Tema 4. pretacia. amitom mkvlevars naratiuli niWi unda hqondes.

am mxriv sainteresoa,
rom am meTodis Camoyalibebis periodSi, rodesac jer ar arsebobda Teoriuli
dakvirveba literatura mis Sesaxeb, Cikagos universitetis studentebs urCevdnen, ekiTxaT
romanebi da avtobiografiuli Txzulebebi, romlebic Tanamimdevrulad asaxaven
intervius nebismier saxeobas (maT Soris siRrmiseul intervius da fokus- adamianis an jgufis cxovrebas da amdenad garkveulwilad avsebdnen arsebul
jgufs) informaciis Segrovebis verbaluri saSualebebi udevs safuZvlad. magram sicarieles.
adamianTa cxovrebaSi ara naklebi mniSvneloba aqvs moqmedebebs, qcevebs, Tavdapirvelad monografiuli gamokvlevis CatarebisTvis yvelaze
urTierTobas, da am moqmedebebs Soris aris iseTebi, romelTa sityvierad aRwera mizanSewonil “saitebad” iTvleboda did qalaqebs da sxva dasaxlebebs
da gadmocema respondents SeiZleba gauWirdes; damaxinjebulad gadmogvces mowyvetili patara soflebi da mcire izolirebuli tomebi, vinaidan, erTi mxriv,
isini; an ubralod ar CaTvalos laparakis Rirsad. arada, es SeiZleba iyos maTi mosaxleobis kulturuli da eTnikuri erTianoba SesaZlebels xdida, aseTi
moqmedebebi, romelTa mniSvnelobac socialuri cxovrebis analizisaTvis Zalze dasaxlebebi ganxiluli yofiliyo rogorc kulturuli erToba, xolo meore
didia. zog SemTxvevaSi respondentebi ar aqceven yuradRebas sakuTari qcevis mxriv, maTi mcire zoma da mosaxleobis mcire raodenoba aseT Seswavlas
garkveul detalebs, amitom intervius dros ver ixseneben maT; sxva SemTxvevaSi ki SesaZlebels xdida erTi adamianis ZalebiTac ki.
isini arasworad ixsomeben imas, Tu rogor ganviTarda movlenebi. socialuri Tanamedrove mkvlevrebi monografiuli gamokvlevis meSveobiT Seiswavlian
mecnierebisTvis kargadaa cnobili, rom adamianebi ar arian sakuTari qcevis iseT mravalferovan sakiTxebs, rogorebicaa saskolo ganaTlebis xarisxi,
kargi aRmwerebi, da ver gvawvdian sando informacias mis Sesaxeb.50 socialuri daxmarebis programebis efeqturoba, Tanamedrove samrewvelo
situaciebSi, rodesac intervius verc erT saxeobas ver gamoviyenebT, organizaciebis struqtura, eTnikuri da rasobrivi problemebi da sxv. Tumca,
CvenTvis saWiro informaciis mopovebaSi dakvirveba dagvexmareba. iseve rogorc XX saukunis dasawyisSi, monografiuli gamokvlevebi SedarebiT
dakvirvebis meTodi Zalze farTod gamoiyeneba socialur mecnierebebSi. mcire Temebis an organizaciebis SeswavliT Semoifargleba, raTa SesaZlebeli
yvelaze xSirad am meTods antropologebi da eTnografebi mimarTaven iyos mkvlevris uSualo kontaqti Sesaswavli jgufis wevrebTan.
gansxvavebuli kulturis warmomadgenelebis cxovrebis Seswavlis mizniT, da aq saboloo jamSi, monografiuli gamokvlevis mizania aRweros Sesaswavli
sityva “kultura” Zalze farTo gagebiT ixmareba. es SeiZleba iyos rogorc sxva, jgufis cxovreba da gaaanalizos am cxovrebis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebi,
SedarebiT mcirericxovani da naklebad cnobili socialuri jgufis kultura SeZlebisdagvarad — gaakeTos mecnieruli daskvnebi jgufSi arsebuli ierarqiis,
(magaliTad, rok-musikosebis; damnaSaveebis; mecxvareebis) da maTi cxovrebis urTierTobaTa specifikis da a.S. Sesaxeb.
Sinagani wesebis dadgena, aseve antropologiuri gamokvlevebi — naklebad
cnobili tomis an eris cxovreba an am cxovrebis romelime aspeqti, iqneba es maTi
religiuri wes-Cveulebebi; Taobebs Soris urTierToba; Sromis ganawileba, Tu “SIDEWALK”: monografiuli gamokvlevis erTi magaliTi
sxva. ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi kvleva Soreul qveynebSi xorcieldeba, SedarebiT Tanamedrove monografiuli gamokvlevis erT-erTi yvelaze saintereso
naklebad Seswavlil kunZulebze, magram Tanamedrove kvleviT praqtikaSi magaliTia mitCel dunieris wigni “Sidewalk” (“trotuari”)74. es wigni am meTodis
savsebiT miRebulia, mivmarToT dakvirvebas Cvensave qalaqebSi mcxovrebi xalxis gamoyenebis erT-erT saukeTeso nimuSad iTvleba, romelmac ramdenime premiac ki
subkulturis Seswavlis mizniT. miiRo75. garda imisa, rom es saintereso da SemecnebiTi kvlevaa, is amave dros
dakvirvebis meTodis Teoretikosebi, kerZod, h.r.bernardi, xazs usvamen im inovaciurisaa rogorc savele samuSaoebis Catarebis, aseve Sedegebis
garemoebas, rom damkvirveblis amocana gacilebiT iolia misTvis ucxo warmodgenis TvalsazrisiT — is uxvadaa ilustrirebuli fotosuraTebiT,
kulturaSi muSaobis dros; es amocana mniSvnelovnad rTuldeba, rodesac mas romlebic “Cikago tribiun”-is fotokorespondentma ovi karterma gadauRo
mSobliur kulturaSi uwevs dakvirvebis ganxorcieleba. amis mizezi ki isaa, rom dunieris TxovniT aqtorebs da im garemos, sadac maT uwevdaT cxovreba da
mSobliur kulturaSi Cven “bunebrivad” aRviqvamT da Cveulebrivad gveCveneba muSaoba (da, ra Tqma unda, suraTebi aqtorebis nebarTviT iqna gadaRebuli).
moqmedebebisa da reaqciebis umravlesoba, romlebic mraval kiTxvas warmoSoben, Sesabamisad, mkiTxvels saSualeba eZleva sakuTari TvaliT naxos is adamianebi,
Tu maT miukerZoebeli TvaliT SevxedavT; zogierTi mniSvnelovani elementi ki romlebic wignis mTavari gmirebi arian, dainaxos is garemo, sadac isini
SeiZleba saerTod yuradRebis gareSe dagvrCes, im ubralo mizezis gamo, rom cxovroben da muSaoben. garda amisa, dunieris kvleva erT-erTi im kvlevaTagania,
isini Cveni yoveldRiuri cxovrebis nawilia da miCveulebi varT maT. romlis procesSic ganviTarda gansakuTrebiT mWidro urTierToba da, SeiZleba
dakvirveba erT-erT umniSvnelovanes Tvisebriv meTods warmoadgens, romlis iTqvas, inteleqtualuri TanamSromloba mkvlevarsa da informantebis Soris;
umTavresi Rirseba isaa, rom is bunebriv garemoSi xorcieldeba, iq, sadac rea- dunierma saSualeba misca informantebs, gacnobodnen wignis xelnawers da
lurad mimdinareobs cxovreba, da ara “laboratoriul” pirobebSi, rogoricaa TavianTi SeniSvnebi gamoeTqvaT. dunieris kvleva imiTac gamoirCeva, rom man
mkvlevris ofisi. swored es garemoeba ganapirobebs am meTodis specifikas da gamomcemlobasTan gaaforma kontraqti, romlis mixedviTac mis informantebs
masTan dakavSirebul gansakuTrebul sirTuleebs. Tumca Cven ukve aRvniSneT, rom wignis gayidvidan Semosuli mogebis garkveuli procenti unda mieRoT. ufro
Tvisebrivi meTodebi gamoirCeva Tavisi araformaluri xasiaTiT, es gansakuTrebiT metic, dunierma miiwvia Tavisi ZiriTadi informanti, hakim hasani Tavis
sworia dakvirvebis SemTxvevaSi, rodesac SeuZlebelia imis winaswarmetyveleba, universitetSi da masTan erTad uZRveboda seminars bakalavrebisaTvis “Savi
Tu vin Sexvdeba mkvlevars quCaSi an kafeSi; rodis, ra pirobebSi da ra Temaze amerikis quCis cxovreba da gonebrivi cxovreba” (“The Life of the Street and the Life of
mouwevs intervius Catareba; ra movlenebis momswre gaxdeba dRis manZilze. Mind in Black America”); dunierma, agreTve SesTavaza hakim hasans, misi wignis
iTvleba, rom dakvirvebis warmoebis yvelaze mizanSewonili obieqtia yovel- blosityvaobis avtori yofiliyo, razec hasans uari ar uTqvams.
dRiuri saqmianoba, romelic mniSvnelovani cvlilebebis gareSe meordeba dRidan dunieris kvleva, iseve rogorc bevri sxva monografiuli gamokvleva,
dRemde. es SeiZleba iyos urTierToba TanamSromlebs Soris samuSao saaTebSi; sruliad SemTxveviT daiwyo. niu-iorkSi myofi dunieris yuradReba miipyro
Tavisufali drois organizacia ojaxSi an megobarTa wreSi; saswavlo procesi wignebis erT-erTma quCis movaWrem — hakim hasanma, romlis magidazec man Tavisi
(skolSi, umaRles saswavlebelSi); bazris cxovreba an maRaziaSi myidvelebis wigni dainaxa.

50 74
Robert S. Weiss. Learning from Strangers. The Art and Method of Qualitative Interview Studies. New York: Mitchel Dunier. 2001. Sidewalk. New York: Farrar, Strauss and Giroux.
75
Free Press. P. 236. Los Angeles Time Book Prize da The C.Wright Mills Award.
48 65
kvleviTi midgoma (romelic meTodebis vrcel arsenals aerTianebs), da ara qceva, da sxva. mklevris uSualo interesi SeiZleba iyos xalxis Cacmuloba ama Tu
romelime erTi calkeuli meTodi? vfiqrobT, am kiTxvas dadebiTad unda im situaciaSi; an mosaxleobis quCaSi moZraobis siCqare, nacnobebTan
vupasuxoT. gamosaubrebis mizniT SeCerebis sixSire da am SeCerebebis xangrZlivoba.
ra Tqma unda, mravali meTodis gamoyenebisas moulodneli ar unda yofiliyo iSviaTi SemTxvevebis garda51, kvlevis procesSi damkvirvebeli Zalauneburad
gansxvavebuli, zogjer — sawinaaRmdego Sedegebis miReba. Tumca, “raodenobrivi” axdens gavlenas moqmed pirebze da socialur situaciebze, romelSic isini arian
mkvlevrebisagan gansxvavebiT, Tvisebrivi meTodebis momxreebi amas ar aRiqvamen CarTulni. es gavlena cnobilia rogorc reaqtiuloba — ician ra, rom maT
rogorc saSiSroebas, aramed rogorc kidev erT SesaZleblobas, miRebul moqmedebas akvirdebian, adamianebi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqceven imas, Tu
Sedegebs gansxvavebuli TvaliT SevxedoT, rac, saboloo jamSi, sruli da rogor iqcevian, rogor epyrobian sxva adamianebs, ras da rogor amboben, da
yovelmxrivi suraTis daxatvaSi unda dagvexmaros. xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos saboloo jamSi maTi saqcieli bunebrivi aRar aris, mkvlevris arseboba rom ara,
isic, rom monografiul gamokvlevaSi gamoyenebuli meTodebi savsebiT ar isini ase ar moiqceodnen. reaqtiuloba adamianebis bunebrivi reaqciaa, magram
Semoifargleboda mxolod Tvisebrivi meTodebiT — piriqiT, isini xSirad dakvirvebis warmoebisas Zalze seriozul problemas warmoadgens, vinaidan
mdidrdeboda statistikuri da raodenobrivi monacemebiT. Cikagos skolis erT- amaxinjebs Sedegebs. misi srulad gadalaxva faqtiurad SeuZlebelia, Tumca
erTi lideris, ernest berjesis TqmiT, “ori midgomis Tanamoqmedeba ueWvelad arsebobs misi Semcirebis SesaZleblobebi, romelTa Sesaxebac qvemoT visaubrebT.
yvelaze nayofieri iqneba”69.

rogorc am meTodis Teoretikosebi miiCneven, kvleviTi amocanebis dasaxva meTodis daxasiaTeba

monografiuli gamokvlevis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia mxolod mas Semdeg, rac iseve rogorc nebismieri sxva tipis gamokvleva, dakvirveba Sesaswavli
mkvlevarma daiwyo savele samuSaoebi, amitom TviTon gamokvleva iwyeba, rogorc erTeulis gamoyofiT iwyeba. es SeiZleba iyos:
wesi, gamokvlevis saerTo Temis gansazRvriT, da ara konkretuli hipoTezebis
o adgili, sadac xdeba moqmedeba. specialur literaturaSi es adgili
SemuSavebiT. amis Sedegad monografiuli gamokvleva gansakuTrebuli moqnilo-
biT gamoirCeva. Tumca, rogorc robert iini aRniSnavs, “paradoqsaluria, magram moxsenieba rogorc “saiti” (ingl. site);
rac ufro “rbilia” kvleviTi strategia, miT ufro rTuli gansaxorcielebelia o adamianebi, romlebic CarTulni arian CvenTvis saintereso saqmianobaSi da
is praqtikulad”70. vis moqmedebebsac vakvirdebiT, anu “aqtorebi” (ingl. actor);
monografiuli gamokvlevis CatarebaSi Zalian didia mkvlevris roli da
Zalian bevria damokidebuli am ukanasknelis profesiulobaze. monografiuli o TviTon moqmedeba an saqmianoba (scenebi), situaciebi, movlenebi, romlebsac
gamokvlevis Catarebis dros mkvlevari ar aris daculi emociuri stresisagan, uSualod vakvirdebiT; da
romelic yovelTvis Tan axlavs CarTul dakvirvebas. amitom kvlevis dawyebamde o nivTebi, romlebis irgvliv an romelTa gamoyenebiTac xdeba moqmedeba.
mis mier kargad unda iyos gaTviTcnobierebuli mis winaSe mdgari sirTuleebi.
ZiriTadad mkvlevarzea damokidebuli, Tu rogor gansazRvravs is socialur gamokvlevebSi dakvirvebis meTodi iSviaTad gvxvdeba rogorc
gamokvlvevis xangrZlivobas — is SeiZleba gagrZeldes rogorc ramdenime Tve, kvlevis erTaderTi meTodi. es imiT aixsneba, rom, rogorc vTqviT, dakvirveba
aseve ramdenime weli. Znelia imis dadgena, Tu rodis unda damTavrdes savele yvelaze xSirad gamoiyeneba gansxvavebuli kulturis warmomadgenlebis cxov-
samuSaoebi. metic, rogorc u.f.uaiTi aRiarebs, “romelime Temis an organizaciis rebis wesis Seswavlis mizniT, aseTi Seswavla ki SeuZlebelia mxolod dakvirvebis
Seswavlas ar SeiZleba, raime logikuri dasasruli hqondes. rac ufro mets meSveobiT — is aucileblad iTvaliswinebs sxva meTodebis gamoyenebasac, upirve-
igebT, miT ukeT gesmiT, Tu ra dagrCaT kidev Sesaswavli”71. les yovlisa — gasaubrebas Sesaswavli jgufis warmomadgenlebTan da eqsperteb-
iTvleba, rom monografiuli gamokvleva yvelaze efeqturia rogorc Tan, romlebic dagvexmarebian sworad avxsnaT is, rac davafiqsireT dakvirvebis
romelime socialuri problemis winaswar Seswavlis, misi pirveladi aRweris dros. gasaubreba ki, ra Tqma unda, intervius erT-erTi saxeobaa. amitom “sufTa”,
saSualeba, amitom praqtikaSi es meTodi yvelaze xSirad aRweriT fuqncias an “ubralo” dakvirveba, romlis msvlelobaSic mkvlevari ar amyarebs urTi-
asrulebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom aseve xedavda am meTodis rols Cikagos skolis erTobas aqtorebTan, romlebsac is Seiswavlis, iSviaTad gamoiyeneba. rogorc
warmomadgeneli vivien palmeri, am meTodisadmi miZRvnili pirveli saxel- wesi, dakvirvebis meTodi ixmareba kompleqsurad sxva meTodebTan — upirveles
mZRvanelos72 avtori (es saxelmRvanelo 1928 wels gamovida). Tumca Tanamedrove yovlisa, interviusTan erTad, da am meTodiT muSaobisas mkvlevari Zalaune-
mkvlevrebi sul ufro da ufro xSirad Tvlian, rom am meTods savsebiT Seswevs burad erTveba socialur situaciaSi, romelSic aqtorebi monawileoben.
Zala, ara marto aRweros, aramed, agreTve axsnas esa Tu is socialuri situacia; mkvlevris monawileoba socialur situaciaSi, misi CarTva im procesebSi,
kerZod, robert iini gamoyofs monografiuli gamokvlevebis or gansxvavebul romlebsac is Seiswavlis, SeiZleba sxvadasxva intnsiurobiT moxdes. am intensi-
saxeobas — romlebic aRweren socialur sinamdviles da romlebic xsnian mas.73 urobidan gamomdinare, gamoiyofa CarTvis Semdegi tipebi:52
monografiuli gamokvlevis Sedegebi vrceli angariSis, xSirad ki — wignis
saxiT xdeba xolme cnobili, sadac avtori cdilobs, SesTavazos mkiTxvels CarTvis intensiuroba CarTvis tipi
Sesaswavli jgufis wevrebis Rirebulebebis da normebis Taviseburi inter- maRali sruli (“CarTuli dakvirveba”)
aqtiuri
saSualo
mokrZalebuli
69
citirebulia Semdegi gamocemis mixedviT: Martin Bulmer. 1984. The Chicago School of Sociology. dabali pasiuri
Institutionalization, Diversity, and the Rise of Sociological Research. Chicago and London: The University mkvlevari ar iRebs monawileobas ar aris “CarTva”
of Chicago Press. P. 162. socialur situaciaSi
70
Robert K Yin. 1994. Case Study Research: Design and Methods. 2nd Ed. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
(“ubralo dakvirveba”)
P. 16.
71
William F. Whyte. 1993. Street Corner Society. The Social Structure of an Italian Slum. Fourth Edition.
51
Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press. P. 324-325. aseT SemTxvevad SeiZleba CavTvaloT situacia, rodesac Sesaswavli obieqti ver
72
Viven M. Palmer. 1928. Field Studies in Sociology: A Student’s Manual. Chicago, Ill.: The University of igrZnobs damkvirveblis arsebobas — erT-erTi aseTi magaliTia dakvirveba xalxmraval
Chicago Press. adgilebSi.
73 52
Robert K. Yin. Op. cit. ix. James P. Spradley. 1980. Participant Observation. New York: Holt, Rhinehart and Winston. gv. 58.
64 49
 “ubralo” dakvirveba Seesabameba situacias, rodesac mkvlevari saerTod ar saskolo eseebi: skolis damwyebi da saSualo klasebis ramdenime moswavlem dawera
iRebs monawileobas socialur situaciaSi — magaliTad, is zis kafeSi da mxolod naSromebi Semdeg Temebze: “ra minda yvelaze metad”, “vin minda viyo” da “ra saCuqari minda
akvirdeba im movlenebs, romlebic iq viTardeba. saSobaod”.
amis sapirispirod, socialur situaciaSi sruli CarTva Seesabameba CarTul eseebis konkursi, romlis gamarjvebulisTvisac dawesebuli iyo jildo: ramdenime
dakvirvebas (participant observation), romlis drosac mkvlevari ar rCeba gare mozardma dawera naSromi Temaze: “rogor mesaxeba Cemi momavali”.
damkvirveblad, aramed srul monawileobas iRebs im socialur situaciebSi, kvebis angariSebi: erTi kviris manZilze 40 ojaxi iwerda, Tu ras Wamdnen, agreTve, ra
romlebsac Seiswavlis. es monawileoba gamoixateba aqtorebTan erTad maT sagzals atandnen skolaSi bavSvebs Semweobis miRebis wina dRes da Semweobis miRebis
yoveldRiur saqmianobasa Tu zeimebSi monawileobis miRebaSi; damatebiT, Semdgom dRes.
mkvlevari awarmoebs araformalur gasaubrebebs aqtorebTan an srulfasovan
sxvadasxva saxis informacia: Cven SevagroveT informacia 80 patara bavSvis mier
interviuebs atarebs maTTan.
miRebuli saSobao saCuqrebis Sesaxeb; barebSi saubris Temebisa da saqmianobis Sesaxeb; im
CarTuli dakvirvebaa is meTodi, romelic xSirad gaigivebulia Tavad Tviseb- sirTuleebis Taobaze, romlebsac mSoblebi Svilebis aRzrdisas awydebian (im Canawerebis
riv meTodebTan da/an eTnografiasTan; xSirad literaturaSi terminebi safuZvelze, romlebic eqimis sakonsultacio kabinetSi moviZieT); samedicino analizebi;
“eTnografia”, “eTnografiuli kvleva” da “CarTuli dakvirveba” ixmareba rogorc maswavleblebisgan miRebuli informacia maTi moswavleebis warmatebebis Sesaxeb;
sinonimebi.53 saxelmwifo organoebis, qarxnis, eklesiis da sxvaTa mier warmoebuli saqvelmoqmedo
CarTuli dakvirvebis meTodisadmi miZRvnil klasikur saxelmZRvanelod saqmianobis Sesaxeb; duqanSi, dalaqTan, yasabTan, fexacmlis SemkeTebelTan, mkeravTan,
iTvleba jeims spradlis “CarTuli dakvirveba”.54 spradlis Tanaxmad, ucnob konditerTan daxarjuli Tanxebis Sesaxeb; agreTve, sxvadasxva politikuri klubis Tu
socialur situaciaSi moxvedrili nebismieri adamiani CarTuli damkvirvebeli sxva organizaciebis mier mowodebuli informacia.
xdeba, vinaidan misTvis ucxoa am situaciaSi moqmedi wesebi da normebi, da is statistikuri monacemebi: am tipis monacemebs warmoadgenda kooperatiuli maRaziis
iZulebuli xdeba, gamoikvlios da Seiswavlos isini xalxTan urTierTobis meS- saangariSo wignebi; sajaro biblioTekidan gatanili wignebis Sesaxeb gakeTebuli
veobiT. Canawerebi; informacia gazeTebis gamoweris Sesaxeb; klubebis wevrebis raodenoba;
socialuri mecnierebebis farglebSi CarTuli dakvirveba warmoadgens arCevnebis Sedegebi; asakobrivi ganawilebis, Sobadobis, sikvdilianobis, qorwinebebis da
mcdelobas gavigoT, Tu ra mniSvnelobebs aniWeben sxvadasxva socialuri Tu migraciis maCveneblebi.
kulturuli jgufis warmomadgenlebi TavianT cxovrebas, rogor aRiqvamen saojaxo statistika: marientalSi Camovida savaWro palatis oficialuri
sxvadasxva movlenebs da ra mniSvnelobas aniWeben maT. amis Seswavlas sakmaod warmomadgeneli specialuri mizniT: raTa Seegrovebina saojaxo statistika, magram
bevri dro sWirdeba. CarTuli dakvirvebis minimalur xangrZlivobad ramdenime teqnikuri sirTuleebis gamo man mxolod ramdenime ojaxis monacemebis Segroveba
Tve iTvleba; srulfasovani gamokvleva ki sul cota erTi wlis manZilze moaxerxa.”67
grZeldeba, vinaidan erTi SexedviT martiv socialur situaciebSic ki xSirad
Rrma da rTuli kulturuli azria Caqsovili. imisaTvis, rom kargad SeviswavloT garda amisa, kvlevis manZize sofelSi ganxorcielebuli iqna ramdenime
ucxo kulturis warmomadgenlebi, maTi kulturuli normebi da/an simboloebi, socialuri progarma (e.w. tansacmlis proeqti; samedicino momsaxurebis pro-
didi droa saWiro. maSinac ki, Tu gamokvlevis savele periods ramdenime eqti; Wra-kervis kursebi; konsultaciebi mSoblebisaTvis da sxv.); am programebis
weliwads davuTmobT, iZulebulebi viqnebiT, SevarCioT cxovrebis konkretuli msvlelobaSi, agreTve Segrovebuli iqna damatebiTi informacia. informaciis
aspeqtebi, romlebic dakvirvebis ZiriTad fokuss warmoadgenen da romlebsac wyaroebis aseTi mdidari sia Tanamedrove monografiuli gamokvlevebisTvisac
dawvrilebiT SeviswavliT, danarCenebs ki mxolod zedapiruli yuradReba STambeWdavad gamoiyureba.
davuTmoT. Cikagos skolis warmomadgenlebic intensiurad iyenebdnen e.w. “mravalmeTo-
ar arsebobs CarTuli dakvirvebis warmoebis sayovelTao wesebi, iseve ro- dur midgomas” (multimethod approach) monografiuli gamokvlevis farglebSi; isini
gorc ar arsebobs dakvirvebis saitis SerCevasTan dakavSirebuli rekomendaci- Tvlidnen, rom amis meSveobiT informaciis maqsimalurad farTo speqtris
ebi. am gadawyvetilebebis miReba yovelTvis konkretuli situaciidan gamomdi- Segroveba iyo SesaZlebeli. oTxi ZiriTadi meTodi, romlebsac isini iyenebdnen,
nare xdeba. xSirad mkvlevari iwyebs muSaobas garemoSi, sadac aravis ar icnobs; is iyo: (1) Sesaswavli dasaxlebuli punqtis socialuri istoria; (2) ama Tu im
ubralod midis kafeebSi, biblioTekebSi, eswreba ama Tu im Temis mier maCveneblebis gavrcelebis amsaxveli grafikuli masalebi; (3) sxvadasxva
organizebul RonisZiebebs, dadis SerCeuli “saitis” quCebSi, da TandaTan icnobs kulturuli jgufis an urTierTobis modelebis aRwera, da (4) iseTi
xalxs, romlebic droTa ganmavlobaSi misi informaciis wyaroebi gaxdebian. raodenobrivi monacemebis statistikuri analizi, rogorebicaa Semosavlebi da
miuxedavad am meTodikis simartivisa, “quCaSi dgomis” strategia Zalian efeq- xarjebi, mosaxleobis mobiloba, miwis zoma, da sxv.
turia. magram informantebis gacnobis Semdeg Tveebia saWiro imisaTvis, rom Cikagos skolis warmomadgenlebs Soris gansakuTrebuli popularobiT
mkvlevarma daimkvidros adgili Sesaswavl jgufSi da moipovos xalxis ndoba. sargeblobda aseTi gamokvlevebSi piradi xasiaTis dokumentebis (werilebis,
h.r.bernardi Tvlis, rom am meTodis Seswavlis saukeTeso xerxi misi praq- dRiurebis) gamoyeneba, iseve rogorc gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis daTmoba
tikuli gamoyenebaa. amasTan, misi azriT, SeuZlebelia am meTodis warmatebiT respondentebis cxovrebis istoriebisadmi; rig SemTxvevebSi, gamokvlevis
gamoyeneba, Tu mkvlevari Seecdeba SecdomaSi Seiyvanos is xalxi, visTanac is saboloo angariSic ise iyo moyolili, rogorc mTavar aqtorTa cxovrebis
muSaobs, anu aqtorebi. “sakuTari Tavis wardgenis wesebi Zalze martivia, — ambobs istoria68. am angariSebSic Tavis asaxvas poulobs kvlevis dros ramdenime me-
bernardi. — ilaparakeT simarTle, iyaviT Tanamimdevruli da nu ilaparakebT Todis gamoyeneba, ramdenadac aq moyvanilia rogorc dakvirvebis Sedegebi, aseve
zedmets. CarTul dakvirvebaSi, Tu mkvlevari Seecdeba warmoadginos Tavi sxva Catarebuli interviuebis fragmentebi, eqspertebis Sefasebebi, romlebic arc
adamianad, vidre is sinamdvileSia, is ver miaRwevs warmatebas”55. Tu iSviaTad ilustrirebulia rukebiT, sqemebiT an fotosuraTebiT.
CarTuli dakvirvebis ori tipi arsebobs — gamJRavnebuli, (ingl. overt), monografiuli gamokvlevis farglebSi gamoyenebuli meTodebis mravalfe-
rovneba aqtualurs xdis SekiTxvas, romelsac rigi mkvlevari svams: kerZod,
53 ufro gamarTlebuli xom ar iqneboda, monografiul gamokvlevas ewodos
qarTulad CarTuli dakvirveba zog SemTxvevaSi moixsenieba rogorc “monawile
dakvirveba” rac Sesabamisi inglisuri terminis ufro zusti Targmania.
54 67
James P. Spradley. 1980. Participant Observation. New York: Holt, Rhinehart and Winston. Marie Jahoda, Paul F. Lazarsfeld and Hans Zeisel. [1971.] Op. cit. Pp. 4-5.
55 68
H. Russel Bernard. 1994. Research Methods in Anthropology. 2nd Edition. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publishers. mag.: Clifford R. Shaw. 1966. The Jack-Roller: A Delinquent Boy’s Own Story. Chicago: University of
P. 144. Chicago Press.
50 63
 xangrZlivi savele muSaoba Sedgeba, erTi mxriv, pirveli SexedviT Cveu- rodesac mkvlevari Tavidanve acnobs aqtorebs Tavis vinaobas da miznebs, da
lebrivi yoveldRiuri cxovrebisgan, romelsac mkvlevari aqtorebTan erTad gaumJRavnebeli (ingl. covert), romlis drosac aqtorebisTvis ucnobia, rom saqme
iziarebs, eswreba maT Sexverdebs, muSaobs maT gverdiT, saubrobs maTTan, aqvT mkvlevarTan — isini mas aRiqvamen, rogorc socialuri situaciis rigiT
isvenebs maTTan erTad da a.S., xolo meore mxriv — yoveldRiuri angariSebis monawiles. miuxedavad imisa, rom gaumJRavnebeli dakvrivebis warmoebas Tavisi
Sedgenisgan, sadac rac SeiZleba dawvrilebiTaa gadmocemuli yovelive is, rasac upiratesobebi aqvs (upirveles yovlisa, aRar gvaqvs saqme reaqtiulobis
mkvlevari akvirdeboda da rac man Seityo dRis manZilze. yovelive es Zalian problemasTan), is Zalze seriozul eTikur problemebTanaa dakavSirebuli,
mkacr TviTdisciplinas, sakuTari Tavis moqmedebebis kontrols da drois vinaidan misi warmoebis dros Segnebulad xdeba aqtorebis SecdomaSi Seyvana.
optimalurad ganawilebis unars moiTxvos, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac amasTan, mkvlevari mudam “gamomJRavnebis” saSiSroebis winaSea — yovelTvis aris
mkvlevari marto muSaobs. imis SesaZlebloba, rom romelime aqtori Seityobs mis namdvil vinaobas, an vinmes
monografiuli gamokvleva SeiZleba Caataros rogorc erTma mkvlevarma, xelSi Cauvardeba mis mier kvlevasTan dakavSirebiT gakeTebuli Canawerebi.
aseve mkvlevarTa jgufma. ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi, saWiroa gamokvlevis Zalian gaumJRavnebeli dakvirveba yvelaze xSirad gamoiyeneba maSin, rodesac SeuZle-
maRal doneze organizeba, raTa kvleviTi jgufis wevrebi marTlac erTsa da imave belia ama Tu im jgufis Seswavla sxvagvarad, rodesac kvlevis erTaderT
sakiTxze muSaobdnen, da miRebuli iqnes Sedegebi, romelTa Sedarebac SemdgomSi saSualebas gaumJRavnebeli CarTuli dakvirveba warmoadgens; arcTu iSviaTad,
SesaZlebeli iqneba. Tavdapirvelad monografiuli gamokvlevebi individualur mkvlevari ase Seiswavlis daxurul jgufebs, maT Soris — kriminalur
kvleviT proeqtebs warmoadgenda, da dRemde SeimCneva tendencia, es kvleviTi dajgufebebs. magram Tu mkvlevari kriminaluri dajgufebis wevri xdeba kvlevis
midgoma erTi mkvlevris mier iqnes gamoyenebuli. Catarebis mizniT da ar miaCnia mizanSewonilad Tavisi namdvili vinaobis gam-
monografiuli gamokvlevis Catarebis procesSi mkvlevari arasodes JRavneba, maSin is iZulebulia, monawileoba miiRos am jgufis kanonsawinaaRmdego
yabuldeba informaciis Segrovebis mxolod erT meTods, aramed ramdenime qmedebebSi; garda amisa, mas eqneba informacia dagegmili qurdobis/Zarcvis/yaCa-
urTierTSemavsebel meTodikas gamoiyenebs, romlebic Sesaswavli problemis Robis Sesaxeb. rogor unda moiqces is aseT SemTxvevebSi? am sakiTxis gadawyveta
gansxvavebul mxareebs gamoavlenen. esenia, upirveles yovlisa, dakvirveba da Zalian rTulia, imitom rom Tu is Seatyobinebs policias aseT informacias, maSin
sxvadasxva saxis interviu, dokumentebis analizi, fokus-jgufi; es SeiZleba iyos, iZulebuli gaxdeba Sewyvitos kvleva, xolo Tu Tavs Seikavebs am informaciis
agreTve saarqivo sabuTebis Seswavla, piradi werilebi da/an dRiurebi, aseve — gamxelisagan, maSin damnaSaveTa Tanamonawile xdeba.
fotosuraTebi da sxv. sxvadasxva meTodis gamoyeneba uzrunvelyofs gamokvlevis CarTuli dakvirvebis sami etapi gamoiyofa — aRweriTi, fokusirebuli da
Sedegebis sandoobis gazrdas, rac Zalze mniSvnelovania Tvisebrivi meTodebiT SerCeviTi dakvirveba.56
Catarebuli yvela gamokvlevisaTvis. arcTu iSviaTad, Sesaswavli Temis Sesaxeb mkvlevari axorcielebs aRweriT dakvirvebas (descriptive observation) kvlevis
sruli informaciis miRebis mizniT mkvlevrebi mimarTaven mosaxleobis aRweras sawyis etapze, rodesac mas jer ara aqvs gadawyvetili, socialuri realobis
an gamokiTxvas ama Tu im sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. aseTi mravalmeToduri midgoma konkretulad romel aspeqtebze gaamaxvilebs yuradRebas. amitom am etapze is
axasiTebda jer kidev 1930-ian wlebSi avstriis sofel marientalSi maria iahodas, “yvelafers akvirdeba”, Tumca, ra Tqma unda, yvelafris dakvirveba sinamdvileSi
pol lazarsfeldis da hans caizelis mier Catarebul gamokvlevas, romlis Temac SeuZlebelia. aRweriTi dakvirveba dakvirvebis pirveli, sacdeli etapia, romlis
umuSevroba da masTan dakavSirebuli problemebi iyo.66 es gamokvleva Catarda msvlelobaSic mkvlevari cdilobs, gaerkves arsebul socialur situaciaSi da
sofelSi, romlis TiTqmis mTeli mosaxleoba struqturuli cvlilebebis Seiqmnas saerTo warmodgena imis Sesaxeb, Tu “ra xdeba aq”. aRweriTi dakvirvebis
Sedegad umuSevari darCa. mkvlevarTa mizani mosaxleobaze umuSevrobis gavlenis meSveobiT SesaZlebelia pasuxi gavceT mkvlevaris winaSe mdgar aRweriT
Seswavla iyo, rac maT iseTi gansxvavebuli midgomebis gamoyenebiT ganaxor- kiTxvebze57, romlebic saerTo xasiaTis informaciis miRebas isaxavs miznad.
cieles, rogorebicaa raodenobrivi monacemebis Segroveba da situaciaSi warmovidginoT, rom es esaa daviwyeT dakvirvebis Catareba sasamarTloSi da
“CarTva”. am gamokvlevis Sesaxeb gamoqveynebuli angariSis dasawyisSive gvsurs SeviswavloT, Tu rogor xdeba garkveuli tipis saqmeebis warmoeba.
mkvlevrebs moyavT Tavisi infomaciis wyaroebis sruli sia: dakvirvebis aRweriT etapze Cven SevZlebT mxolod Zalian saerTo doneze
“saojaxo dosie: marientalSi mcxovrebi 478-ve ojaxis yvela wevris Sesaxeb aRvweroT, Tu rogor iqceva sasamrTlo darbazSi xalxi; ra Temebs exeboda Cvens
Segrovebuli iqna detaluri da vrceli informacia: maTi piradi monacemebi, umuSevrobis mier mosmenili saubrebi, ra tipis saqmeebis ganxilva mimdinareobs, romeli
Semweobis saxeoba, da sxva. dosie Seicavda agreTve srul informacias sacxovrebeli saqmeebi iwvevs yvelaze did interess da a.S.
pirobebis, ojaxuri cxovrebis, ojaxSi Sromis ganawilebis Sesaxeb da a.S. damatebiT, aRweriT dakvirvebas ar SeuZlia met-naklebad mniSvnelovani Sedegebi
yvela ojaxSi Cveni TxovniT avsebdnen saojaxo dRiurs. mogvces — misi erTaderTi mizania, dagvexmaros dakvirvebis fokusis dadgenaSi —
cxovrebis istoriebi: Cven CaviwereT 32 mamakacis da 30 qalis detaluri cxovrebis xSirad es xdeba eqspertebTan da/an Sesaswavli kulturis warmomadgenlebTan
istoria. am istoriebis mniSvneloba pirvel rigSi ganpirobebulia imiT, rom isini konsultaciebis meSveobiT, romlebic eyrdnoba aRweriTi dakvirvebis dros
adamianis mTel cxovrebas asaxaven. rodesac am adamianebma umuSevrobis Sesaxeb daiwyes Segrovil masalas.
laparaki, maTi Txroba ukve mimdinareobda. maTTvis ufro ioli iyo umuSevrobis dakvirvebis fokusis SerCeva da misi Semdgomi dazusteba, anu saboloo jamSi
gamocdilebis aRwera, vinaidan am droisaTvis maT ukve moyolili hqondaT Tavisi im situaciis SerCeva, romelic Cveni Seswavlis “fokusSi” moeqceva, yovelTvis
cxovrebis wina periodis Sesaxeb, romelic maTTvis Sedarebebis safuZvels warmoadgenda. konkretuli gamokvlevis miznebidan da amocanebidan gamomdinareobs. fokusis
Cven rom pirdapir maTi axlandeli mdgomareobis Sesaxeb dagvesva kiTxvebi, Sedegad SerCevaSi SeiZleba mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSos socialuri situaciis
SeiZleba moridebuli siCume an arafrismTqmeli saerTo frazebi migveRo. monawileebTan gasaubrebis Sedegad miRebulma informaciam, maTma komentarebma.
drois grafikebi: 80 adamianma Seavso kiTxvari, romelSic aRweres, Tu rogor fokusirebuli dakvirveba (focused observation) dakvirvebis meore etapia,
gaatares Tavisi cxovrebis erTi dRe. rodesac mkvlevars ukve gamokveTili aqvs Seswavlis konkretuli erTeulebi.
angariSebi da Civilebi: Cven SeviswavleT ukanaskneli ramdenime wlis manZilze venis dakvirvebis fokusireba Zalauneburad iwvevs socialuri situaciis im
noiStatis olqis samrewvelo komisiaSi wardgenili angariSebi da Civilebi (marientali am elementebis ignorirebas, romlebic ar warmoadgens Seswavlis uSualo interess.
olqSi Sedis).

56
James P. Spradley. Op. cit. Pp. 33-34.
66
Marie Jahoda, Paul F. Lazarsfeld, and Hans Zeisel. [1971.] Marienthal: The Sociography of an Unemployed
57
jeims spradlis mohyavs aRweriTi kiTxvebis yvela SesaZlo tipis cxrili (ix. James
Community. Chicago: Aldine - Atherton. Spradley. Op. cit. Pp. 82-83).
62 51
 warmatebuli fokusirebuli dakvirveba moiTxovs gasaubrebas Sesaswavli Tema 5.
kulturis warmomadgenlebTan, raTa SevZloT ama Tu im movlenebis axsna TviT am
kulturis warmomadgenelTa TvaliT. aseTi interviuebis Sedegad miRebuli monografiuli gamokvleva
komentarebis gareSe zogi moqmedeba SeiZleba Cveni yuradRebis miRma darCes, an
uazro da SemTxveviTi gveCvenos, maSin rodesac am kulturis wamomadgenlebis iseve rogorc Tvisebrivi meTodebis umaravlesoba, monografiuli gamokvle-
TvalSi mas garkveuli mniSvneloba aqvs. amasTan, ar unda daviviwyoT, rom Tumca vac Tavdapirvelad antropologebis mier iqna SemuSavebuli da maTi gamoc-
damkvirvebelma SeiZleba CaTvalos, rom adamianebi racionalurad moqmedeben, es dilebis gaTvaliswinebis Sedegad damkvidrda socialur mecnierebebSi. erT-
yovelTvis ase ar xdeba. erTi pirveli mkvlevari, romelmac es meTodi gamoiyena, iyo cnobili britaneli
SerCeviTi dakvirveba (selective observation) dakvirvebis bolo etapia da moiTxovs antropologi bronoslav malinovski (1884-1942 ww.). Tumca, garkveulwilad
damkvirveblis yuradRebis sferos kidev ufro dazustebas da SezRudvas, SeiZleba monografiul gamokvlevad miviCnioT agreTve 1890-iani wlebis bolos
fokusirebuli dakvirvebis etapze gamoyofili Seswavlis erTeulebis ama Tu im londonSi Carlz butis mier Catarebuli siRaribis cnobili gamokvleva,
damaxasiaTebeli niSnebis Seswavlas. magaliTad, Tu restoranSi oficiantebis romelic erT-erT pirvel socialur gamokvlevad iTvleba msoflioSi da ara aqvs
saqcielis Seswavla aRweriTi dakvirvebis sagania, maT mier klientebisagan dama- kavSiri antropologiasTan.
tebiTi gasamrjelos miRebis xerxebi (magidis SerCeva klientisaTvis; daxmareba monografiuli gamokvleva sakmaod ganviTarebuli iyo frangul mecniereba-
menius SerCevaSi, da sxv.) SeiZleba gaxdes fokusirebuli dakvirvebis sagani, Sic, sadac is klod levi-strosis da frederik le pleis saxels ukavSirdeba.
xolo am xerxebis SedarebiTi efeqturobis dadgena — SerCveviTi dakvirvebis miiCnevda ra, rom sazogadoebis Seswavlis mizniT saWiroa misi sakvanZo elementis
sagani. anu mklevaris interesi garkveulwilad viwrovdeba, sanam is aRweriTi dak- SerCeva, sadac yvelaze aSkarad gamoikveTeba am sazogadoebis damaxasiaTebeli
virvebidan SerCeviTamde miva. SerCeviTi dakvirveba aucileblad moiTxovs Tvisebebi, le pleim sazogadoebebis Seswavla muSaTa ojaxebis Seswavlis
interviuebis Catarebas Sesaswavli kulturis warmomadgenlebTan maTi Sexe- meSveobiT gadawyvita. le pleis da mis mimdevarTa naSromebSi yvelaze xSirad
dulebebis da komentarebis miRebis mizniT, raTa daskvnebis gamotanisas ar iqnes gamoiyeneboda informaciis Segrovebis iseTi meTodebi, rogorebicaa dakvirveba,
ugulebelyofili mniSvnelovani niuansebi, romlebis gagebac mxolod am xer- interviu da samTavrobo organoebis mier Segrovebul monacemTa Seswavla.
xiTaa SesaZlebeli. monografiuli gamokvlevis ganviTarebaSi didi roli iTamaSes Cikagos so-
dakvirvebis samive etapi, rogorc wesi, erTi gamokvlevis farglebSi ganxor- ciologiuri skolis warmomadgenlebma. sociologiaSi swored maT daamkvidres
cielebuli Tanamimdevruli etapebia, Tumca SesaZloa, rom kvleva mxolod mkvlevris xangrZlivi droiT dasaxlebis tradicia aqtorebis gverdiT, da
aRweriTi dakvirvebiT Semoifarglos. yvelaze xSirad es im SemTxvevaSi xdeba, Tu maTTvis saintereso fenomenis mravalmxrivi siRrmiseuli Seswavla.
sakiTxis sawyis SeswavlasTan gvaqvs saqme, rodesac mkvlevari jer ar aris
darwmunebuli, Tu ra iqneba misi kvlevis sagani da problema, an Tu dakvirveba meTodis aRwera
gamoiyeneba rogorc damxmare meTodi kompleqsuri kvlevis farglebSi. monografiuli gamokvleva65 calkeuli SemTxevis, Temis an socialuri jgufis
Tu aRweriTi dakvirvebis etapze mkvlevari SeiZleba sakuTari miznebis siRrmiseuli da yovelmxrivi Seswavlaa mkvlevarTa xelT arsebuli yvela
gamJRavnebis gareSe muSaobdes, fokusirebuli dakvirvebis etapze is Zalaunebu- saSualebis meSveobiT, romelTa Soris umniSnvelovanesia CarTuli dakvirveba.
rad amJRavnebs Tavs rogorc mkvlevari; xolo SerCeviTi dakvirvebis etapze is saerTod, CarTul dakvirvebasa da monografiul gamokvlevas Soris imdeni
ukve am situaciis monawile xdeba. dakvirvebis SerCeviTi etapis yvelaze mniS- saerTo elementia, rom zogjer isini gaigivebulicaa erTmaneTTan; miuxedavad
vnelovan damaxasiaTebel niSnad iTvleba mkvlevris mier kontrastruli amisa, monografiuli gamokvlevis farglebSi mkvlevaris xelT kvlevis Catarebis
Sedarebebis da kontrastuli SekiTxvebis gamoyeneba, vinaidan am etapze misi ufro mdidari da mravalferovani saSualebebia, vidre CarTuli dakvirvebis
mizania kulturul situaciaSi arsebuli gansxvavebebis gamomJRavneba. Catarebis dros, Tumca es ukanasknelic kvlevis umniSvnelovanesi elementia.
nebismieri Tvisebrivi meTodis gamoyenebisas, gansakuTrebiT ki dakvirvebis monografiuli gamokvlevis mTavar upiratesobad iTvleba mis mier
SemTxvevaSi, Cven ar unda gagvikvirdes, Tu muSaobis procesSi gamoCndeba axali problemis siRrmisulad da mravalmxriv Seswavlis unari. am meTods, iseve
Temebi, romlebic SeiZleba Zalze mniSvnelovani iyos Cveni gamokvlevisTvis, da rogorc saerTod Tvisebriv meTodebs, safuZvlad udevs maqs veberis saxelTan
mzad unda viyoT, CavrToT es Temebi Cveni muSaobis procesSi, zog SemTxvevaSi — dakavSirebuli “interpretaciuli sociologiis” principebi, romelic miznad
SevcvaloT kvlevis fokusi. isaxavs socialuri agentebis moqmedebaTa sazrisSi Cawvdomas. monografiuli
CarTuli dakvirveba warmoudgenelia mkvlevaris mier damatebiTi kvleviTi gamokvlevis Sesaxeb tradiciuli warmodgenis Tanaxmad, mkvlevari Seiswavlis ama
teqnikebis, kerZod, intervius sxvadasxva saxeobis gamoynebis gareSe. CarTuli Tu im socialur erTobas masSi “CaZirvis” meSveobiT. am “CaZirvis” Sedegad
dakvirvebis procesSi SeiZleba gamovyoT intervius ori ZiriTadi saxeoba: mkvlevari ukeT ecnoba Sesaswavli jgufis cxovrebas, iziarebs misi wevrebis
formalizebuli da araformalizebuli. yofas da saSualeba eZleva, maTi TvaliT Sexedos samyaros.
araformalizebulia yvela is interviu, romelic tardeba moumzadeblad, mkvlevris muSaoba iwyeba misi “saitSi” CasvliT da pirveli kontaqtebis
CarTuli dakvirvebis dros aqtorebTan urTierTobis damyarebis an ganmtkicebis damyarebiT Sesaswavli jgufis warmomadgenlebTan. aseT gamokvlevebSi, ra Tqma
procesSi, an aqtorebisagan damatebiTi informaciis mopovebis mizniT, rodesac unda, Zalian mniSvnelovania CarTuli dakvirvebis roli; muSaobis warmateba
damkvirvebeli grZnobs, rom misTvis araa srulad gasagebi im movlenebis didad aris damokidebuli kargi informantebis povnaze.
mniSvneloba, romlebsac is akvirdeba. aseTi interviuebi araa struqturirebuli savele muSaobis dros aucilebeli moTxovnaa, mkvlevari imyofebodes
da, rogorc wesi, araa winaswar SeTanxmebuli da dagegmili — isini Cveulebriv “saitze” sakmoad xangrZlivi drois manZilze, respondentebTan erTad icxovros
gasaubrebas ufro hgavs da maTi Cawera diqtofonze yovelTvis ar xdeba, Tumca da gaiziaros maTi yofis yvela elementi. es saSualebas aZlevs mkvlevars, ara
mis msvlelobaSi damkvirvebelma SesaZloa (da sasurvelicaa) gaakeTos marto uSualo urTierToba daamyaros aqtorebTan da ufro Rrmad Seiswavlos
Canawerebi. magram, miuxedavad maTi “moumzadeblobisa”, araformalizebuli maTi cxovreba, aramed, agreTve moipovos maTi ndoba.
interviuebi informaciis Zalze mniSvnelovani wyaroa.
formalizebuli interviu mkvlevarsa da aqtors Soris winaswari molapa-
rakebis da SeTanxmebis Sedegia; aseTi interviuebi tardeba winaswar daTqmul 65
qarTul enaze jer ar aris damkvidrebuli inglisuri “case-study”-s Sesabamisi termini.
drosa da adgilas da xdeba maTi Cawera audiokasetaze. es interviu Zalze waagavs mis qarTul Sesatyvisad Cven vxmarobT termins “monografiuli gamokvleva”, Tumca
siRrmiseul intervius da tardeba winaswar SemuSavebuli gegmis (sadiskusio misi zusti Targmani “SemTxvevis Seswavla” iqneba.
52 61
monacemTa analizi gegmis) mixedviT. rogorc wesi, CarTuli dakvirvebis procesSi saWiroa erTi
CarTuli dakvirvebis Sedegebis damuSaveba eyrdnoba savele Canawerebs da Temisadmi miZRvnili mTeli rigi formaluri interviuebis Catareba.
kvlevis procesSi Catarebuli interviuebis Sedegad Segrovebul informacias. interviuebis gamoyenebasTan erTad, CarTuli dakvirvebis erT-erTi umniS-
vinaidan CarTuli dakvirvebis manZilze Catarebuli yvela intervius vnelovanesi damaxasiaTebeli niSania mkvlevrebis mWidro TanamSromloba infor-
audioCawera ar xerxdeba, zog SemTxvevaSi mkvlevari eydnoba intervius Sedegad mantebTan.
xeliT gakeTebul Canawerebs, zog SemTxvevaSi ki — transkriptebs. informanti, anu Sesaswavli jgufis warmomadgeneli, exmareba mkvlevars ama
analizis procesSi mkvlevarma Zalian vrceli masala unda Seiswavlos — am Tu im jgufis warmomadgenlebis cxovrebis wesis SeswavlaSi da jgufSi arsebuli
masalis umravlesoba mis mieraa Segrovebuli xangrZlivi savele muSaobis wesebisa da normebis gagebaSi; swored is uadvilebs mkvlevars jgufSi SeRwevas,
procesSi; sakuTari savele Canawerebis Seswavlis dros mkvlevari gamoyofs im acnobs xalxs. informantebis gareSe Cven gagviWirdeba SeviswavloT movlenebi,
detalebs, SemTxvevebs, faqtebs da citatebs, romlebic mniSvnelovania Sesaswavl romelTa mowmeebic vxdebiT. informantis roli gacilebiT ufro mniSvnelovani
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT da cdilobs, gaakeTos daskvnebi Seswavlili socialuri xdeba maSin, rodesac mkvlevari misTvis ucxo kulturaSi muSaobs, romlis
urTierTobebis specifikisa da aRmoCenili kanonzomierebebis Sesaxeb. warmomadgenelTa enac man ar icis. am SemTxvevaSi informanti, rogorc wesi,
monacemTa analizis saboloo mizani unda iyos kvleviT kiTxvebze pasuxis Tarjimnis funqciebsac kisrulobs xolme, da misi gavlena miRebul Sedegebze
gacema, magram ramdenadac xSir SemTxvevaSi kvleviTi kiTxvebis saboloo erTiorad izrdeba.
dazusteba savele muSaobis Catarebis procesSi xdeba, bunebrivia, rom adreuli informantebis SerCeva ioli ar aris, vinaidan kargi informanti mTel rig
Canawerebi am miznisTvis SedarebiT naklebad gamosadegi iqneba. magram es moTxovnebs unda akmayofilebdes. pirvel rigSi, is unda iyos Sesaswavli kul-
Canawerebi SeiZleba gamodges imis asaRwerad, Tu rogor moxda kvlevis fokusis turis warmomadgeneli, romelic kargad icnobs sakuTar kulturas. sasurvelia,
gamoyofa, Tu isini Seicaven informacias im movlenis Sesaxeb, romelmac ubiZga es iyos komunikabeluri pirovneba, vinc dainteresdeba gamokvleviT da mTeli
mkvlevars, garkveuli mimarTulebiT waremarTa kvleva. gulisyuriT CaerTveba masSi; rac mTavaria, mas unda hqondes survili, rom
rogorc analitikuri strategiis magaliTi, sainteresoa uiliam f. uaiTis daexmaros mkvlevars. garda amisa, mas dadebiTad unda uyurebdnen Sesaswavl
mier gakeTebuli analizi imisa, Tu rogoria erT-erTi amerikuli qalaqis jgufSi, ukeTesia, Tu is garkveuli avtoritetiTac sargeblobs. bevri mkvlevari
italiur ubanSi arsebuli dajgufebis Sida struqtura, ra aris am jgufis Tvlis, rom karg informants Seswevs Zala, Cveni “maswavlebeli” gaxdes CvenTvis
lideris avtoritetis safuZvels.64 ucxo kulturis Seswavlis saqmeSi. amasTanave, rogorc aRvniSneT, informanti ar
CarTuli dakvirvebis Sedegebis Sejameba, maTi analizis saboloo Sedegi, unda gaxdes erTaderTi pirovneba, vis azrsac gadamwyveti mniSvneloba unda
rogorc wesi, aris monografia, sadac ganxilulia kvlevis savele etapi da mivaniWoT — Tu es moxdeba, maSin kvlevas seriozuli safrTxe daemuqreba. xolo
moyvanilia miRebuli daskvnebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom gamarTulad weris unari im SemTxvevaSi, Tu informanti Tarjimnis rolsac TamaSobs, ufro izrdeba imis
saWiro da aucilebelia ara mxolod savele muSaobis yvela etapze, aramed, saSiSroeba, rom is “gafiltravs” aqtorebis naTqvams da mxolod im informacias
agreTve miRebuli Sedegebis analizis dros, Sualeduri Tu daskvniTi gadaTargmnis, romelic mas miaCnia mniSvnelovnad, amitom, sasurvelia, rom
angariSis/monografiis daweris mizniT. mkvlevarma rac SeiZleba male moaxerxos im enis Seswavla, romelzec mas uwevs
kvlevis Catareba.
magram informanti araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar unda iyos socialur mecni-
davaleba:
erebaTa specialisti, adamiani, vinc Seecdeba mecnieruli terminebiT agvixsnas
mimdinare movlenebi — Cven gvWirdeba Cveulebrivi adamiani, Sesaswavli jgufis
wadiT sajaro biblioTekaSi, SeukveTeT wignebi da daakvirdiT iq
rigiTi wevri, SesaZloa, sxvebze ufro xalisiani da gonebagaxsnili, magram
myof/misul adamianebs da situaciebs 3 saaTis manZilze. dakvirvebis
araviTar SemTxvevaSi ara mecnieri; Cven gvesaWiroeba misi daxmareba, magram man
dasrulebisTanave gaakeTeT detaluri Canawerebi.
Tavisive eniT unda agvixsnas yvelaferi, yoveldRiuri cxovrebis eniT, da ara
samecniero kategoriebis gamoyenebiT.
rekomendebuli literatura: rac unda kargi iyos informanti, misi brmad ndoba ar SeiZleba — rogorc am
kulturis warmomadgenels, mas SeiZleba gauCndes survili, met-naklebed
Sealamazos faqtebi, an ar gamoitanos saaSkaraoze cxovrebis is elementebi,
o H. Russel Bernard. 2002. Research Methods in Anthropology. Qualitative and Quantitative
romlebic miaCnia samarcxvinod, an, yovel SemTxvevaSi arasatrabaxod.
Approaches. Third edition. AltaMira Press. Pp. 323-364 (“Participant Observation”).
rogorc wesi, erTi gamokvlevis CatarebisTvis mkvlevars ramdenime infor-
o Robert M. Emerson, Rachel I.Fretz, and Linda L. Shaw. 1995. Writing Ethnographic Fieldnotes. manti sWirdeba xolme, romelTa Sorisac arian ZiriTadi, mTavari (key informant) da
Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. “damatebiTi” informantebi. informantebis SerCeva, ra Tqma unda, ver iqneba da
o David M.Fetterman. 1989. Ethnography: Step by Step. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications. arc unda iyos reprezentatuli.
Tumca garegnulad mkvlevari, romelic CarTul dakvirvebas awarmoebs,
o Roger Sanjek, ed. 1990. Fieldnotes. The Making of Anthropology. Ithaca: Cornell University xSirad arafriT ar gansxvavdeba sxva aqtorebisgan, sinamdvileSi mas sruliad
Press. gansxvavebeli roli aqvs da, garkveulwilad, ormagi cxovrebiT cxovrobs — erTi
o James P. Spradley. 1980. Participant Observation. New York: Holt, Rhinehart and Winston. mxriv, is Cveulebriv monawileobs aqtorebis yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi, magram
amave dros is regularulad awarmoebs Canawerebs am cxovrebis Sesaxeb, raTa
o John Van Maanen. 1988. Tales of the Field. On Writing Ethnography. Chicago: The University of Seiswavlos misi wesebi; is cxovrobs, raTa Seiswavlos. amitom mniSvnelovania
Chicago Press. ganvasxvavoT ama Tu im socialuri situaciis Cveulebrivi monawilis da CarTuli
o William Foote White. 1993. Street Corner Society: The Social Structure of an Italian Slum. Forth damkvirveblis rolebi. aq SeiZleba gamovyoT 6 ZiriTadi gansxvaveba58:
edition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1. damkvirvebels ormagi mizani aqvs: Cveulebrivi monawilisagan gansxva-
vebiT, is ara marto monawileobs socialur situaciaSi, aramed Segnebulad da

64 58
William Foote White. 1993. Street Corner Society: The Social Structure of an Italian Slum. Forth edition. es klasifikacia moyvanilia Semdegi gamocemis mixedviT: James P. Spradley. 1980. Op. cit. Pp.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 53-58.
60 53
mizanmimarTulad akvirdeba movlenaTa ganviTarebas, xalxs, maT saqmianobas. es Canaweri gakeTda espaurenovani rok-musikis erT-erT klubSi. Cven vigebT,
amasTan, mas akisria garkveuli movaleobebi: daakvirdes, Tu rogor viTardeba rom jorji magidasTan zis, rom Tavidan is inglisurad saubrobda da raRac
movlenebi, CainiSnos da/an daixsomos yvelaferi, rac xdeba, raTa SemdgomSi Tavis momentSi gadavida espanurze. jorjma ar gaacno mkvlevari aravis, vinc
CanawerebSi aRweros movlenebi da maTSi monawile pirebi. magidasTan ijda. magidasTan saerTo saubari mimdinareobs, romlis drosac
2. Cveulebrivi adamianisgan gansxvavebiT, damkvirvebelma gaaskecebuli viRacam ikiTxa, romeli jgufi ukravs am dros scenaze; erT-erTi damswreTagani —
yuradReba unda gamoiCinos mis garSemo mimdinare movlenebisadmi, raTa SeniSnos ara mkvlevari — akeTebs komentars imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu rogor ukravs es
da daixsomos iseTi detalebic ki, romlebsac Cveulebriv pirobebSi yuradRebas jgufi — “isini ar arian Zalian magrebi”, da mkvlevari aRniSnavs, rom es SeniSvna
ar vaqcevT. es garkveul momzadebas moiTxovs. CarTuli dakvirvebisas Cveni miza- garkveulwilad bodiSis moxdas niSnavs, imis gamo, rom is iseT klubSi moiyvanes,
ni unda iyos, SeZlebisdagvarad araferi dagvrCes yuradRebis gareSe (ra Tqma sadac jgufi ver ukravs saTanado doneze.
unda, yvelafris SeniSvna SeuZlebelia, magram, miuxedavad amisa, Cveni mizani unda mkvlevari unda ecados, rac SeiZleba dawvrilebiT gadmosces Tavis Cana-
iyos, maqsimalurad gavzardoT dakvirvebuli elementebis raodenoba). werebSi is garemo da dialogebi, romelTa momswrec xdeba. es SeiZleba iyos
3. cxovrebaSi yvelas gviwevs garkveuli dakvirvebebis Catareba; aseTi pirdapiri naTqvami, perefrazireba an iribi naTqvami. savele CanawerebSi
cxovrebiseuli dakvirvebebisagan gansxvavebiT, CarTuli damkvirveblis mizani informantis zusti naTqvami brWyalebSi unda movaTavsoT, perefrazirebuli
unda iyos, movlenaTa rac SeiZleba farTo speqtri moaqcios Tavisi dakvirvebis sityvebi ki brWyalebis gareSe davweroT. ganvixiloT Semdegi magaliTi:
sferoSi; es miT ufro mniSvnelovani xdeba maSin, rodesac mkvlevris mizania,
Seiswavlos socialuri jgufis kulturuli normebi, romlebic araa gamotanili 2004 wlis ... ivnisi. niu-iorki.
saaSkaraoze. Sexvedraze — metros gaCereba braiton biCi, me-10 aRmosavleTis quCa — Tamazi
4. kidev erTi, SesaZloa, umniSvnelovanesi gansxvaveba movlenebis rigiT zustad wuTi-wuTze movida (saRamos 5 saaTze). Tamazi maRali, daaxlovebiT 1.80
monawilesa da damkvirvebels Soris isaa, rom damkvirvebeli, imasTan erTad, rom sm. da 32-34 wlisaa. ecva TeTri perangi da lurji jinsebi, tyavis fexsacmeli.
aris movlenebis monawile, uyurebs am movlenebs gareSe mowmis — “ucxos” — perangis jibeSi uCanda Camel-is kolofi da sanTebela. im drois manZilze, rac
TvaliT, anu erTsa da imave dros is aris am socialuri situaciis monawilec da saxlamde mivdiodiT, Cven mivesalmeT da movikiTxeT erTmaneTi da is gamiZRva
Semswavlelic, romelic ganixilavs situacias, rogorc Sesaswavl obieqts. ese Tavisi sacxovrebeli binisken, ufro swored ki im binisken, sadac is sawol-
igi, erTsa da imave dros profesiuli damkvirveblebi arian situaciis adgils qiraobda. gzad SevekiTxe, ramdeni welia, rac niu-iorkSi cxovrobda da
monawileebic da gareSe pirebic, romlebic am situacias akvirdebian. mkvlevari aRmoCnda, rom ukve meeqvse weli iyo. “sul aq cxovrobdiT Tu sxva binac gqondaT
aTviTcnobierebs, rom is ormag rols TamaSobs, da mkafiod ganasxvavebs Tavisi naqiravebi?” — “sul aq, rac Camovedi, pirveli dRidan, aqa var”. rogorc aRmoCnda,
moqmedebebis “monawileobiT” da “SemecnebiT” mxareebs. masTan erT oTaxSi kidev 3 adamiani cxovrobs, zogi dRisiT muSaobs da zogi
5. CarTuli dakvirvebis procesSi mkvlevari Tavad aris Tavisi kvlevis RamiT. “iseTi daRlili movdivar xandaxan samsaxuridan rom Zilis garda arafris
instrumenti — mas ar “exmareba” arc kiTxvari, arc sadiskusio gegma an raime sxva Tavi ara maqvs xolme. ai, movediT kidec”. Cven gaviareT 3 kvartali aRmosaleTiT
instrumenti. yovel saRamos, savele muSaobis Semdeg, iwyeba kvlevis meore, ara da aRmovCndiT TeTrad SeRebili orsarTuliani binis win, romelsac ori
nakleb mniSvnelovani etapi, rodesac man unda gaaanalizos mis mier Segrovebuli Sesasvleli qonda, win patara kibeebiT. Cven marcxena SesasvlelSi SevediT — “ar
informacia, nanaxi da gagonili, maT Soris — Tavisi sakuTari moqmedebebi, grZno- SegeSindeT, cota dasalagebelia aqauroba, mainc, kacebi vcxovrobT yvelani”,
bebi, reaqciebi, da azrebi. aseT introspeqcias yoveldRiurad mimdinareobs da is gamotyda Tamazi da kari SeaRo.63
didad amdidrebs CarTuli dakvirvebis procesSi mopovebul faqtologiur
masalas. ra Tqma unda, Cveulebrivi adamiani ar eweva Tavisi moqmedebebis da am magaliTSi gamoyenebulia rogorc pirdapiri, aseve iribi naTqvami,
grZnobebis aseT sistematur da Rrma analizs. perefrazi, mocemulia garemos da Tavad informantis aRwera.
6. da bolos, damkvirvebeli awarmoebs Tavisi dakvirvebis Sedegebis dawvri- mniSvnelovania, rom savele CanawerebSi daTariRebuli iyos yoveli Canaweri.
lebiT Caweras — esaa iseTi ram, rasac socialuri situaciis nebismieri sxva, sasurvelia aseve, miTiTebuli iyos zusti saaTi, rodesac esa Tu is dakvirveba
rigiTi monawile arasdros ar akeTebs — Tu ar gaviTvaliswinebT im adamianebs, ganxorcielda, adgili, monawileTa raodenoba, maTi daxasiaTeba — rogorc
vinc regularulad awarmoebs pirad dRiurs. magram bolo SemTxvevaSi, rogorc eTnografebi amboben, rac meti detalia, miT ukeTesi. aseTi Canawerebi
wesi, aseTi dRiurebi mimarTulia individis piradi grZnobebis da gamocdile- informaciis mdidari wyaroa, kvlevis savele etapis damTavrebis Semdeg is
bebis aRsawerad da amiT gansxvavdeba savele Canawerebisgan. dakvirvebis Sede- exmareba mkvlevars aRadginos grZnobebi da ganwyobebi, romlebmac, SesaZloa,
gebis Cawerasac saTanado codna da gamocdileba sWirdeba, da Cven ganvixilavT gavlena iqonies miRebul Sedegebze.
moTxovnebs maTi warmarTvisadmi. savele Canawerebi sakmaod fragmentul xasiaTs atarebs, radgan isini
calkeuli dakvirvebebis aRweras warmoadgens. magram maTi analizisa da
CarTuli dakvirvebis umTavresi upiratesoba ubralo dakvirvebasTan gadamuSavebis Sedegad iqmneba saboloo naSromi, romelic gamarTulia rogorc
SedarebiT isaa, rom aqtorebTan xangrZlivi da mWirdo urTierTobis Sedegad Sinaarsobrivad, aseve stilisturad.
mkvlevari Zalze mdidar informacias iRebs maTi cxovrebis Sesaxeb; metic, is ramdenadac savele Canawerebi mxolod mkvlevrisTvisaa gankuTvnili, maTSi
Tavad iziarebs maTi cxovrebis wess sakmaod xangrZlivi drois manZilze. rogorc SeiZleba aqtorebis da informantebis namdvili saxelebis xmareba, magram ro-
zemoT aRvniSneT, dakvirvebis meTodiT Catarebuli gamokvleva, rogorc wesi, desac kvlevis angariSs vamzadebT, yvela saxeli unda Seicvalos ise, rom
didxans grZeldeba, da am drois manZilze mkvlevari da aqtorebi Zalauneburad SeuZlebeli gaxdes aqtoris identifikacia. zog SemTxvevaSi, aqtorebis
sakmaod axlos icnoben erTmaneTs. warmatebuli dakvirvebis ganxorcieleba konfidencialobis dacvis mizniT, aucilebelia, agreTve SevcvaloT an saerTod
SeuZlebelia, Tu mkvlevarma ar moipova aqtorebis ndoba, ndobis mopoveba ki ar davasaxeloT dasaxlebuli punqti, sadac kvleva Catarda, an organizacia,
garkveuli pirovnuli urTierTobebis damyarebas gulisxmobs. rigiT inter- sadac vawarmoebdiT dakvirvebas.
viuers, romelic maTTvis sruliad ucxo adamiania, respondentebi gacilebiT
naklebi gulaxdilobiT esaubrebian, vidre damkvirvebels, romelic Tveebis, ar
ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi iziarebs maTi cxovrebis wess; es exeba ara marto
saerTo informacias, aramed, agreTve informacias aqtorebisTvis mgZnobiare
Temebze. 63
Tamar zurabiSvilis mier Catarebuli kvlevis savele Canawerebidan.
54 59
irRveva, vinaidan damkvirvebelisTvis ufro advilia, mokled da “Taviseburad” ara nakleb mniSvnelovania, rom gamokvlevis manZilze aqtorebi eCvevian maT
gaukeTos Tqmuls perefrazireba. SemdgomSi es mravali Secdomis mizezi xdeba, gverdiT damkvirveblis yofnas, ris Sedegadac mcirdeba maTi qcevis da maTi
rameTu aqtorebis mier gamoynebuli ena maTi kulturis erT-erTi yvelaze saubrebis reaqtiuloba, Sesabamisad, CarTuli dakvirvebis Sedegad mopovebuli
mniSvnelovani gamoxatulebaa, da Tu is ar SevinarCuneT, maSin garkveul informacia ufro sando xdeba.
kulturul elementebsac davkargavT. CarTuli dakvirvebis ganxorcieleba yovelTvis moqmedebs mkvlevaris
spradlis mesame rCeva aseTia: dakvirvebis Sedegebis Cawerisas, iyaviT rac emociur mdgomareobaze. rac ar unda ecados mkvlevari, obieqturi iyos Tavisi
SeiZleba zusti da konkretuli, movlenebi dawvrilebiT aRwereT, maSinac ki, informatebis mimarT, amis srulad miRweva SeuZlebelia, ufro metic, eTno-
rodesac Tqveni STabeWdilebebisa da grZnobebis Sesaxeb laparakobT. es rTulia, grafiuli kvlevis Sedegad mkvlevrebi xSirad resocializaciis process gadian,
da gacilebiT met dros moiTxovs, vidre mokle “Sejamebebi”, magram saboloo anu eCvevian aqtorebis TvaliT uyuron movlenebs. xSirad mkvlevari rTuli eTi-
jamSi swored detalebia, rac yvelaze metad dagvexmareba monacemebis analizis kuri dilemis winaSe dgeba — aRweros Tu ara moqmedeba, romelic mis
dros. CanawerebSi araa mizanSewonili, vixmaroT iseTi mecnieruli terminebi, informantebs cudad daaxasiaTebs? miuxedavad amisa, mkvlevari mainc “ucxod”
rogorebicaa “roli”, “socialuri situacia”, “interaqcia”, “kulturuli rCeba im sazogadoebaSi, romlis Seswavlasac cdilobs, Tundac imis gamo, rom is
strategia”, “socializacia” da sxv. detaluri da konkretuli aRwera imisa, risi yovelTvis, nebismieri movlenis dros imaze fiqrobs, ramdenad mniSvnelovania is
mowmeebic Cven gavxdiT dakvirvebis dros, dagvexmareba davicvaT Tavi winaswari misi kvlevisTvis, Rirs Tu ara masze yuradRebis gamaxvileba da CaniSvna, da a.S.
(da xSirad mcdari) Sejamebebisa da Sefasebebisagan; ra Tqma unda, ganzogadoebebi xSir SemTxvevaSi mkvlevarma SeiZleba imitom miiRos monawileoba ama Tu im
saWiro iqneba Cveni Semdgomi muSaobisas, magram es unda moxdes mas Semdeg, rac RonisZiebaSi, rom mas gadwyvetili aqvs mis Sesaxeb daweros, mniSnvelovnad
ukve SevagrovebT faqtebs. miaCnia Tavisi kvlevisTvis. aqedan gamomdinareobs is, rom rac ar unda ecados
mklvevari unda ecados, rom gadmogvces ama Tu im movlenis informantiseuli mkvlevari, srulad “Seerwyas” Sesaswavls jgufs, misTvis es SesaZlebeli gaxdeba
axsna-ganmartebebi, maT Tavs gadamxdari ambebi, sxvadasxva istoriebi — savele mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu is xels aiRebs Tavis kvlevaze.
etapis Catarebis procesSi aqtorebis yuradrebiT mosmenis unari erT-erTi bernardi gamoyofs CarTuli dakvirvebis ganxorcilebis procesSi
yvelaze mniSvnelovania. mkvlevaris mier gancdili fsiqologiuri mdgomareobebis Tanamimdevrobas:
ganxorcielebuli dakvirvebis aRwera savele CanawerebSi yoveldRiurad
unda xdebodes uSualod dakvirvebis dasrulebis Semdeg — winaaRmdeg • pirveli kontaqti;
SemTxvevaSi Cven SeiZleba dagvaviwydes detalebi da davkargoT bevri faseuli • kulturuli Soki;
informacia. dakvirvebis angariSis dawera SeiZleba or etapad moxdes: uSualod
dakvirvebis damTavrebisas iwereba mokle angariSi, Semdeg ki — vrceli. vrceli • aRmoCena imisa, rac aSkaraa;
angariSis dawerac ar unda gadavdoT Soreuli momavlisaTvis, magram vinaidan
• Sesveneba;
aseTi angariSebis Caweris dasrulebisTvis meti droa saWiro, sanam maT
SevudgebodeT, mizanSewonilia mokle angariSis dawera uSualod dakvirvebis • fokusireba;
damTavrebis Semdeg.
vrcel angariSSi damkvirvebels ar unda eSinodes xSiri ganmeorebebis — • daqancva, meore Sesveneba da gaSmagebuli saqmianoba; da
piriqiT, Tu movlenebi xSirad meordeba, isini isev da isev unda iqnes aRwerili;
• muSaobis dasruleba da “saitis” datoveba.59
SemdgomSi es mniSvnelovnad dagvexmareba ucxo kulturis SecnobaSi. amasTan,
spradli darwmunebulia, rom swored mravalgzis ganmeorebuli dakvirvebebis
SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom mkvlevars eufleba Soki, garkveul etapze is
aRweris Sedegad axerxebs mkvlevari Cawvdes socialuri situaciis mTel
gadaiRleba, gauCndeba Sesvenebis aucilebloba. dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad
sirTules, romelic pirveli SexedviT mas, SesaZloa, iolic ki eCvena.
CarTuli dakvirveba mkvlevrisagan srul CarTvas moiTxovs. bolos, arc iseTi
detaluri savele Canawerebis regularuli gakeTeba zog SemTxvevaSi
etapis gamoyofaa SemTxveviTi, rogoricaa “saitis” datoveba — CarTuli
SeuZlebelia, amitom eTnografisTvis aucilebelia kargi mexsierebis qona. mas
dakvirvebis damTavreba da “saitidan” wasvla cxovrebis mniSvnelovani periodis
unda SeeZlos daimaxsovros adamianebis garegnoba, sakvanZo frazebi, garemo,
damTavrebas niSnavs, da is xSirad mtkivneulia rogorc mkvlevrisTvis,iseve im
Jestebi da sxva. magram mexsierebis srulad ndoba ar SeiZleba. imisaTvis, rom
aqtorebisaTvis, visTanac man yvelaze mWidro urTierTobebi daamyara;
mkvlevars ar daaviwydes mniSvnelovani movlenebi, man aucileblad unda
mkvlevarsa da aqtorebs Soris damyarebuli urTierTobebi, rogorc wesi,
ramenairad CainiSnos isini; es SeiZleba ar iyos gamarTuli da Camoyalibebuli
gamokvlevis damTavrebis Semdegac grZeldeba; aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac
winadadebebi — sakmarisia sakvanZo fraza, an raime sakvanZo detalis mokled
damkvirvebeli daumegobrda aqtorebs, monaTla maTi Svilebi, da sxv.
CaniSvna, rom maTi wakiTxvis Semdeg mkvlevarma SeZlos ama Tu im movlenis
CarTuli dakvirveba saboloo jamSi Zalze piradi xasiaTis ganumeorebeli
mexsierebaSi aRdgena da detalurad aRwera.
gamocdilebaa; es ar aris romelime rigiTi meTodi, romelic SeiZleba “vcadoT,
arsebobs aseTi termini — jottings, an jotting notes, rac mokle Canaweris gakTebas rogor gamogviva” — es aris saqme, romelsac mkvlevari uZRvnis cxovrebis
niSavs. es termini Seesabameba situacias, rodesac mkvlevari iyenebs mxolod mniSvnelovan periods. amitomaa, rom bernardi Tvlis, rom garkveuli
misTvis gasageb Semoklebebs, SeiZleba, figurebs an sqemebs imisaTvis, rom TvalsazrisiT, “mkvlevari arasodes tovebs saits” — sulierad is iq rCeba. rac ar
CainiSnos raime detali Tu movlena. aseTi Canawerebi xSir SemTxvevaSi ucxo unda ecados is, SeuZlebelia informatebis mimarT gulgrili damokidebulebis
pirebs SesaZloa sityvebis uazro nakrebi eCvenos. qvemoT moyvanilia aseTi SenarCuneba da bevri informanti saboloo jamSi mkvlevris namdvili megobari
Canwerebis magaliTi: xdeba.
jorji=magidasTan aravin ar gamacno
exla marto espanurad saubrobs
saerTo saubari — vin ukravs
“isini ar arian Zalian magrebi” — bodiSi62
59
H. Russell Bernard. 2002. Research Methods in Anthropology. Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches.
62
Robert M. Emerson, Rachel I.Fretz, and Linda L. Shaw. Op. cit. P. 30. Third Edition. Walnut Creek: AltaMira Press. Pp. 356-362.
58 55
savele Canawerebi aris miRweuli konsensusi imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu konkretulad ra saxis
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, eTnografiuli kvlevis farglebSi xdeba individebis Canawerebs unda ewodos “savele Canawerebi”, ramdenad unda ganvasxvavoT maTgan
da socialuri jgufebis yoveldRiuri cxovrebis aRwera maTi kulturuli “dRiurebi” an “Junalebi”, da, saerTod, ramdenad marTebulia savele Canawerebis
normebis Seswavlis mizniT, rac TavisTavad gulisxmobs savele muSaobis sxvadasxva tipebad dayofa61.
Catarebas ara eqsperimentalur pirobebSi, aramed ama Tu im Sesaswavli jgufis robert emersonis msgavsad, Cven vTvliT, rom savele Canawerebia savele
Tu individisaTvis damaxasiaTebel bunebriv pirobebSi. eTnografiuli kvlevis muSaobisas gakeTebuli yvela Canaweri. Tumca zogierTi mkvlevari Tvlis, rom
Catarebis ZiriTadi mizania imis gageba, Tu ra mniSvnelobas aniWebenen ama Tu im arsebobs gansxvaveba savele Canawerebsa da dRiurebs Soris. maTi azriT, savele
gamocdilebas, cxovrebis wessa Tu kulturul normas is adamianebi, romelTa Canawerad unda miviCnioT mxolod da mxolod is Canaweri, sadac mkvlevari
yofasac Cven SeviswavliT. SeZlebisdagvarad miukerZoeblad aRwers savele pirobebSi gakeTebuli dakvir-
CarTuli dakvirvebis Catareba mkvlevrisagan mTeli rigi unar-Cvevebs vebis Sedegebs. rac Seexeba dRiurs an Jurnals, maTSi is Tavis pirad mosazrebebs
daxvewas moiTxovs — is unda iyos yuradRebiani damkvirvebeli, kargi msmeneli, da STabeWdilebebs iniSnavs, Seaqvs Tavisi SeniSvnebi gamokvlevis msvlelobasTan
kvalificiuri interviueri rogorc formalizebuli, aseve araformalizebuli dakavSirebiT, Tavisi molodini, miRebuli gamocdileba, daSvebuli Secdomebi,
interviuebis Catarebisas. mas unda hqondes Zalian kargi mexsiereba, romelic problemebi, romlebic uCndeba muSaobis procesSi. magram, rogorc emersoni
daexmareba daimaxsovros is, rasac SeniSnavs dakvirvebis procesSi, raTa Semdgom aRniSnavs, aseTi dayofis SemTxvevaSi xelovnurad xdeba dakvirvebisaTvis
Caiweros dakvirvebis Sedegebi, xolo am Canawerebis da SemdgomSi dakvirvebis “obieqturobis” miniWebis mcdeloba, ramdenadac savele Canawerebi (am terminis
angariSis momzadebisaTvis mas moeTxoveba sxvadasxva tipis teqstebis Seqmnis viwro gagebiT) momxdaris obieqtur asaxvad iTvleba, xolo dRiurebi ganixileba
unari — dawyebuli savele CanawerebiT da damTavrebuli Semajamebeli angariSiT, rogorc warmoebuli dakvirvebis “subieqturi” STabeWdilebebis asaxva.
romelic xSirad monografiis safuZveli xdeba. amasTan, mas unda SeeZlos miiRos savele Canawerebi uaRresad individualuri dokumentia, romelzec Zalian
gadawyvetilebebi gamokvlevis fokusis dadgenisa da gamokvlevis dros did gavlenas axdens mkvlevris pirovnuli Tvisebebi. eWvs gareSea, rom ramdenime
wamoWrili axali sakiTxebis integrirebis an uaryofis Taobaze. mkvlevris mier erTi da igive movlenis Sesaxeb gakeTebuli savele Canawerebi
mkvlevris mier ganxorcielebuli dakvirvebis dokumentacia savele SeiZleba absoluturad gansxvavdebodes erTmaneTisgan iqidan gamomdinare, Tu
Canawerebis meSveobiT xdeba, sadac is cdilobs CainiSnos yvela is wvrilmani Tu romel aqtorebze, movlenebze, detalebze, faqtebze gaamaxviles maT yuradReba.
mniSvnelovani movlena, romlis momswrec gaxda. kvlevis procesSi yoveldRiuri savele Canawerebis auditoria mxolod erTi adamiania — Tavad mkvlevari.
savele Canawerebis (fieldnotes) warmoebis wesebis Seswavla CarTuli dakvirvebis magram swored savele Canawerebis gakeTebiT iwyeba monacemTa analizi, amrigad,
meTodis Seswavlis mniSvnelovani nawilia Tanamedrove eTnografiaSi. savele savele Canawerebi unda ganvixiloT ara mxolod rogorc instrumenti, aramed
CanawerebSi warmoCenili unda iyos is socialuri realoba, romelsac mkvlevari rogorc warmatebuli eTnografiuli kvlevis umniSvnelovanesi nawili.
Seiswavlis; maTSi xdeba arsebuli cxovrebis wesis, kulturuli normebis da savele Canawerebi ar unda ganvixiloT rogor ama Tu im movlenis ubralo
socialuri organizaciis formebis aRwera detaluri dakvirvevebis doneze. aRwera; maTi waramoebis procesi eTnografiuli kvlevis erT-erTi ZiriTadi
savele Canawerebi is masalaa, romelic SemdgomSi umniSvnelovanes rols komponentia. xSirad swored savele Canawerebis gakeTebis dros uCndeba
TamaSobs dakvirvebis Sedgebis Seswavlasa da analizSi — saboloo jamSi, savele mkvlevars esa Tu is kiTxva, wamoiWreba kvlevis axali mimarTulebebi. es procesi
Canawerebi masobrivi gamokiTxvis dros Sevsebuli kiTxvarebis analogiuri exmareba mkvlevars gaaanalizos movlenebi, romelTa momswrec is gaxda, rac
informaciis wyaroa, amitom maTi Sedgena da momzadeba guldasmiT unda moxdes. xels uwyobs kvlevis warmatebulad Catarebas.
CarTuli dakvirvebis meTodis gamoyenebiT kvlevis Catarebis erT-erTi rogor unda gaukeTdes organizacia am Canawerebs?
ZiriTadi ganmasxvavebeli Tviseba isaa, rom kvleviT unar-CvevebTan erTad, aseTi pirveli kiTxva, romelsac mkvlevarma unda gasces pasuxi savele Canawerebis
kvleva moiTxovs gamarTulad da sainteresod weris unars. mkvlevars unda warmoebisas, aris is, Tu romel enaze unda awarmoos es Canawerebi? ra Tqma unda,
Seswevdes unari, yoveldRiurad aRweros rogorc mniSvnelovani, aseve upirveles yovlisa, es kiTxva exeba im mkvlevrebs, romlebic ucxo qveynebSi
umniSvnelo movlenebi, romelTa mowmec gaxda kvlevis procesSi, CainiSnos yvela muSaoben da kvlevis savele etapi ucxo enaze xorcieldeba, magram maSinac ki,
detali da SemdgomSi es detalebi ufro farTo konteqstSi moaTavsos. rodesac mkvlevari Tavis mSobliur qveyanaSi muSaobs, es sakiTxi ar kargavs Tavis
savele Canawerebis mimarT ori ZiriTadi damokidebuleba arsebobs. erTis aqtualobas, vinaidan mainc arsebobs ramdenime enis gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba:
Tanaxmad, savele Canawerebis warmoebis unari, iseve rogorc zogadad weris niWi,
• yoveldRiuri, salaparako ena;
Tandayolilia da misi swavleba SeuZlebelia — is an aqvs adamians, an ara. meore
midgomis Tanaxmad ki savele Canawerebis warmoeba iseTive warmatebiT SeiZleba • mecnieruli ena (ufro konkretulad, socialuri mecnierebis ena);
aswavlo adamians, rogorc nebismieri sxva unar-Cveva. Cvenc am azrs viziarebT da
gvjera, rom savsebiT SesaZlebelia am unar-Cvevis daufleba Seswavlis da • Sesaswavli jgufis ena (profesiuli leqsika, Jargoni da sxv.).
praqtikuli saqmianobis procesSi; Tu adamiani dRidan dRemde awarmoebs
Canawerebs da kritikuli TvaliT afasebs maT, mas aucileblad gamoumuSavdeba mkvlevari ar unda ahyves survils, gaamartivos mis winaSe mdgari amocana da
maTi ukeT warmoebis unari. ukve savele Canawerebis warmoebis procesSi mecnierul enaze Targmnos is, rasac
dakvirvebis Sedegad gakeTebuli savele Canawerebis umravlesoba akvirdeba; es arc Tu iSviaTad xdeba movlenebis kulturuli mniSvnelobis
warmoadgens TxrobiT Canawerebs, sadac aRwerilia damkvirveblis mier danaxuli damaxinjebis mizezi. jeims spradli urCevs yvela mkvlevars, uari Tqvas
socialuri situaciebi, Cawerilia mosmenili dialogebi an calkeuli frazebi. Sefasebebsa da ganzogadoebebze savele Canawerebis gakeTebis dros,
devid m. fetermanis azriT, savele Canawerebi “eTnografiuli struqturis SeZlebisdagvarad gaakeTos Canawerebi imave enaze, ra enazec mimdinareobda
aguri da cementia”60. miuxedavad imisa, rom jer kidev XIX saukunidan moyolebuli saubarebi, da aucileblad miuTiTos Tavis CanawerebSi yvela frazis avtoris
maT yvela eTnografi iyenebda Tavis muSaobaSi, meTodologiuri ganxilvis sagani vinaoba, raTa rac SeiZleba zustad moxdes ganxorcielebuli dakvirvebis asaxva.
savele Canawerebi sul raRac bolo 15-20 wlis win gaxda. rogorc robert rodesac mklevari aqtorebis naTqvams gadmoscems, misi mizani unda iyos, es
emersoni aRniSnavs, adre mkvlevrebi ar aqcevdnen yuradRebas imas, Tu rogor naTqvami sityvasityviT CainiSnos. es moTxovna, spradlis azriT, yvelaze xSirad
unda warmoebuliyo savele Canawerebi. amitomaa, rom dResdReobiT jer kidev ar
61
Robert M. Emerson, Rachel I.Fretz, and Linda L. Shaw. 1995. Writing Ethnographic Fieldnotes. Chicago:
60
David M.Fetterman. 1989. Ethnography: Step by Step. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications. P. 107. The University of Chicago Press. Pp.viii-x.
56 57
savele Canawerebi aris miRweuli konsensusi imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu konkretulad ra saxis
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, eTnografiuli kvlevis farglebSi xdeba individebis Canawerebs unda ewodos “savele Canawerebi”, ramdenad unda ganvasxvavoT maTgan
da socialuri jgufebis yoveldRiuri cxovrebis aRwera maTi kulturuli “dRiurebi” an “Junalebi”, da, saerTod, ramdenad marTebulia savele Canawerebis
normebis Seswavlis mizniT, rac TavisTavad gulisxmobs savele muSaobis sxvadasxva tipebad dayofa61.
Catarebas ara eqsperimentalur pirobebSi, aramed ama Tu im Sesaswavli jgufis robert emersonis msgavsad, Cven vTvliT, rom savele Canawerebia savele
Tu individisaTvis damaxasiaTebel bunebriv pirobebSi. eTnografiuli kvlevis muSaobisas gakeTebuli yvela Canaweri. Tumca zogierTi mkvlevari Tvlis, rom
Catarebis ZiriTadi mizania imis gageba, Tu ra mniSvnelobas aniWebenen ama Tu im arsebobs gansxvaveba savele Canawerebsa da dRiurebs Soris. maTi azriT, savele
gamocdilebas, cxovrebis wessa Tu kulturul normas is adamianebi, romelTa Canawerad unda miviCnioT mxolod da mxolod is Canaweri, sadac mkvlevari
yofasac Cven SeviswavliT. SeZlebisdagvarad miukerZoeblad aRwers savele pirobebSi gakeTebuli dakvir-
CarTuli dakvirvebis Catareba mkvlevrisagan mTeli rigi unar-Cvevebs vebis Sedegebs. rac Seexeba dRiurs an Jurnals, maTSi is Tavis pirad mosazrebebs
daxvewas moiTxovs — is unda iyos yuradRebiani damkvirvebeli, kargi msmeneli, da STabeWdilebebs iniSnavs, Seaqvs Tavisi SeniSvnebi gamokvlevis msvlelobasTan
kvalificiuri interviueri rogorc formalizebuli, aseve araformalizebuli dakavSirebiT, Tavisi molodini, miRebuli gamocdileba, daSvebuli Secdomebi,
interviuebis Catarebisas. mas unda hqondes Zalian kargi mexsiereba, romelic problemebi, romlebic uCndeba muSaobis procesSi. magram, rogorc emersoni
daexmareba daimaxsovros is, rasac SeniSnavs dakvirvebis procesSi, raTa Semdgom aRniSnavs, aseTi dayofis SemTxvevaSi xelovnurad xdeba dakvirvebisaTvis
Caiweros dakvirvebis Sedegebi, xolo am Canawerebis da SemdgomSi dakvirvebis “obieqturobis” miniWebis mcdeloba, ramdenadac savele Canawerebi (am terminis
angariSis momzadebisaTvis mas moeTxoveba sxvadasxva tipis teqstebis Seqmnis viwro gagebiT) momxdaris obieqtur asaxvad iTvleba, xolo dRiurebi ganixileba
unari — dawyebuli savele CanawerebiT da damTavrebuli Semajamebeli angariSiT, rogorc warmoebuli dakvirvebis “subieqturi” STabeWdilebebis asaxva.
romelic xSirad monografiis safuZveli xdeba. amasTan, mas unda SeeZlos miiRos savele Canawerebi uaRresad individualuri dokumentia, romelzec Zalian
gadawyvetilebebi gamokvlevis fokusis dadgenisa da gamokvlevis dros did gavlenas axdens mkvlevris pirovnuli Tvisebebi. eWvs gareSea, rom ramdenime
wamoWrili axali sakiTxebis integrirebis an uaryofis Taobaze. mkvlevris mier erTi da igive movlenis Sesaxeb gakeTebuli savele Canawerebi
mkvlevris mier ganxorcielebuli dakvirvebis dokumentacia savele SeiZleba absoluturad gansxvavdebodes erTmaneTisgan iqidan gamomdinare, Tu
Canawerebis meSveobiT xdeba, sadac is cdilobs CainiSnos yvela is wvrilmani Tu romel aqtorebze, movlenebze, detalebze, faqtebze gaamaxviles maT yuradReba.
mniSvnelovani movlena, romlis momswrec gaxda. kvlevis procesSi yoveldRiuri savele Canawerebis auditoria mxolod erTi adamiania — Tavad mkvlevari.
savele Canawerebis (fieldnotes) warmoebis wesebis Seswavla CarTuli dakvirvebis magram swored savele Canawerebis gakeTebiT iwyeba monacemTa analizi, amrigad,
meTodis Seswavlis mniSvnelovani nawilia Tanamedrove eTnografiaSi. savele savele Canawerebi unda ganvixiloT ara mxolod rogorc instrumenti, aramed
CanawerebSi warmoCenili unda iyos is socialuri realoba, romelsac mkvlevari rogorc warmatebuli eTnografiuli kvlevis umniSvnelovanesi nawili.
Seiswavlis; maTSi xdeba arsebuli cxovrebis wesis, kulturuli normebis da savele Canawerebi ar unda ganvixiloT rogor ama Tu im movlenis ubralo
socialuri organizaciis formebis aRwera detaluri dakvirvevebis doneze. aRwera; maTi waramoebis procesi eTnografiuli kvlevis erT-erTi ZiriTadi
savele Canawerebi is masalaa, romelic SemdgomSi umniSvnelovanes rols komponentia. xSirad swored savele Canawerebis gakeTebis dros uCndeba
TamaSobs dakvirvebis Sedgebis Seswavlasa da analizSi — saboloo jamSi, savele mkvlevars esa Tu is kiTxva, wamoiWreba kvlevis axali mimarTulebebi. es procesi
Canawerebi masobrivi gamokiTxvis dros Sevsebuli kiTxvarebis analogiuri exmareba mkvlevars gaaanalizos movlenebi, romelTa momswrec is gaxda, rac
informaciis wyaroa, amitom maTi Sedgena da momzadeba guldasmiT unda moxdes. xels uwyobs kvlevis warmatebulad Catarebas.
CarTuli dakvirvebis meTodis gamoyenebiT kvlevis Catarebis erT-erTi rogor unda gaukeTdes organizacia am Canawerebs?
ZiriTadi ganmasxvavebeli Tviseba isaa, rom kvleviT unar-CvevebTan erTad, aseTi pirveli kiTxva, romelsac mkvlevarma unda gasces pasuxi savele Canawerebis
kvleva moiTxovs gamarTulad da sainteresod weris unars. mkvlevars unda warmoebisas, aris is, Tu romel enaze unda awarmoos es Canawerebi? ra Tqma unda,
Seswevdes unari, yoveldRiurad aRweros rogorc mniSvnelovani, aseve upirveles yovlisa, es kiTxva exeba im mkvlevrebs, romlebic ucxo qveynebSi
umniSvnelo movlenebi, romelTa mowmec gaxda kvlevis procesSi, CainiSnos yvela muSaoben da kvlevis savele etapi ucxo enaze xorcieldeba, magram maSinac ki,
detali da SemdgomSi es detalebi ufro farTo konteqstSi moaTavsos. rodesac mkvlevari Tavis mSobliur qveyanaSi muSaobs, es sakiTxi ar kargavs Tavis
savele Canawerebis mimarT ori ZiriTadi damokidebuleba arsebobs. erTis aqtualobas, vinaidan mainc arsebobs ramdenime enis gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba:
Tanaxmad, savele Canawerebis warmoebis unari, iseve rogorc zogadad weris niWi,
• yoveldRiuri, salaparako ena;
Tandayolilia da misi swavleba SeuZlebelia — is an aqvs adamians, an ara. meore
midgomis Tanaxmad ki savele Canawerebis warmoeba iseTive warmatebiT SeiZleba • mecnieruli ena (ufro konkretulad, socialuri mecnierebis ena);
aswavlo adamians, rogorc nebismieri sxva unar-Cveva. Cvenc am azrs viziarebT da
gvjera, rom savsebiT SesaZlebelia am unar-Cvevis daufleba Seswavlis da • Sesaswavli jgufis ena (profesiuli leqsika, Jargoni da sxv.).
praqtikuli saqmianobis procesSi; Tu adamiani dRidan dRemde awarmoebs
Canawerebs da kritikuli TvaliT afasebs maT, mas aucileblad gamoumuSavdeba mkvlevari ar unda ahyves survils, gaamartivos mis winaSe mdgari amocana da
maTi ukeT warmoebis unari. ukve savele Canawerebis warmoebis procesSi mecnierul enaze Targmnos is, rasac
dakvirvebis Sedegad gakeTebuli savele Canawerebis umravlesoba akvirdeba; es arc Tu iSviaTad xdeba movlenebis kulturuli mniSvnelobis
warmoadgens TxrobiT Canawerebs, sadac aRwerilia damkvirveblis mier danaxuli damaxinjebis mizezi. jeims spradli urCevs yvela mkvlevars, uari Tqvas
socialuri situaciebi, Cawerilia mosmenili dialogebi an calkeuli frazebi. Sefasebebsa da ganzogadoebebze savele Canawerebis gakeTebis dros,
devid m. fetermanis azriT, savele Canawerebi “eTnografiuli struqturis SeZlebisdagvarad gaakeTos Canawerebi imave enaze, ra enazec mimdinareobda
aguri da cementia”60. miuxedavad imisa, rom jer kidev XIX saukunidan moyolebuli saubarebi, da aucileblad miuTiTos Tavis CanawerebSi yvela frazis avtoris
maT yvela eTnografi iyenebda Tavis muSaobaSi, meTodologiuri ganxilvis sagani vinaoba, raTa rac SeiZleba zustad moxdes ganxorcielebuli dakvirvebis asaxva.
savele Canawerebi sul raRac bolo 15-20 wlis win gaxda. rogorc robert rodesac mklevari aqtorebis naTqvams gadmoscems, misi mizani unda iyos, es
emersoni aRniSnavs, adre mkvlevrebi ar aqcevdnen yuradRebas imas, Tu rogor naTqvami sityvasityviT CainiSnos. es moTxovna, spradlis azriT, yvelaze xSirad
unda warmoebuliyo savele Canawerebi. amitomaa, rom dResdReobiT jer kidev ar
61
Robert M. Emerson, Rachel I.Fretz, and Linda L. Shaw. 1995. Writing Ethnographic Fieldnotes. Chicago:
60
David M.Fetterman. 1989. Ethnography: Step by Step. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications. P. 107. The University of Chicago Press. Pp.viii-x.
56 57
irRveva, vinaidan damkvirvebelisTvis ufro advilia, mokled da “Taviseburad” ara nakleb mniSvnelovania, rom gamokvlevis manZilze aqtorebi eCvevian maT
gaukeTos Tqmuls perefrazireba. SemdgomSi es mravali Secdomis mizezi xdeba, gverdiT damkvirveblis yofnas, ris Sedegadac mcirdeba maTi qcevis da maTi
rameTu aqtorebis mier gamoynebuli ena maTi kulturis erT-erTi yvelaze saubrebis reaqtiuloba, Sesabamisad, CarTuli dakvirvebis Sedegad mopovebuli
mniSvnelovani gamoxatulebaa, da Tu is ar SevinarCuneT, maSin garkveul informacia ufro sando xdeba.
kulturul elementebsac davkargavT. CarTuli dakvirvebis ganxorcieleba yovelTvis moqmedebs mkvlevaris
spradlis mesame rCeva aseTia: dakvirvebis Sedegebis Cawerisas, iyaviT rac emociur mdgomareobaze. rac ar unda ecados mkvlevari, obieqturi iyos Tavisi
SeiZleba zusti da konkretuli, movlenebi dawvrilebiT aRwereT, maSinac ki, informatebis mimarT, amis srulad miRweva SeuZlebelia, ufro metic, eTno-
rodesac Tqveni STabeWdilebebisa da grZnobebis Sesaxeb laparakobT. es rTulia, grafiuli kvlevis Sedegad mkvlevrebi xSirad resocializaciis process gadian,
da gacilebiT met dros moiTxovs, vidre mokle “Sejamebebi”, magram saboloo anu eCvevian aqtorebis TvaliT uyuron movlenebs. xSirad mkvlevari rTuli eTi-
jamSi swored detalebia, rac yvelaze metad dagvexmareba monacemebis analizis kuri dilemis winaSe dgeba — aRweros Tu ara moqmedeba, romelic mis
dros. CanawerebSi araa mizanSewonili, vixmaroT iseTi mecnieruli terminebi, informantebs cudad daaxasiaTebs? miuxedavad amisa, mkvlevari mainc “ucxod”
rogorebicaa “roli”, “socialuri situacia”, “interaqcia”, “kulturuli rCeba im sazogadoebaSi, romlis Seswavlasac cdilobs, Tundac imis gamo, rom is
strategia”, “socializacia” da sxv. detaluri da konkretuli aRwera imisa, risi yovelTvis, nebismieri movlenis dros imaze fiqrobs, ramdenad mniSvnelovania is
mowmeebic Cven gavxdiT dakvirvebis dros, dagvexmareba davicvaT Tavi winaswari misi kvlevisTvis, Rirs Tu ara masze yuradRebis gamaxvileba da CaniSvna, da a.S.
(da xSirad mcdari) Sejamebebisa da Sefasebebisagan; ra Tqma unda, ganzogadoebebi xSir SemTxvevaSi mkvlevarma SeiZleba imitom miiRos monawileoba ama Tu im
saWiro iqneba Cveni Semdgomi muSaobisas, magram es unda moxdes mas Semdeg, rac RonisZiebaSi, rom mas gadwyvetili aqvs mis Sesaxeb daweros, mniSnvelovnad
ukve SevagrovebT faqtebs. miaCnia Tavisi kvlevisTvis. aqedan gamomdinareobs is, rom rac ar unda ecados
mklvevari unda ecados, rom gadmogvces ama Tu im movlenis informantiseuli mkvlevari, srulad “Seerwyas” Sesaswavls jgufs, misTvis es SesaZlebeli gaxdeba
axsna-ganmartebebi, maT Tavs gadamxdari ambebi, sxvadasxva istoriebi — savele mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu is xels aiRebs Tavis kvlevaze.
etapis Catarebis procesSi aqtorebis yuradrebiT mosmenis unari erT-erTi bernardi gamoyofs CarTuli dakvirvebis ganxorcilebis procesSi
yvelaze mniSvnelovania. mkvlevaris mier gancdili fsiqologiuri mdgomareobebis Tanamimdevrobas:
ganxorcielebuli dakvirvebis aRwera savele CanawerebSi yoveldRiurad
unda xdebodes uSualod dakvirvebis dasrulebis Semdeg — winaaRmdeg • pirveli kontaqti;
SemTxvevaSi Cven SeiZleba dagvaviwydes detalebi da davkargoT bevri faseuli • kulturuli Soki;
informacia. dakvirvebis angariSis dawera SeiZleba or etapad moxdes: uSualod
dakvirvebis damTavrebisas iwereba mokle angariSi, Semdeg ki — vrceli. vrceli • aRmoCena imisa, rac aSkaraa;
angariSis dawerac ar unda gadavdoT Soreuli momavlisaTvis, magram vinaidan
• Sesveneba;
aseTi angariSebis Caweris dasrulebisTvis meti droa saWiro, sanam maT
SevudgebodeT, mizanSewonilia mokle angariSis dawera uSualod dakvirvebis • fokusireba;
damTavrebis Semdeg.
vrcel angariSSi damkvirvebels ar unda eSinodes xSiri ganmeorebebis — • daqancva, meore Sesveneba da gaSmagebuli saqmianoba; da
piriqiT, Tu movlenebi xSirad meordeba, isini isev da isev unda iqnes aRwerili;
• muSaobis dasruleba da “saitis” datoveba.59
SemdgomSi es mniSvnelovnad dagvexmareba ucxo kulturis SecnobaSi. amasTan,
spradli darwmunebulia, rom swored mravalgzis ganmeorebuli dakvirvebebis
SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom mkvlevars eufleba Soki, garkveul etapze is
aRweris Sedegad axerxebs mkvlevari Cawvdes socialuri situaciis mTel
gadaiRleba, gauCndeba Sesvenebis aucilebloba. dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad
sirTules, romelic pirveli SexedviT mas, SesaZloa, iolic ki eCvena.
CarTuli dakvirveba mkvlevrisagan srul CarTvas moiTxovs. bolos, arc iseTi
detaluri savele Canawerebis regularuli gakeTeba zog SemTxvevaSi
etapis gamoyofaa SemTxveviTi, rogoricaa “saitis” datoveba — CarTuli
SeuZlebelia, amitom eTnografisTvis aucilebelia kargi mexsierebis qona. mas
dakvirvebis damTavreba da “saitidan” wasvla cxovrebis mniSvnelovani periodis
unda SeeZlos daimaxsovros adamianebis garegnoba, sakvanZo frazebi, garemo,
damTavrebas niSnavs, da is xSirad mtkivneulia rogorc mkvlevrisTvis,iseve im
Jestebi da sxva. magram mexsierebis srulad ndoba ar SeiZleba. imisaTvis, rom
aqtorebisaTvis, visTanac man yvelaze mWidro urTierTobebi daamyara;
mkvlevars ar daaviwydes mniSvnelovani movlenebi, man aucileblad unda
mkvlevarsa da aqtorebs Soris damyarebuli urTierTobebi, rogorc wesi,
ramenairad CainiSnos isini; es SeiZleba ar iyos gamarTuli da Camoyalibebuli
gamokvlevis damTavrebis Semdegac grZeldeba; aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac
winadadebebi — sakmarisia sakvanZo fraza, an raime sakvanZo detalis mokled
damkvirvebeli daumegobrda aqtorebs, monaTla maTi Svilebi, da sxv.
CaniSvna, rom maTi wakiTxvis Semdeg mkvlevarma SeZlos ama Tu im movlenis
CarTuli dakvirveba saboloo jamSi Zalze piradi xasiaTis ganumeorebeli
mexsierebaSi aRdgena da detalurad aRwera.
gamocdilebaa; es ar aris romelime rigiTi meTodi, romelic SeiZleba “vcadoT,
arsebobs aseTi termini — jottings, an jotting notes, rac mokle Canaweris gakTebas rogor gamogviva” — es aris saqme, romelsac mkvlevari uZRvnis cxovrebis
niSavs. es termini Seesabameba situacias, rodesac mkvlevari iyenebs mxolod mniSvnelovan periods. amitomaa, rom bernardi Tvlis, rom garkveuli
misTvis gasageb Semoklebebs, SeiZleba, figurebs an sqemebs imisaTvis, rom TvalsazrisiT, “mkvlevari arasodes tovebs saits” — sulierad is iq rCeba. rac ar
CainiSnos raime detali Tu movlena. aseTi Canawerebi xSir SemTxvevaSi ucxo unda ecados is, SeuZlebelia informatebis mimarT gulgrili damokidebulebis
pirebs SesaZloa sityvebis uazro nakrebi eCvenos. qvemoT moyvanilia aseTi SenarCuneba da bevri informanti saboloo jamSi mkvlevris namdvili megobari
Canwerebis magaliTi: xdeba.
jorji=magidasTan aravin ar gamacno
exla marto espanurad saubrobs
saerTo saubari — vin ukravs
“isini ar arian Zalian magrebi” — bodiSi62
59
H. Russell Bernard. 2002. Research Methods in Anthropology. Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches.
62
Robert M. Emerson, Rachel I.Fretz, and Linda L. Shaw. Op. cit. P. 30. Third Edition. Walnut Creek: AltaMira Press. Pp. 356-362.
58 55
mizanmimarTulad akvirdeba movlenaTa ganviTarebas, xalxs, maT saqmianobas. es Canaweri gakeTda espaurenovani rok-musikis erT-erT klubSi. Cven vigebT,
amasTan, mas akisria garkveuli movaleobebi: daakvirdes, Tu rogor viTardeba rom jorji magidasTan zis, rom Tavidan is inglisurad saubrobda da raRac
movlenebi, CainiSnos da/an daixsomos yvelaferi, rac xdeba, raTa SemdgomSi Tavis momentSi gadavida espanurze. jorjma ar gaacno mkvlevari aravis, vinc
CanawerebSi aRweros movlenebi da maTSi monawile pirebi. magidasTan ijda. magidasTan saerTo saubari mimdinareobs, romlis drosac
2. Cveulebrivi adamianisgan gansxvavebiT, damkvirvebelma gaaskecebuli viRacam ikiTxa, romeli jgufi ukravs am dros scenaze; erT-erTi damswreTagani —
yuradReba unda gamoiCinos mis garSemo mimdinare movlenebisadmi, raTa SeniSnos ara mkvlevari — akeTebs komentars imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu rogor ukravs es
da daixsomos iseTi detalebic ki, romlebsac Cveulebriv pirobebSi yuradRebas jgufi — “isini ar arian Zalian magrebi”, da mkvlevari aRniSnavs, rom es SeniSvna
ar vaqcevT. es garkveul momzadebas moiTxovs. CarTuli dakvirvebisas Cveni miza- garkveulwilad bodiSis moxdas niSnavs, imis gamo, rom is iseT klubSi moiyvanes,
ni unda iyos, SeZlebisdagvarad araferi dagvrCes yuradRebis gareSe (ra Tqma sadac jgufi ver ukravs saTanado doneze.
unda, yvelafris SeniSvna SeuZlebelia, magram, miuxedavad amisa, Cveni mizani unda mkvlevari unda ecados, rac SeiZleba dawvrilebiT gadmosces Tavis Cana-
iyos, maqsimalurad gavzardoT dakvirvebuli elementebis raodenoba). werebSi is garemo da dialogebi, romelTa momswrec xdeba. es SeiZleba iyos
3. cxovrebaSi yvelas gviwevs garkveuli dakvirvebebis Catareba; aseTi pirdapiri naTqvami, perefrazireba an iribi naTqvami. savele CanawerebSi
cxovrebiseuli dakvirvebebisagan gansxvavebiT, CarTuli damkvirveblis mizani informantis zusti naTqvami brWyalebSi unda movaTavsoT, perefrazirebuli
unda iyos, movlenaTa rac SeiZleba farTo speqtri moaqcios Tavisi dakvirvebis sityvebi ki brWyalebis gareSe davweroT. ganvixiloT Semdegi magaliTi:
sferoSi; es miT ufro mniSvnelovani xdeba maSin, rodesac mkvlevris mizania,
Seiswavlos socialuri jgufis kulturuli normebi, romlebic araa gamotanili 2004 wlis ... ivnisi. niu-iorki.
saaSkaraoze. Sexvedraze — metros gaCereba braiton biCi, me-10 aRmosavleTis quCa — Tamazi
4. kidev erTi, SesaZloa, umniSvnelovanesi gansxvaveba movlenebis rigiT zustad wuTi-wuTze movida (saRamos 5 saaTze). Tamazi maRali, daaxlovebiT 1.80
monawilesa da damkvirvebels Soris isaa, rom damkvirvebeli, imasTan erTad, rom sm. da 32-34 wlisaa. ecva TeTri perangi da lurji jinsebi, tyavis fexsacmeli.
aris movlenebis monawile, uyurebs am movlenebs gareSe mowmis — “ucxos” — perangis jibeSi uCanda Camel-is kolofi da sanTebela. im drois manZilze, rac
TvaliT, anu erTsa da imave dros is aris am socialuri situaciis monawilec da saxlamde mivdiodiT, Cven mivesalmeT da movikiTxeT erTmaneTi da is gamiZRva
Semswavlelic, romelic ganixilavs situacias, rogorc Sesaswavl obieqts. ese Tavisi sacxovrebeli binisken, ufro swored ki im binisken, sadac is sawol-
igi, erTsa da imave dros profesiuli damkvirveblebi arian situaciis adgils qiraobda. gzad SevekiTxe, ramdeni welia, rac niu-iorkSi cxovrobda da
monawileebic da gareSe pirebic, romlebic am situacias akvirdebian. mkvlevari aRmoCnda, rom ukve meeqvse weli iyo. “sul aq cxovrobdiT Tu sxva binac gqondaT
aTviTcnobierebs, rom is ormag rols TamaSobs, da mkafiod ganasxvavebs Tavisi naqiravebi?” — “sul aq, rac Camovedi, pirveli dRidan, aqa var”. rogorc aRmoCnda,
moqmedebebis “monawileobiT” da “SemecnebiT” mxareebs. masTan erT oTaxSi kidev 3 adamiani cxovrobs, zogi dRisiT muSaobs da zogi
5. CarTuli dakvirvebis procesSi mkvlevari Tavad aris Tavisi kvlevis RamiT. “iseTi daRlili movdivar xandaxan samsaxuridan rom Zilis garda arafris
instrumenti — mas ar “exmareba” arc kiTxvari, arc sadiskusio gegma an raime sxva Tavi ara maqvs xolme. ai, movediT kidec”. Cven gaviareT 3 kvartali aRmosaleTiT
instrumenti. yovel saRamos, savele muSaobis Semdeg, iwyeba kvlevis meore, ara da aRmovCndiT TeTrad SeRebili orsarTuliani binis win, romelsac ori
nakleb mniSvnelovani etapi, rodesac man unda gaaanalizos mis mier Segrovebuli Sesasvleli qonda, win patara kibeebiT. Cven marcxena SesasvlelSi SevediT — “ar
informacia, nanaxi da gagonili, maT Soris — Tavisi sakuTari moqmedebebi, grZno- SegeSindeT, cota dasalagebelia aqauroba, mainc, kacebi vcxovrobT yvelani”,
bebi, reaqciebi, da azrebi. aseT introspeqcias yoveldRiurad mimdinareobs da is gamotyda Tamazi da kari SeaRo.63
didad amdidrebs CarTuli dakvirvebis procesSi mopovebul faqtologiur
masalas. ra Tqma unda, Cveulebrivi adamiani ar eweva Tavisi moqmedebebis da am magaliTSi gamoyenebulia rogorc pirdapiri, aseve iribi naTqvami,
grZnobebis aseT sistematur da Rrma analizs. perefrazi, mocemulia garemos da Tavad informantis aRwera.
6. da bolos, damkvirvebeli awarmoebs Tavisi dakvirvebis Sedegebis dawvri- mniSvnelovania, rom savele CanawerebSi daTariRebuli iyos yoveli Canaweri.
lebiT Caweras — esaa iseTi ram, rasac socialuri situaciis nebismieri sxva, sasurvelia aseve, miTiTebuli iyos zusti saaTi, rodesac esa Tu is dakvirveba
rigiTi monawile arasdros ar akeTebs — Tu ar gaviTvaliswinebT im adamianebs, ganxorcielda, adgili, monawileTa raodenoba, maTi daxasiaTeba — rogorc
vinc regularulad awarmoebs pirad dRiurs. magram bolo SemTxvevaSi, rogorc eTnografebi amboben, rac meti detalia, miT ukeTesi. aseTi Canawerebi
wesi, aseTi dRiurebi mimarTulia individis piradi grZnobebis da gamocdile- informaciis mdidari wyaroa, kvlevis savele etapis damTavrebis Semdeg is
bebis aRsawerad da amiT gansxvavdeba savele Canawerebisgan. dakvirvebis Sede- exmareba mkvlevars aRadginos grZnobebi da ganwyobebi, romlebmac, SesaZloa,
gebis Cawerasac saTanado codna da gamocdileba sWirdeba, da Cven ganvixilavT gavlena iqonies miRebul Sedegebze.
moTxovnebs maTi warmarTvisadmi. savele Canawerebi sakmaod fragmentul xasiaTs atarebs, radgan isini
calkeuli dakvirvebebis aRweras warmoadgens. magram maTi analizisa da
CarTuli dakvirvebis umTavresi upiratesoba ubralo dakvirvebasTan gadamuSavebis Sedegad iqmneba saboloo naSromi, romelic gamarTulia rogorc
SedarebiT isaa, rom aqtorebTan xangrZlivi da mWirdo urTierTobis Sedegad Sinaarsobrivad, aseve stilisturad.
mkvlevari Zalze mdidar informacias iRebs maTi cxovrebis Sesaxeb; metic, is ramdenadac savele Canawerebi mxolod mkvlevrisTvisaa gankuTvnili, maTSi
Tavad iziarebs maTi cxovrebis wess sakmaod xangrZlivi drois manZilze. rogorc SeiZleba aqtorebis da informantebis namdvili saxelebis xmareba, magram ro-
zemoT aRvniSneT, dakvirvebis meTodiT Catarebuli gamokvleva, rogorc wesi, desac kvlevis angariSs vamzadebT, yvela saxeli unda Seicvalos ise, rom
didxans grZeldeba, da am drois manZilze mkvlevari da aqtorebi Zalauneburad SeuZlebeli gaxdes aqtoris identifikacia. zog SemTxvevaSi, aqtorebis
sakmaod axlos icnoben erTmaneTs. warmatebuli dakvirvebis ganxorcieleba konfidencialobis dacvis mizniT, aucilebelia, agreTve SevcvaloT an saerTod
SeuZlebelia, Tu mkvlevarma ar moipova aqtorebis ndoba, ndobis mopoveba ki ar davasaxeloT dasaxlebuli punqti, sadac kvleva Catarda, an organizacia,
garkveuli pirovnuli urTierTobebis damyarebas gulisxmobs. rigiT inter- sadac vawarmoebdiT dakvirvebas.
viuers, romelic maTTvis sruliad ucxo adamiania, respondentebi gacilebiT
naklebi gulaxdilobiT esaubrebian, vidre damkvirvebels, romelic Tveebis, ar
ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi iziarebs maTi cxovrebis wess; es exeba ara marto
saerTo informacias, aramed, agreTve informacias aqtorebisTvis mgZnobiare
Temebze. 63
Tamar zurabiSvilis mier Catarebuli kvlevis savele Canawerebidan.
54 59
monacemTa analizi gegmis) mixedviT. rogorc wesi, CarTuli dakvirvebis procesSi saWiroa erTi
CarTuli dakvirvebis Sedegebis damuSaveba eyrdnoba savele Canawerebs da Temisadmi miZRvnili mTeli rigi formaluri interviuebis Catareba.
kvlevis procesSi Catarebuli interviuebis Sedegad Segrovebul informacias. interviuebis gamoyenebasTan erTad, CarTuli dakvirvebis erT-erTi umniS-
vinaidan CarTuli dakvirvebis manZilze Catarebuli yvela intervius vnelovanesi damaxasiaTebeli niSania mkvlevrebis mWidro TanamSromloba infor-
audioCawera ar xerxdeba, zog SemTxvevaSi mkvlevari eydnoba intervius Sedegad mantebTan.
xeliT gakeTebul Canawerebs, zog SemTxvevaSi ki — transkriptebs. informanti, anu Sesaswavli jgufis warmomadgeneli, exmareba mkvlevars ama
analizis procesSi mkvlevarma Zalian vrceli masala unda Seiswavlos — am Tu im jgufis warmomadgenlebis cxovrebis wesis SeswavlaSi da jgufSi arsebuli
masalis umravlesoba mis mieraa Segrovebuli xangrZlivi savele muSaobis wesebisa da normebis gagebaSi; swored is uadvilebs mkvlevars jgufSi SeRwevas,
procesSi; sakuTari savele Canawerebis Seswavlis dros mkvlevari gamoyofs im acnobs xalxs. informantebis gareSe Cven gagviWirdeba SeviswavloT movlenebi,
detalebs, SemTxvevebs, faqtebs da citatebs, romlebic mniSvnelovania Sesaswavl romelTa mowmeebic vxdebiT. informantis roli gacilebiT ufro mniSvnelovani
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT da cdilobs, gaakeTos daskvnebi Seswavlili socialuri xdeba maSin, rodesac mkvlevari misTvis ucxo kulturaSi muSaobs, romlis
urTierTobebis specifikisa da aRmoCenili kanonzomierebebis Sesaxeb. warmomadgenelTa enac man ar icis. am SemTxvevaSi informanti, rogorc wesi,
monacemTa analizis saboloo mizani unda iyos kvleviT kiTxvebze pasuxis Tarjimnis funqciebsac kisrulobs xolme, da misi gavlena miRebul Sedegebze
gacema, magram ramdenadac xSir SemTxvevaSi kvleviTi kiTxvebis saboloo erTiorad izrdeba.
dazusteba savele muSaobis Catarebis procesSi xdeba, bunebrivia, rom adreuli informantebis SerCeva ioli ar aris, vinaidan kargi informanti mTel rig
Canawerebi am miznisTvis SedarebiT naklebad gamosadegi iqneba. magram es moTxovnebs unda akmayofilebdes. pirvel rigSi, is unda iyos Sesaswavli kul-
Canawerebi SeiZleba gamodges imis asaRwerad, Tu rogor moxda kvlevis fokusis turis warmomadgeneli, romelic kargad icnobs sakuTar kulturas. sasurvelia,
gamoyofa, Tu isini Seicaven informacias im movlenis Sesaxeb, romelmac ubiZga es iyos komunikabeluri pirovneba, vinc dainteresdeba gamokvleviT da mTeli
mkvlevars, garkveuli mimarTulebiT waremarTa kvleva. gulisyuriT CaerTveba masSi; rac mTavaria, mas unda hqondes survili, rom
rogorc analitikuri strategiis magaliTi, sainteresoa uiliam f. uaiTis daexmaros mkvlevars. garda amisa, mas dadebiTad unda uyurebdnen Sesaswavl
mier gakeTebuli analizi imisa, Tu rogoria erT-erTi amerikuli qalaqis jgufSi, ukeTesia, Tu is garkveuli avtoritetiTac sargeblobs. bevri mkvlevari
italiur ubanSi arsebuli dajgufebis Sida struqtura, ra aris am jgufis Tvlis, rom karg informants Seswevs Zala, Cveni “maswavlebeli” gaxdes CvenTvis
lideris avtoritetis safuZvels.64 ucxo kulturis Seswavlis saqmeSi. amasTanave, rogorc aRvniSneT, informanti ar
CarTuli dakvirvebis Sedegebis Sejameba, maTi analizis saboloo Sedegi, unda gaxdes erTaderTi pirovneba, vis azrsac gadamwyveti mniSvneloba unda
rogorc wesi, aris monografia, sadac ganxilulia kvlevis savele etapi da mivaniWoT — Tu es moxdeba, maSin kvlevas seriozuli safrTxe daemuqreba. xolo
moyvanilia miRebuli daskvnebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom gamarTulad weris unari im SemTxvevaSi, Tu informanti Tarjimnis rolsac TamaSobs, ufro izrdeba imis
saWiro da aucilebelia ara mxolod savele muSaobis yvela etapze, aramed, saSiSroeba, rom is “gafiltravs” aqtorebis naTqvams da mxolod im informacias
agreTve miRebuli Sedegebis analizis dros, Sualeduri Tu daskvniTi gadaTargmnis, romelic mas miaCnia mniSvnelovnad, amitom, sasurvelia, rom
angariSis/monografiis daweris mizniT. mkvlevarma rac SeiZleba male moaxerxos im enis Seswavla, romelzec mas uwevs
kvlevis Catareba.
magram informanti araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar unda iyos socialur mecni-
davaleba:
erebaTa specialisti, adamiani, vinc Seecdeba mecnieruli terminebiT agvixsnas
mimdinare movlenebi — Cven gvWirdeba Cveulebrivi adamiani, Sesaswavli jgufis
wadiT sajaro biblioTekaSi, SeukveTeT wignebi da daakvirdiT iq
rigiTi wevri, SesaZloa, sxvebze ufro xalisiani da gonebagaxsnili, magram
myof/misul adamianebs da situaciebs 3 saaTis manZilze. dakvirvebis
araviTar SemTxvevaSi ara mecnieri; Cven gvesaWiroeba misi daxmareba, magram man
dasrulebisTanave gaakeTeT detaluri Canawerebi.
Tavisive eniT unda agvixsnas yvelaferi, yoveldRiuri cxovrebis eniT, da ara
samecniero kategoriebis gamoyenebiT.
rekomendebuli literatura: rac unda kargi iyos informanti, misi brmad ndoba ar SeiZleba — rogorc am
kulturis warmomadgenels, mas SeiZleba gauCndes survili, met-naklebed
Sealamazos faqtebi, an ar gamoitanos saaSkaraoze cxovrebis is elementebi,
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romlebic miaCnia samarcxvinod, an, yovel SemTxvevaSi arasatrabaxod.
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rogorc wesi, erTi gamokvlevis CatarebisTvis mkvlevars ramdenime infor-
o Robert M. Emerson, Rachel I.Fretz, and Linda L. Shaw. 1995. Writing Ethnographic Fieldnotes. manti sWirdeba xolme, romelTa Sorisac arian ZiriTadi, mTavari (key informant) da
Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. “damatebiTi” informantebi. informantebis SerCeva, ra Tqma unda, ver iqneba da
o David M.Fetterman. 1989. Ethnography: Step by Step. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications. arc unda iyos reprezentatuli.
Tumca garegnulad mkvlevari, romelic CarTul dakvirvebas awarmoebs,
o Roger Sanjek, ed. 1990. Fieldnotes. The Making of Anthropology. Ithaca: Cornell University xSirad arafriT ar gansxvavdeba sxva aqtorebisgan, sinamdvileSi mas sruliad
Press. gansxvavebeli roli aqvs da, garkveulwilad, ormagi cxovrebiT cxovrobs — erTi
o James P. Spradley. 1980. Participant Observation. New York: Holt, Rhinehart and Winston. mxriv, is Cveulebriv monawileobs aqtorebis yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi, magram
amave dros is regularulad awarmoebs Canawerebs am cxovrebis Sesaxeb, raTa
o John Van Maanen. 1988. Tales of the Field. On Writing Ethnography. Chicago: The University of Seiswavlos misi wesebi; is cxovrobs, raTa Seiswavlos. amitom mniSvnelovania
Chicago Press. ganvasxvavoT ama Tu im socialuri situaciis Cveulebrivi monawilis da CarTuli
o William Foote White. 1993. Street Corner Society: The Social Structure of an Italian Slum. Forth damkvirveblis rolebi. aq SeiZleba gamovyoT 6 ZiriTadi gansxvaveba58:
edition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1. damkvirvebels ormagi mizani aqvs: Cveulebrivi monawilisagan gansxva-
vebiT, is ara marto monawileobs socialur situaciaSi, aramed Segnebulad da

64 58
William Foote White. 1993. Street Corner Society: The Social Structure of an Italian Slum. Forth edition. es klasifikacia moyvanilia Semdegi gamocemis mixedviT: James P. Spradley. 1980. Op. cit. Pp.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 53-58.
60 53