GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL

UNIVERSITY
(GTU)
AHEMADABAD- 382424

Vishwakarma Government Engineering College, Chandkheda-382424

(Affiliated with Gujarat Technological University, Ahemadabad)
A
Report subject Design Engineering - IIB (3160001)
On
AC VOLTAGE CONTROLLER

Prepared as a part of the requirement for the subject of

B.E- Semester- VI
(Power Electronics Branch)

Submitted by:

Sr. No. Name Enrollment No.

1 BHALWALA KHUSHAL 210170124039
2 VANALIYA RAVIL 210170124050
3 SIDDHAPURA HARSHIL 210170124005

Guided by:
Prof. N. D. Mehta
Assistant Professor, Power Electronics Engineering, VGEC, Chandkheda
Head of department:
Dr. I. N. Trivedi
Professor & Head, Power Electronics Engineering, VGEC, Chandkheda
Academic Year
2023-24
 Department of Power Electronics
Vishwakarma Government Engineering College, Chandkheda
Opp. Sangath Mall, Visat-Koba Road, Chandkheda, Ahmedabad
Email: [email protected] Web site: http://pwe.vgecg.ac.in

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Design Engineering IIB (3160001)

“AC VOLTAGE CONTROLLER”

Submitted by
Sr. No. Name Enrollment No.

1 BHALWALA KHUSHAL 210170124039

2 VANALIYA RAVIL 210170124050
3 SIDDHAPURA HARSHIL 210170124005

towards the partial fulfillment of Design Engineering IIB (3160001) (Power Electronics
Engineering) of Gujarat Technological University is the record of work carried out by him under
our supervision and guidance in the Academic Year 2023-24.

The work submitted has in our opinion reached a level required for being accepted for
examination. The results embodied in this Project Work to the best of our knowledge have not
been submitted to any other University or diploma.

Guided by:

Prof. N. D. Mehta Dr. I. N. Trivedi

Assistant Professor, Professor & Head,
Department of Power Electronics Engineering, Department of Power Electronics Engineering,
Vishwakarma Government Engineering College, Vishwakarma Government Engineering College,
Chandkheda – 382424 Chandkheda – 382424

Date:

Place: Vishwakarma Government Engineering College, Chandkheda- 382424

Ahmedabad ( India )

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 ABSTRACT

Our project is based on an AC voltage controller of 220 v - 230 v,

0-5 amp. It aims to regulate the voltage supplied to an AC load
such as a fan by controlling the firing angle of the thyristor. The
components required thyristor, resistor, potentiometer, etc. The
advantages are energy efficiency and improved power factor. It is
used to control the speed of single-phase AC drives. it might
highlight the significance of such as controller in enhancing the
performance and lifespan of AC fans.

GIST OF TEAMWORK
Our team includes three members starting with me Khushal, the leader of
the team. I handled the research work for the components used in the
working model and also helped in the preparation of the working model.
Harshil worked on the strategy to prepare the canvas with perfection.
Isha was leading the observation strategy and also helped in preparing the
log book & the canvases. Ravil was to prepare the strategic framework of
the process to construct the working model. With all of our hard work
and dedication, we managed to complete this project together.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

With great pleasure, I take this opportunity to express my deep sense of gratitude
and indebtedness to my renowned and esteemed guide Prof. N. D. Mehta Assistant
Professor, Department of Power Electronics Engineering, Vishwakarma Government Engineering
College, Chandkheda for his consummate knowledge, due criticism, invaluable guidance and
encouragement which has enabled us to give present shape to this work.

I am heavily indebted to Dr. I.N. Trivedi, Professor & Head, Department of Power
Electronics Engineering, Vishwakarma Government Engineering College, Chandkheda, for his
everlasting willingness to extend his profound knowledge and experience in the preparation of
this report. Any attempt to define this indebtedness would be incomplete. I am immensely
thankful to Dr. V.S. Purani, Principal, of Vishwakarma Government Engineering College,
Chandkheda, for her valuable support and inspiration.

I am immensely thankful to Dr A. M. Haque and another faculty member of the

department for their everlasting willingness to extend their support and help in the completion of
this work.

Finally, I would like to thank our friends and family for their support and patience
throughout the year, especially our parents who without their encouragement and financial support,
this would not have been possible.

Sr. Name Enrollment no.

No.

1 Bhalwala Khushal 210170124039

2 Vanaliya Ravil 210170124050

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3 Siddhapura Harshil 210170124005

v|Page
Sr. Name of Student Enrollment No. Email-id Mobile No. Passport
No. Photograph

1 Bhalwala Khushal 210170124039 [email protected] 8140833281

m

2 Vanaliya Ravil 210170124050 [email protected] 7203972872

om

3 Siddhapura Harshil 210170124005 siddhapuraharshil2004@g 9773482877

mail.com

Guides and Mentors: -

1. Prof. N. D. Mehta, Assistant Professor of Power Electronics Department at VGEC

2. Dr. A. M. Haque: Assistant Professor of Power Electronics Department at VGEC
3. Dr. S.N. PANDYA: Professor & Head of the Power Electronics Department at
VGEC

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 Contents

1. CANVASES ................................................................................................... 1
1.1 AEIOU SUMMARY ................................................................................... 1
1.2 MIND MAPPING ........................................................................................ 2
1.3 EMPATHY CANVAS................................................................................. 2
1.4 IDEATION CANVAS ................................................................................. 4
1.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT CANVAS: ................................................. 5
1.6 LEARNING NEEDS MATRIX .................................................................. 6
2. INTRODUCTION TO CONCEPT ................................................................ 6
3. AC VOLTAGE CONTROLLER ................................................................... 7
3.1 AC VOLTAGE CONTROLLER ................................................................ 7
3.2 WORKING PRINCIPLE OF AC VOLTAGE CONTROLLER: ............... 7
4. SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM ........................................................................... 11
5. COMPONENTS LIST .................................................................................. 12
6. WORKING MODEL .................................................................................... 16
7. GROUP PHOTO .......................................................................................... 17
8. EXPERIMENTAL RESULT ....................................................................... 18
9. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE ..................................................... 19
10. REVERSE ENGINEERING ........................................................................ 20
11. REFERENCES ............................................................................................. 21
11.1 URL REFERENCES: .............................................................................. 21
11.2 BOOK REFERENCES: ........................................................................... 21
12. PRIOR ART SEARCH ................................................................................. 22
12.1 SUMMARY PAPERS AND ITS CONCLUSION: ................................ 22

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 TABLE OF FIGURES

Figure 1: AEIOU SUMMARY CANVAS................................................. 1

Figure 2: MIND MAP CNAVAS .............................................................. 2
Figure 3: EMPATHY CANVAS ............................................................... 3
Figure 4: IDEATION CANVAS ................................................................ 4
Figure 5: PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT CANVAS ................................. 5
Figure 6: LEARNING NEEDS MATRIX ................................................. 6
Figure 7: SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM WHEN POT-HG IS 100 .............. 11
Figure 8: SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM WHEN POT-HG IS ZERO .......... 11
Figure 9: WORKING MODEL ................................................................ 16
Figure 10: GROUP PHOTO .................................................................... 17
Figure 11: WAVEFORMS ....................................................................... 18

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 1. CANVASES

1.1 AEIOU SUMMARY

1. ACTIVITY:
➢ This section will include the applications of the product such as: Adjusting the
voltage of machines, etc.
2. ENVIRONMENT:
➢ This will include the effect of the objects placed in its surroundings such as
Industries, living rooms, etc.
3. INTERACTION:
➢ This will include the Stakeholders such as vendors, managers, and electricians.
Engineers, faculties, etc.
4. OBJECTS:
➢ This section of the canvas includes the equipment used for the production such as
capacitor, traic, diac, resistor, potentiometer, etc.
5. USERS:
➢ As usual, it will include the people who are associated with the product like
students, shopkeepers, vendors, engineers, etc.

FIGURE 1: AEIOU SUMMARY CANVAS

1|Page
1.2 MIND MAPPING

FIGURE 2: MIND MAP CANVAS

1.3 EMPATHY CANVAS

This is the first step of the project or a problem. In this canvas, we will find out what a is user.
Who is a User? What is a Stakeholder? Who are they? And what are the broad stories of their
activities?
1. User:
➢ In this stage, we find various users who are directly or indirectly related to our
product
➢ For Example: Engineers, Students, Professionals, Common People, etc.
2. Stakeholders:
➢ Stakeholders are people or an organization with an interest.
➢ In this stage, we find those users who are directly or indirectly related to the users.
➢ For Example: Industries, Electricians, Colleges, Residences, etc.
3. Activities:
➢ Activities are directly or indirectly related to the stakeholders.
➢ For Example: Adjusting the voltage of machines, etc.

4. Story Boarding:
➢ Happy: Once upon a time, in a bustling town nestled between rolling hills, there
was an inventor named Alex. Alex was passionate about creating solutions that
improved people's lives. One day, inspired by the need for more efficient energy

2|Page
 usage, Alex set out to invent an AC voltage controller. After months of hard work
and countless experiments in their workshop, Alex finally perfected their
invention. The AC voltage controller allowed people to precisely regulate the
voltage of their electrical appliances, saving energy and reducing electricity bills.
➢ Happy: Word of Alex's invention spread quickly throughout the town, and soon,
people from far and wide came to witness the marvel of the AC voltage controller.
Families were able to enjoy brighter lights, smoother-running appliances, and
lower electricity bills, all thanks to Alex's innovation.
Grateful townsfolk hailed Alex as a hero, and the inventor's name became
synonymous with progress and ingenuity. With the success of the AC voltage
controller, Alex continued to invent solutions that made life easier and more
sustainable for everyone in the town and beyond. And they all lived happily ever
after, powered by innovation and creativity.
➢ Sad: In the quiet hum of the factory, the AC voltage controller stood as the silent
guardian of the machinery. Day in and day out, it faithfully regulated the voltage,
ensuring smooth operations. But one fateful day, a power surge struck,
overwhelming the controller's circuits.
➢ Sad: With a final sputter, it gave out, leaving the machinery vulnerable. The once
bustling factory fell silent, echoing the loss of the unsung hero that kept it alive.

FIGURE 3: EMPATHY CANVAS

3|Page
1.4 IDEATION CANVAS
This canvas consists of the ideology behind the user, so in this canvas, some brief ideas are
expressed. The people section consists of persons related to the user technically and similar
persons may relate to the user. Then we divided activities into social & technical and tried to find
out the importance of each activity and the situations & locations regarding are find out related to
each.
PEOPLE:
• Engineers
• Students
• Electricians
• Domestic Users
ACTIVITIES:
• Control fan speed
• Adjusting voltage

FIGURE 4: IDEATION CANVAS

LOCATION:
• Industries
• Schools
• Colleges

4|Page
1.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT CANVAS:

PURPOSE:
• To control AC voltages
• To control power
PEOPLE:
• Families
• Industries
• Hospital
PRODUCT FEATURES:
• To control AC voltages
• Child lock Feature
PRODUCT FUNCTIONS:
• Improving Efficiency
• Soft start and stop functions
CUSTOMER REVALIDATION:
• Increase lifespan
• Improving safety features
• Adding digital display
• Increase amperes
•
REJECT, REDESIGN, AND RETAIN:
1. Reject – increase amperes
2. Redesign – improving safety features, adding digital display
3. Retain–increase lifespan

FIGURE 5: PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT CANVAS

5|Page
1.6 LEARNING NEED MATRIX

FIGURE 6: LEARNING NEEDS MATRIX

2. INTRODUCTION TO CONCEPT

Voltage sags and extended undervoltage are one of the main concerns of industry
today. These voltage sags could cause a high negative impact on productivity,
which is certainly an undesirable aspect in industrial and commercial applications.
Current tap-changing transformers used in distribution systems have proven to be
inadequate in solving these problems related to line regulation. A solution to these
problems is to install an AC voltage controller that has been developed primarily for
voltage-sag correction. This system incorporates silicon-controlled rectifier
switching technology and was designed to provide the speed and efficiency required
by industrial customers. Furthermore, the system will provide the flexibility of
installation with or without the incorporation of tap-changing.

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 3. AC VOLTAGE CONTROLLER

3.1 AC VOLTAGE CONTROLLER

AC voltage controllers (AC line voltage controllers) are employed to vary the
RMS value of the alternating voltage applied to a load circuit by introducing SCR
between the load and a constant voltage AC source. The RMS value of alternating
voltage applied to a load circuit is controlled by controlling the triggering angle of
the Thyristors in the AC voltage controller circuits.

In brief, an AC voltage controller is a type of SCR power converter that is

used to convert a fixed voltage, fixed frequency AC input supply to obtain a
variable voltage AC output. The RMS value of the AC output voltage and the AC
power flow to the load is controlled by varying (adjusting) the trigger angle ‘’

V0(RMS)
AC Vs AC Variable AC
Input Voltage RMSO/P Voltage
Voltage fs Controller
fs fS

3.2 WORKING PRINCIPLE OF AC VOLTAGE CONTROLLER :

The basic principle of the on-off control technique is explained concerning a single-
phase full-wave AC voltage controller circuit shown below. The thyristor switches
and is turned on by applying appropriate gate trigger pulses to connect the input AC
supply to the load for the ‘n’ number of input cycles during the time interval tON .
The thyristor switches and is turned off by blocking the gate trigger pulse for the
‘m’ number of input cycles during the time interval tOFF . The AC controller ON time
usually consists of an integral number of input cycles.

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 R = RL = Load Resistance

Single phase full wave AC voltage controller circuit

Vs n m

wt

Vo
io

wt

ig1 Gate pulse of T1

wt
ig2 Gate pulse of T2

wt

Waveforms

Referring to the waveforms of the ON-OFF control technique in the above diagram,
n = Two input cycles. Thyristors are turned ON during two input cycles.

m = One input cycle. Thyristors are turned OFF during one input cycle

8|Page
 Power Factor

Thyristors are turned ON precisely at the zero voltage crossings of the input
supply. The thyristor is turned on at the beginning of each positive half cycle by
applying the gate trigger pulses as shown, during the ON time. The load current
flows in the positive direction, which is the downward direction as shown in the
circuit diagram when conducted. The thyristor is turned on at the beginning of each
negative half-cycle, by applying a gating signal to the gate, The load current flows
in the reverse direction, which is the upward direction when conducted. Thus we
obtain a bi-directional load current flow (alternating load current flow) in an AC
voltage controller circuit, by triggering the thyristors alternately.
This type of control is used in applications that have high mechanical inertia
and high thermal time constant (Industrial heating and speed control of AC motors).
Due to zero voltage and zero current switching of Thyristors, the harmonics
generated by switching actions are reduced.
For a sine wave input supply voltage,
vs = Vm sin  t = 2VS sin  t

Vm
VS = RMS value of input AC supply = = RMS phase supply
2
voltage.
If the input AC supply is connected to load for ‘n’ number of input cycles
and disconnected from number of input cycles, then

tON = n  T , tOFF = m  T

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 1
Where T = = input cycle time (period) and
f

f = input supply frequency.

tON = controller on time = n  T .

tOFF = controller off time = m  T .

TO = Output time period = ( tON + tOFF ) = ( nT + mT ) .

We can show that,

tON t
Output RMS voltage VO( RMS ) = Vi( RMS ) = VS ON
TO TO

Where is the RMS input supply voltage =?

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 4. SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

FIGURE 7: SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM WHEN POT-HG IS 100

FIGURE 8: SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM WHEN POT-HG IS ZERO

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 5. COMPONENTS LIST

4.1. Traic (BTA16-600B)

The BTA16-600B is a commonly used high-power, high-voltage thyristor or

silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR) semiconductor device. It is designed for
switching and controlling high-voltage AC power in a wide range of
applications.

4.2. DIAC (DB3)

DB3 is a three-layer, two-junction diode known as a DIAC (diode for

alternating current). It is commonly used in triggering and control
circuits for thyristors and triacs, among other applications. It has a
breakdown voltage range of 28-32V.

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4.3. CAPACITOR 100N

A 100 n capacitor, also known as a 0.1 µF capacitor, is commonly used in a variety of

electronic applications. Here are some common uses for a 100n capacitor. Decoupling
and Bypass Capacitor: One of the most common uses of a 100n capacitor is as a
decoupling or bypass capacitor. It is placed close to an integrated circuit (IC) or other
component to filter out high-frequency noise and stabilize the power supply voltage.
Providing a low-impedance path for high-frequency currents helps reduce voltage spikes
and improves the stability of the circuit.

4.4. RESISTOR (10k,5k,100R)

In an AC voltage controller project, resistors serve various important purposes

depending on the specific design and requirements of the controller. Here are several
common uses of resistors in such projects. Voltage Divider: Resistors can be used in
voltage divider circuits to provide a reference voltage or to scale down the voltage level.
This can be useful for providing feedback or setting reference voltages in control
circuits. Current Limiting: Resistors can limit the current flowing through a circuit,
protecting components from excessive current. In an AC voltage controller, resistors
may be used in series with the load or in the control circuitry to limit the current to a safe
level. Voltage Dropping: In some cases, resistors are used to drop voltage across a
circuit or component. This can be useful for reducing the voltage supplied to certain
parts of the circuit or for biasing purposes. Voltage Regulation: Resistors can be part of
voltage regulation circuits, helping to stabilize the output voltage of the controller. They

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may be used in conjunction with other components such as diodes or transistors in
voltage regulation circuits like voltage dividers or feedback networks.

4.5. INDUCTOR 100N

Inductors play several crucial roles in AC voltage controller projects, particularly in power
electronics and control circuits. Here are some key applications of inductors in such
projects. Filtering and Smoothing: Inductors are commonly used in conjunction with
capacitors to create LC filters for smoothing out ripple voltage in rectified AC power
supplies. In AC voltage controller projects, where the goal is often to regulate or
modulate AC voltage levels, inductors can be employed to reduce AC ripple and provide
a more stable output voltage.

4.6. POTENTIOMETER 500K

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Potentiometers, commonly known as pots, have several potential uses in an AC voltage
controller project. Voltage Control: In an AC voltage controller project, a potentiometer
can be used as a variable voltage divider to adjust the output voltage level. By
connecting the potentiometer in series with a load or in the feedback loop of a voltage
regulator circuit, you can vary the voltage applied to the load. Dimmer Control: For
controlling the brightness of lamps or the speed of AC motors, potentiometers can be
used as dimmer controls. By adjusting the resistance of the potentiometer, you can
change the amount of AC voltage delivered to the load, thus controlling its intensity or
speed.

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 6. WORKING MODEL

FIGURE 9: WORKING MODEL

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 7. GROUP PHOTO

FIGURE 10: GROUP PHOTO

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 8. EXPERIMENTAL RESULT

➢ With the help of this circuit, we can control the speed of the induction motor
by varying the voltage supplied to it using diac and triac. The voltage
supplied to the induction motor is controlled by controlling the firing angle of
the triac. Diac is used to control the gate pulse of the triac

FIGURE 11: WAVEFORMS

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 9. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

CONCLUSION – We built a basic AC voltage controller by using a TRIAC

& DIAC. we had to synchronize the trigger pulses to the electric mains. The
controller allowed us to change the voltage output (speed of our induction motor).
We also noticed that the snubber network allowed us to reduce the surges caused by
the inertia of our rotating motor, by changing the values of such capacitors we can
then also change the frequency of the dampened response caused by the RLC
network. We also learned to measure directly onto the motor with equipment that is
also connected to the electrical mains. First, we had to make sure which terminal
was the live, ground, and neutral by using a volt-meter, grabbing one terminal, and
then connecting to each terminal in the connector. Then we proceed
to connect the common ground with the neutral wire.

FUTURE SCOPE - The future of AC voltage controllers is bright, driven by

the need for efficient energy management, grid modernization, and the transition to
cleaner energy sources. Continued research and development in power electronics,
control algorithms, and grid integration will further enhance the capabilities and
applications of AC voltage controllers in the years to come.

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 10. REVERSE ENGINEERING

Introduction:
Opposite engineering is a pivotal process in expertise the inner workings of
diverse electronic gadgets, together with AC voltage controller materials. An
AC voltage controller is an essential thing in electronic circuits, providing a
strong and regulated voltage output. know-how its design and its capability
via reverse engineering can unveil valuable insights into its operation,
enabling optimization, troubleshooting, and capacity upgrades. Reverse
engineering entails dissecting a device to determine its additives,
connections, and operational concepts. For AC voltage controller resources,
this typically entails reading the circuitry, identifying key components which
include resistors, triac, capacitors, and disc, and comprehending their roles in
regulating voltage and modern.

Process:
We commenced the manner of opposite engineering by capturing the facts
from the existing element & identifying the assembly components and their
interrelationships. Then we construct the circuit in the proteus software
program for a proper outlook of the electric circuit of the version. We
attempted exceptional combinations of circuit preparations to get a fine
result. At final, we manufactured the circuit in real and attempted an
extraordinary mixture in the breadboard to make it compact.

Conclusion:
The concept of opposite engineering helped us to discover the faults within
the finished venture. It helped us in getting in-depth knowledge of the
finished task. We had been able to run analyses & tolerance simulations of
the finished task. We explored the prevailing designs and guy oeuvres with
the aid of reconstructing the product circuit more than one time in proteus.
We have been capable of finding out diverse vulnerabilities of the product
side of this we additionally explored the greenest way to design the product

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 11.REFERENCES

11.1 URL REFERENCES:

➢ www.google.com
➢ www.wikipedia.org
➢ https://qr.ae/psnMU0
➢ https://electricalbaba.com/what-is-ac-voltage-controller-definition-
working-and-application/
➢ https://youtu.be/R8DIwXzZh50?si=gckoWc9bA4Zy0tod
➢ https://youtu.be/pKBGSPvybyc?si=FLNrDzAQ-d8Cx07N

11.2 BOOK REFERENCES:

➢ Power Electronics: Circuits, Devices and Applications, Third Edition by M.

H. Rashid, PHI.
➢ Dr. P. S Power Electronics by. Bhimbra, Khanna Publishers
➢ Integrated Power Electronic Converters and Digital Control by Ali Emadi,
CRC Press
➢ Power Electronics Handbook by M H Rashid, Academic Press

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 12.PRIOR ART SEARCH

12.1 SUMMARY PAPERS AND ITS CONCLUSION:

PAPER-1
Performance analysis of single-phase AC voltage regulator under static load using
phase angle control
(https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317211927_Performance_analysis_of_single_pha
se_AC_voltage_regulator_under_static_load_using_phase_angle_control)

In this paper, a performance analysis of TRIAC-based AC regulators has been proposed. Here,
phase angle control has been used for triggering TRIAC. This kind of converter offers fixed AC
voltage to variable AC voltage with high reliability and a simple structure along with fixed output
frequency. By controlling the firing angle of TRIAC, the output voltage of this controller can be
regulated. As distortion occurs in the output voltage, Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) has been
calculated with a variation of firing angle. Due to aging and other natural phenomena like
moisture and dust, the performance of the regulator has deteriorated.

PAPER-2
AC-Voltage Controller for Grid-Forming Converters
(https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10004015)

This article presents a voltage controller designed to operate grid-forming (GFM) converters
under different grid impedance scenarios demonstrating good performance in conjunction with
external power-synchronization loops (PSLs), e.g., droop control. GFM converters are required
to have fast, accurate, and stable voltage–frequency response, self-synchronization, power
balance, grid support, and fault ride-through (FRT) capabilities; either they are connected to the
grid or other generators.

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 PAPER-3
Power factor improvement of single-phase AC voltage controller employing extinction
angle control technique

(https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1562481)
The general study of power converters is to improve the overall efficiency of the power system by
switches leads to improved power factor in DC converters. Similar techniques may be applied to
improve the performance of AC controllers.

PAPER-4
Ac Voltage Controller Using Triac
(https://www.scribd.com/document/104547436/Project-on-Ac-Voltage-Controller-Using-Triac)
In this paper, we learned the terminal in the connector. Then we proceed to connect the common
ground with the neutral wire. that to measure directly onto the motor with equipment that is also
connected to the electrical mains. First, we had to make sure which terminal was the live,
ground, and neutral by using a volt-meter, grabbing one terminal, and then connecting to each

PAPER-5
Comparison Analysis of AC Voltage Controllers Based on Experimental and Simulated
Application Studies
(https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4115489)
This paper introduces a detailed comparison between possible connections of AC voltage
controllers. For each configuration, the experimental setup is implemented and the
corresponding simulation program is presented using Simulink under Matlab. The simulated and
experimental instantaneous voltage and current waveforms in the case of resistive and inductive
loads are matched well, validating the simulation comparison for analysis. The comparison
analysis includes the required number of devices and isolated gate signals, which determines the
complexity and the size, hence the overall cost.

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