Vaishu

Dr.
Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University

Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar.
In partial fulfillment of the Degree M.Com of Research Project.
M. S. P. Mandal’s
Deogiri College,
Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar.
Project Report
A Study of Customer Satisfaction by Using Different Types of Tiles
Submitted By
Your Name …Vaishanavi Vinayak Kulkarni.
M.COM S.Y.
2022-2023
Under Guidance
Prof. Dr. VasundharaMaturkar Prof. Dr. Ratnaparkhe S.D.

M.com. B.ed. Ph.D. M.Com., M.B.A., NET, G.D.C.& A., L.L.B.,
Ph.D.
(H.O.D. (P. G.) & Co-ordinator)
Department of Commerce.
CERTIFICATE
This is to certified that this,

Is the Bonafide work of, Vaishanavi Vinayak Kulkarni
Exam Seat No: ,
She/he carried out the research under my supervision certified
further, that to the best of my knowledge the work reported herein is
completed as per the requirements of Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar
Marathwada University, Chhatrapati sambhajinagar in partial fulfillment
of the degree M.Com a subject of Research Project in Commerce the
Academic year 2022-2023.
Signature of the Guide. HOD (P.G.) &

Coordinator P.G. Studies.
Internal Examinar External Examinar

Declaration
I Name of Student….… Vaishanavi Vinayak Kulkarni ……..
Student of the M.Com studying in Deogiri College, chhatrapati Sambhajinagar,

solemnly declare that the project

Was carried out by me in partial fulfillment of Master’s Degree of Commerce
a subject of Research Project Program under the Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar
Marathwada University, Chhatrapti Sambhajinagar.
This project was undertaken as part of academic curriculum as per

university rules and norms and by no commercial interest or motive. It is my
original work and not elsewhere for any other purpose earlier.
Place: Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar. Signature
Date: / /2023 Vaishanavi Vinayak Kulkarni

Acknowledgement
“Gratitude is not things of expression, it is more a matter of feeling.” There
is always a sense of gratitude which one express for other for their help and
supervisor in achieving the goals.
I too express my deep gratitude to each and every one who has been helpful
me in completing the project report successfully.
First, of all, I am highly thankful to Prof. Dr. S. D. Ratnaparkhe, Prof. Dr.
Vasundhara Maturkar, for allowing me to pursue my project
My special thanks to Prof. Kharat N. G. who encouraged me, properly guided
me in each and every possible way throughout my projects reports.
I also give my regard and sincere thanks to who has devoted their precious
time in guiding me and helping me with it in time.
Sign
Seat No:-
INDEX
Sr. No. Contents Page No
1 Introduction 7
2 Review of Literature 29
3 Company Profile 44
4 Research Methodology 53
5 Data Analysis 78
6 Conclusion And Suggestion 103

Abstract
This work aimed to develop eco-friendly ceramic tiles employing by-products of porcelain
stoneware manufacturing as raw material, based on three technical-economic premises: designing
new products that respect the standards; avoid using by-products as raw materials in successful
commercial products; and carry out a complete mapping of operational conditions to enable
employing mathematical modeling as product development methodology. Using a simplex-centroid
design for ternary mixtures, three kinds of porcelain stonewares by-products were evaluated:
sludge from the treatment of effluents, raw waste, and chamotte. The by-products were investigated
by thermogravimetric analysis, water absorption tests, mechanical properties as well as X-ray
diffraction and fluorescence under different compression and firing conditions. Mathematical
models were generated capable of describing the experimental parameters behavior. These models
showed that many kinds of products could achieve the water absorption ranges provided by
normative requirement varying the operational conditions and the mass composition. Based on that,
three kinds of ceramic tiles were reproduced in laboratory, each one according to mass formulation
and operational conditions indicated by mathematical models: a wall tile, a floor tile, and a
porcelain stoneware tile. Technical characteristics were controlled during laboratorial reproduction
and, after that, their results were compared to normative requirements. All developed products met
the normative requirement. The results confirmed that it is possible to develop ceramic tiles only
employing by-products of porcelain stoneware as raw material through mathematical modeling,
respecting the proposed technical-economic premises established for the present work.
Chapter 1: Introduction
Tiles are usually thin, square, or rectangular coverings manufactured from hard-wearing
materialsuch as ceramic, stone, metal, baked clay, or even glass. They are generally fixed in
place in an array to cover roofs, floors, walls, edges, or other objects such as tabletops.
Alternatively, tile cansometimes refer to similar units made from lightweight materials such as
perlite, wood, and mineral wool, typically used for wall and ceiling applications. In another
sense, a tile is a construction tile or similar object, such as rectangular counters used in playing
games (see tile-based game). The word is derived from the French word tuile, which is, in turn,
from theLatin word tegula, meaning a roof tile composed of fired clay.
Tiles are often used to form wall and floor coverings and can range from simple square tiles to
complex or mosaics. Tiles are most often made of ceramic, typically glazed for internal uses and
unglazed for roofing, but other materials are also commonly used, such as glass, cork, concrete
and other composite materials, and stone. Tiling stone is typically marble, onyx, granite or slate.
Thinner tiles can be used on walls than on floors, which require more durable surfaces that will
resist impacts.Global production of ceramic tiles, excluding roof tiles, was estimated to be 12.7
billion in 2019.
Ancient Middle East
The earliest evidence of glazed brick is the discovery of glazed bricks in the Elamite Temple at
Chogha Zanbil, dated to the 13th century BC. Glazed and colored bricks were used to make low
reliefs in Ancient Mesopotamia, most famously the Ishtar Gate of Babylon (ca. 575 BC), now
partly reconstructed in Berlin, with sections elsewhere. Mesopotamian craftsmen were imported
for the palaces of the Persian Empire such as Persepolis. The use of sun-dried bricks or adobe
was the main method of building in Mesopotamia where river mud was found in abundance
along the Tigris and Euphrates. Here the scarcity of stone may have been an incentive to develop
the technology of making kiln-fired bricks to use as an alternative. To strengthen walls made
from sun-dried bricks, fired bricks began to be used as anouter protective skin for more important
buildings like temples, palaces, city walls, and gates
Making fired bricks is an advanced pottery technique. Fired bricks are solid masses of clay
heated in kilns to temperatures of between 950° and 1,150°C, and a well-made fired brick is an
extremely durable object. Like sun-dried bricks, they were made in wooden molds but for bricks
with relief decorations, special molds had to be made.
Ancient Indian subcontinent
Rooms with tiled floors made of clay decorated with geometric circular patterns have been
discovered from the ancient remains of Kalibangan, Balakot and Ahladino Tiling was used
in the second century by the Sinhalese kings of ancient Sri Lanka, using smoothed and
polished stone laid on floors and in swimming pools. Historians consider the techniques
and tools for tiling as well advanced, evidenced by the fine workmanship and close fitof
the tiles. Tiling from this period can be seen in Ruwanwelisaya and Kuttam Pokuna in the
cityof Anuradhapura.
Ancient Iran
Relief made with glazed brick tiles, from the Achaemenid decoration of Palace of Darius in
Susa.The Achaemenid Empire decorated buildings with glazed brick tiles, including Darius
the Great'spalace at Susa, and buildings at Persepolis.The succeeding Sassanid Empire used
tiles patterned with geometric designs, flowers, plants,birds and human beings, glazed up
to a centimeter thick.
Islamic
The Shah Mosque in Isfahan, Iran Early Islamic mosaics in Iran consist mainly of geometric
decorations in mosques and mausoleums, made of glazed brick. Typical, turquoise, tiling became
popular in the 10th-11thcentury and is used mostly for Kufic inscriptions on mosque walls.
Seyyed Mosque in Isfahan(AD 1122), Dome of Maraqeh (AD 1147) and the Jame Mosque of
Gonabad (1212 AD) are among the finest examples.[5] The dome of Jame' Atiq Mosque of Qazvin
is also dated to thisperiod.Timurid turquoise-glazed muqarna. First half of the 15th century, Shah-
i-Zinda The golden age of Persian tilework began during the Timurid Empire. In the moraq
technique, single-color tiles were cut into small geometric pieces and assembled by pouring liquid
plasterbetween them. After hardening, these panels were assembled on the walls of buildings. But
themosaic was not limited to flat areas. Tiles were used to cover both the interior and exterior
surfaces of domes. Prominent Timurid examples of this technique include the Jame Mosque
ofYazd (AD 1324–1365), Goharshad Mosque (AD 1418), the Madrassa of Khan in Shiraz
(AD 1615), and the Molana Mosque (AD 1444).
Other important tile techniques of this time include girih tiles, with their characteristic white
girih, or straps. Mihrabs, being the focal points of mosques, were usually the places where
most sophisticatedtilework was placed. The 14th-century mihrab at Madrasa Imami in
Isfahan is an outstandingexample of aesthetic union between the Islamic calligrapher's art
and abstract ornament. The pointed arch, framing the mihrab's niche, bears an inscription in
Kufic script used in 9th-centuryQur'an.
One of the best known architectural masterpieces of Iran is the Shah Mosque in Isfahan, from the
17th century. Its dome is a prime example of tile mosaic and its winter praying hall houses one of
the finest ensembles of cuerda seca tiles in the world. A wide variety of tiles had to be
manufactured in order to cover complex forms of the hall with consistent mosaic patterns. The
result was a technological triumph as well as a dazzling display of abstract ornament.
During the Safavid period, mosaic ornaments were often replaced by a haft rang (seven colors)
technique. Pictures were painted on plain rectangle tiles, glazed and fired afterwards. Beside
economic reasons, the seven colors method gave more freedom to artists and was less time-
consuming. It was popular until the Qajar period, when the palette of colors was extendedby
yellow and orange.[5] The seven colors of Haft Rang tiles were usually black, white,
ultramarine, turquoise, red, yellow and fawn.
1.1 Basic Types of Tiles
1.1.1 Floor Tiles

These are commonly made of ceramic or stone, although recent technological advances have
resulted in rubber or glass tiles for floors as well. Ceramic tiles may be painted and glazed. Small
mosaic tiles may be laid in various patterns. Floor tiles are typically set into mortar consisting of
sand, cement and often a latex additive. The spaces between the tiles are commonly filled with
sanded or unsanded floor grout, but traditionally mortar was used.
Natural stone tiles can be beautiful but as a natural product they are less uniform in color and
pattern, and require more planning for use and installation. Mass-produced stone tiles are
uniform in width and length. Granite or marble tiles are sawn on both sides and then polished or
finished on the top surface so that they have a uniform thickness. Other natural stone tiles such as
slate are typically "riven" (split) on the top surface so that the thickness of the tile varies slightly
from one spot on the tile to another and from one tile to another. Variations in tile thickness can
be handled by adjusting the amount of mortar under each part of the tile, by using wide grout
lines that "ramp" between different thicknesses, or by using a cold chisel to knock off high spots.
Some stone tiles such as polished granite, marble, and travertine are very slippery when wet.
Stone tiles with a riven (split) surface such as slate or with a sawn and then sandblasted or honed
surface will be more slip-resistant. Ceramic tiles for use in wet areas can be made more
slip-resistant either by using very small tiles so that the grout lines acts as grooves or by
imprinting a contour pattern onto the face of the tile.
The hardness of natural stone tiles varies such that some of the softer stone (e.g. limestone) tiles
are not suitable for very heavy-traffic floor areas. On the other hand, ceramic tiles typically have
a glazed upper surface and when that becomes scratched or pitted the floor looks worn, whereas
the same amount of wear on natural stone tiles will not show, or will be less noticeable.
Natural stone tiles can be stained by spilled liquids; they must be sealed and periodically resealed
with a sealant in contrast to ceramic tiles which only need their grout lines sealed. However,
because of the complex, nonrepeating patterns in natural stone, small amounts of dirt on many
natural stone floor tiles do not show.
The tendency of floor tiles to stain depends not only on a sealant being applied, and periodically
reapplied, but also on their porosity or how porous the stone is. Slate is an example of a less
porous stone while limestone is an example of a more porous stone. Different granites and
marbles have different porosities with the less porous ones being more valued and more
expensive.
Most vendors of stone tiles emphasize that there will be variation in color and pattern from one
batch of tiles to another of the same description and variation within the same batch. Stone floor
tiles tend to be heavier than ceramic tiles and somewhat more prone to breakage during
shipment.
Rubber floor tiles have a variety of uses, both in residential and commercial settings. They are
especially useful in situations where it is desired to have high-traction floors or protection for an
easily breakable floor. Some common uses include flooring of garage, workshops, patios,
swimming pool decks, sport courts, gyms, and dance floors.
Plastic floor tiles including interlocking floor tiles that can be installed without adhesive or glue
are a recent innovation and are suitable for areas subject to heavy traffic, wet areas and floors
that are subject to movement, damp or contamination from oil, grease or other substances that
may prevent adhesion to the substrate. Common uses include old factory floors, garages, gyms
and sports complexes, schools and shops.
1.1.2 Ceiling tiles
Ceiling tiles are lightweight tiles used inside buildings. They are placed in an aluminium grid;
they provide little thermal insulation but are generally designed either to improve the acoustics of
a room or to reduce the volume of air being heated or cooled.
Mineral fiber tiles are fabricated from a range of products; wet felt tiles can be manufactured
from perlite, mineral wool, and fibers from recycled paper; stone wool tiles are created by
0612combining molten stone and binders which is then spun to create the tile; gypsum tiles are
basedon the soft mineral and then finished with vinyl, paper or a decorative face. Ceiling tiles
very often have patterns on the front face; these are there in most circumstances to aid with the
tiles ability to improve acoustics.
Ceiling tiles also provide a barrier to the spread of smoke and fire. Breaking, displacing, or
removing ceiling tiles enables hot gases and smoke from a fire to rise and accumulate above
detectors and sprinklers. Doing so delays their activation, enabling fires to grow more rapidly.
Ceiling tiles, especially in old Mediterranean houses, were made of terracotta and were placed on
top of the wooden ceiling beams and upon those were placed the roof tiles. They were then
plastered or painted, but nowadays are usually left bare for decorative purposes.
Modern-day tile ceilings may be flush mounted (nail up or glue up) or installed as dropped
ceilings.
1.1.3 Ceramic
Ceramic materials for tiles include earthenware, stoneware and porcelain. Terracotta is a
traditional material used for roof tiles.
1.1.4 Porcelain tiles
This is a US term, and defined in ASTM standard C242 as a ceramic mosaic tile or paver that is
generally made by dust-pressing and of a composition yielding a tile that is dense, fine-grained,
and smooth, with sharply-formed face, usually impervious. The colours of such tiles are
generally clear and bright.
1.1.5 Pebble
Tilework in Jameh Mosque of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran Similar to mosaics or other patterned tiles,
pebble tiles are tiles made up of small pebbles attached to a backing. The tile is generally designed
in an interlocking pattern so that final installations fit of multiple tiles fit together to have a
seamless appearance. A relatively new tiledesign, pebble tiles were originally developed in
Indonesia using pebbles found in various locations in the country. Today, pebble tiles feature all
types of stones and pebbles from aroundthe world.
1.1.6 Digital printed
Printing techniques and digital manipulation of art and photography are used in what is known as
"custom tile printing". Dye sublimation printers, inkjet printers and ceramic inks and toners
permit printing on a variety of tile types yielding photographic-quality reproduction. Using
digital image capture via scanning or digital cameras, bitmap/raster images can be prepared in
photo editing software programs. Specialized custom-tile printing techniques permit transfer
under heat and pressure or the use of high temperature kilns to fuse the picture to the tile
substrate. This has become a method of producing custom tile murals for kitchens, showers, and
commercial decoration in restaurants, hotels, and corporate lobbies.
Recent technology applied to Digital ceramic and porcelain printers allow images to be printed
with a wider color gamut and greater color stability even when fired in a kiln up to 2200°F
1.1.7 Diamond etched

A method for custom tile printing involving a diamond-tipped drill controlled by a computer.
Compared with the laser engravings, diamond etching is in almost every circumstance more
permanent.
1.2 Scope of The Study
The India ceramic tiles market size was valued at $3,720.2 million in 2019, and is projected to reach
$7,144.7 million by 2027, growing at a CAGR of 8.6% from 2020 to 2027. By volume, the India
ceramic tiles market was 821 million square meter (MSM) in 2019, and is projected to reach 1,384
MSM by 2027, growing at a CAGR of 6.9% from 2020 to 2027.
Ceramic tiles are manufactured from clay for flooring choices. The ceramic tiles are made from raw
materials such as kaolin, bentonite, sand, feldspar, and glass. They are most commonly used, owing
to their features such as resistant to scratch, environment friendly, durable, and others. In addition,
vitrified tiles are the type of ceramic tiles, which are used as alternative to granite and marble
flooring. They are generally used for outdoor walls and flooring, owing to the properties such frost
and water resistant.
The Government of India has launched several programs which are helping tile industry to grow and
flourish. The government has built more than 110 million toilets in the past 60 months to eliminate
the open defecation in the country. Moreover, programs such as Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) in
urban and rural areas has successfully boost the ceramic tile industry, owing to the growing demand
of small size tiles. After the implementation of government programs such as cluster development
program (MSE-CDP) ceramic tile industry has witness around 6% to 8% growth annually. In
addition, under the MSE-CDP scheme, the government offers aid for infrastructure expansion and
development of other technological and backup service. Similarly, under the Credit Linked Capital
Subsidy Scheme (CLCSS), the Government of India provides around 15% capital subsidy for
development of plant and installation of machinery.
Others segment is projected to grow at a highest CAGR
The growth in urbanization boost the demand for residential and commercial construction market in
the country, which has fueled rapid growth for the India ceramic tiles market. The recovery and
growth in the construction industry is one of the major factors that drive the growth of the India
ceramic tiles market. High demand for residential and commercial structure has significant impact
on the growth of the India ceramic tiles market. India is witnessing an absolute growth in urban
population, owing to growing income levels of the middle-class and stable democracy. Moreover,
nearly 10 million people are migrating to the urban area every year in India, which is expected to
form 77 new cities with more than 1 million population by 2030.
1.2The Production Process of Ceramic Tiles
Ceramic tile production comprehends many different processes according to each different finished
product. Basically, the process is composed of the following stages:
• Clay preparation, either by dry grinding or by wet milling and atomization.
• Forming or molding of the tile by either dry pressing or by extrusion.
• Glaze preparation.
• Drying, glazing and decoration of the tile.
• Kiln firing.
• Classification and packing.
A more detailed schematics of the process is pictured as a flowchart in Fig. 1.2.1

The raw materials preparation, specially by the wet milling process (including
spray drying) is usually a separated process, often simply called ‘atomization’ and
is carried out by third companies, referred to as ‘atomizers’. The resulting product
comes in the form of a clay granulate of tiny hollow spheres, usually referred to as
atomized clay. This clay behaves much like a fluid as it is formed from countless tiny
spheres that confer a fluid behavior to the otherwise hard to work with raw clay.
There is another process that is often subcontracted to third companies and that
is the glaze preparation. Glazes are made of grinded frits and pigments.
From all the processes depicted in Fig. 1.2.1, single kiln firing (also called fast
single firing) is, by far, the most common ceramic tile production method. As a
result, the previous production process of Fig. 1.2.1 .
Here we concentrate only on the production of ceramic tiles, bypassing the production processes of
the aforementioned raw materials like atomized clay, frits, pigments
or glazes. In other words, we assume that all these raw materials are readily available.
As a result, and as it is common in most ceramic tile production plants, the process
starts with the molding or forming of the ceramic tile. From this point, the production
of ceramic tiles is very much automated.
1.2.1 The Production Process of Ceramic Tiles 373

Fig. 1.2.1 Detailed flowchart of the production process of ceramic tiles with all variants
The fist step is the molding where the atomized clay powder is loaded into molds
(here is where the fluidity of the atomized clay plays an important role) and it is
pressed by large hydraulic presses to form what is called the bisque. This process is 15 A Case
Study: Ceramic Tile Production
Fig. 1.2.1 Wet milling, atomization and single kiln firing flowchart: the most common ceramic tile
Production procedure
very important as all further operations depend on the correct formation of the tile. The physical
dimensions of the tile, often referred to as the format of the tile, depend on the characteristics of the
mold employed. Additionally, the visible side of the tile might not be entirely flat as it might have a
‘stone-like’ pattern. This is determined by the plate of the mold. Right after molding, the bisques
are quite fragile and should undergo further drying. This process is usually carried out in either
vertical or horizontal dryers (small kilns). After drying, the bisque is hardened to what resembles a
chocolate bar and therefore, can withhold further processing operations. The bisque or ceramic
tile is then decorated in the glazing lines. Some specific products are not glazed, however, this is not
very common. In a glazing line, tiles move over conveyor belts and different applications,
decorations and other operations are performed over them. The most basic operation is the
application of the base glaze by simple bell or waterfall machines to advanced random rotary
decorations, referred to as rotocolors. Modern glazing equipment includes ‘printers’ which can
basically print ceramic tiles with a large array of colours, patterns and decorations. Glazing lines can
contain more than 50 different machines and can be up to 50 m long, sometimes even more. The
different glaze applications determine the style, colour, surface and characteristics of the tile.
Decorated bisques are stored in big boxes or ‘roller stillages’ that contain many roller planes where
bisques are fed into, stored and extracted from at later stages. The big boxes are transported from the
glazing lines to an intermediate storage area by automated guided vehicles (AGVs).
The central stage of the production process is the single kiln firing. Ceramic kilns are large
horizontal ovens with usually a single plane of rollers that move in one direction, advancing the
glazed bisques through the different stages. Each type of clay and tile follows a different
temperature curve inside the kiln. This temperature might be also affected by the physical size or
format of the tile. A number of physical and chemical reactions undergo inside the kiln to form a
hardened and finished tile.
Most notably, the glaze fuses and hardens on top of the tile, conferring most known and desired
characteristics of ceramic tiles. After firing, AGVs transport again the fired tiles to an intermediate
storage area. The final stage is the classification and packing of the fired tiles. Several classification
and packing lines are usually available. Visual or automated quality control for defects is carried
out. Depending on the number and importance of defects, tiles are usually classified into first or
second quality and discards. Due to small differences in the raw materials and the complex
production process, not all tiles result in the same tonality and physical dimensions (calibers) so the
tiles are actually assigned to different batches, each one containing the same quality, caliber and
tonality. As a final step, tiles are boxed and palletised for distribution. Nowadays, there are many
other optional production steps for ceramic tiles, for example, tiles might undergo one or more
polishing steps to confer tiles with a stone or mirror finish. Other process include the rectification
of the edges of the tile, or cutting processes to produce special pieces like edges or reliefs.
Additional detailed decorations and further firing are also possible. As a result, the common
production process depicted in Fig. 15.2 can only be regarded as a simplification. In any case, the
bulk of the ceramic tile production undergoes this main production process. In modern production
plants, from start to finish, the product is rarely touched and very little human intervention is
needed. This results in the mass production of ceramic tiles at affordable prices.
Given such high automatisation in the sector, companies have heavily invested in machinery to
achieve maximum efficiency under this mass production context. The most expensive machinery in
the ceramic tile production is the kiln. Small tile producers typically have 2–3 kilns, whereas large
producers might have several production plants with several kilns each. Therefore, in order to
minimise the unit costs due to machine depreciation, machinery usage should be maximised.
Again, it is typical for tile producers to operate the kilns in a 24/7 schedule and stopping them only
once per year for maintenance. This naturally leads to the minimisation of the makespan, which is
the main objective chosen for the models.
Chapter 2: REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Valiente J.M et al. (2001), described first how to register the test image in a visual inspection
machine of ceramic tile. After registration, the test image is compared with the reference image.
In this we extract the boundary of ceramic tiles that are only in rectangle shape.
Test image is converted into gray-level or Thresholding. The author says four straight lines
intersecting to eachother means the title is normal. It describes the grading pattern in tile first,
second and third grading of the tiles. An automatic image registration method's accuracy is very
high as comparedto others. There is no description of angle where four straight lines can intersect
to each other.
Turkyilmaz Ali et al. (2002), it describes the technique for inspection and classification of plain
ceramic tile. The main algorithm is based on inductive learning and machine learning; these two
techniques are used for finding defect detection from plain ceramic tile. These two techniques
can very helpful for finding different types of defect found in the ceramic tile. This algorithm can
decrease the time complexity but cost of implementing is higher. Pernkopf Franz and Leary Paul
O (2003), it was presented an approach that helpful for finding different ways for capturing the
image in the metallic flat surface. When we capturing the digital image. The author can describe
three techniques for finding defect from metallic flat surface or sheet. In automatic visual
inspection method first the RGB digital image is converted it into gray scale image for finding
defect detection from gray scale image in easy way. The metallic flat sheet can see different
number of defect in two types of transformation can be used. These two transformation are two
dimensional and three dimensional.
Mostly in image processing we use two dimensional transformations can be used for finding
cavity in the metallic flat sheet. But in three dimensional transformation we seen different
number of cavity that are not seen by two dimensional transformation these cavity we seen in
this transformation. Thus this approach is very useful in future. But its cost of implementing this
approach is so expensive. Elbehiery H. et al. (2007), it was presented algorithm that based on
image processing that finding different types of defect detection from the ceramic tiles. Different
types of defect found in ceramic tile are: long crack,simple crack, medium crack, blob, pin-hole
defect. In this approach the author can suggested four steps for finding different types of defect
detection from the plain ceramic tile. The same algorithm is applicable for finding different types
of defect detection using image processing.
image and then maintain the level of intensity by using histogram approach. In this approach the
author can suggest only the technique for finding different type of defect from plain ceramic tile.
But it doesn’t describe how the efficiency rate is better that existing approach. Romagnoli
Marcello et al. (2007), the author presented an algorithm that finding glaze defect from the
ceramic tile. In this approach or algorithm suggested first raw material of the ceramic tile how
many of water mix with it. After mixing raw material of the Ceramic tile with water and given a
particular shape according to customer demand. After that heat on some temperature that are
suitable for Ceramic tile. Some of hollow part also remains due to air bubbles in better the
material of ceramic tile. Thus makes small hole and fill liquid material on it. In this was
removing the glaze defect in this algorithm. But after using this algorithm speed of finding defect
is slow, time consuming is greater and this process is also expensive. Aborisade D. O. (2008), it
was described automated computer vision system from plain ceramic wall tile. In this method the
inspection of wall tile at final stage of production.
This approach is used for finding crack defect detection it using Thresholding of edge
enhancement and edge detection method was used in thisalgorithm. In this algorithm removing
of crack defect using geometric method are used. But this approach is higher time complexity.
Ahmadyfard Alireza et al. (2009), the author described an algorithm for finding defect detection
from Random textured ceramic tile. It explains eachcustomer wants best quality of product. In
ceramic tile defect detection from digital imageprocessing that is capturing any type of digital
camera or real time sensor. In digital image always in RGB digital image but in RGB image we
don’t easily de-noising the level of intensity most of noise found in blue color and for de-noising
from different levels can’t do easily thus theimage can be converted it into binary image or gray
scale. Because in this type of images have only two type pixel black and white, thus for filtering
noise from this type of noise easily.
The author described a Gabor wavelet filter; this filtering technique can based on mean filtering.
Butthis type of filtering noise techniques is very slow and time consuming. Haya Mohammed T
etal. (2009), the author describes clustering fuzzy identification (CFI), this method used to find
thedefects at manufacturing processes. This model finds the mechanical resistance, ceramic tile
Temperature, dry mechanism. In clustering fuzzy identification we check the structure of
ceramictile when input and output of data. The CFI can be used at different stages of production
at ceramic tile manufacturing industry. This model used 90 days and can easily identification of
defects; it cannot use for detection purpose. Mahajan P.M. et al. (2009), it was described a
approach for finding defect detection in textile industry of fabric manufacturing.
It developed analgorithm can helpful for finding defect fabric manufacturing industry. If this
process do by manually it takes too long time and consuming lots of time in finding defect
detection. Thus by using manually process the quality of inspection is decreases. The
manually process can expensehigher cost and result is not very well. Thus the fabric
manufacturing industry automatic visual inspection method, the automatic visual method
based on image processing.
It lower cost filter and times consumes is also greater in this approach. Akinci Tahir Cetin
(2010), was describe theceramic plates material that used by industry that increase the time
frequency analysis thus it used an algorithm at the manufacturing ceramic plate, a hammer
that made of plastic that impacted on the surface of the ceramic plate.
If ceramic plate can generate the sound means someone of cracked inside the surface
ceramic plate, otherwise if sound is not generated meansno any cracked in the inside of
ceramic plate. This process is not sure and no mathematical calculation. Thus is not used in
future. Vassiliadis Nikolaos et al. (2010), it describe algorithm that improve the process of
finding edge defect detection from digital image of Ceramic tile. Weuse canny edge
detection is most suitable edge detection method at higher accuracy.
Most of algorithm can used the canny edge defect detection from different type of objects. It
is used inlow resolution image but in high resolution image its speed of finding edge
detection is very slow and time consuming. Thus this problem is solved by this algorithm. In
this algorithm weuse parallel connected many number of canny edge detection method.
Most of algorithm can used the canny edge defect detection from different type of objects. It is
used inlow resolution image but in high resolution image its speed of finding edge detection is
very slow and time consuming. Thus this problem is solved by this algorithm. In this algorithm
weuse parallel connected many number of canny edge detection method. The parallel connected
circuit of canny edge defect detection using FPGA. But manufacturing of FPGA circuit is so
costly and controlling to it is very complex. Aborisade D. O. and J. A. Ojo (2011), it was
presented an algorithm for finding defect detection from random textured ceramic tile. When
Gabor filter can be for filtering the noise found in the digital image. There two methods of Gabor
filtering in this algorithm first is the spatial domain and frequency spatial domain. By using the
two techniques of Gabor filtering can easily finding the defect detection from randomly textured
ceramic tile. This algorithm is also in self organized mapping that noise can filter by Gabor filter,
after filtering noise we can detect the edge by canny edge detection method. By using this
algorithm or approach we can increase the efficiency of finding defect detection from the random
textured ceramic tile. Golkar Ehsan et al. (2011), it was described automatic visual inspection
increase due to low cost manufacturing and greater accuracy. This technique can helpful for
finding four types of defect: edge detection, thickness, size measuring and crack detection. Most
of algorithm can used the canny edge defect detection from different type of objects. It is used in
low resolution image but in high resolution image its speed of finding edge detection is very slow
and time consuming. Thus this problem is solved by this algorithm. In this algorithm weuse
parallel connected many number of canny edge detection method. If This
does by manually thus a lot of errors are still, lots of cost and consumes greater time than the
Automatic visual inspection of ceramic tile. Thus ceramic tile manufacturing industry now
present mostly used automatic vision based algorithm. This algorithm can helpful for finding
large number of errors, expenses less cost and less time consuming for make tile from initial
production phase to final production stage. But this approach is fail for detecting curvature type
of ceramic tile. Najafabadi F. S., Pourghassem H. (2011), it was described we enter into a third
phase called filtering of the image. In this phase, we filter blur edges of the digital image by
using median filter. After filtering we enter the fourth phase, in this phase, we are finding the
initial boundary of digital images. Next phase, we apply the mathematical operation dot product
of two vectors. By using dot product we divided the square or rectangle into four right-angle
triangle. The authors determine inner space or Euclidean space of each four right-angle triangle.
Each of right angle values in radian we convert it into a degree. After finding the angle we
compare the angle if the angle is greater than 92 degrees or less than 89 degree the corner is
defective or tile is defective otherwise it is normal. Rahani Ehsan Kabiri et al. (2011), was
proposed for improving the quality of ceramic tile and increases the production rate. This is
possible when ceramic tile manufacturing industry can use the method or algorithm or approach
for finding internal defect of ceramic tile.
Thus it used ultrasonic technique in our algorithm butit cannot helpful for finding defect
detection. The ultrasonic rays cannot pass from the solid partof ceramic tile. Thus it used T-
rays in the proposed algorithm, T represent the Thermal rays. A small hole make inside the
ceramic tile focusing the T-rays on the internal part of ceramic tile. But this technique is so
expensive. D Suresha and Bhat Ganesh V. (2012), it was described in image processing
morphological operation is very important because many operation and operators run of
MATLAB (Matrix Laboratory) that provide an platform different type of operation used in
image processing. Thus the MATLAB can define theory, analyze data, mathematical
techniques, set theory concepts, lattice theory concepts, topology methods and random number
of functions. In morphological operation we convert the image in binary form means white
refers ‘1’ and black refers ‘0’ and gray scale image there are only two colors of intensity level.
The intensity level start from 0 to final level is 255. In image processing in everyimage divided
into thousands number of pixel. This approach mostly used in image processing based
algorithm. Garcez N. et al. (2012), this paper describe an approach for finding automatic visual
inspection can used two different method first is expert knowledge inspection and second
is pitching the diagnosis roofing system of ceramic tile. This algorithm can apply on nearly about
62 roofs. The Ceramic tile attached on floor portion with some adhesive material like white
cement. But some hole also remaining by these holes rainfall water come inside portion and
make a cavity between floor and ceramic tile. Thus in this algorithm can find those type of
Ceramic tile that have cavity between the floor and Ceramic tile. This algorithm is very helpful
for diagnosis of roof after attaching the ceramic tile. But finding defect detection according to
this approach is so time consuming method and efficiency of working is also slow. Islam Md.
Maidul et al. (2012), it described algorithm for structured flaw inspection machine. In this we
captured image and check the 2-dimension.
After this phase, we enter into an image enhancement phase in this we focus on improving the
contrast by improving the intensity level. After we enter into Noise reduction phase in this we
filter the image linear and nonlinear filter. The linear filter is Gaussian filter is just possible for
sets of weights and not for smoothing the blur edges found in the image. The median filtering
used to remove also salt and pepper type of noises. Defective edges represent boundary
between different regions. After this the number of white pixels image is greater than the
reference image or less than the reference image means theimage is the tile is defective
otherwise the normal. But this process time complexity is higher.
Gurmeet Kaur et al. (2012), was presented techniques for de-noising in digital image different
number of noise found in the image. These types of noise are found in digital image are: salt and
pepper, Gaussian noise and speckle noise are found in the image these noises are filtering by
some of de-nosing technique is used wavelet based, Gaussian based, Weiner filter and Average
filter for finding and comparative study of applying different noises compare for applying
different types of condition. Different parameters for comparative study are PNSR (Peak Noise
Signal Ratio), RMSE (Root Mean Square Error) and Correlation of Coefficient (COC). These
different techniques help finding noise from digital image and apply on any type of noise found
in image. Kalpana M. et al. (2012), was described an algorithm that are combination of two first
is digital image processing and second is computer vision. In this algorithm the author described
a digital image processing necessary thing for finding edge detection from any type of image that
we capturing form the digital image camera. For finding edge detection defect we check the level
of intensity. If these level of intensity can break in between means any of edge defect is present
in the digital image. Sometimes the level of intensity breakup due to some of noise find in the
digital image. Thus noise found in the digital image can be removed by two ways: first is wavelet
transformation and in second we some operators that can consumes less time. These operators
are differential, log edge, canny edge and binary morphological. This algorithm is very helpfulfor
removing edge defect detection. Kaur Jappreet et al. (2012), it presented an algorithm that can
helpful for communication digital image from one place to another location with higher
resolution can remain when it receiving by the next user. When the user capturing the digital
image from real time sensor or digital image camera after it sending the digital image by any
communication device. In between way some noise can damage the resolution of the digital
image. For improving the resolution of digital image we use many number of filtering techniques
that increase the number of number of pixel found in the digital image. In the approach we have
read comparative study of different number of filtrating technique can remove large number of
noise from the digital image. Nogay H. Selcuk et al. (2012), it described an algorithm based on
artificial neural networks (ANN).
In this approach we use 18 ceramic plates of same material used in this but each of belongs to
different shapes, depth and sizes. The ANN model can use analgorithm that based weighted of
each ceramic plate. If weighted is less means inner side of ceramic plate is hollow or crack
means this type of ceramic belongs to defective. Otherwise in nohollow or no crack means
weighted is equal to particular size it belongs to good quality. But this process is time
complexity is so higher. Sharma Meenakshi and Kaur Gurleen (2012), it was presented new
algorithm for quality control of ceramic wall tiles. It can describe different approaches that are
very helpful for finding defect from defect detection these are: SVM, KNNand Basiyan. These
three techniques can use GLCM algorithm. The implementing cost of algorithm is so higher.
Singh Sunpreet and Kaur Maninder (2012), was described an algorithmthat compare with
manual defect detection techniques. By manually this process is time consuming and many
numbers of defects are also finding when customers use these ceramic tile.For this bad effect on
customer, in this way the production of ceramic industry in decreases. By prevention of this
cause the author can describe the algorithm that is based on automatic visual inspection method
that is based on images processing and using some tools of image processing.
These tools are: center of gravity, histogram of digital image. But author is not sure that this
algorithm can find defect in all condition. Bhuvaneswari S. and Sabarathinam J. (2013), it
presented algorithm that can be used when manufacturing of ceramic tile due to high density
quality of are not maintained. Thus we have used automatic inspection machine using an
algorithm of Artificial Neural Network (ANN). For defect detection in ceramic tile the author
use the MLP (Multi-layer preceptor) it used three layers for processing one is input second is
processing and third for representing the output. The matrix is passed through neural network
after passing the output of the matrix is matching with the reference matrix if it match means the
ceramic tile is normal. Otherwise the ceramic tile is defective. Test image matching with
reference image is representing slow efficiency. Matic Tomislav et al. (2013), it was presented an
algorithm that helpful for increase in production quality and decrease the production cost. The
algorithm used at initial stage to final stage of production. This algorithm can helpful for finding
defect detection only for the biscuit ceramic tile. It can find the defect at real time processing;
this algorithm can helpful for finding on edge and corner defect detection. It used two methods
for finding these two types of defects are moving average angle difference of the given image
and corner average angle difference of capturing image of the camera.
Meena Yadraj and MittalDr. Ajay (2013), it described algorithms that define how to find the
defect detection from ceramic tile. This algorithm only for suitable for finding blob and crack
defect detection from plain ceramic tile. In this algorithm there are six steps to finding these
two types of defect detection from plain ceramic tile. These steps are: image capturing,
contrasting the image, noisereduction of image, edge detection, segmentation an morphological
operation. This algorithm can compare with manually defect detection from the plain ceramic
tile. This algorithm can findmore defect than the manually process. Thus finding the blob and
crack defect detection efficiency is greater. Lei Yang et al. (2013), it described an approach the
rectangle ceramic plainceramic tile. First it capturing image from the real time sensor that
collect actual image. The author used and algorithm named is online corner defect detection of
rectangle ceramic tile. Itused ostu method for finding number of pixel in the image, for finding
edge detection it used canny operators and at last for finding corner defect detection it used
Hough transformation. Theauthor says this algorithm accuracy level is so low thus in future
any one can generated new algorithm can increase the accuracy level and provide higher
accuracy. Neela K. L. et al. (2013),it was described for finding Corner defect detection is too
difficult task. The author discussed forfinding Corner of fruit favorite images for collecting
these it use any image capturing device likedigital image camera. After capturing digital image
we applying different tools of image processing. An algorithm that named of this method is
feature acceleration segmentation test.
This algorithm can find Corner defect from different type of digital image. In this algorithm uses
different tools for finding corner defect in digital image these tools are: Harris Corner detection
tool, Curvature Corner scale detection tool and Susan Corner edge detection tool. This approach
has some limitation like there is mathematical calculation thus accuracy level is not higher. Singh
R.K. and Sharma Rashmi (2013), it described an approach for finding angle of straight line. If
angle finding of straight line this process can do manually it can be lots of time consuming and
accuracy level is very bed. Because the finding angle of any that may contain many number of
straight lines. By manually approach the result of related to the angle is approximately, by this
approach we finding accurate angle between different numbers of straight line found in any type
of object. For finding angle of any straight line using digital image processing and run on the
MATLAB (MATrix LABorartory).
This method or approach is very useful for finding any type of accurate angle detection of any
types of object found in our surrounding. Verma Rohit and AliDr. Jahid (2013), the author was
presented an efficient approach for finding noise defect detection from digital image, the coin
used in this of two rupees. In this approach we were removing the different types of noise
present in the given digital image. These types of noise aresalt and pepper noise, Gaussian image
noise, Photon image noise, Speckle image noise. These types of noises can filter by different
techniques like average, adaptive and order statistics. It canshow the comparative study of
different noise found in digital image and different types of filtering techniques are used for
filtering the noise found in digital image of two rupees coin.
According to the algorithm it used order statistics filter that remove more noise than any other
types of filtering techniques. Yang Shih Wei et al. (2013), it described new algorithms that
introduce an automatic inspection system for printed art crafted ceramic tile. For proving the
different results related to this algorithm we use eight art crafted printed ceramic tile. We know
many type of defect found in ceramic tile, this algorithm is applicable for all type of defect found
generally find in printed art crafted ceramic tile. For finding different defect from ceramic tile we
convert the RGB digital image into gray scale image. After this conversion we apply
morphological operation. The author suggests this algorithm is more suitable for find defect
detection printed art crafted ceramic tile. But in this algorithm there is no particular idea different
type of defect found in the ceramic tile. Bhat Muzamil (2014), it describe different techniques of
digital image processing when scientist can launched the satellite. This process can require lots
of resources like many numbers of sensors, fuel capacity indicator, latched and many number of
microprocessor that can store all related information to satellite. In these used thousands of
sensors that can store activity of every seconds and micro and Pico seconds activity. Because the
sensors can sends different type of digital image to its controlling section.
The controlling section uses the different types of digital image that can be used in future. For
help differenttypes of difficulties for face in future. The different number of new software can
help for de-nosing the digital image. Gonydjaja Rosny et al. (2014), it was presented an algorithm
or anapproach that can useful for finding only for corner defect detection from rectangular simple
shape of ceramic tile. In this algorithm the process of finding corner defect detection from
rectangular ceramic tile is to be make automated process that used by ceramic tile industry, but
many of ceramic tile industry used manually process at that time. Due to using manually of
finding defect detection from ceramic tile is the main reason to fail the industry. Thus this
algorithm is based on automated visual inspection system this system based on image processing.
For finding Corner defect detection using morphological operation. This algorithm is so time
consuming and in this way productivity decreases.
Kim Kwang Baek and Song Doo Heon (2014), was presented a technique that first finds the
quality of using materials. Means the quality of material used according to its manual or
helpful for making good quality of ceramictile. It developing non destructive testing method,
this testing method can helpful for finding different defects like cracks, foreign particle found
on the surface of ceramic tile. It developed analgorithm that based fuzzy logic based method.
First in this method binarization of fuzzy image after it apply segmentation and identification
on the binary image. This algorithm for finding defect detection from binary image of ceramic
tile is relatively slow and highly sensitive at boundary. Mishra Rashmi and Shukla Dolly
(2014), it was presented an approach to fulfill the great demand of ceramic tile in building
construction because of low cost, easily installation, lowmaintenance and many more
features. This algorithm has two phase Training phase and detection phase. Horizontal and
Vertical edge detection are detected by using a Sober operator and the diagonal of edge
detection is detected by using Roberts operator. In Detection phase, read the defect in the
image and perform neural training algorithm and output is calculated by using a probabilistic
neural network in this way finding the defect in ceramic tile. The trainingphase is so puzzled
stage.
Chapter 3: Company Profile
3.1 About Kajaria
Kajaria, the largest manufacturer of ceramic and varied tiles in India. It has annual aggregate capacity
of 84.45 mn.sq.meters, distributed across eight plants- Sikandrabad in Uttar-Pradesh,
Gailpur & Malootana in Rajasthan, Vijayawada & Srikalahasti in Andhra Pradesh , Balanagar in
Telangana and two plants in Gujarat. Equipped with cutting edge technology, we strive to deliverquality
products and services to our customers. Our team of experts work around the clock to
ensure that the quality of our product is never compromised.
In order to cater to the specific needs of our customers we produce various categories of tiles,
including kitchen tiles, bathroom tiles, wall tiles, floor tiles and exterior wall tiles. We aim at
producing tiles that complement the distinctive style of our customers and cater to the vast needsof
Indian audience. All of our tiles are crafted with intense care using state of the art technology to ensure
that we live up to the expectations of our buyers. Choices of materials are used to produce our
magnificent range of products.
Designer Wall Tiles India for Bathroom & Kitchen
Our mesmerizing range of designer bathroom & kitchen floor and wall tiles have a luxuirous
appeal and seem to have been struck with afflatus. The premier collection is a showstopper andhas
the ability to make any dimension look grand. Every single piece of tile from their range of designer
bathroom & kitchen floor and wall tileshas a compelling aura. The matt finish tile for kitchen from
our collection fit perfectly with modern day designs while our rustic kitchen wall tiles blend easily
with ecery surrounding.
A spectacular mirror like effect is what you get in this superior finish. The highly polished lookis
achieved with a thicker coat of glaze, enhancing image sharpness and giving you a rich and true color
experience.
Floor Tiles
Kajaria Ceramics’ range of luxurious floor tiles integrates technological expertise with exquisite designs.
Each tile is crafted using ultra-modern technology to ensure high quality. These premium floor tiles come
in a variety of unique designs and sizes which makes them a showstopper, always. With the graceful colour
schemes and the elegant designs, each tile is a masterpiece on its own. Apart from having amazing looks
our tiles are also strong, durable and low maintenance. Our floor tiles are perfect for homes, hotels &
workspaces.
Wall Tiles
Kajaria Ceramics brings to you premium wall tiles that are detailed with perfection. Each tile is made using
state of the art technology making them strong, durable & easy to maintain.
These wall tiles divided into three categories – Ceramic wall tiles, Polished Vitrified Tiles and Glazed
Vitrified Tiles to fit the requirements of our customers. These categories are then subdivided into rustic
wall tiles, white bathroom wall tiles, matt bathroom wall tiles, matt tiles, etc. The availability of unique
sizes and extraordinary finishes make our wall tiles stand out. We believe that the way you stylize your
home reflects on your personal style and so, we focus on creating wall tiles that suit your distinctive style.
Bedroom Floor Tiles
Revamp your house with an eye-catching range of bedroom floor tiles by Kajaria. Manufactured with the
help of advanced digital machinery, the assortment of floor tiles comes in various textures, and dimensions
to match the interior of your house. The polished tiles by the brand have a reflective surface that effortlessly
brighten up the whole area. The radiance of the floor tiles is durable and easy to keep up. To add that earthy
and rustic look of natural wood to your bedroom or living room, choose from our eclectic collection of
wooden floor tiles.
Floor Tiles for Commercial Purpose
Our range of floor tiles is as huge as ever! It is an amalgamation of industrial proficiency and exquisite
designs. Each tile is made with excellence using the most advanced equipment and technology to ensure
great quality. These exceptional floor tiles are also best commercial spaces shopping malls, restaurant,
fashion store, office reception, hotels etc.
Outdoor Tiles
Kajaria is known for its exclusive range of ceramic tiles in India including many tremendous variants, anti-
slip floor tiles being the most used and innovative ones. These floor tiles have been crafted to meet your
need, style and most importantly the safety requirement. Our wide-ranging collection features various
finishes that will allow you to add that extra zing to your space. The collection of Anti-slip tiles comes with
a good quality and assured safety. With in-depth research and innovation, we’ve have created a product
which is best used for bathrooms, kitchens pools etc.
Kitchens Floor Tiles
Kajaria’s grand range of exquisite kitchens floor tiles are a feast for eyes. The ultimate collection has the
ability to transform any plain Jane dimension to an ultra-gorgeous one. The designer tiles are made using
state-of-the art technology to ensure that each kitchen floor tile is of high quality. Our tiles are a perfect
blend of mind-blowing designs with appealing colours and extraordinary finishes. The large collection is
made to cater the individual styles and needs of our customers. Our constant quality checks and diligent
workers ensure that we produce the best quality tiles etc.
Bathroom Floor Tiles
Kajaria presents the new extravagant range of bathroom tiles that come with astounding features. The
innovative collection of matt finish tiles consists of a variety of spectacular designs which will surely
provide a sense of wideness to the area with a dash of sophistication & style. As matt surfaces offer better
grip and resistance, such matt finish tiles are the evident choice for flooring as well as wall tiling, especially
in bathrooms.
3.2 Why You Should Use Tiles
When renovating or building your home, an important aspect you should consider is the material used –
whether it’s your bathroom, kitchen, or other living space. But which type of material is the best for your
project? Should you use paint, wallpaper carpet, laminate or tile? Naturally, you’re going to want
something that, not only looks good but will be able to withstand use. Both of which tiles can deliver on.
In this post, we’re going to explore all the reasons why we think you should use tiles in your next
renovation.
1. They’ll Look Good for Years
As we discussed in our Ceramic v. Porcelain article, tiles are (as a rule of thumb) the most durable
flooring product available on the market. As long as they’re properly installed, maintained and cared for,
they’ll look as good as the day they were installed for years to come. On the other hand, another flooring
type like carpet can easily stain and fade with time. Additionally, vinyl is prone to scuffs and tears, not
only resulting in the floor needing replacing, but it will also harbour germs.
2. Tiles Are Hypoallergenic

The hard, flat surface of both ceramic and porcelain tiles make them the perfect choice for those that
suffer from allergies. Unlike carpet which is a haven for allergens, dust mites, pollen, and pet hair which
cannot cling to tile surfaces making them ideal.
3. Easy To Clean
Like we mentioned here, it doesn’t take much to clean tiles. Unlike carpet which easily collects dirt and
needs to be cleaned regularly, tiles do not require as much attention. It is much easier and less time-
consuming to care for than other floor types. By simpling cleaning them with a mop once a week, they’ll
look pristine (for low traffic areas, weekly mopping may not even be required). This can be enhanced
with Lithofin products which help maintain stone, porcelain and ceramic tiles.
4. Versatile
At Tile & Stone Gallery, we have hundreds of unique tiles which come in many different shapes, sizes
and colours, so there is always something to reflect your personality. From porcelain
tiles to mosaics, there is an almost limitless choice for every style and budget out
there from modern to urban designs. With other flooring types like laminate and carpet, you may be stuck
with a much smaller pool of options to choose from.
5. High-End Look
If you want to create a high-end look in your home without breaking your budget, tiles are by far the
better option compared to carpet, laminate, and other flooring types. They hold their value far better and
add a more elegant, sophisticated (and generally more expensive) look to your home. Our team are
committed to bringing you the highest quality tiles at the most competitive prices – so whether you opt
for a ceramic tile or a patterned porcelain tile, we’ll always ensure that your floor looks the best.
6. Great for Underfloor Heating

In recent years, underfloor heating systems have become more accessible. So if you’re thinking about
selecting underfloor heating, it is important to consider your floor type. As you would expect, flooring
like carpet is inappropriate and, even though some hardwood flooring may be suitable for underflooring
heating, porcelain tiles will always convey the heat more efficiently. Due to this, they’re perfectly
matched for underfloor heating which we offer.
7. Something For Every Budget

We understand that cost is something you always have to consider when renovating or redesigning your
home. Thankfully, tiles are relatively reasonable, and we have types that are suitable for every
budget, just contact one of our showrooms and they will happily help you find suitable tiles for your
project.
8. Fire Resistant
Conventional tiles like ceramics or porcelains are well known for their ability to naturally withstand high
temperatures (i.e. fires). Since they don’t burn or scorch, this makes them perfect for use in the
kitchen, unlike carpet which can easily singe.
9. Environmentally Friendly
Since tiles are composed of natural raw materials like clay, sand, and glass, their production does not
require the exploitation of any other natural resources like trees and wool.
10. Create A Feature

Feature walls are a great way to use tiles to make your space pop and bring attention to an area of your
room, whether in the kitchen or a living space. In order to create this effect, you can use beautiful wall
tiles which can transform your plain decor into something elegant and stunning. Guaranteed to impress,
our team can help you find the perfect tiles to make your feature piece dream a reality. Just ask for help at
one of our showrooms!
3.3 Why Ceramic Tiles?
Ceramic tile is one of the best tile options that works well with every space in a home or office.
When looking for suitable tile options for bathroom area, you can never go wrong with ceramic bathroom
floor and wall tiles. A hard and protective layer on the tiles make it impervious to stains and water making
it safe from the ravages of high humidity and moist conditions.
Ceramic tile flooring is very easy to maintain. Stains, dirt, and liquids stays on the surface which is easily
wiped or mopped away. Regular sweeping using a soft brush broom is enough to keep the floor clean.
Our exquisite range of ceramic wood tiles are everything that a nature lover needs. The unique collection
displays tiles that give you an experience of real nature. Our state-of-the art technology enables us to turn
any imagery into real-life, visually. Inspired by hues from nature, our tiles reproduce random and
distinctive wooden patterns that give an undeniably realistic look. Every single tile made by us is crafted
to perfection and is definite to grab everyone's attention. The splendid collection can make anyone feel
closer to nature.
3.3.1 CX-1 for Ceramic Floor Tiles
Product Description:
CX1 is grey cement based polymer modified quick set tile adhesive. It gives excellent bond on
cementitious surfaces like concrete and plaster. CX1 Adhesive forms a waterproof barrier between two
surfaces and has an excellent 'grab' properties.
Advantages:
- Ready to use. Needs only mixing with water.

- Flexible, shock and impact resistant.
- Fast and economical.
- High bond strength.
- Suitable for ceramic floor tiles.
Other Details:
Pack size: 20 kg.
Color: Grey
Shelf Life: 1 year in dry unopened bags.
Coverage (in sq. mtr.): 4-5 sq. mtr. / 20 kg bag at 3 mm thickness.
Application:
For fixing all types of ceramic tiles on interior floor surfaces.
3.3.2 VX-1 for All Kind of Floor Tiles
VX1 is polymer modified grey cement based tile adhesive specially designed for heavy duty applicants
for fixing vitrified tiles & large size tiles on floor surfaces. this highly flexible adhesive also has an
excellent waterproofing ability. When properly applied, it takes care of hollowness problem.
Advantages:

- Also suitable for marbles and tile on tile application.
- Can also we use for internal wall tile.
- Saves time as floors are ready to be used after 24 hours.
- Excellent adhesion & low shrinkage.
Other Details:
Pack size: 20 kg.

Color: Grey
Application:
For vitrified & ceramic tiles and large format tiles on floor surfaces.
3.3.3 CX-2 White Color Adhesive For Ceramic Floor Tiles
CX2 White is white cement based polymer modified quick set tile adhesive. It gives excellent bond on
cementitious surfaces like concrete and plaster. CX2 White Adhesive forms a waterproof barrier between
two surfaces and has an excellent properties. Highly recommended for light base ceramic floor tiles.
Advantages:

- Flexible, shock and impact resistant.
- Fast and economical
- High bond strength
- Highly effective for light base ceramic floor tiles
- Protect light base ceramic tile from discoloration.
Other Details:
Pack size: 20 kg.

Color: White
Application:
For fixing all kind of ceramic floor tile. Specially recommended for light base ceramic floor tile to give
them more brightness and shine.
3.3.4 VX-2 White Color Adhesive For All Kind of Tiles & Marbles
CX2 White is white cement based polymer modified quick set tile adhesive. It gives excellent bond on
cementitious surfaces like concrete and plaster. CX2 White Adhesive forms a waterproof barrier between
two surfaces and has an excellent properties. Highly recommended for light base ceramic floor tiles.
Advantages:
- Ready to use. Needs only mixing with water

- Also suitable for Marbles and tile on tile application.
- Can also we use for internal wall tile
- Saves time as floors are ready to be used after 24 hours.
- Excellent adhesion & low shrinkage.
- Very effective for light base tiles & Marbles.
- Protect light base tiles from discoloration.
Other Details:
Pack size: 20 kg.

Color: White
Coverage (in sq. mtr.): 4-5 Sq. Mtr. / 20 kg bag at 3 mm thickness
Application:
White color adhesive specially recommended for all kinds of floor tiles & marble.
3.3.5 EX-5 Heavy Duty Tile Adhesive for Wall & Floor Tiles
When performance matters, professionals choose technically advanced solution for excellent adhesion.
EX-5 is a high strength polymer modified adhesive. EX-5 is specially designed for heavy duty tile
application.
It has superior strength and is ideal for wall cladding tiles, large format vitrified & ceramic tiles on
internal & external floors.
Advantages:
- Suitable for all types of tiles for both interior & exterior solution.
- Excellent tensile & shear adhesion.
- Heat & weather resistant.
- Thermal insulation.
Features:
- Simply mix with water and it is ready to use.

- No curing required
- Water resistant.
- High Strength adhesive
Other Details:
Pack size: 20 kg.

Color: Grey
Coverage (in sq. mtr.): 4-5 Sq. Mtr. / 20 kg bag at 3 mm thickness
Chapter 4 : Research Methodology
4.1 Objectives of Ceramic Tiles:
Appearance is just one of the reasons for choosing ceramic tiles for cladding your walls and
floors, indoors and outdoors. In fact, ceramic tiles offer many Objectives if compared to other
materials. These advantages include their technical performance, their safety, the fact that they
are environmental-friendly and easy to take care of.
Objectives of ceramic tiles
Choosing a ceramic tile means choosing one of the most versatile, resistant and green materials available
on the market, and it's easy to take care of too. It combines all these virtues with an unparalleled range of
aesthetic effects. Amongst the many reasons for choosing ceramics, we have chosen eleven, which we
believe deserve to be taken in account to better understand the great potential and to make your choice
with no hesitation.
1) Ceramic tiles are more resistant to wear and scratching

Tiles produced using different technology - each within its scope of intended use (floors or walls,
interiors or exteriors, for residential or commercial uses) - are amongst the most resistant materials to
wear and scratching.
2) Ceramic tiles resist water, damp and steam: ceramic tiles can be installed in damp areas, such as
kitchens, bathrooms, spas and even swimming pools.
3) Ceramic tiles resist heat: ceramic tiles resist heat and direct flames perfectly since they are non-
flammable and they do not emit, in the event of fires, harmful substances either for people or the
environment. There is also no danger of them blackening further to contact with hot objects.
4) Ceramic tiles resist time and are virtually unalterable: ceramic is an extremely resistant material that
remains unchanged and does not deteriorate as time goes by. Ceramic tiles do not fade or darken, they are
colourfast and their finish remains as it is, even in the event of long exposure to UV rays.
5) Ceramic tiles resist staining and are easy to take care of :

Ceramic tiles are hygienic, they do not stain and they are easy to take care of. Ceramic does not facilitate
the development of bacteria, does not deteriorate, is waterproof, non-absorbent and is one of the easiest
materials to clean and disinfect. Ceramics resist virtually any type of chemical. Daily cleaning can be
performed using only warm water.
6) Ceramic tiles can be cleaned with aggressive detergents:

Ceramic tiles can also be cleaned using aggressive products or treatments: as far as routine cleaning is
concerned, warm water is sufficient. However, if deep-down cleaning becomes necessary, it is possible to
use aggressive detergents or strong cleaning methods, such as for instance high-pressure cleaners or
brushes, without any risk of damage.
7) Ceramic tiles are ideal for heated floors or walls: the great heat conductivity of ceramic tiles allows for
an excellent performance of heating systems. This performance is much higher than that obtained using
other insulating materials, which tend to create a barrier to the passage of heat.
8) Ceramic tiles are available in a greater variety of sizes

Ceramic tiles are available in a variety of sizes and shapes that is much greater than that of any other
cladding material. They are also available in a wide assortment of accessories and trim pieces. Ceramics
are so versatile that they fulfil any aesthetic and technical requirement. This is why they are the ideal
choice for complete projects, even of a particularly complex nature.
9) Ceramic tiles are environmental-friendly, during their entire life-cycle and respect the environment and
your health: the production process of all types of ceramic tile is eco-compatible. Be even more
demanding: always make sure that the tiles you purchase have all the environmental and quality
certifications that guarantee compliance with the most stringent European standards.
10) Ceramic tiles are inert and do not emit volatile substances
Owing to the nature of the materials used and to the production process, ceramic tiles do not emit VOC.
4.2 Data Collection:
India is one of the fastest-growing ceramic tile marketplaces at the global level. Some of the major factors
augmenting the growth of the ceramic tiles demand in India are the growing real estate sector coupled with
government policies fueling strong growth in the housing sector. In addition, rising disposable income in
India and a corresponding desire for beautification of living and working spaces are also driving the need
for ceramic tiles in the country. Demand for products like the new touchless and other hygiene-centric
products in bath ware and the germ-free tiles will take center stage and will see traction in the forecast
period. The government schemes such as ‘Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana’ and ‘Smart Cities, among others,
are likely to provide a further impetus to the real estate market in India.
The real estate sector has benefitted from Real Estate Regulatory Authority, which was implemented on
May 01st, 2017. RERA makes the real estate sector more transparent, and process-driven. RERA has a
direct implication on the ceramic sector as well. During the forecast period, a surge in remodeling activities
is expected to enhance product demand in the Indian ceramic tiles market's residential segment. Consumers
are spending a lot of money to improve the appearance of their walls and floors, which will be a major
element driving product demand in the residential market in the coming years.
The ceramic tiles market has been showing steady growth over the last few years in India. However, the
sector was hit badly amid the COVID-19 pandemic as India’s GDP fell drastically in 2020, and furthermore,
the Indian economy contracted by 7.3% in the April-June quarter of 2021. In March 2020, after the national
lockdown was imposed in India amid the COVID-19 outbreak, an estimated 10 million migrant workers
migrated back to their respective native lands. Thus, due to a shortage of labor, the timely completion of
projects has become one of the major challenges for ceramic tile manufacturers amid the pandemic.
However, once the lockdown started to reverse back, the tile industry was first to emerge out of the crisis
stronger than ever, and the recovery in demand in the ceramic tile industry in India is expected to thrive
exponentially post-COVID.
4.2.1 Ceramic Tiles Industry Segmentation
A complete background analysis of the market, including the analysis of market size and forecast, market
shares, industry trends, growth drivers, and vendors, is provided. Additionally, the report features
qualitative and quantitative assessments by analyzing the data gathered from industry analysts and market
participants across key points in the industry’s value chain. The Market is Segmented by product,
application, construction, and end-user. By Product, the market is segmented into Glazed, Porcelain,
Scratch-free, and Other Products. By Application, the market is segmented into Floor Tiles, Wall Tiles, and
Other Applications. By Construction, the market is segmented into New Construction and Replacement
and Renovation. By End User, the market is segmented into Residential and Commercial. The report offers
the market sizes and forecasts in value for the above segments.
4.2.2 Ceramic Tiles Market Trends
This section covers the major market trends shaping the India Ceramic Tiles Market according to our
research experts:
Growing Urbanization is Driving the Market
India is urbanizing rapidly with the urban share of the population being around 35% by 2020. Furthermore,
it is expected to touch 40% by 2030, amounting to approximately 600 million urban inhabitants. The
urbanization in India is mainly due to the expansion of cities and the migration of people. Investments are
made in housing, road network, urban transport, water supply, power-related infrastructures, smart cities,
and other forms of urban management. Urbanization boosts the demand for residential and commercial
construction markets in the country, which has fueled rapid growth for the Indian ceramic tiles market.
India is witnessing an absolute growth in the urban population, owing to growing income levels of the
middle-class and stable democracy. Moreover, people are migrating to the urban area every year in India,
which is expected to form new cities with more population.
Rising Investments in Real Estate in India is Driving the Market
Despite the economic meltdown, investment in the real estate sector has always been regarded as profitable,
yielding positive results over time. The Foreign portfolio investment in the Indian real estate sector was
valued at USD 497 million in March 2021. The Godrej Group has forayed into the financial services
industry in 2020 with Godrej Housing Finance (GHF), through which it hopes to build a long-term and
sustainable retail financial service business in India. Blackstone is one of the largest private market
investors in India, holding about USD 50 billion of the market value in the real estate sector as of 2021.
These Increasing investments have created higher housing demand in India ad increasing housing demand
accounts for 70% of the total demand for tiles in India.
4.2.3 Ceramic Tiles Industry Overview
The report covers major international players operating in the Indian ceramic tiles market. In terms of
market share, few of the major players currently dominate the market. However, with technological
advancement and product innovation, mid-size to smaller companies are increasing their market presence
by securing new contracts and by tapping new markets.
4.2.4 Ceramic Tiles Market News
• RAK has ambitious plans to make India its important export hub going forward. Export of ceramic tiles
from India has increased fivefold over the same period of time since 2018. In 2018, India stood among
the top 70 exporters. This trend continued in 2019, with a further 21% growth in Indian exports in the
first quarter. In 2020, India’s manufacturing operations were hindered by the volatility in the price of
natural gas, which accounts for between 15% and 30% of production costs and ever-higher
transportation costs.
• About 60 new plants with CAPEX of INR 5,000 crore are expected to be up and running by December
2021, as the demand for exports has risen to 35-40% currently, up from 20-25% pre-COVID.
4.3 Scope of Study:

Ceramic tiles have certain advantages over normal tiles as they look better, they are more robust and they
are long-lasting these are some of the main factors which have put Ceramic Tiles at a point where it is
used in many construction sites around the world. Ceramic Tiles are used in residential construction and
as well as commercial construction sites. The protective coating present on Ceramic Tiles is intact and
provides a glaze for a good appearance. This Protective coating also gives these tiles some properties like
dirt resistance, water resistance, and easy clean-up. Ceramic Tiles are suitable to be used on walls and
floors. These tiles can be applied in rooms, offices, bathrooms, and balconies because they are easy to
apply and maintain.
Ceramic tiles are mostly used for flooring because of their properties like dirt and water resistance, low
maintenance, ease to clean, they are long-lasting and very durable. These tiles are also applied on outdoor
roofs and walls, also used in interior walls for appearance purposes because of their durability they are
also used on countertops to make them long-lasting and they cost less than marble or granite stones.
Ceramic tiles are robust and long-lasting and are considered good because they don’t have a high impact
on nature making them environment-friendly. Due to their environment-friendly character, they are
gaining popularity for wall and floor applications. Ceramic Tiles are available in multiple textures, colors,
sizes, thickness, etc. all these factors give the Ceramic Tiles Market to grow.
The prime factor driving the growth of the Global Ceramic Tiles Market is the rapidly growing
population apart from that many people are moving from rural areas or villages to metropolitan cities to
settle down which has inclined the growth of this sector further. According to the United Nations
Population Division, the World population is predicted to reach nearly 10 billion by the year 2050 and
nearly 65% would be residing in urban areas. And increasing awareness for hygiene and sanitation among
the population is also affecting this market because these tiles provide resistance against dirt and water
and can be cleaned very easily. Furthermore, due to growing urbanization more and more offices, shops,
malls, and houses are being built which will drive the growth of this market higher during the forecast
period.
Manufacturing a tile requires a high amount of energy during the manufacturing cycle. And due to the
COVID-19 pandemic, there have been a lot of problems restraining the growth of this market like
transportation holds due to lockdowns all over the world, shortage of workforce, very low income, and
growing prices of raw materials. Besides the pandemic, prices of raw materials required for the
manufacturing of ceramic tiles like silica sand, kaolin, feldspar, and bentonite tend to fluctuate frequently
making and because of high fluctuation in prices raw materials affects the cost of the final product and
unsettles the whole supply network which makes it harder for an organization to survive in the
competitive landscape, it is a major factor restraining the growth of Global Ceramic Tiles Market.
The growing Ceramic Tiles Market and dedicated retail sector for Ceramic tiles have created a great
opportunity for this market. In urban areas more and more brand-dedicated stores are being opened where
a person can find multiple types of products in one showroom which makes it very easy for the customer
to find and decide the right kind of tile suitable for their house or their workplaces. As we are moving into
the digital age, we can get a lot of information at the touch of a finger digital advancements like online
comparison of prices and augmented reality also give this market an opportunity to grow. Augmented
reality has a major advantage as it gives a customer the comfort of comparing various designs hand on at
their construction sites using their smartphones.
4.3.1 Ceramic Tiles Market
Based on End-User, the market is segmented into Residential and Non-Residential. The Non-residential
segment dominates the market with the highest market share, the major factor driving the segment’s
growth is, the rising demand for cost-effective and highly robust Ceramic Flooring for commercial and
industrial products. The growing construction of office spaces, hotels, hospitals, gyms, spa centers,
universities, and other commercial infrastructure across the globe is favoring the market growth. The
residential sector is also growing due to the rise in construction and refurbishment of the housing sector in
emerging economies of South Asia such as India.
4.3.2 Ceramic Tiles Market, By Type of Construction
• New Construction
• Renovation and Replacement
Based on Type of Construction, the market is segmented into New Construction, and Renovation and
Replacement. The New Construction segment dominates the market with the highest market share. This
is due to rapid urbanization taking place across the globe and the need for anti-slip, water-resistant, and
cost-effective tiles have increased and Ceramic Tiles are being used in showrooms, malls, shops, offices,
retail stores, and hotels. Increasing new construction demand for residential apartments by the expanding
middle-class population base is favoring the segment growth.
4.3.3 Ceramic Tiles Market, By Geography
• North America
• Europe
• Asia Pacific
• Rest of the World
On the basis of Geography, the Global Ceramic Tiles Market is classified into North America, Europe,
Asia Pacific, and the Rest of the world. The Asia-Pacific market dominates the Global Ceramic Tiles
Market with the highest market share and is inclined to grow further throughout the forecast period. The
major factor driving the demand for ceramic tiles in this region is the requirement for Ceramic Tiles for
residential and non-residential constructions happening due to rapid urbanization. The demand for
ceramic tiles in this region is majorly driven by countries like India, China, Vietnam, Thailand, and
Indonesia.
Key Players
The “Global Ceramic Tiles Market” study report will provide valuable insight with an emphasis on the
global market. The major players in the market are Mohawk Industries, Kajaria Ceramics, China
Ceramics, Siam Cement, and Grupo Lamosa.
Our market analysis also entails a section solely dedicated to such major players wherein our analysts
provide an insight into the financial statements of all the major players, along with its product
benchmarking and SWOT analysis. The competitive landscape section also includes key development
strategies, market share, and market ranking analysis of the above-mentioned players globally.
4.3.4 Key Developments:
• SCG Cement-Building Materials Company Limited acquired all shares of Oitolabs Technologies
Private Limited in India in August 2020, to advance SCG CBM’s digital technology and software
development with a target of providing better value to customers and expanding their growth
opportunities.
• RAK Ceramics and Azizi Developments agreed and came together to supply floor and wall tiles,
kitchen and bathroom fittings for the MBR City waterfront project in Dubai, UAE in June 2020.
• Kajaria Ceramics released their new series of exquisite ceramic tiles known as ‘Trends 2020’ in
December 2019, this series was released to target the southern region in India.
• RAK Ceramics has started investing in the construction of their new plant in Saudi Arabia in
February 2019, which is going to provide an addition of 10 million square meters per annum to
the production capacity of RAK Ceramics.
4.4 Need of Study:
• Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the market based on segmentation involving both economic as
well as non-economic factors
• Provision of market value (USD Billion) data for each segment and sub-segment
• Indicates the region and segment that is expected to witness the fastest growth as well as to dominate
the market
• Analysis by geography highlighting the consumption of the product/service in the region as well as
indicating the factors that are affecting the market within each region
• Competitive landscape which incorporates the market ranking of the major players, along with new
service/product launches, partnerships, business expansions, and acquisitions in the past five years of
companies profiled
• Extensive company profiles comprising of company overview, company insights, product
benchmarking, and SWOT analysis for the major market players
• The current as well as the future market outlook of the industry with respect to recent developments
which involve growth opportunities and drivers as well as challenges and restraints of both emerging as
well as developed regions
• Includes in-depth analysis of the market of various perspectives through Porter’s five forces analysis
• Provides insight into the market through Value Chain
• Market dynamics scenario, along with growth opportunities of the market in the years to come
• 6-month post-sales analyst support
4.5 Advantages & Disadvantages of Ceramic Tiles:
There is a reason for the immense popularity of tiles in the world of construction. Today, it is impossible
to envision constructing a home without the use of tiles. They have left no element of the construction
process untouched, from our kitchen to our bathroom, and from our flooring to our walls, we can see tiles
everywhere. And tiles will continue to hold a significant role in the world of building for a very long time
due to their affordability, diversity, and ease of use. One such tile is Ceramic Tiles.
Ceramic tiles are commonly used for flooring, walls, worktops, backsplashes, and bathrooms. Ceramic
tile may be the only flooring option that works in every area of the house. Ceramic tiles have a firm, solid
surface that will not collect or retain dirt, dust, pollen, or other allergens. Ceramic tiles are also popular
among homeowners and tile installers. That is because of its classic appearance and a vast selection of
potential designs. Though ceramic floor tiles are becoming more popular in India, keep in mind that this
sort of tile has its own set of advantages and disadvantages.
With that, let us go straight into the advantages and disadvantages of ceramic tiles.
4.5.1 ADVANTAGES OF CERAMIC TILES:
1) DURABILITY:
Ceramic tiles are super strong, long-lasting, and abrasion-resistant. If you have a professional installation,
the tiles can last up to 20 years or even longer if you maintain them properly. Even if one tile cracks, it is
usually due to a hard impact, and you will find it simple to repair one tile. As a result, you'll be able to
keep your overall costs low because you won't have to replace tiles on a regular basis.
2) LOW MAINTENANCE:
One of the things that people like best about tile flooring is how simple it is to keep clean. If any stains,
dirt, or liquids get on it, they will all sit on top and not be absorbed, making it easy to clean. You can keep
them clean by sweeping any loose debris and dirt off the floor using a vacuum with a soft brush
attachment or a broom. If stains do occur, nearly any cleaner may be used without damaging the tile
flooring. As a result, many homeowners choose to install ceramic tile in their bathrooms and kitchens.
3) WATER- RESISTANT:
Another reason for using ceramic tile flooring is that it is water-resistant. The material has a protective
layer on top that makes it stain- and water-resistant; this is especially essential in bathrooms and kitchens,
where the ceramic tile will endure considerably longer than other materials. It also withstands high humid
conditions, so you don't have to worry about it being damaged during the hot and humid summer months.
Ceramic tiles will be suitable in any wet climate.
4) WIDE RANGE OF PRODUCTS:

Ceramic tiles are available in a wide range of colours, textures, and styles, and patterns can be made using
flexible tile sizes. They may also be printed to look like numerous hardwoods and natural stones. They
are adaptable to nearly any colour scheme or theme. We can now print anything on ceramic tiles thanks to
the advancement of digital printing technology. AGL Tiles has ceramic tiles in countless designs &
colours. You will definitely find something you like over there.
5) PREVENTS THE GROWTH OF GERMS:

The ceramic tile floor is not only easy to clean, but it also does not harbour germs. This characteristic of
ceramic tiles is advantageous for running a public-service business, such as a restaurant. Ceramic tiles'
hard surface makes them impermeable, which means they are resistant to water and moisture, making
them less prone to germs and moulds.
4.5.2 DISADVANTAGES OF CERAMIC TILES:
1) COLD:
The ceramics tile flooring does not absorb or retain heat effectively; it can get rather chilly in the winter.
When this is placed in the home, your feet will feel a shock when they tread on chilly flooring first thing
in the morning. That is crucial to consider if you want to install tiles in a public are Soldiers pictured
during the 2003 Iraq War seen through IR transparent Night Vision Goggles
The military requirements of World War II encouraged developments, which created a need for high-
performance materials and helped speed the development of ceramic science and engineering.
Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, new types of ceramics were developed in response to advances in
atomic energy, electronics, communications, and space travel. The discovery of ceramic superconductors
in 1986 has spurred intense research to develop superconducting ceramic parts for electronic devices,
electric motors, and transportation equipment.
There is an increasing need in the military sector for high-strength, robust materials which have the
capability to transmit light around the visible (0.4–0.7 micrometers) and mid-infrared (1–5 micrometers)
regions of the spectrum. These materials are needed for applications requiring transparent armour.
Transparent armour is a material or system of materials designed to be optically transparent, yet protect
from fragmentation or ballistic impacts. The primary requirement for a transparent armour system is to
not only defeat the designated threat but also provide a multi-hit capability with minimized distortion of
surrounding areas. Transparent armour windows must also be compatible with night vision equipment.
New materials that are thinner, lightweight, and offer better ballistic performance are being sought.
Such solid-state components have found widespread use for various applications in the electro-optical
field including: optical fibres for guided lightwave transmission, optical switches, laser amplifiers and
lenses, hosts for solid-state lasers and optical window materials for gas lasers, and infrared (IR) heat
seeking devices for missile guidance systems and IR night vision.
2) Harder Surface Materials

Ceramic tiles are extremely hard. While the hardness of ceramic is considered to be an added value, as it
makes them easier to clean and maintain, there is also a downside. The hardness makes it uncomfortable
to stand on them, while the kitchen is an area where the user has to stand for a prolonged period. As
ceramic tiles cannot be softened using padded underlayment, it might not be a suitable choice for
everyone. However, the hardness of ceramic can be offset by using throw rugs or area rugs in places
people tend to stand for a lengthy period, such as in front of the kitchen sink.
Everything has its pros and cons. You have to decide if the advantage outweighs its disadvantages or not
for your specific requirements. With all this knowledge, now you can make an informed decision if
ceramic is the best wall or floor tile material for your particular situation or not.
4.6 Strength of ceramics:
A material's strength is dependent on its microstructure. The engineering processes to which a material is
subjected can alter its microstructure. The variety of strengthening mechanisms that alter the strength of a
material include the mechanism of grain boundary strengthening. Thus, although yield strength is
maximized with decreasing grain size, ultimately, very small grain sizes make the material brittle.
Considered in tandem with the fact that the yield strength is the parameter that predicts plastic
deformation in the material, one can make informed decisions on how to increase the strength of a
material depending on its microstructural properties and the desired end effect.
The relation between yield stress and grain size is described mathematically by the Hall-Petch equation
which is where is the strengthening coefficient (a constant unique to each material), is a materials
constant for the starting stress for dislocation movement (or the resistance of the lattice to dislocation
motion), d is the grain diameter, and σy is the yield stress.
Theoretically, a material could be made infinitely strong if the grains are made infinitely small. This is,
unfortunately, impossible because the lower limit of grain size is a single unit cell of the material. Even
then, if the grains of a material are the size of a single unit cell, then the material is in fact amorphous, not
crystalline, since there is no long range order, and dislocations cannot be defined in an amorphous
material. It has been observed experimentally that the microstructure with the highest yield strength is a
grain size of about 10 nanometers, because grains smaller than this undergo another yielding mechanism,
grain boundary sliding.[13] Producing engineering materials with this ideal grain size is difficult because
of the limitations of initial particle sizes inherent to nanomaterials and nanotechnology.
4.7 Type of Study:
1) Microstructural uniformity:
In the processing of fine ceramics, the irregular particle sizes and shapes in a typical powder often lead to
non-uniform packing morphologies that result in packing density variations in the powder compact.
Uncontrolled agglomeration of powders due to attractive van der Waals forces can also give rise to in
microstructural in homogeneities.
Differential stresses that develop as a result of non-uniform drying shrinkage are directly related to the
rate at which the solvent can be removed, and thus highly dependent upon the distribution of porosity.
Such stresses have been associated with a plastic-to-brittle transition in consolidated bodies, and can yield
to crack propagation in the unfired body if not relieved.
In addition, any fluctuations in packing density in the compact as it is prepared for the kiln are often
amplified during the sintering process, yielding inhomogeneous densification. Some pores and other
structural defects associated with density variations have been shown to play a detrimental role in the
sintering process by growing and thus limiting end-point densities. Differential stresses arising from
inhomogeneous densification have also been shown to result in the propagation of internal cracks, thus
becoming the strength-controlling flaws.
It would therefore appear desirable to process a material in such a way that it is physically uniform with
regard to the distribution of components and porosity, rather than using particle size distributions which
will maximize the green density. The containment of a uniformly dispersed assembly of strongly
interacting particles in suspension requires total control over particle-particle interactions. Monodisperse
colloids provide this potential.
Monodisperse powders of colloidal silica, for example, may therefore be stabilized sufficiently to ensure
a high degree of order in the colloidal crystal or polycrystalline colloidal solid which results from
aggregation. The degree of order appears to be limited by the time and space allowed for longer-range
correlations to be established.
Such defective polycrystalline colloidal structures would appear to be the basic elements of sub-
micrometer colloidal materials science, and, therefore, provide the first step in developing a more
rigorous understanding of the mechanisms involved in microstructural evolution in inorganic systems
such as polycrystalline ceramics.
2) Approaches are of interest.
Tungsten carbide milling bits

From the technological standpoint, a particularly desirable approach to fabricating particulate composites
is to coat the matrix or its precursor onto fine particles of the dispersed phase with good control of the
starting dispersed particle size and the resultant matrix coating thickness. One should in principle be able
to achieve the ultimate in homogeneity of distribution and thereby optimize composite performance. This
can also have other ramifications, such as allowing more useful composite performance to be achieved in
a body having porosity, which might be desired for other factors, such as limiting thermal conductivity.
There are also some opportunities to utilize melt processing for fabrication of ceramic, particulate,
whisker and short-fiber, and continuous-fiber composites. Clearly, both particulate and whisker
composites are conceivable by solid-state precipitation after solidification of the melt. This can also be
obtained in some cases by sintering, as for precipitation-toughened, partially stabilized zirconia.
Similarly, it is known that one can directionally solidify ceramic eutectic mixtures and hence obtain
uniaxially aligned fiber composites. Such composite processing has typically been limited to very simple
shapes and thus suffers from serious economic problems due to high machining costs.
Clearly, there are possibilities of using melt casting for many of these approaches. Potentially even more
desirable is using melt-derived particles. In this method, quenching is done in a solid solution or in a fine
eutectic structure, in which the particles are then processed by more typical ceramic powder processing
methods into a useful body. There have also been preliminary attempts to use melt spraying as a means of
forming composites by introducing the dispersed particulate, whisker, or fiber phase in conjunction with
the melt spraying process.
Other methods besides melt infiltration to manufacture ceramic composites with long fiber reinforcement
are chemical vapor infiltration and the infiltration of fiber preforms with organic precursor, which after
pyrolysis yield an amorphous ceramic matrix, initially with a low density. With repeated cycles of
infiltration and pyrolysis one of those types of ceramic matrix composites is produced. Chemical vapor
infiltration is used to manufacture carbon/carbon and silicon carbide reinforced with carbon or silicon
carbide fibers.
Besides many process improvements, the first of two major needs for fiber composites is lower fiber
costs. The second major need is fiber compositions or coatings, or composite processing, to reduce
degradation that results from high-temperature composite exposure under oxidizing conditions.
4.8 Benefits: Why Should I Use Ceramic Tiles?

Request a Quote
When it comes to choosing tiles for your home, it can be difficult to narrow down your options because
there are several available on the market. One of the best kinds of flooring is ceramic tiles because it
provides several advantages compared to other options like porcelain tiles or even hardwood floors.
So what are the benefits of installing ceramic tiles in your home? Here are some reasons why you may
want to choose this kind of flooring:
1) Affordable
2) Maintenance
3) Hard and durable
4) Versatile designs
5) Allergen reducing
6) Fire resistant
7) Easy installation
Why Use Ceramic Tiles?
Ceramic tiles are oftentimes compared to regular porcelain tiles because of their similarities. However,
there are key differences between the two that help you choose what kind of tiles to install inside your
rooms. Here are some of the benefits of ceramic tiles:
1) Affordable
One of the main advantages of ceramic tiles is that they’re more affordable than other kinds of flooring.
Its cost ranges from $5-10 per square foot, so it’s great for larger spaces. This kind of tile is generally
cheaper compared to similar options like porcelain tiles because it uses a less refined clay. Ceramic tiles
also have a low life cycle which means they can last you a very long time without having to repair or
replace them.
2) Maintenance
There’s no special maintenance needed for ceramic tiles, so it’s great for people who don’t want to spend
a lot of time and effort cleaning their floors. You can easily maintain them by sweeping or vacuuming
any dust and dirt that accumulate on the tiles. Any tough stains, water, and spills can also be cleaned up
by mopping the floor. You can even clean these tiles by using a heavy-duty cleaner without having to
worry whether it’s causing damage or not.
The tiles are also water resistant, making it an excellent option for kitchen and bathroom floors. Kitchen
and bathroom floors are known for becoming wet and dirty easily because of all the liquid that spills on
the floor. Ceramic tiles don’t absorb any odors or bacteria either, so it’s why many people choose this
kind of tile for their kitchen or bathroom.
For easier maintenance, there’s also an option to install glazed ceramic tiles for your home. Glazed
ceramic tiles are more water resistant because it doesn’t absorb any water or liquids that spill on the floor
due to its glazed finish. Porcelain ceramic tiles are also available on the market and are a better option if
you want more durable and stain-resistant flooring. However, these two options cost more than regular
ceramic tiles.
3) Hard and Durable

Ceramic tiles are one of the most durable kinds of tiles on the market and can last around 10-20 years
with proper maintenance. It takes a lot of weight for a ceramic tile to break, so you don’t have to worry
about any cracks or dents from heavy furniture. This kind of tile is durable enough for commercial
spaces, and it’s one of the best options for rooms and areas that have heavy foot traffic since it’s hard and
scratch-resistant.
4) Versatile Designs
Another advantage of ceramic tiles is that it comes in several styles, patterns, and designs. This is perfect
if you want different looks in various parts of the home. Manufacturers have found new and innovative
ways to create new patterns and produce ceramic tiles, providing you with a wide selection to choose
from.
Additionally, this kind of flooring can be cut into different shapes and sizes to help fit any part of the
home or even provide a more unique style. It can also replicate the look of more expensive tiles like
hardwood and natural stone, so you can achieve the look of expensive floors without breaking the bank.
5) Allergen Reducing
Unlike other types of flooring, one of the advantages of ceramic tiles is that it doesn’t easily attract dust,
dirt, animal hair, dust mites, or pollen like carpeted floors. This makes it more advantageous for those
with allergy concerns related to dust.
4.9 Technical Specification of Ceramic & Porcelain tiles:
Industrial
Sr No. Characteristics Wall Tiles Floor Tiles Vitrified Tiles
Tiles
IS
1 IS
4457:2007
2 ISO 13006 BIII 13006 BIIa 13006 BIa
3 EN 159 BIII 177 BIIa 176 BIa
Dimention & Surface
A
Quality
1 Deviation in length + / – 0.5% + / – 0.6% + / – 0.6% ±0.75%
2 Deviation in thickness + / – 10% + / – 5% + / – 5% ±5%
3 Straighntness of sides + / – 0.3% + / – 0.5% + / – 0.5% ±0.5%
4 Rectangularity + / – 0.5% + / – 0.6% + / – 0.6% ±0.6%
Surface flatness
5 + / – 0.5% + / – 0.5% + / – 0.5% ±0.5%
(warpage)
Min.95% Min.95%
6 Surface quality free from free from Min 95% Min 95%
defects defects
B Physical Properties
> 10 % & < >3%&≤6
1 Water Absorption ≤ 0.5 % < 0.5%
20 % %
Bending
2 Strength/modulus of ≥15 ≥22 ≥32 ≥32
Rupture (N/sq.mm)
Scratch hardness (Mohs)
3 Minimum 3 4 to 6 Minimum 6 Min 6
EN 101
To be To be Deep abrasion
Resistance to surface
4 specified by specified by Maximum < 175 mm3
abrasion
mfr. mfr. 175 mm3
5 Crazing resistance Required Required Required Required
6 Moisture expansion Required Required Required Required
Skid resistance (friction
8 > 0.4 > 0.4
coefficient)
9 Breaking strength in N Min 200 Min 600 Min 700 Min 700
>
10 Density (g/cm) > 2.00gm/cc
2.00gm/cc
11 Frost resistance Required Required
12 Colour change resistance Required
C Chemical Properties
Minimum Minimum
1 Resistance to staining Required Required
class 2 class 2
Resistance to household Minimum Minimum
2 Required Required
chemicals class B class B
To be To be
Resistance to acid (wt.
3 specified by specified by No damage <1.5%
loss)
mfr mfr
D Thermal Properties
Resistance to
1 Thermal shock resistance Required Required Required
10 cycles
< 9 x 10 -6 < 9 x 10 -6 k- < 9 x 10 -6 k- < 9 x 10 -6
2 Thermal expansion
k-1 1 1 k-1
IS – Bureau of Indian Standards, ISO – International Standards, EN – European Standards,

4.9.1 Technical Specifications – Wall Tile
ISO 13006 / EN- Method of

S.No. Property Wall tile value
159 Group B III Testing
Deviation in Length
1 ±0.5% ±0.3% ISO 10545-2
& Width
2 Deviation in thickness ±5% ±4% ISO 10545-2
3 Straightness of sides ±0.3% ±0.3% ISO 10545-2
4 Rectangularity ±0.5% ±0.3% ISO 10545-2
5 Surface flatness ±0.5% ±0.3% ISO 10545-2
6 Surface Quality Min 95% Min 95% ISO 10545-2
7 Water Absorption > 10% 14% – 19% ISO 10545-3
Flexural Strength
8 > 15 N/mm2 >16N/mm² ISO 10545-4
(Average MOR)
Scratch hardness of
9 Min, 3 Min, 3 EN 101
surface (Moh’s scale)
2 Cycles at 7.5
10 Crazing resistance 1 Cycle ISO 10545-7
Bar, Min
Linear Thermal 9 x 10-6 K-1, 9 x 10-6 K-1,

11 ISO 10545-8
Expansion Max Max
Thermal shock
12 No damage No damage ISO 10545-9
Resistance
Resistance to
13 Resistance Resistance ISO 10545-13
household Chemicals
14 Resistance to Staining Resistance Resistance ISO 10545-14
4.9.2 Technical Specifications – Ceramic Floor Tile
ISO 13006 /
Method of
S.No. Property EN177 (Group Floor tile value
Testing
BIIa)
Deviation in Length &

1 ±0.6% ±0.5% ISO 10545-2
Width

7 Water Absorption 3% – 6% 3% – 6% ISO 10545-3
Flexural Strength
8 > 22 N/mm2 > 22 N/mm2 ISO 10545-4
(Average MOR)
Scratch hardness of
9 >3 4 to 6 EN 101
surface (Moh’s scale)
Resistance to Surface
10 I–V PEI II –V ISO 10545-7
Abrasion (PEI)
11 Crazing resistance 2 Cycles 2 Cycles ISO 10545-11
Linear Thermal
12 <9 x 10-6 K-1 <9 x 10-6 K-1 ISO 10545-8
Expansion
Thermal shock
13 No damage No damage ISO 10545-9
Resistance
Resistance to household
14 Resistance Resistance ISO 10545-13
Chemicals
15 Resistance to Staining Resistance Resistance ISO 10545-14
4.9.3Technical Specifications – Vitrified Tile (Porcelain Tiles)
International
Std. ISO 13006 Method of
No. Technical Specifications Vitrified Tile
/ EN176 Group Testing
BIa
1 Deviation in Length & Width ±0.6% ±0.1% ISO 10545-2
7 Water Absorption < 0.5% < 0.05% ISO 10545-3
Scratch hardness of surface

8 ≥6 ≥6 EN 101
(Moh’s scale)
Flexural Strength (Average
9 >35N/mm² >38N/mm² ISO 10545-4
MOR)
10 Breaking Strength >1300N >1500N ISO 10545-4
11 Resistance to deep Abrasion <175mm3 <144mm3 ISO 10545-6
Skid Resistance (Friction

12 >0.4 >0.4 ISO 10545-17
coefficient)
13 Bulk Density, in (g/cc) >2 >2 DIN 51082
14 Linear Thermal Expansion <9 x 10-6 K-1 <9 x 10-6 K-1 ISO 10545-8
15 Thermal shock Resistance No damage No damage ISO 10545-9
16 Frost resistance Frost proof Frost proof ISO 10545-12
17 Resistance to Chemicals Resistant Resistant ISO 10545-13
18 Colour resistance to UV light Resistant Resistant DIN 51094
19 Moisture expansion Nil Nil ISO 10545-10
S.No. Test Description I.S.-4457: 2007
A Dimension Industrial tile
1 Length & Width ±0.75% ±0.6%
2 Thickness ±5% ±5%
3 Straightness of sides ±0.5% ±0.5%
4 Rectangularity ±0.6% ±0.6%
5 Surface flatness ±0.5% ±0.3%
B Physical Properties
1 Water absorption < 0.5 % < 0.5 %
2 Mohs Hardness – >7
3 Flexural strength (MOR) >35 N/mm² >35 N/mm²
4 Breaking Strength ≥1300N >1500 N
Abrasion resistance/Deep
5 <175mm3 <140mm3
abrasion
6 Skid Resistance >0.4 >0.6
7 Density (gm/cc) >2 >2
8 Moisture expansion Nil Nil
C Chemical Properties
1 Resistance to Acid (wt. Loss) < 1.5 % < 1.5 %

D Thermal Properties
1 Thermal expansion <9 x 10-6 <9 x 10-6
2 Thermal shock resistance No damage No damage
Chapter 5: Data Analysis
Data analysis of primary data:

We have done the analysis of the data we got from our Google form we sent to students to
gather feedback about Ceramic Tile Industry.
Below are some graphs and tables which will explain the mind-set of Indian people/students
about Ceramic Tile Industry.
Google Form Link:
https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdkQ48d2R4kCgErSQfPhPOR067QZZRQ62aKY-gX-
mXOIGAoHg/viewform
We sent the form link to around 100 students and known people. From those 100, we have
Received 100 responses. The result shows that there is no significant difference between boys and girls
students in mind-set towards Ceramic Tiles Industry Limited.
In above link we make the questionnaire in three parts. In first part we discussed about personal details of
students/ persons. In personal details firstly mentioned the names of students/ persons.
Then secondly mentioned the age group of those individual students/persons. Last mentioned the
education.
1) Your personal occupatio n?
Particulars Respondent Percentage
Businessman
1 1%
Professional
4 4%
Employee
40 40%
Student
45 45%
Analysis:
Based on the above table, 1% of the respondents are businessmen and 4% of the respondents are
professionals, 40% are employees, and Students are 45%.
Findings:
Conducting a survey on the occupation of the respondents yields the following results: 1% of the
respondents are businessmen, and 4% of the respondents are professionals; 40% of the respondents are
workers, and the Student respondents belong to the other 45% of the group.
2) How often you visit Kajaria Ceramic tile industry limited?
Daily 8.6 8.6%
Weekly 17.1 17.1%
Fortunately 40 40%
Never 34.3 34.3%
Analysis:
According to the table, 8.6% of the respondents are arriving daily, 17.1% of respondents are coming
weekly, and 40% of respondents are arriving fortnightly. 34.3% of respondents are visiting Never to
Kajaria Ceramics Industry Limited.
Findings:
In a survey, we observed that 8.6% of respondents visit the Great Wall Ceramics Industry Limited daily,
17.1% visit the firm weekly, and 40% visit the business fortunately, with 34.3% visiting the firm Never.
3) What range of tiles do you prefer?
7mm 8.6 8.6%
5mm 45.7 45.7%
4mm 25.7 25.7%
Other 20 20%
Analysis:
Based on the above table, 8.6% of the respondents prefer 7mm, 45.7% of the respondents prefer 5mm,
and 25.7% prefer 4mm, 20% of the respondents prefer above other.
Findings:
By conducting a survey regarding the price preference of the tiles, we come to know that 8.6% of the
respondents prefer 7mm, 45.7% of the respondents prefer 5mm, 25.7% of the respondents prefer 4mm,
20% of the respondents prefer above other.
4) Why do you purchase tiles from kajaria ceramic tile industry limited?
For Sale 11.4 11.4%
For Own Use 57.1 57.1%
Others 31.4 31.4%
Analysis:
Based on the above table, 11.4% of the respondents purchase tiles for further sale, and 57.1% purchase
for their own use, and 31.4% are using for other things.
Findings:
By conducting the survey regarding the purchase decision of the tiles from Kajaria ceramics industry
limited, it was found that 11.4% of the respondents purchase tiles for further sale, and 57.1% of the
respondents purchase for their own use, and 31.4% are using for other things.
5) What factors made you purchase tiles from kajaria ceramic tile industry limited?
Quality 60 60%
Price 20 20%
Easy Transport 5.7 5.7%
Nearness 14.3 14.3%
Analysis:
Based on the above table, 60% of the respondents purchase for quality, 20% for the price, 5.7% for easy
transport, and 14.3% due to nearness.
Findings:
By conducting the survey regarding the preferential factors of Great wall, ceramics industry limited, we
realized that 60% of the respondents purchase for quality, 20% for the price, 5.7% for easy transport, and
14.3% due to the nearness of the firm to their place.
6) Whether the company (dealer) provides exchange facilities to you?
No 14.3 14.3%
Yes 48.6 48.6%
Maybe 37.1 37.1%
Analysis:
Based on the above table, 14.3% of the respondents are not getting an exchange facility, and 48.6% of the
respondents are getting exchange facility.
Findings:
Following a study of consumers, the results were that 100% of consumers were obtaining any exchange
facility from the firm since the consumers should look after the items they received.
7) Do you recommend others to purchase tiles from kajaria ceramic tile industry limited?
No 8.6 8.6%
Yes 65.7 65.7%
Maybe 25.7 25.7%
Analysis:
Based on the above table, 65.7% of the respondents said that they recommend others to purchase tiles
from Kajaria ceramics industry limited.
Findings:
After conducting a survey regarding whether they recommend other customers to purchase the tiles from
the Kajaria ceramics industry limited 65.7% of the customers said they recommend others to purchase.
8) Who influenced you to purchase tiles from kajaria ceramic tile industry limited?
Ads 17.1 17.1%
Marketing personal 25.7 25.7%
Existing user 28.6 28.6%
Other Dealers 28.6 28.6%
Analysis:
The respondents are, 17.1% said that the advertising impacted them, as shown in the table below. 25.7%
indicated they were persuaded by Marketing Personnel, 28.6% stated they were inspired by Existing
Users, and 28.6% claimed they were persuaded by other vendors.
Findings:
Through a survey on who led them to buy tiles from Great Wall Ceramics Industry Limited, we
determined who affected them. 17.1% of respondents said that advertising encouraged them to acquire
tiles, while 25.7% reported Marketing Personnel. Lastly, 28.6% of respondents said they were affected by
existing users, and 28.6% were affected by other tile dealers.
9) How is the Customer Relationship of the kajaria ceramic tile industry limited?
Excellent 25.7 25.7%
Good 60 60%
OK 14.3 14.3%
Poor Nil Nil
Analysis:
Based on the above table, 25.7% of the respondents said excellent about the Kajaria ceramics industry's
customer relationship, 60% said its good, 14.3% said OK.
Findings:
25.7% of consumers had said that their connection with the Kajaria Ceramics industry was very good and
praised it, 60% of consumers claimed that it was good, and 14.3% of customers felt it was "OK."
10) Are you satisfied with the kajaria ceramics tile industry limited products?
Yes 88.6 88.6%
No 11.4 11.4%
Analysis:
Based on the above table, 88.6% of the respondents are satisfied with the product.
Findings:
The company conducted a study about the consumer contentment of the product that is the slabs, and the
results show that all consumers are happy, which implies that 88.6% customer satisfaction was obtained.
11) What type of tiles do you prefer to purchase from kajaria ceramic tile industry limited?
40*40 31.4 31.4%
30.50*30.50 31.4 31.4%
25*40 20 20%
20*30 17.1 17.1%
Analysis: Based on the above table, 31.4% of the respondents prefer 40x40 sizes, 31.4% of the
respondents prefer 30.5x30.50, 20% of the respondents prefer 25x40 sizes, 17.1% of the respondents
prefer 20x30.
Findings:
Based on the above table, 31.4% of the respondents prefer 40x40 sizes, 31.4% of the respondents prefer
30.5x30.50, 20% of the respondents prefer 25x40 sizes, 17.1% of the respondents prefer 20x30.
12) Which types of tiles do you preferred from kajaria ceramic tile industry limited?
Modern 65.7 65.7%
Traditional 34.3 34.3%
Analysis:
Based on the above table, 65.7% of the respondents are wants to preferred modern tiles, and the rest
34.3% of the respondents are wants to purchase traditional tiles.
Findings:
The above table, 65.7% of the respondents are wants to preferred modern tiles, and the rest 34.3% of the
respondents are wants to purchase traditional tiles From Kajaria Ceramic Industry limited.
13) Do you face any problem while purchasing tiles from kajaria ceramic tile industry limited?
Yes 45.7 45.7%
No 54.3 54.3%
Analysis:
Based on the above table, customers said that they don’t face but also create problems during purchasing
the tiles from Kajaria ceramics industry limited.
Findings:
When I spoke to clients who had bought tiles from Kajaria Ceramics Industry Limited about any
difficulties they've encountered, consumers indicated they had encountered no difficulties, although other
customers reported encountering difficulties when they bought the tiles.
14) Are you satisfied with the product Designs of kajaria ceramic tile industry limited?
Yes 91.4 91.4%
No 8.6 8.6%
Analysis:
Based on the above table, 91.4% of the respondents are satisfied, and 8.6% are dissatisfied with the product.
Findings:
After conducting the survey regarding the satisfaction of customers towards the product that is the slabs,
the outcome was that all the customers are satisfied, which means that 91.4% customer satisfaction was
achieved in this respect because the firm provides the quality slabs as the size prescribed by the customers
and at a better price to its customers.
15) For modern house which tiles do you want to purchase from kajaria ceramic tile industry
limited?
Wooden Tile 34.3 34.3%
Ceramic Tile 42.9 42.9%
Resin Tile 8.6 8.6%
Other 14.3 14.3%
Analysis:
Based on above table 34.3% respondents are wants to purchase wooden tile, 42.9% are wants to purchase Ceramic
tile, 8.6% are wants to purchase Resin Tile, and 14.3% are wants for other use.
Findings:
Based on above 34.3% respondents are wants to purchase wooden tile, 42.9% are wants to purchase
Ceramic tile, 8.6% are wants to purchase Resin Tile, and 14.3% are wants for other use.
16) Kajaria ceramics employee understands your needs ?
Yes 100 100%
No Nil Nil
Analysis:
Based on the above table, 100% of the respondents are satisfied, and No One of the respondents are
dissatisfied with the product.
Findings:
As a result of doing the customer survey, consumers were found to respond in the following
manner 100% answered yes.
17) The Kajaria Ceramic tiles ability to perform the promised Service without fail and
perfectly?
Satisfied 71.4 71.4%
Very Satisfied 8.6 8.6%
Neutral 20 20%
Analysis:
From the data above, 71.4% of respondents were extremely happy with Kajaria Ceramics Industry
Limited's customer service, while 8.6% were pleased, and 20% were neutral happy.
Findings:
Based on the preceding statistics, 71.4% of the respondents were extremely happy with Kajaria Ceramics
Industry Limited, 8.6% were pleased, and 20% were Neutral Happy.
18) Are you satisfied with the customer service quality after the purchase of kajaria ceramic
tile industry limited?
Yes 91.4 91.4%
No 8.6 8.6%
Analysis:
Based on the above table, 91.4% of the respondents are satisfied, and 8.6% are dissatisfied with
the product.
Findings:
The poll concluded that consumers are pleased with customer service quality after buying a
product, meaning that 91.4% of customers are pleased with customer service quality after
purchase, and 8.6% of customers are unsatisfied.
19) If you have complained, how quickly was your inquiry understood and responded to?
1 To 2 Week 51.4 51.4%
3 to 4 Week 22.9 22.9%
5 To 6 Week 5.7 5.7%
Not at all 20 20%
Analysis:
Based on the above table, 51.4% of the respondents said Week One to Two about the customer
response time of Kajaria ceramics industry limited, 22.9% said Week Three to Four, 5.7% said
Week Five to Six.
Findings:
Customers complained response time of Kajaria Ceramics Industry Limited came to light when
we inquired about the ability to perform the offered service. This was when we discovered that
51.4% of the customers complained and responded within two weeks, while 5.7% and 22.9% of
the respondents said they responded within five to six weeks.
20) How much satisfied are you with kajaria ceramic tile industries overall performance?
Satisfied 71.4 71.4%
Very Satisfied 20 20%
Dissatisfied 5.7 5.7%
Very Dissatisfied 2.9 2.9%
Analysis:
Based on the above table, 20% of the respondents said very satisfied with the overall performance of
Kajaria ceramics industry limited, 71.4% said satisfied, 5.7% said dissatisfied, and 2.9% said
Dissatisfied.
Findings:
When we asked how happy the consumers were with the overall performance of the Kajaria
Ceramics 71.4% of the consumers said that they were extremely pleased or pleased. A whopping
30% of respondents described themselves as indifferent, unhappy, or extremely unhappy.
Questioner
Research project on kajaria ceramic tile industry limited
I'm collecting review about customer satisfaction by using different types of tiles of kajaria
ceramic tile industry limited.
1) Your personal occupation *

• Student
• Employe
• Professional
• Businessman
2) How Often you visit Kajaria Ceramic tile industry limited ?*
• Daily
• Wee
• Fortunately
• Never
3) What range of tiles do you prefer? *
• 7mm
• 5mm
• 4mm
• Other
4) why do you purchase tiles from kajaria ceramic tile industry limited ?*
• For sale
• For Own Use
• Others
5) what factors made you purchase tiles from kajaria ceramic tile industry limited ?*
• Quality
• Price
• Easy transport
• Nearness
6) whether the company (dealer) provides exchange facilities to you ?*
• No
• Yes
• Maybe
7) Do you Recommend others to purchase tiles from kajaria ceramic tile industry limited ? *
• No
• Yes
• Maybe
8) Who influenced you to purchase tiles from kajaria ceramic tile industry limited ?*
• Ads
• Marketing personal
• Existing user
• Other Dealers
9) How is the Customer Relationship of the kajaria ceramic tile industry limited ?*
• Excellent
• Good
• Ok
• Poor
10) Are you satisfied with the kajaria ceramics tile industry limited products ? *
• Yes
• No
11) What type of tiles do you prefer to purchase from kajaria ceramic tile industry limited?
• 40*40
• 30.50*30.50
• 25*40
• 20*30
12) which types of tiles do you preferred from kajaria ceramic tile industry limited ?
• Modern
• Traditional
13) Do you face any problem while purchasing tiles from kajaria ceramic tile industry limited?
• Yes
• No
14) Are you satisfied with the product Designs of kajaria ceramic tile industry limited?
• Yes
• No
15) For modern house which tiles do you want to purchase from kajaria ceramic tile industry
limited?
• Wooden Tile
• Ceramic Tile
• Resin Tile
• Other
16) kajaria ceramics employee understands your needs ?*
• Yes
• No
17) The Kajaria Ceramic tiles ability to perform the promised Service without fail and perfectly?
Satisfied
• Very Satisfied
• Neutral
18) Are you satisfied with the customer service quality after the purchase of kajaria ceramic tile
industry limited?
• Yes
• No
19) If you have complained, how quickly was your inquiry understood and responded to?
• 1 to 2 Week
• to 4 Week
• 5 to 6 Week
• Not at all
20) How much satisfied are you with kajaria ceramic tile industries overall performance?
Satisfied
• Very satisfied
• Dissatisfied
• Very dissatisfied
Chapter 6 Conclusion
Conclusion:
The perspective and future of ceramic tiles are not only in the northern region, but also
that span the entire country and, after the merger of two leading tile companies
(Bell and Orient), they find it easier to get the presence all over India with the facility.
As a conclusion to the project, it can be said that BCL has become a good brand in the field of
ceramic tiles. It has been positioned as a special brand that carries with it a good reputation. Bell
was one of the initiators in the tile industry to introduce ceramic and vitrified tiles. It is
necessary that Focus on your new products.
For new policies, the company must know the feedback from distributors.Research-based
surveys are one of the best ways to find out.These surveys are also a form of communication
between the company and the distributors and other retailers. This also helps to get what is
happening currently on the market. Where products need to be pushed up from the side of the
company. These types of surveys make distributors and retailers feel that the organization is
paying regular attention to their demands. It is also essential for a organization because these are
the people who sell their products to customers. With the With the help of such surveys, we also
know the demands of influencers. These Influencers also play a vital role in product positioning
with sales. The Most influencers want the company to touch them from time to time. So that
They can enjoy the feelings of their importance to the organization. To know Based on this
feedback from dealers & retailers and influencers, different questionnaires were prepared. And
according to them information was collected. All the useful information has already been added
on the CD of data information was collected. All the useful information has already been added
in the data analysis.
As we have to improve the sale of Bell tiles during this project. so there was some good
inquiries from the retailer that have already been mentioned. Some retailers want to deal with
Bell, so the list of those is already mentioned. There was a very good response from the
influencer. So BCL has to keep this by sending them regular notices. The company has to send
their person from marketing on a regular basis. This is how they will get to know the new
developments in BCL.
Reference:
• Kajaria Ceramic Tile Industry :

• https://www.kajariaceramics.com/application-floor-tiles.php
• https://dealers.kajariaceramics.com/kajaria-star-india39-1-tile-
company-kajaria-authorised-dealer-store-shop-balapur-gut-155-opp-
guru-lawns-beed-bypass-road-aurangabad-maharashtra-431005
• https://guides.auraria.edu/researchmethods/literaturereviews#:~:text=
A%20literature%20review%20involves%20researching,%2C%20disse
rtation%2C%20or%20grant%20proposal.

Vaishu

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Vaishu

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Vaishu

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Dr.

Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University

Prof. Dr. VasundharaMaturkar Prof. Dr. Ratnaparkhe S.D.

This is to certified that this,

A Study of Customer Satisfaction by Using Different Types of Tiles

She/he carried out the research under my supervision certified

further, that to the best of my knowledge the work reported herein is

completed as per the requirements of Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar

Marathwada University, Chhatrapati sambhajinagar in partial fulfillment

of the degree M.Com a subject of Research Project in Commerce the

Academic year 2022-2023.

Signature of the Guide. HOD (P.G.) &

Internal Examinar External Examinar

I Name of Student….… Vaishanavi Vinayak Kulkarni ……..

Student of the M.Com studying in Deogiri College, chhatrapati Sambhajinagar,

A Study of Customer Satisfaction by Using Different Types of Tiles

This project was undertaken as part of academic curriculum as per

Place: Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar. Signature

Date: / /2023 Vaishanavi Vinayak Kulkarni

“Gratitude is not things of expression, it is more a matter of feeling.” There

supervisor in achieving the goals.

me in completing the project report successfully.

First, of all, I am highly thankful to Prof. Dr. S. D. Ratnaparkhe, Prof. Dr.

Vasundhara Maturkar, for allowing me to pursue my project

My special thanks to Prof. Kharat N. G. who encouraged me, properly guided

me in each and every possible way throughout my projects reports.

time in guiding me and helping me with it in time.

Sr. No. Contents Page No

6 Conclusion And Suggestion 103

Ancient Middle East

Ancient Indian subcontinent

1.1.1 Floor Tiles

1.1.2 Ceiling tiles

1.1.7 Diamond etched

1.2 Scope of The Study

Others segment is projected to grow at a highest CAGR

1.2The Production Process of Ceramic Tiles

A more detailed schematics of the process is pictured as a flowchart in Fig. 1.2.1

1.2.1 The Production Process of Ceramic Tiles 373

3.1 About Kajaria

Designer Wall Tiles India for Bathroom & Kitchen

Bedroom Floor Tiles

Floor Tiles for Commercial Purpose

Kitchens Floor Tiles

Bathroom Floor Tiles

3.2 Why You Should Use Tiles

1. They’ll Look Good for Years

2. Tiles Are Hypoallergenic

6. Great for Underfloor Heating

7. Something For Every Budget

10. Create A Feature

3.3 Why Ceramic Tiles?

3.3.1 CX-1 for Ceramic Floor Tiles

- Ready to use. Needs only mixing with water.

For fixing all types of ceramic tiles on interior floor surfaces.

3.3.2 VX-1 for All Kind of Floor Tiles

- Ready to use. Needs only mixing with water.

Pack size: 20 kg.

3.3.3 CX-2 White Color Adhesive For Ceramic Floor Tiles