Nervous System
Nervous System
Nervous System
Content
Hindbrain
Medulla:
Controls autonomic functions.
Pons:
Controls sleep stages.
Cerebellum:
Coordinates movement,
stores some motor memory.
Helps maintain posture,
muscle control, and balance
Midbrain
Thalamus:
relay station channeling
sensory information.
Limbic system:
basic emotions, drives, and
behaviors.
Cortex:
higher thought
Limbic system
“controls: emotions and memories”
Hypothalamus:
Master controller of the
endocrine system.
Amygdala:
sensations of pleasure or
fear, recognition of fear
in others.
Hippocampus:
formation of memories.
Damage to these areas can lead to
amnesia or emotional disturbances
Cortex
Top layer of the brain
Stores: experiences and/or learning
Sensory info
Various areas : behavior & emotion
concerning touch
control
sensory
processing
motor control,
thought,
vision
memory.
memory &
emotion, speech
and hearing
Spinal cord
🠜 Grey matter
🠜 mostly made up of cell bodies of neuron
🠜 White matter
🠜 composed of nerve fibers ( ascending and descending tracts )
embedded in neuroglial cells
Nervous
Tissue
1. Neurons (nerve cells)
• Functional unit of the
nervous system
• Transmit message
Anatomy:
Cell body – contains
nucleus; metabolic
center
Dendrite – fiber that
conveys messages
toward cell body
Nervous Tissue
▶ Neuron Function
▶ Irritability:
▶ ability to respond to stimulus & convert
to nerve impulse
▶ Conductivity:
▶ transmit impulse to other neurons,
muscles, or glands
▶ Classification of Neuron
▶ Functional Classification
▶ Structural Classification
1. Functional Classification:
Direction nerve impulse is traveling
Sensory Motor
Interneurons
neurons neurons
carry impulses from carry impulses from
connect sensory &
sensory receptors to CNS to muscles &
CNS glands motor neurons
Vision, hearing,
equilibrium, taste,
smell, pain,
pressure, heat
2. Structural Classification:
Processes extending from cell body
Types of synapse
▶ Chemical
▶ Neurotransmitter
▶ Electrical
Post synaptic
neuron
Information Transfer Across Chemical
Synapse
🠜 Action potential
reaches axon terminal --
-- vesicles
release
neurotransmitters (NT)
into synaptic cleft
🠜 NT diffuse
across synapse
bind to receptors
of next neuron
🠜 Transmission of a
nerve impulse =
electrochemical event
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
integration / processing / modulating
PNS
receptor neurone transmission
as a response to a stimulus.
Rapid, predictable, involuntary responses to stimuli
1 Somatic Reflexes: stimulate skeletal muscles
.
Eg. jerking away hand from hot object
Autonomic Reflexes: regulate smooth muscles, heart, glands
2
. Eg. salivation, digestion, blood pressure, sweating
Reflex arc
It is the nerve pathway involved in a reflex action, including at
its simplest a sensory nerve and a motor nerve with a synapse
between them.
Reflex Arc
Pupillary Reflex
Optic nerve --brain stem--muscles
constrictpupil
• Useful for checking brain stem
function and drug use
Other Reflexes