1

elguja xinTibiZe

“vefxistyaosnis” ideur-msoflmxedvelobiTi samyaro

Tbilisi, 2009
“qarTvelologi”

gv. 677-682

adamianis koncefcia „vefxistyaosanSi“ aSkarad gansxvavdeba

Suasaukuneebis Sexedulebebisagan adamianze da Seesabameba Semdgom
etaps adamianis mier sakuTari personis moazrebis procesSi. vfiqrob,
rom es Tezisi ufro dawvrilebiT komentars saWiroebs. dRes ukve
miuReblad iTvleba aTeuli wlebis win gabatonebuli Tvalsazrisi imis
Taobaze, rom SuasaukuneebSi, aRorZinebamde, TiTqosda sazogadod ar
arsebobda adamianuri persona, rom individi mTlianad STanTqmuli iyo
sociumis mier. marTlac, SuasaukuneebSi ar arsebobda pirovnebis
imgvari gageba, rogoric Camoyalibda axali drois evropaSi. ar iyo
imgvari individualizmi, romelic qmnis iluzias sazogadoebisagan
sakuTari pirovnebis suverenobisa da avtonomiisa. magram es aris
adamianuri personis, pirovnebis erT-erTi da ara misi erTaderTi
SesaZlebeli saxe. adamianuri persona misi ganviTarebis mTeli
istoriis manZilze Seimecnebs sakuTar Tavs (107, gv. 305). ase rom, Sua
saukuneebSi arsebobs pirovneba, magram igi sxvagvaria, gansxvavebulia
Semdgomi epoqis, renesansuli epoqis personisagan. TavisTavad gaazreba
“Suasaukuneebis adamiani” warmoadgens abstraqcias. saqme isaa, rom Sua
saukuneebi aTaswlovani epoqaa da am xnis manZilze yovelTvis da
yvelgan, yvela regionSi adamianis tipi, ra Tqma unda, erTgvarovani ver
iqneboda. magram miuxedavad amisa SeiZleba gamoiyos Suasaukuneebis
adamianisaTvis ZiriTadi damaxasiaTebeli kulturuli niSnebi da
parametrebi, romlebic, miuxedavad Tavisi transformaciisa da
 2

cvalebadobisa, mainc inarCunebda raRac zogads, romelic dominirebda

Sua saukuneebSi, yovel SemTxvevaSi Suasaukuneebis qristianul
regionSi (107, gv. 310). ara originaloba, ara gansxvaveba sxvisagan, aramed
maqsimalurad daaxloeba morwmune sazogadoebasTan, daqvemdebareba
RmerTis mier ganCinebuli wesisadmi _ esaa miswrafeba, ideali
Suasaukuneebis pirovnebisa. saqme isaa, rom qristianuli sazogadoebis
wevrad gaxdoma niSnavs sakuTari individualobis gamokveTaze uaris
Tqmas, individualuris amaRlebas zogadqristianulamde. religiuri,
qristianuli poziciidan esaa individualobis umaRlesi forma,
umaRlesi saxeoba: individualuris RvTaebrivamde amaRleba, RvTaebaSi
ganfena. esaa gza saukunovani xsnisaken. Suasaukuneebis pirovneba ar
xedavs Tavis TavSi centrs da ganuyofel saTaves im moqmedebisa,
romelic misgan miemarTeba sxvebs. SeniSnulia, rom Suasaukuneebis
adamiani Tavis sakuTar pirovnebas amkvidrebs e.w. “centridanuli”
principiT: Tavis sakuTar “mes” ganfens garemo samyaroSi. renesansis
epoqis didi pirovnebebi ki amkvidrebdnen TavianT personas, e.w.
“centriskenuli” principiT, Seiwovdnen ra Tavis TavSi samyaros (g. miSi
_ ix. 107, gv. 309-312).

am zogad princips eqvemdebareba Suasaukuneebis mxatvruli

literaturac. Suasaukuneebis wmindanTa “cxovrebani” ar iZlevian
analizs wmindanis Sinagani sulieri cxovrebisa, romelic
TandaTanobiT da Tanmimdevrulad gadadis codvis mdgomareobidan
wmindanobis poziciaSi. es gardasaxva xdeba fsiqologiurad
Seumzadeblad, ucbad, saswaulebriv. codvili uceb moinaniebs da
wmindanis qceviT aRiWurveba. Tanac es gardasaxva aris gamovlineba
keTili da boroti Zalebis brZolisa adamianis sulis pasiur arenaze;
msgavsad xorcieli avadmyofobisa da gamojanmrTelebisa. amgvari
agiografiuli stilis analogias vxvdebiT Suasaukuneebis
JamTaaRmwerlebTan raindul SerkinebaTa gadmocemisas. raindis qceva
warmarTulia mayureblis poziciis gaTvaliswinebiT. igi
gamomdinareobs im moTxovnebisagan, romlebic mas wauyenes. misi
moqmedeba ar aris ganpirobebuli Tavisufali qceviT. igi asrulebs
raindis rols. SeniSnulia, rom JamTaaRmwerlebi TavianTi gmirebis
 3

moqmedebas xsnian da ganmartaven ara am ukanasknelTa pirovnuli

TaviseburebebiT, aramed rainduli sazogadoebis kodeqsis normebiT.

saeklesio qronikebSi gamokveTilad Cans Suasaukuneebis

adamianis qcevis gamoxatvis kidev erTi specifika. pirovnebis qceva
miewereba ara TviTon pirovnebas, aramed am qcevaTa Sesabamis Tvisebebs.
ase rom, moTxrobis gmiris qcevis mizezi aris ara TviTon pirovneba,
aramed erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad moqmed TvisebaTa da ZalTa
garkveuli gaerTianeba. Suasaukuneebis realizmi axdenda zneobrivi
Zalebis _ mankierebaTa da srulqmnilebaTa personificirebas.
Suasaukuneebis literaturis warmosaxviT, zneobrivi Zalebi _ siuxve
da siZunwe, qedmaRloba, Tavmdabloba da samarTlianoba _ Casaxldebian
adamianSi ise, rogorc SeiZleba masSi Casaxldes eSmaki, da datoveben
mis suls ise, rogorc ganvidoda adamianisagan boroti Zala. amgvarad,
Suasaukuneebis literaturis mixedviT, adamiani Tavis sakuTar
gamovlinebebSi, abstraqtulad arsebuli zneobrivi Zalebis
Sesatyvisad, pirovnebis danawevrebuli sulieri Tvisebebis
konglomerati anu meqanikuri SeerTebaa (107, gv. 311-316).

amgvaradaa daxatuli Suasaukuneebis adamiani evropul saero

literaturaSic. aviRoT magaliTad Zveli provansuli samijnuro poema
“flamenka”, dawerili XIII saukunis I naxevarSi. poemaSi gaSlilia
tipuri kurtuazuli romani raind gilioms, mis satrfos flamenkasa da
am ukanasknelis meuRles, arCimbauts Soris (801). magram maT garda
poemis aqtiur moqmed pirebad gvevlinebian metafizikuri arsebani: erTi
mxriv, sixaruli, axalgazrdoba, siuxve, mowyaleba, keTilSobileba;
xolo meore mxriv, Suri, SiSi, simdable, siZunwe. gansakuTrebiT
aqtiuria amuri, romelic mesame Tanamosaubre da megobaria giliomisa
da flamenkasi. metafizikuri Zalebi, ar arian mxolod alegoriuli
metafizikuri ideebi. isini realur kontaqts amyareben moqmed gmirebTan:
ekamaTebian maT, zogjer erTmaneTs da ase Semdeg (419, gv. 269-270). ase
rom, adamiani da misi pirovnuli mTlianoba XIII saukunis Zvel
provansul kurtuazul romanSi “flamenka” Suasaukuneebis specifikis
matarebelia.
 4

principulad gansxvavebuli adamianis koncefciaa mxatvrulad

asaxuli „vefxistyaosanSi“. rusTvelis poemis adamiani axali epoqis
adamiania. adamianis uzenaesi sikeTe _ misi absoluturi
damoukidebloba, rac qristianobaSi tvirTad da codvad awevs adamianis
suls, rasac jer kidev antikuri xanidan qadagebda stoelTa moZRvreba
da rasac mxari aSkarad dauWira renesansis epoqis sazogadoebrivma
poziciam (110, gv. 34-35), „vefxistyaosanSi“ Seqebulia da gaidealebulia.
rusTvelis poemaSi moqmedeben, kolizias qmnian ara metafizikuri
arsebani, zneobrivi Zalebi, aramed adamianebi. ufro metic,
„vefxistyaosnis“ adamiani Tavisufali qmedebis personaa da ara
kodeqsebisa da pirobiTobebis CarCoebSi moqmedi literaturuli
fiqcia.

„vefxiსtyaosani“ samijnuro-rainduli poemaa. magram poemis

personaJTa arc raindoba da arc samijnuro qmedebani ar Tavsdeba
rainduli da kurtuazuli kodeqsebisa da pirobiTobis CarCoebSi (489,
gv. 51-58). rusTvelis Seyvarebul wyvilTa moqmedeba ganpirobebulia
Tavisufali afeqtiT. poemis raindTa moqmedeba, upirveles yovlisa,
aris qmedeba sakuTari maRali interesebisaTvis mebrZoli Tavisufali
gmirebisa da ara romelime rainduli korporaciis wevrebisa.
rusTvelisTvis siyvaruli aris bunebrivi adamianuri grZnoba,
Tavisufali Suasaukuneebis evropuli kurtuazuli siyvarulis
dakanonebuli pirobiTobisagan (289, gv. 336).

rusTvelis poemis Seyvarebuli anu mijnuri, dasavluri

kurtuazuli Seyvarebulisa da aRmosavluri mejnunis tipis
mijnurisagan gansxvavebiT, sruliad axali personaJia. “vefxistyaosnis”
mijnurs aqvs saerTo rogorc kurtuazul SeyvarebulTan, aseve
siyvarulis aRmosavlur, e.w. sufistur gagebasTan, magram amave dros
orivesagan principulad gansxvavdeba. rusTvelis poemaSi siyvarulis
fsiqologiis gaazrebaSi arsebiTi siaxlea. poeti xatavs idealuri
Seyvarebulis erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli fsiqikuri wyobis or
xasiaTs: gaxelebuli da velad gaWrili tarieli aRmosavluri
epikisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli tradiciuli personaJia. magram tarielis
 5

mijnurul gaxelebaSi aris Tavisebureba: nizami ganjevis mijnurisagan

gansxvavebiT, mas sibrZne da goneba sixelis anu siSmagis mxolod
zRvramde miiyvans. am TvalsazrisiT avTandili, meore Seyvarebuli anu
mijnuri, savsebiT axali personaJia. mas tarielze naklebad ar uyvars
Tavisi satrfo, magram am siyvaruls igi sigiJisaken ar mihyavs, radganac
misi moqmedeba gonebis sruli kontrolis qveS mimdinareobs. es ukve
Suasaukuneebis mijnuris, rogorc literaturuli personaJis, savsebiT
axleburi tipia. novatoroba am SeyvarebulTa saxeebis Seqmnisas, pirvel
rigSi mdgomareobs inteleqtualuri sawyisis prioritetSi (15, gv. 91)1,
rac renesansul movlenas warmoadgens.

rusTvelis poemaSi ara mxolod Seyvarebulia axali tipis,

aramed TviT siyvarulis koncefciaa novatoruli, axali, gansxvavebuli
rogorc aRmosavluri sufizmis, aseve dasavluri kurtuazulobisagan:
es siyvaruli, erTi mxriv inarCunebs RvTaebrivi siyvarulis aRmafrenas
da, amave dros, meore mxriv aris realuri, cxovrebiseuli, romlis
ideali adamianur bednierebaSi, meuRleobaSi mdgomareobs. swored am
realurobaSi da adamianurobaSi mdgomareobs am koncrfciis
renesansuli elementi. aqve unda aRiniSnos gulanSaros qalaqSi
daxatuli da, kerZod fatmanis personaJiT gadmocemuli, msubuqi
sasiyvarulo ganwyobileba, romelsac poemaSi, rogorc SeniSnulia,
aSkarad renesansuli atmosferos surneli Semoaqvs. rusTvelis poemis
ideur-Tematuri struqturis mixedviT, umTavresi ideali, umaRlesi
sikeTe, romliskenacaa mimarTuli adamianuri qmedebani, aris adamianuri
bedniereba. adamiani samyaros umaRlesi qmnilebaa, isaa WeSmariti sikeTe
da realoba. adamianisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli siyvaruli da megobroba
RvTaebrivi kategoriebia. swored adamianurobis amgvari filosofia,
amgvari filosofiuri gageba siyvarulisa da megobrobisa aris
renesansuli movlena, romelsac uSualo paralelebi eZebneba
renesansis epoqis evropul filosofiaSi (543, gv. 130-131).

1
ufro dawvrilebiT ixileT qveTavSi: “SoTa rusTvelisa da dante aligieris
siyvarulis koncefciaTa tipologiuri mimarTebisaTvis”.
 6

amgvarad, rusTavelis Semoqmedeba gviandeli Suasaukuneebis

movlenaa, romelSiac ukve axali, renesansuli suliskveTebaa Semosuli.
igi Suasaukuneebsa da renesanss aerTianebs, amTlianebs:
„vefxistyaosnis“ msoflmxedvelobiTi problematika esaa gviandeli
Suasaukuneebis problematika, xolo misi rusTveluri gadawyveta
uaxlovdeba renesansis epoqis azrovnebas. rusTveli, rogorc poeti da
moazrovne, Suasaukuneebisa da renesansis zRvarze dgas, msgavsad dante
aligierisa, romelic, Tanaxmad gavrcelebuli kvalificirebisa,
iTvleba dasavleT evropaSi Suasaukuneebis ukanasknel da axali drois
pirvel poetad.