Ibrahima et al. (2021). Int. J. Nat. Soc. Sci.

, 8(2):15-23 ISSN: 2313-4461 & 2617-6637

International Journal of Natural and Social Sciences, 2021, 8(2):15-23 ISSN: 2313-4461 & 2617-6637

Producing Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) on feed supplemented Nebeday

(Moringa oleifera) leaves
Ibrahima BADIANE1, Mouhamadou Amadou LY1*, Jean FALL2, Justin KANTOUSSAN1, Robane
FAYE1
1
UFR des Sciences Agronomiques de l’Aquaculture et des Technologies Alimentaires, Université Gaston Berger, Sénégal
2
Institut Universitaire de Pêche et Aquaculture, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Sénégal

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Article history This study was conducted to investigate the effect of fishmeal substitution with Moringa oleifera
flour leaves in the diet of juveniles Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus, Linnaeus, 1758). Nile
Received: 27 April 2021 tilapia with an average weight of 1.5 ±0.2 g was used in this study. Three hundred (300)
Accepted: 06 May 2021 juveniles were randomly selected and stored in 15 aquariums of 27.3 Lfor 60 days. Five (5)
isoproteic diets (30 % of proteins) containing different levels of Moringa oleifera’s flour leaves
Keywords (0 %, 25 %, 50 %, 75 % and 100 %) noted respectively R1, R2, R3, R4 and R5 were tested in
triplicate. Water physico-chemical parameters were monitored daily throughout the experiment.
Feeding, growth, Moringa Fish were fed 8% of their biomass six (6) times per day (8am, 10am, 12pm, 14pm, 16pm and
oleifera, Oreochromis niloticus 18pm). The juveniles were weighted each two weeks and growth parameters were calculated. At
the end of the experiment, the pH of the water in the five (5) treatments was between 6.8 and
*Corresponding Author 7.1, the temperature was between 20.7 to 27.3ºC and the dissolved oxygen was between 75.3
and 80.3%. The survival rate ranged from 77 and 87 % and showed that M. oleifera’s flour
Mouhamadou Amadou LY leaves did not have a negative effect on the survival of the juveniles. The best growth
[email protected] performances and feeding efficiency were obtained with the 25% substitution diet of fishmeal
with Moringa oleifera (R2), followed by diet R1, R3, R4 and R5. In conclusion, the result of this
study shows that it is possible to include up to 20% Moringa oleifera leaf meal in the diet of
juveniles of O. niloticus, without compromising their growth. This substitution also reduces food
production costs and therefore improves farm profitability.

INTRODUCTION day, as it has reached a maximum level of

exploitation (FAO, 2018). Nevertheless,
Fish remains a crucial source of energy, protein, aquaculture is an interesting alternative, given the
and various easily digestible nutrients with high dynamics of the progressive depletion of fish
biological value (Peng et al., 2014). As a result, its stocks (FAO, 2014). Indeed, in recent years, it has
consumption has increased from an average of 9.0 provided half of the fish for human consumption
kg in 1961 to 20.2 kg per capita in 2015. Thus, it (FAO, 2017). Among the main farmed fish
continues to increase to 20.3 kg in 2016 and about species, Oreochromis niloticus is the fourth most
20.5 kg in 2017 (FAO, 2018). In Africa, the annual produced species in the world. This production is
growth of fish consumption is double the estimated at 58% of the global production in 2016.
population growth particularly in Senegal where Thus, it is estimated that by 2030, it will reach
landings reached 496,793 tons in 2016. This 62% of the world production (FAO, 2018).
consumption is estimated, in Senegal, at 26 kg per
capita being above the world average (Bonnin et The failure of aquaculture to meet the challenge of
al., 2016). closing the widening gap between fish supply and
demand in Senegal, results from a number of
However, today, fishing cannot adequately satisfy factors including lack of quality feeds. In intensive
this additional demand, which is increasing day by aquaculture, feed represents a significant part of

How to cite this article: Ibrahima BADIANE, Mouhamadou A LY, Jean FALL, Justin KANTOUSSAN and Robane FAYE (2021). Producing Nile
tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) on feed supplemented Nebeday (Moringa oleifera) leaves. International Journal of Natural and Social Sciences, 8(2):
15-23. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4887022
 Ibrahima et al, International Journal of Natural and Social Sciences, 2021, 8(2): 15-23 16

the cost of fish production. The economic interest seed (Citrullus lanatus) peel (Iheanacho et al.,
of this type of farming is therefore dependent on 2018) and Peanut, Arachis hypogaea (Agbo et al.,
the availability and cost of feed (Hoffman et al., 2011).
1997). Thus, reducing these costs for fish and
controlling the production costs of farmed fish is Recently, researchers have increasingly been
one of the priorities of aquaculture (Jauncey and paying attention to Moringa (M. oleifera Lam).
Ross, 1982). Moringa (M. oleifera Lam) is one of the
conventional feedstuffs, thus a major source of
High cost and fluctuating quality as well as the metabolisable energy in most compounded diets
uncertain availability of fish meal have led to the for Tilapia as it is readily digestible by fish.
need to identify alternative protein sources for fish Moringa is an indigenous plant found growing
feed formulation. Therefore, in order to attain wild in Northern India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and
more economically, sustainable, environmentally Afghanistan. It was introduced and into South-East
friendly and viable production, research interest Asia, and now cultivated in many ecosystems of
has been directed towards the evaluation and use the globe with great economic interest especially
of non-conventional sources of plant protein. in tropical and subtropical countries (Doerr and
Researchers of aquaculture industries aim at Cameron, 2005). It holds a considerable potential
exploring alternative, cheaper protein sources for for becoming an ingredient for animal and fish
use as fish meal replacers in aqua feeds. The because of its high nutritional quality that is
decrease in global production of fish meal clearly comparable to other feed protein source (Doerr et
demonstrates that the sustainability of this industry Cameron, 2005).However higher inclusion levels
will depend on the sustained supply of plant of M. oleifera led to a significant reduction in
proteins for aqua feeds. This has brought about the performance due to high level of antinutritional
search for local protein feedstuffs that are cheap factors (ANFs) particularly Saponins and to a
and high in quality as alternative protein feed for lesser extent tannin, phytic acid and hydrogen
O. niloticus quality. cyanide (HCN).

Therefore, the valorization of agricultural products It is in this perspective that this research work
and agro-industrial by-products for the aims at proposing an alternative feed based on
manufacture of feeds for farmed fish could agricultural products in order to reduce production
constitute an alternative better adapted to the costs, to improve the profitability of aquaculture
African socio-economic context (Liebert and enterprises and to contribute to the sustainable
Portz, 2005). Several attempts have been made to development of aquaculture in Africa, in particular
utilize easily available and low cost terrestrial in Senegal.
vegetable protein sources that have high potentials
for supplying fish with required protein needed for MATERIALS AND METHODS
their maximum productivity.
Fresh green moringa leaves were collected from
Various raw materials of plant origin have been UGB farm, sun dried and finely grounded to make
tested in the diet of O. niloticus. These include the meal. The other ingredients (fish meal, maize
roasted soybean meal, maize bran, rice bran, meal, groundnut cake meal, soyabeanoil and
cassava meal (Wee and Ng, 1986) ; coconut meal binder) were purchased at the Ouakam market
(Falaye and Jauncey 1999); cottonseed cake (Dakar). However, Vitamin/Mineral Complex
(Mbahinzireki et al., 2001) ; tomato leaf meal were obtained at the Aquaculture section.
(Azaza et al., 2006) ; wheat, maize and rice brans
(Liti et al., (2006); Soybean meal (Soltan, 2005) ; After feed formulation, five types of feed were
Leucaena leucocephala leaf meal (Ly et al., ground and pelleted separately using a hand
2018) ; Sesbania aculeata (Hossain et al., 2002) ; pelletizer fitted with a 2 mm diameter to prepare
Sesbania grandiflora (Firmani et al., 2015) ; Sweet the final experimental feeds. Then, the pelleted
potato, Ipomoea batata (Omoregie et al., 2009) ; feeds were dried and conditioned in buckets of 05
Papaya, maize meal (Olurin et al., 2006), melon kg before using in the experiments.

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 Ibrahima et al, International Journal of Natural and Social Sciences, 2021, 8(2): 15-23 17

Experimental Diet Experimental design

Five (5) isonitrogenous diets (30% crude protein) The feeding trial was performed at the
were formulated to contain Moringa oleifera meal Aquaculture facility of the Gaston Berger
at 0% (R1) as control diet, 25% (R2), 50% (R3), University farm with juvenile Oreochromis
75% (R4) and 100% (R5) in the diet of the niloticus averaging 1.5 ±0.2 g initial weight. Prior
experimental fish. to the feeding trial, fish were fed a commercial
diet for one week to allow for adjustment to the
Pearson’s square method was used in feed experimental conditions.
formulation. Feed ingredients for the experimental
diet include Moringa meal, fish meal, groundnut A total of three hundred (300) fingerlings with an
cake, maize meal, soybean oil, vitamin/mineral average weight 1.5 ±0.2 g were randomly assigned
premix and starch (binder) (Table 2). The to fifteen experimental aquaria tanks of 27.3 L
formulation was based on gross proximate (0.39 m × 0.25 m × 0.28 m). Fish were subjected
composition of the ingredients. to five test diets with varying dietary inclusion
levels of Moringa meal as treatments. Each
Table 1: Proximate composition (%) of feed treatment contained 20 fish and was triplicated in a
ingredients used completely randomized design.

Ingredient Protein Lipid Ash Moisture The fish were fed three times per day, seven days
45.5 14.63 32 8.02 per week. The feeding trial was conducted for 60
Fish meal
days. Aeration was provided to experimental
Maizemeal 8.75 5.51 1.18 10.57
aquaria tanks for dissolved oxygen maintaining at
Moringameal 32.6 0.17 15 6.66 levels near saturation.
Groundnut 36.75 15.35 7.35 7.15
cake

Table 2: Gross composition of experimental diets (g/100g) containing Moringa meal fed to Oreochromis
niloticus

Ingredient R1(g) R2(g) R3(g) R4(g) R5(g)

Moringameal 0 7 14 21 28
Fish meal 28 21 14 7 0
Groundnut cake 42,4 45,5 48,8 51,95 55,2
Maizemeal 19,6 16,5 13,2 10,05 6,8
Soybeanoil 2 2 2 2 2
vitamin/mineral premix 4 4 4 4 4
starch 4 4 4 4 4

Water quality parameters

Total fish weight in each tank was monitored
Communal water was used after aeration for 48 every 10 days to check growth and adjust feeding
hours for dichlorination. Water temperatures were rate. Feeding was stopped 16 h prior weighing.
determined two times a day at 8.00 am and 4.00
pm by using a thermometer. Water dissolved Analyses of crude protein, moisture, and ash were
oxygen (DO) content and water pH were measured performed by standard procedures (AOAC, 1995).
daily at 8.00 pm using a Handyoxyguard dissolved Dietary lipid was determined according to Folch et
oxygen meter and a digital Hanna pH meter al. (1957).
respectively.

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 Ibrahima et al, International Journal of Natural and Social Sciences, 2021, 8(2): 15-23 18

At the end of the feeding trial, all fish were statistical analyses were made using XLSTAT
weighted and counted to calculate relative weight (Version 2020: 5.1)
gain ((final weight gain - initial body weight) /
days), specific growth rate (TCS) : ((loge final RESULTS
body weight - loge initial body weight) × 100/
days),feed conversion rate (TCA) : (dry feed Water quality parameters of each experimental
consumed / body weight gain), protein efficiency tank were determined and the range of values
ratio (CEP) : (body weight gain / Protein intake) observed during the experiment was: temperature
and survival rate (final number of fish × 100 / (20.7-27.3°C), dissolved oxygen (89-90.5%),
Initial number of fish. ammonia-N (0.05-1.05 mg L-1), and pH (6.8-7.1).

Statistical analysis Survival rate ranged between 77-87%. Fish fed

diet R2, had the highest survival rate (87%).
All results are presented as mean ± standard error
of the mean (SEM). Data were subjected to one- Average body weights of fish fed experimental
way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to test the diets during the 60 days period are shown in
effect of the Moringa meal inclusion on growth of Figure 1. Fish body weights began to differ in days
tilapia. Percentage data were arcsine-transformed 30 and become distinctly different between days
before analysis. Where significant differences 40; 50 and 60. At the end of the experiment, fish
were found at (P < 0.05), a Turkey’s test was used fed diets containing 50, 70 and 100% Moringa
to determine which treatment means were meal exhibited significantly lower final body
significantly different from each other. The weight.

Figure 1: Changes in mean body weight of juveniles Oreochromis niloticus fed five different diets (see
Table 1 and 2 for descriptions) for 60 days. Values are means of triplicate groups. Diets having different
letters are significantly different (P< 0.05).
Average body weights (PM) Moringa meal group) and decreased significantly
(P< 0.05) in R4 (75%) and R5 (100%). Fish fed
Relative weight gain was similar between R1 and diets containing 75 and 100% Moringa meal
R3 (control and 50% Moringa meal group), but exhibited significantly lower relative weight gain,
increased significantly (P< 0.05) in R2 (25% compared with fish fed the other diets (Figure 2).

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 Ibrahima et al, International Journal of Natural and Social Sciences, 2021, 8(2): 15-23 19

Relative weight gain (GPMQ)

Figure 2: Relative mean body weight gain (GPMQ) of juveniles Oreochromis niloticus fed five different
diets. Values are means ± SD of triplicate groups. Diets having different letters are significantly different
(P< 0.05).

Specific growth rate (TCS)

Figure 3: Changes in mean specific growth rate (TCS) of juveniles Oreochromis niloticus fed five different
diets. Values are means ± SD of triplicate groups. Diets having different letters are significantly different
(P< 0.05).

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 Ibrahima et al, International Journal of Natural and Social Sciences, 2021, 8(2): 15-23 20

Feed conversion rate (TCA)

Figure 4: Changes in mean feed conversion rate (TCA) of juveniles Oreochromis niloticus fed five
different diets. Values are means ± SD of triplicate groups. Diets having different letters are significantly
different (P< 0.05).

Protein efficiency ratio (CEP)

Figure 5: Protein efficiency ratio (CEP) of juveniles Oreochromis niloticus fed five different diets. Values
are means ± SD of triplicate groups. Diets having different letters are significantly different (P< 0.05).

Specific growth rate was similar between R1 and Fish feed conversion rate was significantly
R3 (control and 50% Moringa meal group), but different between diet R5 compared to diet R1 and
increased significantly (P< 0.05) in R2 (25% R2. Fish fed diets containing 25% Moringa meal
Moringa meal group) and decreased significantly and the control exhibited significantly lower feed
(P< 0.05) in R4 (75%) and R5 (100%). (Figure 3)

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 Ibrahima et al, International Journal of Natural and Social Sciences, 2021, 8(2): 15-23 21

conversion rate compared with fish fed the 100% performance was observed in fish fed the R2 diet.
Moringa meal diet (R5). (Figure 4). These results are in line with those of Richter et al.
(2003). They showed that a 10% incorporation of
Protein efficiency ratio decreased from 25% to 50; Moringa leaf meal in the diet of O. niloticus does
75 and 100% but the difference was not not negatively affect growth performance. The
significantly (P>0.05). The protein efficiency ratio Protein efficiency ratio values obtained in study
was significantly different between diet R2 and are lower than those obtained by Mohsen et al.
diet R5 (P< 0.05). (Figure 5) (2010).The poor growth performance observed in
R4 and R5 diets could be explained by the fact that
DISCUSSION these diets contain a lot of fiber which would limit
the availability of dietary protein.
Water quality is one of the supporting factors for
survival rate andgrowth (Di Maggio et al. To avoid these effects, David-Oku et al, (2018),
2014).Except the temperature, the water quality who worked on the substitution of fish meal with
parameters measured were in the desirable ranges Moringa, added shrimp powder to reduce the level
for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) farming in of fiber in the diets.
this study (Goda et al., 2018). The optimal
temperature range for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis The results shows that, the greater the inclusion of
niloticus) growth is between 25 and 30°C Moringa meal in diets, the greater the feed
(Benidiri, 2017). conversion rate (TCA). The lower its value, the
better the food consumed is converted (O'Connor
At the end of the experiment, the survival rate et al., 1985). The feed conversion rate values
varied between 77 and 87%. This rate obtained is observed in this study were high and could be
acceptable for fish rearing. The observed attributed to the water temperature. In their study
mortalities were caused by the stress generated on the incorporation of tomato flour in the diet of
during the fish weighing and/or aquaria cleaning, Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) reared in the
which manifested by the jumping of the fish out of geothermal waters of southern Tunisia, Azaza et al
the aquariums. This survival rate shows that the (2006) reported feed conversion rate value
different diets have no negative effect on the between 1.48 and 2.10 which are largely better
survival of O. niloticus. Our results are consistent than ours. In their study, Mélard (1986) reported
with those of Al Dilaimi (2009), who had survival that O. niloticus do not feed in lower temperature
rates of 90%. These results are also in line with and lower dissolved oxygen.
those of Avit et al. (2014). They obtained 80.9% in
fish culture and 74.1% in rizipisciculture. Based on the ingredients price and the estimated
cost for the Moringa meal. We expect that 45
The weight of the Nile tilapia in all treatments CFA/kg of juvenile O. niloticus feed could be
increased in line with the experiment time period saved if 20% of Moringa meal is included in the
(Figure 1). Fish fed the R2 diet (25%) shows diet.
relatively final weight
In conclusion, our findings suggest that the
These results are similar with those of Gueye et al. Moringa mealcould be included up to 20% in diets
(2018). They performed a substitution of fish meal for juveniles O. niloticus without adverse growth
with Moringa leaf powder and obtained a better effects for up to 60 days. In addition, the use of
relative weight gain at 20% substitution. However, Moringa meal in O niloticus feed reduces feed
the significant difference observed between R1, R2 production costs.
and R3 diets compared to R4 and R5 diets, reveals
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