Coordination

and response
Chapter : 12
Y10 Biology 2024-25
DIAGNOSTIC ASSESSMENT - Can you identify?

BRAIN, SPINAL CORD,

NERVES
DIAGNOSTIC ASSESSMENT - Can you identify?

WHAT DO YOU KNOW ABOUT

FUNCTION OF BRAIN, SPINAL
CORD AND NERVES
Lesson 1- LEARNING
OBJECTIVES
 Coordination
(working together)

A tennis player needs extra supply of

oxygen and carbon dioxide
 The nervous system coordinates the systems

HEART INTERCOSTAL
MUSCLES

DIAPHRAGM MUSCLES OF
LIMBS

The brain detects changes in the oxygen and carbon dioxide content of the blood
Brain receives sensory input from eyes, ears, and muscle stretch receptors.
 Coordination

Coordination is the way in which

receptors detect stimuli, and pass
information onto effectors.
 Coordination

Nervous Endocrine
System system

Chemical
messengers
Nerve impulses
called
hormones
 NERVOUS CONTROL IN HUMANS

Central Nervous Peripheral Nervous

System System

Brain and spinal cord The nerves that connect the body
together make central to the central nervous system
nervous system make up the peripheral nervous
system
 NERVES CARRY ELECTRICAL
IMPULSES ( Electrical signals)
FROM BRAIN TO ALL PARTS OF
THE BODY
 NERVOUS CONTROL IN HUMANS

Receptors Effectors

• Special cells or groups of cells present • The organs which produce particular
in sense organs are sensitive to a responses are known as effectors.
number of different aspects of our • Muscles and glands are called
environment, such as light, pressure effectors because when they act when
(touch) and chemicals in the air they receive nerve impulse (or
(smell). hormones
• Receptors are present in sense organs
of the body like ears, eyes, skin etc.
• When receptors detect certain stimuli,
they send impulses to the central
nervous system and make us aware of
changes in our surroundings or
ourselves
 NERVOUS CONTROL IN HUMANS

Motor impulses Sensory impulses

Nerve impulses from from the Nerve impulses from from the
the central nervous system to the sense organs to the central
effectors are called motor nervous system are called
impulses. Motor impulses result sensory impulses.
in a response.
The central nervous system and the
peripheral nervous system are made
up of nerve cells called NEURONES
Parts of neurone

Cell • Nucleus surrounded

body by cytoplasm
Parts of neurone

• Fibres which branch from the

Dendrites cell body to make contact with
other neurones
Parts of neurone

Axon • A long filament of cytoplasm surrounded

by an insulating sheath (Myelin) runs from
(nerve fibre) the cell body of neurones
Parts of neurone
-DENDRITES PICK UP ELECTRICAL SIGNALS
FROM OTHER NEURONES LYING NEARBY OR
FROM RECEPTORS

-THESE SIGNALS CALLED NERVE IMPULSES

PASS TO CELL BODY

-AND THEN ALONG THE AXON

-WHICH MIGHT PASS IT TO ANOTHER

NEURONE
 IdeasTypes of neurone
Infographics

Carry impulses from central nervous

system to muscles and glands
Motor neurones

Carry impulses from the sense organs

to central nervous system
Sensory neurones

Make connections to other neurones

inside the central nervous sustem
Relay neurones
Types of neurone
 Where are cell bodies of each of these
neurons found?

Sensory neurone
Motor neurone In a small swelling just outside spinal cord
In the central nervous system

Relay neurone In central nervous system

IDENTIFY
SEQUENCE
 NERVE
• Visible
• White , tough , stringy
• Consists of hundreds of
microscopic nerve fibres
bundled together.
 NERVE
Most nerves contain a mixture
of sensory and motor
neurons
Q- How will impulses travel?
 CCQs
● C1 Describe three ways in which neurones are similar to other animal cells.

C2 Describe one way in which neurones are specialized to carry out their.
function of transmitting electrical impulses very quickly.

C3 Outline the function of the central nervous system.

C4 Describe where the cell bodies of each of these types of neurones are
found:
a sensory neurone
b relay neurone
c motor neurone
D
C
C
C
D
B
A
A
D
 Relay neuron
Group activity-Compare
sensory, relay and motor
neurones

Motor neuron
Sensory neuron
 CCQs

a) State difference between nerve and nerve fibre.

b) Explain whether a nerve fibre OR a nerve can carry both sensory and motor
impulses.

Q) Why the tongue may be considered to be both a receptor and an effector?

Formative assessment/ Guided practice

● P4 BOOKLET VOL.1 PAGE 198 Q.2

Lesson 1- ARE LEARNING
OBJECTIVES MET ?
Coordination
and response
Chapter : 12
Lesson 2- LEARNING
OBJECTIVES
THE RFLEX ARC
Chapter : 14
Voluntary and involuntary actions

Voluntary actions Involuntary actions

• When an action is • When an action

produced with the takes place
involvement of without
thought. consciousness or
willingness of an
individual
IDENTIFY VOLUNTARY AND INVOLUNTARY ACTIONS

● Breathing
● Picking up phone
● Talking
● Blinking eyes
● Eating
● Digestion
● Heart beating
● sneezing
 REFLEX ACTION

● Reflex action is a rapid and automatic response to a stimulus.

● For example: When somebody gets pricked with a needle, the hand
responds suddenly without thinking. This is reflex action.
 Activation of
Stimulus
sensory
activates the
neurone
receptor

Response by
effector

Relay neurone in spinal

cord processes
Motor neurone information
is activated
Stimulus

A stimulus is a change in the external or internal environment

of an organism

Reflex Action

A reflex action is a rapid and automatic response to a

stimulus
We do not think about it. Our brain is
made aware of it but we only
consciously realize what is happening
Reflex Arc after the message has been sent on
to our muscles.

A reflex arc describes the pathway of an electrical impulse in

response to a stimulus
Class activity:
Role play – Reflex arc
Reflex actions are not learnt but
automatic
Wrap-up
Formative assessment/ Guided practice

● P4 BOOKLET VOL.1 PAGE 227 Q.16

L2- ARE THE LEARNING
OBJECTIVES MET?
Coordination
and response
Chapter : 12
LESSON 3- LEARNING
OBJECTIVES
BRAIN STORMING – Think pair share
THE NERVE IMPULSE

The impulse is a series of

electrical pulses that travel
down the fibre
 THE NERVE IMPULSE

Each pulse lasts Each pulse

about 0.001 travels at speed
seconds of up to 100 m/s
All nerve impulses are similar
Impulses only travel in
one direction
 If you can intercept and listen to the nerve
impulses travelling in the spinal cord, could you
tell which ones came from pain receptors and
which from temperature receptors?
 All nerve impulses are similar

• The nerve fibres donot carry sensations like

pain or cold.

• These sensations are only felt when a nerve

impulse reaches the brain.
 All nerve impulses are similar

• There is no difference between nerve

impulses from the eyes, ears or hands

• We know where the sensory impulses have

come from and what caused them because
the impulses are sent to different parts of the
brain.
CCQs
● C1 Define a nerve impulse.

● C2 State the difference between a nerve and a nerve fiber.

● C3 Why neurons are covered by myelin sheath.

 Formative assessment/ Guided practice

P4 BLOOKLET VOL.1 PAGE 198 Q.1 (b) (c) (e)

LESSON 3-ARE LEARNING
OBJECTIVES MET ?
Coordination
and response
Chapter : 12
LESSON 4- LEARNING
OBJECTIVES
BRAIN STORMING

Ask the students if they think that neurones are in contact with each other?

Watch the video and answer the question again.

https://www.brainfacts.org/core-concepts/how-neurons-communicate
SYNAPSES
A synapse is a junction
between two neurones
 SYNAPSES

At a synapse, nerve ending of one neurone is in close

contact with the cell body or dendrite of another neurone
 SYNAPSES

• Neurones donot connect

directly with each other,
there is a small gap
between them called
synaptic cleft.
• The end of two
neurones plus the
synaptic cleft itself is
called synapse
Synapses are regions where
impulses can cross from
one neurone to the next.
 SYNAPSES
• An electric impulse travels along the presynaptic neurone

• The impulse arrives at the synapse

• Vesicles in the cytoplasm are stimulated , they fuse with the cell membrane and release a
tiny amount of neurotransmitter molecules in synaptic cleft

• The molecules diffuse across the synaptic gap

• Neurotransmitter molecules bind with receptor proteins

• A new impulse is stimulated in postsynaptic neurone that travels down the axon
RECAP
• An electric impulse travels along the presynaptic neurone
• The impulse arrives at the synapse​​
• Vesicles in the cytoplasm are stimulated , they move to cell membrane and
release a tiny amount of neurotransmitter molecules in synaptic cleft​​
• The molecules diffuse across the synaptic gap​​
• Neurotransmitter molecules bind with receptor proteins​
• A new impulse is stimulated in postsynaptic neurone that travels down the
axon​
 Class Activity:
Modelling a synapse
● Shape of neuro transmitter is complimentary to the shape of receptor.
 SYNAPSES

Impulses only travel in

one direction
● Synapses control the direction of impulses because

○ neurotransmitter molecules are only synthesized on one side of the synapse

○ receptor proteins are only present on the other side

● Synapses slow down the speed of nerve impulse slightly because of

the time taken for the chemical to diffuse across the synaptic gap.
 SYNAPSES
● Synapses are the only point in nervous system where communication
is chemical and not electrical
● Many drugs and toxins produce their effects by interacting with
receptor molecules at synapses.

Spider Tetanus
Heroin
Toxin toxin
Sometimes synapses are
compared to one way
valves. Is this analogy
correct?
Class Activity – Draw and label a synapse.
 Challenge!
● There are about 100 billion neurons in human brain
● Each neurone is connected to 1000 other neurons by
synapses.

● We can say that information travels along a neurone

in an electrical form but travels between neurones in
a chemical form. Explain this statement.
 Challenge!
● There are about 100 billion neurons in human brain
● Each neurone is connected to 1000 other neurons by
synapses.

● Explain what is meant by a ‘complementary shape’,

and why it is important that the receptor proteins
have a complementary shape to the neurotransmitter
molecules.
 The
neurotransmitters
are destroyed or
recycled once an
impulse is sent
Wrap-up
 Formative assessment/ Guided practice

P4 BLOOKLET VOL.1 PAGE 199 Q.2 (c) (d)

P4 BLOOKLET VOL.1 PAGE 214 Q.9 (c)

Lesson 4- ARE LEARNING
OBJECTIVES MET ?