012). However, the value obtained
the sample was rocked gently to ensure easy for ash and nitrogen free extract (3.68% and
mixing of the blood with the anticoagulant. 50.63%) were lower than the values (7.00%
Chemical analysis and 61.13%) respectively as reported by the
Aliquot of daily feed samples (Concentrate same authors. The variations observed
and Panicum maximum) were collected, might be due to the differences in
oven-dried, ground and sieved through a 2- geographical location, age of the plant and
mm sieve and stored in airtight containers time of harvesting. The crude protein value
for proximate (AOAC, 2007) and fibre (Van of Panicum maximum confirmed the report
Soest et al., 1991) analyses. Cellulose was of Agishi (1985) that tropical pasture
taken as the difference between ADF and grasses are frequently low in protein and
lignin while hemicellulose was also taken as cannot support high levels of ruminant
the difference between NDF and ADF. production. The higher crude protein
Statistical analysis content of Pineapple waste to that of
The data obtained from the study were Panicum maximum could be expected as
subjected to analysis of variance SAS most Agro-industrial by-product wastes
(2002). Means for treatments showing contain higher nitrogen contents than
significant differences in the Analysis of grasses. Thus, this suggests that Pineapple
variance were compared using the Duncan wastes could as well serve as protein
multiple range test, (Duncan, 1955). supplement to poor quality grasses.
Table 2: Chemical composition of pineapple waste and Panicum maximum
Parameters (%) Pineapple waste Panicum maximum
Dry matter 90.14 90.87
Crude protein 11.78 8.67
Crude fibre 21.79 31.28
Ether extract 2.26 2.46
Ash 3.68 9.87
Nitrogen free extract 50.63 38.59
Neutral detergent fibre 59.88 61.38
Acid detergent fibre 43.15 46.79
Acid detergent lignin 13.87 9.67
Hemicellulose 16.73 14.59
Cellulose 29.28 37.12
Hemicellulose =%NDF-%ADF, Cellulose=%ADF-%ADL
345
 Adekanbi, Onwuka, Oni, Ojo, Ajayi, and Popoola

Performance characteristics of West N4.82 was recorded by goats fed 10%

African dwarf goats fed pineapple pineapple waste. Variation in weight gain
wastes with or without yeast and average daily intake were observed
supplementation across the treatments, the variation may be
Table 3 shows the effect of inclusion levels due to differences in the age and breed of
of pineapple waste with or without yeast animals. Some of the animals gained
supplementation on performance weight, which indicated that intake of
characteristics of West African dwarf goat. energy and protein were little above
The weight gain ranged from (2.84 -3.23 maintenance requirement. The performance
%)), metabolic weight gain ranged from result was consistent with the report of
(2.17 -2.48 %), daily weight gain ranged Kawas et al. (2007) who found out that yeast
from (31.56 -35.88 %), cost per kg of feed supplementation did not affect growth
ranged from (22.44 -34.24 %), cost per feed performance in finishing lambs but in
consumed per goat ranged from (4.91 -7.08 contrast, Haddad and Goussous (2004)
%) and cost per weight gain ranged from observed improved weight gain after
(267.82 – 434.79 %) respectively were supplementing yeast to finishing sheep diet.
significantly (P? 0.05) influenced by the The reasons behind the different responses
levels of inclusion. Goats on 10% inclusion to yeast supplementation between the
level had the highest weight gain (3.37kg) various studies are still under investigation.
and the least feed conversion ratio of 11.65 It is, however, evident that yeast can have a
compared to the control but not beneficial effect on performance under
significantly different from other circumstances such as basal diet, the amount
treatments .. Goats on 10% inclusion level of yeast supplemented, type of forage,
had the lowest (N4.91) cost of feed health status of the animals and feeding
consumed per goat.. The same trend was strategy.
recorded in the values obtained for cost of However, the improved weight gains and
feed per kg and cost per weight gain growth rate of the animals on 10% inclusion
respectively. of pineapple waste with yeast
Table 4 shows the interaction effect of supplementation could be related to the
inclusion levels of pineapple wastes with or crude protein (CP) components of the feed.
without yeast supplementation of West Therefore, the higher growth rates and lower
African dwarf goat. There were significant feed conversion ratio-obtained in this study
(P? 0.05) differences in the interaction indicated better goat performance in terms
effect of total feed intake, average feed of weight gain with the high level of
intake, cost per kg feed, cost of feed pineapple waste as supplement. A lower
consumed per goat and cost per weight gain value of feed conversion ratio (FCR) is an
respectively as the inclusion levels indication of better performance and feed
increases. The cost of feed consumed per conversion to flesh (Devendra et al. (1982).
goat increases as the levels of inclusion The result obtained from this experiment
increases, but the highest price of N6.78 per agrees with the observation of Devendra et
goat was recorded by goat fed 30% al. (1982) that body weight change is a
inclusion level while the least price of reflection of nutritive status of the animal.

346
 Table 3: Effect of levels of pineapple waste with or without yeast supplementation on
performance characteristics by West African dwarf goats
Factor Levels of inclusions of pineapple waste
Parameters With Y S Without Y S SEM 0% 10% 20% 30% SEM

Initial weight (kg) 7.41 8.41 0.32 7.68 8.25 7.92 7.78 0.44
Initial metabolic wt (W0.75kg) 4.49b 4.92a 0.11 4.61 4.86 4.71 4.65 0.19
Final weight (kg) 10.53 11.50 0.31 10.52 11.48 11.04 11.00 0.48
Final metabolic wt ( W0.75kg) 5.58 5.80 0.21 5.42 5.52 6.05 5.78 0.27
Weight gain (kg) 3.12 3.09 0.11 2.84b 3.23a 3.12ab 3.22ab 0.13
Metabolic wt gain ( W0.75kg) 2.34 2.36 0.06 2.17b 2.48a 2.34ab 2.40ab 0.07
Daily weight gain (g) 34.66 34.33 1.33 31.56b 35.88a 34.66ab 35.78ab 1.62

347
Concentrate consumed (g/day) 196.50b 257.58a 11.05 206.90 219.24 238.24 243.80 19.95
Grass consumed (g/day) 286.02 271.79 9.25 260.48 292.66 297.39 283.10 12.83
Total feed intake (g/day) 482.52 529.38 16.59 467.37 511.91 517.63 526.90 22.62
Average daily intake (g/day) 433.88 475.58 14.85 419.89 461.00 465.51 472.54 20.24
Feed conversion ratio 11.99 12.83 0.38 12.70 11.65 12.78 12.51 0.53
Cost per kg of feed ( N) 26.29 26.29 1.41 34.24a 22.44d 25.24b 23.24c 1.53
Cost of feed consumed /wt gain/goat 5.10b 6.69a 0.37 7.08a 4.91b 5.92ab 5.66ab 0.51
(N)
Cost per weight gain ( N) 317.50 340.68 21.63 434.79a 267.82c 322.83b 290.92bc 14.56
.a,b,c
means in the same row with different superscripts are significantly (p? 0.05) different
YS = Yeast Supplementation SEM = Standard Error of Mean
West African dwarf goats fed pineapple waste (Ananas comosus) with or without yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
 Table 4: Interaction effect of levels of Pineapple waste with or without Yeast supplementation on performance characteristics of West African Dwarf
goats
With Yeast supplementation Without Yeast supplementation
Parameters 0% 10% 20% 30% 10% 20% 30% SEM
Initial weight (kg) 7.30 7.83 7.50 7.00 8.67 8.33 8.57 0.22
Initial metabolic wt (W 0.75kg) 4.44 4.68 4.53 4.30 5.03 4.90 5.00 0.09
Final weight (kg) 10.13 11.23 10.53 10.20 11.73 11.58 11.80 0.24
Final metabolic wt (W 0.75kg) 5.67 5.62 5.84 5.19 5.41 6.26 6.36 0.15
Weight gain (kg) 2.83 3.40 3.03 3.20 3.33 3.22 3.23 0.08
Metabolic wt gain (W 0.75kg) 2.17 2.50 2.28 2.39 2.17 2.40 2.41 0.04
Daily weight gain (g) 31.44 37.77 35.69 37.64 39.22 37.85 38.04 0.95
Concentrate consumed (g/day) 173.41 214.51 202.22 195.87 223.97 274.26 291.73 10.16
Grass consumed (g/day) 287.69ab 297.39a 284.52ab 274.47ab 287.94ab 274.26ab 291.73a 6.59
Total feed intake (g/day) 461.11 511.91 486.74 470.34 511.91 548.52 583.45 12.53
Average daily intake (g/day) 414.26 460.87 437.52 422.88 461.13 493.50 522.19 11.20

348
Feed conversion ratio 12.66 11.54 12.49 11.29 11.77 13.07 13.74 0.27
Cost per kg of feed ( N) 34.24a 22.44d 25.24b 23.24b 22.44d 25.24b 23.24c 0.98
Cost of feed consumed per goat ( N) 5.93b 4.82b 5.10b 4.55b 5.02b 6.74ab 6.78ab 0.31
Cost per weight gain ( N) 433.36a 259.03b 315.16b 262.45b 276.60b 330.51b 319.39b 15.21
a,b,c
means in the same row with different superscripts are significantly (p? 0.05) different
YS = Yeast Supplementation; SEM = Standard Error of Mean
Adekanbi, Onwuka, Oni, Ojo, Ajayi, and Popoola
 Table 5: Effect of levels of pineapple waste with or without yeast supplementation on ( Initial )
haematological parameters on West African dwarf goats
Factor
Parameters With Y S Without Y S SEM 0% 10% 20% 30% SEM

PCV (%) 25.63 27.88 1.07 24.50 b 24.75 b 28.25ab 29.50a 1.22
Hb (g/dl) 7.90 8.80 0.40 7.60b 7.68b 8.80ab 9.33a 0.44
RBC (x 103/mm3) 10.48 10.60 0.22 11.01 a 10.19b 11.24 a 9.72b 0.18
MCV ( fl) 24.57 26.48 1.26 22.21b 24.34b 25.20b 30.35a 1.15
MCHC (g/dl) 30.38 31.59 0.56 33.33 b 33.35 ab 33.34 b 33.42 a 0.73
MCH (pg) 7.56 8.38 0.46 6.90b 7.53b 7.85b 9.59a 0.41
WBC (x 103/mm3) 8.54 9.38 0.60 9.06ab 7.95b 10.64a 8.20b 0.77

349
Neutrophil (%) 29.50 29.63 1.36 31.25a 30.25a 32.50a 24.25b 1.43
Lymphocyte (%) 65.88 65.75 1.33 64.25b 65.25b 62.75b 71.00a 1.39
Monocyte (%) 2.50 2.38 0.28 1.50b 2.75a 2.50 3.00a 0.31
Eosinophil (%) 2.25 2.25 0.31 3.00 1.75 2.50 1.75 0.27
a, b, c
means in the same row with different superscripts are significantly (p? 0.05) different
PCV Packed cell volume, Hb Haemoglobin, RBC Red blood cell, MCV Mean corpuscular volume, MCHV Mean corpuscular
haemoglobin concentration, MCH Mean corpuscular haemoglobin, WBC White blood cell.
SEM = Standard Error of Mean
YS= Yeast supplementation
West African dwarf goats fed pineapple waste (Ananas comosus) with or without yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
 Table 6: Interaction effect of levels of Pineapple waste with or without Yeast supplementation on (Final) haematologi cal parameters on West African
dwarf goats
With yeast supplementation Without yeast supplementation
Parameters 0% 10% 20% 30% 10% 20% 30% SEM

PCV (%) 24.50ab 21.00 b 27.00 a 30.00 a 28.50 a 29.50 a 29.00 a 0.70
ab b a a a a
Hb (g/dl) 7.50 6.10 8.55 9.45 9.25 9.05 9.20 a 0.30
RBC (x 103/mm3) 10.92 ab 10.49 bc 10.94 ab 9.56 d 9.89 a 11.53 a 9.87 cd 0.15
MCV (f l) 22.42 cd 19.70 d 24.80 bc 31.36 a 28.98 ab 25.80 bc 29.35 ab 0.90
MCHC (g/dl) 30.65 ab 27.63 b 31.80 a 31.43 a 32.41 a 30.66 ab 31.73 a 0.45
MCH (Pg)) 6.87 cd 5.65 d 7.84 bc 9.87 a 9.41 ab 7.86 bc 9.31 ab 0.33

350
WBC (x 103/mm3) 8.20 ab 9.03 ab 9.63 ab 7.33 b 6.88 b 11.65 a 9.08 ab 0.43
Neutrophil (%) 23.50 ab 30.00 a 27.50 c 27.00 c 30.50 bc 37.50a 21.50 d 1.00
Lymphocyte (%) 62.50 c 65.00 bc 68.00 b 68.00 b 65.00 57.50 d 74.00 a 0.98
Monocyte (%) 1.00 b 3.00 a 2.50 ab 3.50 a 2.50 ab 2.50 ab 2.50 ab 0.19
Eosinophil (%) 3.00 2.00 2.50 1.50 1.50 2.50 2.00 0.21
a, b ,c
means in the same row with different superscripts are significantly (p? 0.05) different
PCV packed c ell volume, Hb haemoglobin, RBC red blood cell, MCV mean corpuscular volume, MCHV mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration,
MCH mean corpuscular haemoglobin, WBC white blood cell.
SEM = Standard Error of Mean
Adekanbi, Onwuka, Oni, Ojo, Ajayi, and Popoola
West African dwarf goats fed pineapple waste (Ananas comosus) with or without yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)

Effect of levels of pineapple wastes with or 30% reported by Opara et al. (2010). In
without yeast supplementation on (Initial) contrast to this, Taiwo and Ogunsanmi
Haematological parameters of West (2003) reported higher values of 36.9% and
African dwarf goats 35.5% for clinically healthy West African
Table 5 shows the main effect of levels of Dwarf goats. The haemoglobin range in this
pineapple wastes with or without yeast study fell within the range of 7 – 15 g/dl
supplementation on haematological reported by Daramola et al.(2005) but higher
parameters of West African dwarf goats. than the values of 5 – 6g/dl obtained by
Among the parameters measured packed Belewu and Ogunsola (2010) for goats fed
cell volume, haemoglobin concentration, fungi-treated Jatropha curcas kernel cake
red blood cells, mean corpuscular volume, rations. The red blood cell counts reported in
mean corpuscular haemoglobin, white this study were within the range of 9.2 –
blood cells, Neutrophil, lymphocyte, and 13.5g/dl as reported by Tambuwal et al.
monocyte were significantly (P? 0.05) (2002). The reduced red blood counts
influenced by the levels of pineapple wastes recorded for goats at 10% inclusion level at
except mean corpuscular haemoglobin the start of the experiment present a likely
concentration, eosinophil and platelet were susceptibility to anaemia related disease
not significantly (P? 0.05) influenced by the conditions by these goats. The white blood
levels of inclusion. Packed cell volume and cell counts fell within the normal range as
haemoglobin concentration increased as the reported by Daramola et al. (2005). The
levels of pineapple wastes increases. values obtained for neutrophils and
Table 6 shows the interaction effect of lymphocytes at the end of the experiment fell
levels of pineapple wastes with or without within the normal range as reported by
yeast supplementation on haematological Daramola et al. (2005). These values are
final of West African dwarf goats. There suggestive of a well developed immune
were significant (P? 0.05) differences system in the West African dwarf goats with
among all the treatments except eosinophil such number of immune cells to proffer good
and platelet. The PCV of goats fed with or health (Daramola et al., 2005).
without yeast supplementation increases as
the levels of pineapple waste increases. The Conclusion
same trend was observed in other Based on the results of this study, it can be
parameters except eosinophil. concluded that a dietary inclusion of 10%
Haematology indices are an index and a pineapple waste with or without yeast
reflection of the effects of dietary supplementation improved the performance
treatments on the animals in terms of type of of West African dwarf goats (WAD) in terms
diet, quality and amounts of the feed of feed conversion ratio and had no
ingested and were available for the animals deleterious effects on the haematological
to meet its physiological, biochemical and parameters. Thus, pineapple waste can be
metabolic necessities. All the utilised to a good advantage for goats in
haematological parameters were replacement for grass during dry season.
significantly (P? 0.05) influenced by levels
of pineapple waste with or without yeast References
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351
 Adekanbi, Onwuka, Oni, Ojo, Ajayi, and Popoola

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