zeinab kikviZe

guram doCanaSvilis romanis `samoseli pirvelis"

folklorul-eTnografiuli Zirebi
Tanamedrove qarTul mwerlobaSi guram doCanaSvilis romani SeiZleba CaiTvalos
mkveTrad gamorCeul Txzulebad, romelSic erTmaneTSia SerwKmuli miTosuri da bib-
liuri Zirebidan momdinare simboloebi. nawarmoebi mravali daSifruli plastisagan
Sedgeba da TiTqmis Kvela komponenti meoreul mniSvnelobas iZens. erTi SexedviT pa-
tara, umniSvnelo pasajebi genetikuri kodiT ukavSirdebian erTmaneTs da sistemebs
qmnian. mdidari folklorul-eTnografiuli masala saSualebas gvaZlevs romanSi dai-
Zebnos Zveli qarTuli ritualebis anarekli da tipologiuri kavSirebi ZvelberZnul
da Sumerul miTologiasTan.
romanis pirveli nawilis saxelwodebaa `soflad~. termini orgvar definicias Se-
icavs: 1) glexebiT dasaxlebuli adgili, romlis ZiriTadi mosaxleoba soflis meur-
neobas misdevs; 2) qveKana, msoflio (1); Txzulebis protagonistis mSobliuri adgi-
lic glexebiTaa dasaxlebuli. isini mudam garJasa da SromaSi arian da umetesad mi-
waze muSaoben. magram gmiris pirvelsamKofeli ubralod sofeli ki ar aris, aramed
gansakuTrebuli semantikuri datvirTvis mqone toponimi _ `maGalsofeli~, romel-
Sic ganivTebulia `sofelis _ meoreuli mniSvnelobac. safiqrebelia, rom maGalso-
feli ukavSirdeba qarTuli miTosuoi azrovnebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel universums,
romelic sam Sred anu sknelad iKofa.
`uZveles qarTvelebs swamdaT, rom samKaro sami sknelisagan Sedgenili mTeli iKo:
zesknel-qveskneli da maTi damakavSirebeli xrtili _ Suaskneli~ (2). aseve sagulis-
xmoa, rom Kvela sknels Tavisi damaxasiaTebeli feri Seesabameboda. zesknelis simbo-
lo iKo TeTri, qvesknelisa _ Savi, Suasknelisa ki wiTeli an yreli. ferTa aseT sim-
bolikas icnobs qarTuli folklori _ xevsureTSi Cvens dromde SemorCa micvalebu-
lis sami feris samkec sklatSi gaxvevis Cveuleba.es pasajic samKaros skneluri ganfe-
nis mimniSnebelia.
maGalsofeli Tavisi simbolikiT zenaarss ukavSirdeba da maradiuli samKofelis
asociacias Seicavs. sivrcobrivadac zemoT, maGla mdebareobs. saxetialod wasuli
gmiri TavdaGmarTSi Cadis, ukan dabrunebisas ki gayirvebiTa da didi Jafis Sedegad
adis aGmarTSi. magram misi mogzauroba atarebs adamianis sivrceSi gadaadgilebis ara
horizontalur vizionerulobas, aramed gaiazreba, rogorc TandaTan Caxvdoma qves-
knelSi, rac esoden damaxasiaTebelia rogorc qarTuli, ise Sumerul-egvipturi Tu
berZnul-romauli miTosisaTvis. es aris tipologiuri niSani axalgazrda vajis inici-
aciuri svlisa, romelic sworxazovani ki araa, ufro mrudis formisaa da aTvlis
wertils ubrundeba.
maGalsoflidan protagonisti lamaz-qalaqSi (SuasknelSi) midis, Semdeg kamoraSi
(qvesknelSi); isev pirvelsamKofelSi dasabruneblad mediumis rols kanudosi (zeskne-
lis sawKisi) iTavsebs. ufro zeda safexuri Gorebis patronis samKofelia, sadac
xdeba gmiris saboloo inkarnacia, ris Sedegadac is adis maGalsofelSi.
Tu davukvirdebiT romanSi mocemuli qalaqebis ferTa simbolikas, aucileblad
SevamCnevT, rom maTSi sknelTa funqcionurobaa gasagnebuli.
sknelebSi mogzauroba garkveul aucileblobebTanaa dakavSirebuli, rasac arqe-
tipuli mimarTeba moepoveba romanis siujetTan:
a) Karibi gmiri midis pirvelsamKoflidan. amas ganapirobebs TiTqos mogzaurobis
romantika, magram misi namdvili mizezi ufro rTulia, vidre sxvadasxva adgilis mo-
xilvis interesi. yabuki gamoicdeba xetialisas, igi unda SeebrZolos bneleTis Za-
lebs; garkveuli TvalsazrisiT `gardaicvalos~, ris safuZvelzec moxdeba misi kur-
Txeva anu xeldasma. _ romanis protagonistic sxvadasxva xifaTgamovlili, mraval
gansacdels gadarCenili, saxecvlili brundeba mSobliur garemoSi. sadac, ukve in-
karnirebuli, eziareba Semoqmedis (mamaGmerTis) mier boZebul saunJes.
b) miTosuri tradicia qvesknelad STaxvdomis rituals gamoxatavs, rogorc Ca-
svlas mkvdarTa saufloSi. es faqti bunebaSi Seesabameba zamTris dadgomas. flora
TiTqos kvdeba, miwaSi Cadis, raTa gazafxulze xelaxla iSvas da aGorZindes. iv. Java-
xiSvili miuTiTebs, rom swored es momenti udevs safuZvlad weliwadis or nawilad
daKofas. `qarTuli za-mTari da za-fxuli mze-civisa da mze-Tbilis cnebis gamomxat-
velia~ (3). aGniSnuli terminebi mianiSnebs miTosuri mzis zesknel-qvesknelSi cik-
lur brunvas. es niuansic arqetipul mimarTebaSia nawarmoebis mTavari gmiris skne-
lebSi mogzaurobasTan. radgan maGalsoflidan wasvla xdeba Semodgomis miwuruls
_ mzis damcrobis jams, xolo ukan dabruneba _ gazafxelze, kerZod, maSin, roca so-
felSi Kovelwliuri dGesaswauli imarTeba.
protagonistis qvesknelidan amosvla emTxveva miTosuri GvTaebebis zesknelTan
ziarebis dros. warmarTuli Teogoniidan cnobilia xTonur GvTaebaTa aGdgineba ga-
zafxulze. kerZod, berZnul miTosSi persefone Semodgomis mimwuxris jams mihKavs ha-
dess _ qvesknelis GmerTs da gazafxulze abrunebs zesknelSi. dionise Semodgomaze
ganiwileba da kvdeba, bunebis gaGviZebis jams ki xdeba misi gacocxleba; sicocxlesTan
ziarebis misteria Cans, aseve, uTus, ozirisisa Tu Tamuzis qvesknelidan amosvlaSi,
rac aseve gazafxuls ukavSirdeba. xevsuruli Tqmulebis mixedviT, xogais mindi gaza-
fxulze dabrunda arxotSi (4).
rogorc Cans, msoflio miTosuri tradicia qvesknelad Caxvdomas ukavSirebs `we-
liwad-wuxras~, xolo zesknelTan ziarebas _ `weliwad-dilas~. es modeli mTlianad
daculia saanalizo teqstSi.
g) qvesknelSi GvTaebaTa Casvla xdeba SiSveli saxiT. mesopotamiuri warmodgene-
bis mixedviT micvalebulni SiSvlad Cadian mkvdarTa saufloSi; xogais mindi da ga-
xua megrelauri qaJaveTSi mgzavrobisas gvamidan amodian. isic unda mivuTiToT, rom
orfizmi sxeuls sulis samosad miiCnevda. xolo, Tu qvesknelSi Casuli gmiri unda
ganiZarcvos, zesknelSi dabrunebisas, bunebrivia, man isev unda Caicvas samosi, _ unda
moxdes gmiris xelaxali Semosva; `suleTis sazGvris gadamlaxavi suli qvesknelidan
meored ibadeba. igi ganaxlebuli da gardacvlili (saxecvlili) amodis iqidan da
kvlav ubrundeba imave gars, romelic suleTSi Casvlisas gaixada... SiSveli, samosel-
gaZrobili suli xelmeored imosavs samosels~ (5).
mwerali sknelebSi mogzaurobisaTvis damaxasiaTebel am komponentsac iKenebs. do-
meniko soflidan wasvlis jams iTxovs Tavis kuTvnil wils. mas eZleva samkvidros na-
xevari _ 60 aTasi drahkani. TviT samkvidro simbolizirebulia samosel pirvelSi,
ganZSi, romelSic gasagnebulia zeciuri mamis kurTxeva. mTavari moqmedi gmiri mogza-
urobisas mTlianad xarJavs fuls, _ e.i. ixdis samoss. am SemTxvevaSi es xorcieli
sakvrelia (T. oTxmezuris termini), magram zesknelSi asvlis Semdeg, miTosuri tra-
diciis Tanaxmad, is xelaxla unda Seimosos. samoseli pirveli axla ukve sulieri
sakrvelia, romliTac mama Sindabrunebul vajs aJildovebs.
d) zemoT Cven mivuTiTeT, rom protagonistis mier ganvlili gza mrudis formi-
saa, romelic Caketil wred iqceva da miTosur sferod warmoCindeba. T. manis naaz-
revis mixedviT, sferoTa wrebrunvis Sedegad zecieri eziareba miwiers, xolo miwie-
ri ki _ zeciers (6).
zesknel-qvesknelis sferuli damokidebuleba umTavres rols asrulebs gmiris
iniciaciur svlaSi. Cvens SemTxvevaSi maGal-sofeli miwieric aris da zecieric. mis
aseT nominacias gansazGvravs protagonistis mamis faqtori, romlis saxeSic kodire-
bulia uzenaesi GmerTis miTologema.
romani sxva bevri sagulisxmo niSniTac ukavSirdeba qarTul folklorsa da eT-
nografias. KuradGebas vamaxvilebT wvimis mosaKvan ritualebze. uZveles droSi amin-
dis cvalebadobas poliTeisturi rwmeniT ramdenime GvTaeba ganagebda. mTels saqar-
TveloSi sxvadasxvanairi atributikiT gavrcelebuli Kofila e. w. `lazaroba~, rome-
lic iTvaliswinebda gogo-biyebis kardakar siaruls Tixis ToJiniTa da sakulto sim-
GeriT; zogan ki daatarebdnen qalwuls, romlis Tavze dadgmul TasSic wKals asxam-
dnen. aGniSnuli rituali aGwerili aqvT: iv. JavaxiSvils, s. makalaTias, d. JaneliZes
da sxvebs.
romanSi fiqsirdeba gvalvis sawinaaGmdego Cveulebis sami saxeoba: Tixis yurylis
gareT gamolageba, borcvze qalis dasma da xisgan wvimis GvTaebis gamoTla. am wesebi-
dan mxolod pirvels ar moepoveba miTosur-eTnografiuli safuZveli. savaraudoa,
rom Tixis yurylis gareT gamotana avtoris fantaziis Sedegia, radgan saqarTvelos
arc erTi kuTxis CveulebaSi aseTi ram ar dasturdeba. es ufro mxatvruli pasajia,
romelic safuZvels umzadebs danarCen ors. meore wesSi ramdenadme irekleba kerpis
nacvlad qalwulis Camotarebis aluzia. arCeuli qali, albaT, sxvebisagan gamorCeu-
li silamazisa unda KofiliKo. eTnografiuli masalisa da romanis ritualis SeJere-
bis Sedegad ikveTeba sxva paralelic. qarTul metKvelebaSi dGesac SemorCenila
gamoTqma _ `iseTi lamazia, mzesac ki ecilebao~, _ amas iSviaTi silamazis mqone qal-
ze amboben. romanis mixedviT, mze rom lamaz qals dainaxavs, GrublebiT dafaravs da
wvimac wamova. qarTul miTologiaSi mze mdedruli sawKisis ganmasaxierebeli GvTae-
baa, amitom qalisa da mzis silamazeSi gaJibreba ucxo ar unda iKos. cxadia, rom av-
toris fantazia aqac mSobliuri zepirsitKvierebiTa da uZvelesi adaTebiTaa nasaz-
rdoebi.
nawarmoebSi fiqsirebuli mesame wesi uSualod ukavSirdeba eTnografiul masalas.
roca Tixis yurylis vedrebasa da borcvze SiSveli qalis dasmas sasurveli Sedegi ar
mohKveba, glexebi xisgan wvimis GvTaebas gamoTlian. `Grubeli ara da ar Canda, arc ma-
Sin gamoCnda, wvimis GvTaeba rom gamoCorknes xisgan da mzeze dadges _ egeba Tavad da-
scxeso~.
rogorc Cans, mwerali Taviseburad gardaqmnis saqarTveloSi gavrcelebul gval-
vis sawinaaGmdego Cveulebebis ritualur elementebs da mxatvrulad uxamebs romanis
saerTo miTosur fons.
am CveulebebTan dakavSirebiT kidev erT, TiTqosda umniSvnelo, magram mainc saKu-
radGebo moments unda mieqces KuradGeba: roca mzisgan dasicxul qals soflis pat-
riarqi Sin wasvlas ubrZanebs, mas damwvar mxrebze kvercxis cilas wausvamen. Zvel
qarTul medicinaSi ki kvercxis cila damwvrobis wamlis erT-erTi aucilebeli kom-
ponenti Kofila (7).
romanis siujetur qargaSi zogadqarTuli fenomeni sxva nuansiTac vlindeba.
TxzulebaSi erTian fulad etalonad gamoKenebulia nominali _ drahkani es moneta
arabeTsa da bizantiaSi iKo gavrcelebuli, xolo XI saukuneSi Semovida saqarTvelo-
Si, iyreboda qarTul zarafxanaSi da sakmaod mtkice valutas warmoadgenda (8).
maGal-soflis, rogorc zogadqarTuli garemos dasaxasiaTeblad qarTuli anTro-
ponimebic iGebs monawileobas. aq mocemulia oTxi sakuTari saxeli _ `gvegve~ (kol-
xuri warmomavlobis); `bibo~ (rayaSia fiqsirebuli); `resa~ (bibliuri); `nandu~
(afxazuri). savaraudoa, rom dasaxelebuli anTroponimebi, `resas~ garda, warmarTu-
li periodisa unda iKos, radgan dGeisaTvis iSviaTobas warmoadgenen. `qristianuli
damwerlobis SemoGebamde qarTvelur tomebSi gavrcelebuli warmarTuli anTropo-
nomia TandaTanobiT Seaviwrova da daviwKebas misca oficialurma mwignobrobam...
tradiciuli warmarTuli sakuTari saxelebi reliefurad SemorCa mTas, agreTve, sva-
neTsa da samegrelos~ (9). rogorc al. Glontis mokvlevidan Cans, aGniSnuli sakuTa-
ri saxelebi ufro saqarTvelos mTian nawilSia daculi, Tanac isini TavianTi gamoKe-
nebis intensivobiT ver daikvexnian. amitom, vfiqrobT, rom qarTuli anTroponimiis
uZveles fenas unda ekuTvnodnen.
es faqtoric erTxel kidev adasturebs, rom Txzulebis protagonistis mSobliu-
ri sofeli uZvelesi qarTuli wes-Cveulebebis mqone ganzogadoebuli adgilia.
g. doCanaSvilis romani `samoseli pirveli~ mKarad efuZneba qarTul folklo-
rul da eTnografiul masalas, rac ara marto mxatvruli funqciisTvisaa moxmobili,
aramed myidrod erwKmis Txzulebis meoreul, miTosur plasts.

gamoKenebuli literatura:
q e g l , Tb., 1986, gv. 411.
d. S e n g e l a i a , werilebi, Tb., 1955, gv. 181.
iv. J a v a x i S v i l i , Txzulebani, t. I., Tb., gv. 160.
q a r T u l i m i T o l o g i a , Tb., 1992, gv. 27.
T. C x e n k e l i , tragikuli niGbebi, Tb., 1971, gv. 59.
l = … … Š. h%“, - , åã% K!=2ü , l., 1968, “2. 193-194.
d. b a g r a t i o n i , iadigar daudi, Tb., 1985, gv. 544.
d. k a p a n a Z e , qarTuli numizmatika, Tb., 1950, gv. 106.
al. G l o n t i , qarTveluri sakuTari saxelebi, Tb., 1986, gv. 13.

Zeinab Kikvidze
Folklore and Ethnographic Stems of G. Dochanashvili`s Novel
"The Best Robe"
Summary
Georgian folklore material and ethnographic rituals play an important role in establishing the
mythological layer of G. Dochanashvili`s novel.
The initiative itinerary of the main character has been related to the division of the world into three
layers, as established in mythological thinking; the places visited by the younger son coincide with the
symbols of the mentioned layers both in shade and function. Simultaneously, the work maintains all the
essential features characteristic of the initiative route: 1) visiting death`s kingdom, overcoming the
obstacles, `passing over` in a certain sense and encounting life; 2) undressing while travelling and
dressing again after resurrection; 3) visiting death`s kingdom in the beginning of winter and encounting
life in spring, corresponding to the cyclic rotation of the mythic sun; 4) the initiative itinerary take places
not horizontally, but along the curve, the beginning and the end of which coincide making the mythic
sphere.
The writer uses the elements of the ritual against the drought which had been spread with various
attributives in whole Georgia; in the novel the common monetary unit has been used, namely drahkani,
which had been a rather hard currency in Georgia since the 11 th century.
The most ancient Georgian anthroponyms have been also used; presumably of the pagan times.
The native village of the main character is a generalized place with ancient Georgian customs and
traditions.
The novel has been firmly based on the Georgian folklore and ethnographic material, not only for the
sake of the artistic function, but it immediately merges with the mythic background of the work