2 AKHIL ACADEMY

IIT-JEE Medical Foundation

Biology
Chapter 7
Control and CLASS

Cordination X

C.BIS.E

ewww.akhilacademy.in

South Campus-Near 9.No Petrol Pump, Angira Nagar, Ajmer

(7597272726; 9314333666)
North Campus -Near Shubham Hospital, Vaishali Nagar Ajmer
(9587121123; 8824353410)
@a2_academy [email protected] fwww.facebook.comlakhilacademy
 2

Chapter7 aadinatian
&

A l l the living organisms respond and react to changes in the environment around them.
which the organisms respond and react are called stimuli such
The changes in the environment to
as light, heat, cold, sound, smell, touch etc.
Both plants and animals respond to stimuli but in a different manner.

Control and Coordination in Animals

It is brought about in all animals with the help oftwo main systems:

a) Nervous system
b) Endocrine system

NERVOUS SYSTEM

Control and coordination are provided by nervous and muscular tissues.

Nervous tissue is made up of an organized network of nerve cells or neurons, and is specialized for
conducting information via electrical impulses from one part of the body to another.

ReceptorS: Are specialized tips of some nerve cells that detect the information from the environment.
These receptors are located in our sense organs.

a) Ear
Phonoreceptors
Hearing
Balance of the body
b) Eyes
Photoreceptors
Seeing
c) Skin
Thermoreceptors
Heat or cold
Touch
d) Nose
Olfactory receptors
Smell detection
 Tongue
utatory recepto
Taste detection
Neuron itis the strutur al and funtional unit of nervous system

Povde

Axon Nerve
ning

elltol

Parts of Neuren

a) Dendrite Acquires information

b) Cell
body Acquired information travels as an electrical
Axon longest fibre on the cell
impulse
body is called axon. It transmts electrical impulse from cell body
to dendite of next neuron

SVapse It is the gap between the nerve ending of one neuron and dendrite of the other neuron. Here
electrical signal is converted into chemical
signal for onward transmission
REFLEN ACTION

Reflex action is
quick, sudden and immediate response of the body to a
stimulus. Eg, Knee jerk,
withdrawal of hand touching
on hot object
REFLEN ARC

The pothwoy through which nerve impulses pass during reflex action is called reflex arc.
Stimulus Receptor rgan
cg Heat (Skin)
Spina Cord
Response ector Organ -
(Muscles)
eg withdrawal
of hand

Muscular Movements and Nervous Control:

Muscle tissues have special filaments; called actin and myosin. When a muscle receives a nerve signal; a
series of events is triggered in the muscle. Calcium ions enter the muscle cells. It results in actin and myosin
filaments sliding towards each other and that is how a muscle contracts. Contraction in a muscle brings
movement in the related organ.

Response : Responses are of three main types

a) Voluntary: Controlled by fore brain. Eg., talking, writing.

b) Involuntary Controlled by mid and hind brain. E g, heart beat, vomiting, respiration.
 c)Reflex action Controlled by spinalcord. Eg, withdrawal of hand on touching a hot object

Need of Rellex Actions In some situations such astouching a hot object, pinching etc. we need to
act quickly, otherwise our body would be harmed. Here response is generated from spinal cord instead of

brain.
Nervous system

Central Peripheral
nervous system nervous system
(CNS) Corries messages to
and from the CNS

Brain Spinal cord Somatic Autonomic

Connecls brom
and peripheral
nervous system nervous system
Controls involuntary
Controls voluntory nmuscles
nervous system ond ronsmits sensory body functions
intormation to the CNS

Sympathetic Parasympathetic
nervous system nervous system
Arouses body to Calms body to conserve
expend energy ond maintain energy

The nervous system in humans can be divided into two main parts, viz. the central nervous system and the
peripheral nervous system. The peripheral nervous system can be further divided into the voluntary
nervous system and the autonomous nervous system.

1. Central Nervous System: The central nervous system is composed of the brain and the spinal
cord. The brain controls all the functions in the human body. The spinal cord works as the relay channel
for signals between the brain and the peripheral nervous system basically it receives different
information from the parts of our body and integrate it.

2. Peripheral Nervous System: The peripheral nervous system is composed of the cranial nerves

and spinal nerves. There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves. The cranial nerves come out of the brain and go

31 pairs of spinal The spinal nerves come out of the

to the organs in the head region. There are nerves.

communication between the

spinal cord and go to the organs which are below the head region. The
central nervous system and the other parts of the body is facilitated by this system.

The voluntary system helps us take voluntary actions

A. Voluntary Nervous system: nervous

actions which need thinking and which are

which are under the conscious control of the brain. Those
us knowing are called voluntary
actions
performed by
is of chain of
System: The autonomous nervous system composed
a
B. Autonomous Nervous
the involuntary actions the human
along the spinal cord. It controls all
in
nerve ganglion which runs

autonomous nervous system can be divided into two parts:

body. The

Nervous System This part of the autonomous nervous system heightens the
a. Sympathetic
there is an increased demand for
activity of an organ as per the need. For example; during nunning,
 orygen by the body. This is fulfilled by an increesed breathing rate and ineased heart rate
sympathetic nervous system works to ingease the breathingrate and the rheart rate, in thig r e
The

b. Parasympathetic Nervous System: This part of the autonomous neryous syslem siows
down the activity of an organ and thus has a calming effect. During sleep, the breething rete siow
down and so does the heart rate. This is facilitated by the
peresympethetic nervous tyte
be said that the parasympathetic nervous system helps in conservation of energy

HUMAN BRAIN
Brain is the main coordinating centre of the body. t has three major pans

(a) Fore-brain (b) Mid-brain (c) Hind-brain

a) Fore-brain t is the most complex or specialized part of the brain. t consists cf cerebrum.
Cerebrum: The cerebrum is the largest part
in the human brain. it is divided into twwo hemicpheres
called cerebral hemispheres.

Functions
Thinking part of the brain.
Control the voluntary actions.
Store information (Memory)
Iv. Receives sensory impulses from various parts of the body and integrate it
. Centre associated with
hunger.

b) Mid-brain Controls
involuntary actions such as:
Change in pupil size.
Reflex movements of head, neck and
trunk.

c) Hind-brain it has three parts:

Cerebellum Controls posture and balance. Precsion
ii. Medulla Controls involuntary of voluntary actions eg, picing pen
ili. Pons Involuntary actions,
actions e.g, blood pressure, salivation, vomiting
regulation of respiration.
 Ccrcbrum

Cranum Gkull

-Mid-Brain
Tore-Bra

Hypothalmus
Piluitary gland Pons
Medulla
lind-Bran Cerebellum
Spinal cord

Protection of Brain and Spinal Cord

(a) Brain: Brain is protected by a fluid filled balloon which acts as shock absorber and is enclosed in
cranium (skull or brain box).
(b) Spinal Cord : Spinal cord is enclosed in vertebral column

Coordination between Nervous and Muscular Tissue

Sensory Nerve
Sense Organ CNS

- Information receivcd

&processed
- Decision made
-Stimulus
-Response Generaled

Motor Nerve

Muscle
Muscles
Shorten
- Re-arrangement of
- Response
muscles proteins

Limitations of Electriccommunication/Nervous system:

a) Electric impulse will reach only to those cells that are connected by nervous tissue.
b) After generation and transmission of an electrical impulse, the cell takes some time to reset ts
mechanism before transmitting another impulse. So cells cannot continually create and transmit
impulse.
) Plants do not have any nervous system.

Chemical communication: To overcomethe limitations ofelectric communication.

5
 COORDINATION IN PLANTS
Independent of growth (Nastic movements) Immediate response to
stimulus.
The movements which do not depend on the direction from the stimulus acts
are called nastic
movement

Plants use electrical-chemical

means to convey information from cell to cell.
For movement to happen, cells
change their shape by changing the amount of water in them,
resulting in swelling or shrinking of cells.
E.g. When leaves of mimosa are touched, the cells in the leaves lose water and become flaccid,
resulting in drooping of leaves.

(11) Dependent on growth These movements are tropic movements i.e., directional movements
in response to stimulus.

Tendrils : The part of tendril away from the

object grows more rapidly as compared to the part
near the object. This
circulating of tendril
causes around the object.
Phototropism Movement towards light.
Geotropism Movement towards/away from gravity.
Chemotropism Growth of pollen tube towards ovule.
Hydrotropism Movement towards water.
Plant Hormones : Are chemical compounds which help to coordinate growth, development and
responses to the environment.
Main plant hormones are

Auxin
Synthesized at shoottip
Helps the cells to grow longer
Involved in phototropism
ii. Gibberellin
Helps in the growth of the stem
111. Cytokinins
Promotes cell division
Present in greater concentration in fruits and seeds
iv. Abscisic Acid
Inhibits growth
Cause wilting of leaves
Stress hormone

HORMONES IN ANIMALS

IHormones: Hormones arethe chemical substances which coordinate the activities of living organisms
and also their growth.

Fndocrine glands: These glands secrete their product (hormone) into the blood

Smo Endocrime bocatio Hormones Function

 Thyrold Neck/Throat Thyroxin Regulation of metabolism of carbohydrates
region
fat and proteins

2 Adrenal Above both Adrenaline Regulation of B P, heart rate,carbohydrate

kidneys
metabolism and mineral balance
Pituitary (master Mid brain Growth hormone Regulates growth and
gland)
development.
Pancreas Below stomach iInsulin Lowering of blood glucose
Glucagon Increase of blood glucose

Testis Genitallower Tesiosierone Regulation of male accessory sex organs and

abdomen characteristics like
secondarysexual
area
mustache, voice and beard.

b. Ovary Genital/lower Estrogen Regulation of female accessory sex organs

abdomen and mammary glands, hair pattern and voices

area

Iodised salt is necessary because iodine mineral is essential part of thyroxine hormone secreted by
thyroid gland. Thyroxine regulates metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. So, we must consume
iodised salt which is necessary for proper working of thyroid gland. It's deficiency causes a disease caled

goiter (Swollen neck).

DIABETES

Disease in which blood sugar level in crease.

responsible to control blood

Cause Due to the deficiency of insulin hormone secreted by pancreas that is

sugar levels.

Treatment: Injections of insulin hormone.

Feedback Mechanism
harmful effect body. Feedback mechanism makes sure
The excess or deficiency of hormones has a on our

right time.
that hormones should be secreted in precise quantity and at

Feedback mechanism to control the sugar level in blood

is as follows
E.g,

Sugar level n the blood rises

Detected by cells of Panereas-

Synthesis of Insuln

Blood sugar level falls

more insulin
Stop secreting
1
VERY SHORT QUESTIONS (I Mark)

1 Where is auxin synthesized in plants?

2. Which gland is known as master gland ?
3. Name the hormone that regulates blood sugar level
4 What is synapse?
5. What are tropic movements?
6. Which part of the brain is responsible for maintaining posture and balance of our body ?
7. Which hormone has inhibiting effects on growth of plants?
8. What phototropism
is

9. What are the components of central nervous

system?
10. What happens at synapse between two neurons ?

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (2 Marka)

1. Draw labelled
a
diagram of neuron.
2. What is reflex arc ? Explain with the
help of flow chart.
3. What is the cause of diabetes ? How it can be controlled?
4. Why is it advisable to
use iodised salt ?
5. What are
sensory and motor neurons ? Write their functions.
6. Why is Abscisic acid called as stress hormone?
7. What is the need for a system of control and coordination in an
organization?
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (3 Marks)

1. What are plant hormones? Name a plant hormone that promotes growth in plants.
2. What is the significance of tropic movements in plants? Explain any two types of tropic
movements.
3. Which hormone is known as emergency hormone in our body ? How it helps in coping during
emergency?
4. Where are different receptors present in our body ? What are their functions?

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONSs (5 Marks)

1. Draw a labelled diagram of human brain and state the functions of its different parts.
2. What are hormones ? Give the name of associated gland and functions of different animal

hormones
3. What is feedback mechanism ? Explain its working with the help of one example.
4. (a) How brain and spinal cord are protected?
(b) What are the different parts of human nervous system?
(c) What are the limitations of nervous system?