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    Lesson 4 Total Internal Relfection

    Uploaded by

    Sai Sai

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Lesson 4 Total Internal Relfection

    Uploaded by

    Sai Sai
    74 views10 pages

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

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    PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

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    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    74 views10 pages

    Lesson 4 Total Internal Relfection

    Uploaded by

    Sai Sai

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 10

    Total internal reflection

    Specification
    Total internal reflection sin ϴc = n2
    n1
    Simple treatment of fibre optics including the function of the
    cladding.
    Total internal reflection
    Total internal reflection is when a light ray hits the boundary
    between two materials of different densities, and is reflected
    rather than refracted.
    There are two conditions for
    total internal reflection:
    1. The angle of incidence must
    be greater than the critical
    angle.
    2. The light must be passing from
    a medium with a higher
    refractive index to a medium
    with a lower one. For example,
    from water to air.

    2 of 20 © Boardworks Ltd 2012


    Critical angle summary

    3 of 20 © Boardworks Ltd 2012


    Total internal reflection – true or false?

    4 of 20 © Boardworks Ltd 2012


    Cat’s eyes
    Cat’s eyes are devices using total
    internal reflection to reflect light from
    oncoming vehicles back at those
    vehicles.

    Cat’s eyes provide road markings in the dark, when painted


    lines are not visible. Different parts of the road are marked out
    in different colours.

    5 of 20 © Boardworks Ltd 2012


    At the Critical Angle
    Using

    n1 sin i = n sin r 2

    n1 = refractive index of glass


    n2 = refractive index of air (= 1)
    i = critical angle θc
    r = 90o

    n2
    n1 sin θc = n2 sin 90 sin θc = n1
    Important !!
    Optical Fibres
    Infra red and visible light signals
    can be transmitted along optical
    fibres.

    Optical fibres are used in


    telecommunications and other
    devices, such as sensors
    and endoscopes.

    Light waves have a higher


    frequency than radio waves
    so they can carry much
    more information.
    Optical fibres
    Optical fibres are thin strands of solid glass which are
    widely used in communication and medicine.

    They use total internal reflection in order


    to carry light over long distances and
    along winding paths.
    The glass core is often encased in
    cladding, which prevents light escaping.
    A protective plastic jacket surrounds this.
    Why are the materials used to make
    the core and cladding of an optical
    fibre important?
    8 of 20 © Boardworks Ltd 2012
    The ray of light enters the central core of the optical fibre at an
    angle greater than the critical angle so it is internally reflected.
    To ensure the ray is internally reflected the cladding is made from
    a material which has a lower refractive index than the central core.
    Why do diamonds sparkle?

    • Diamond has a very high


    refractive index of 2.417 so
    it separates colours better
    than other substances.
    • It also has a critical angle of
    24.4° so light is internally
    reflected many times
    before emerging, spreading
    out the colours more and
    more.

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