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3rd International Conference on Natural Resources and Technology IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 912 (2021) 012002 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/912/1/012002

The Bamboo Standing Stock Analysis in Karo Highland,

North Sumatera - Indonesia

Samsuri1*, A Zaitunah1, A G Ahmad2 and M F Ramadhan1

1
Department of Forest Management, Forestry Faculty – Universitas Sumatera Utara,
Kampus USU Padang Bulan, Medan, Indonesia
2
Department of Forest Conservation –Forestry Faculty, Universitas Sumatera Utara,
Kampus USU Padang Bulan, Medan, Indonesia
*
Email:[email protected]

Abstract. Bamboo is a type of grass with a high growth rate and can be a substitute for wood.
The bamboo container is vast in range, so it is easy to cultivate. The number and distribution of
Bamboo need to know how much Bamboo is available to meet market demand. This study
aims to determine the standing stock of Bamboo in Karo districts. The method used is the
multistage sampling method, which is to take samples on the map and continue with sampling
in the field. Research shows that the dominant types are rope bamboo rope and green bamboo.
The number of clumps found was between 600 and 1,600 per hectare. The average number of
stems is 1,231 stems per ha. The most number clump bamboo ranges from 20 – 30 unit/ha; the
most length bamboo section is between 25 – 30 cm.

1. Introduction
These Forests are beneficial for balancing the environment, preventing erosion, preventing global
warming, producing oxygen, providing water, and others. Forest is an area that is overgrown with
trees with density, also covers a large area. Forest areas can form a microclimate, which has a unique
problem from the outside of the forest. Forests are also a habitat for biological and animal diversity.
One of them is the bamboo plant. Non-timber forest products or abbreviated (NTFP) are forest
products, vegetables, and animals, along with derivative and cultivated products, except for wood
originating from forests. Non-timber forest products are part of the forest ecosystem with the various
natural environment and human life roles. Non-timber forest products commonly used and
commercialized include Santalum album, Aquilaria malaccensis, Metroxylon sagu, Calamus sp.,
Arenga Pinata, Artocarpus altilis, Bamboo, and incense material, Eucalyptus, various medicinal plants,
essential oils, and honey [1].
In the world, there are 75 genera and 1,500 types of Bamboo. Bamboo belongs to the Gramineae
family (grasses), also called Giant Grass (giant grass), clumps and also consists of stems (reeds) that
grow gradually, starting from bamboo shoots, young stems, then mature bamboo 3-4 years. Bamboo
stems are cylindrical, section-shaped, hollow sections, hard-walled; some buds and branches grow [2].
In Indonesia, in 2000, bamboo plants covered ​ ​ 2,104,000 ha, consisting of 690,000 ha of
Bamboo planted in forest areas and 1,414,000 ha of bamboo plantations outside forest areas. With a
production of about 3000 stems/ha, they have enormous potential to be developed as handicrafts and
industrial materials. Bamboo is a natural resource with great potential to be developed because

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3rd International Conference on Natural Resources and Technology IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 912 (2021) 012002 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/912/1/012002

Bamboo is a multi-use plant and is fast harvesting. Bamboo can replace wood or at least substitute
commercial wood for current needs [3].
Bamboo is usually planted near houses, on land, in fields, on the edges of rice fields, and is part of
the system being managed. Bamboo plantations are the most efficient way to produce good quality
bamboo with a high selling value. The results of bamboo plantations can also be used as well as
possible for various functions. Bamboo shoots used as a delicious vegetable when cooked; bamboo
plant leaves are used as animal feed, bamboo charcoal, and bamboo clumps can also serve as wind
protection, fences-life, and erosion control [5].
Not all Bamboo can be preserved. Bamboo has many benefits in everyday life, from roots to leaves;
for example, Bamboo is widely used as a raw material for crafts such as plaits, baskets, mats, musical
instruments, and even as building materials. Bamboo's many functions and uses are necessary to
research Bamboo in Karo District highlands. For example, to determine the type of Bamboo,
determine the benefits of a kind of Bamboo in Karo highland, North Sumatra Province [6]. This
study's objectives were (1) to measure and count the types of Bamboo in Karo highlands, (2). They
were analyzing the benefits of a kind of Bamboo in Karo highland.
Bamboo plants usually grow in clumps. However, it can also grow as a solitary stem or shrub. The
bamboo plants that thrive in Indonesia are sympodial bamboo plants, where the stems collect in one
clump because the rhizome branching in the soil collects more. Bamboo plants play an important role
in rural Indonesia's lives because bamboo plants are very beneficial for the community's economic life.
Until now, Bamboo is widely used, starting from the use of the simplest technology to high technology
on an industrial scale so that it is easy to distribute. Compared to other building materials, Bamboo is
the cheapest because it grows in many rural areas and is a versatile plant for rural communities [7].
The morphology of Bamboo can be seen from Bamboo's characteristics: the roots of the rhizomes
that are underground and form a branching system. The trunk is a reed consisting of books and
segments. The reed midrib is a modified leaf attached to each segment, consisting of reed midrib, reed
midrib, and ligula. Branches are generally found at the nodes. The strands of bamboo leaves also have
parallel leaf veins. Leaf-blade connected to the midrib by a leaf stem. The midrib is equipped with a
midrib and ligula [8].
Bamboo plants can grow tall at a speed of 15-18 cm per day and reach a maximum height within 4-
6 months. Bamboo culms consist of 50% parenchyma fibers, 40% fibers, and 10% connecting cells,
commonly called vessels and sieve tubes. The productivity of bamboo biomass per unit is higher than
most other types of plants so that many countries are choosing Bamboo as a new, renewable energy
source. Indonesian society itself cannot be separated from Bamboo because it is resilient, straight, flat,
hard, easy to work with, easy to shape, and very light. Due to the low price of Bamboo, it is widely
used as a raw material for making houses, household furniture, transportation tools, bamboo ladders,
crafts, and many more [9].
Bamboo is a family plant that is large in the shape of a tree. It grows by using the root of the root
rhizome segmented with one shoot in each segment, alternating with each subsequent vertebra,
through growth using rhizomes, causing Bamboo to be superior to tree-type plants. , using stem
rhizome growth allows Bamboo to grow with sympodial, monopodial, and amphipod clumps. The
uses and benefits of Bamboo also vary from home furnishings, kitchen furniture, building materials,
and other equipment, from simple ones to the bamboo coating industry, bamboo lamination, and the
modern paper industry.
Usage and benefits of Bamboo
In socio-cultural terms, the Indonesian people have long made Bamboo a part of artistic and traditional
activities. Bamboo plants also have their history in the struggle for Indonesian independence in 1945.
Spiked Bamboo was used as a conventional weapon in fighting against colonialism at that time. So it
is not surprising that several monuments of struggle in Indonesia use Bamboo. For example, the
yellow bamboo plant is used as a symbol of struggle and is planted in Pekalongan City's Monument
Park 45. Meanwhile, the pointed bamboo monument is a focal point in the Sharp Bamboo Monument

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3rd International Conference on Natural Resources and Technology IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 912 (2021) 012002 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/912/1/012002

Park in Surabaya and Digulis Park in Pontianak. Based on the data above, it is very natural that
Bamboo plays a vital role in Indonesian society[10].
Types of Bamboo
The types of Bamboo that are often used in Indonesia are rope bamboo, Gigantochloa apus,
Gigantochloa psedoarundinaceae, Dendrocalamus asper, Bambusa blumeana, and Gigantochloa
atroviolacea. This type of Bamboo is very often used because it has considerable potential. However,
Bamboo has technical weaknesses (physical, mechanical, and chemical properties) that are not yet
optimal in use when compared to wood. It requires information about bamboo plants in order to obtain
good quality bamboo plants [11].

2. Materials and Methods

This research was conducted in Karo District, North Sumatra Province (Figure 1). The tools used are
GPS (Geographic Positioning System) for field surveys, hardware (personal computers), Microsoft
Excel, and Microsoft word. For data processing, Arcgis software (Arcmap) 10.3, SNAP (Sentinel
application platform), and ERDAS Imagine 9.2 for spatial analysis, camera for documentation, tally
sheet, stationery, and printer for printing data. At the same time, the materials used in the study
consisted of (a). Spatial data includes administration maps and sentinel imagery 2, and (b) Non-Spatial
Data, tabular data, and other field surveys.

Figure 1. Research location in Karo highland

2.1. Data Collection

Bamboo growing stock analysis was carried out through (a) reference studies, (b) secondary data
analysis, and (c) field measurements and checks (d) spatial analysis. The sampling technique used was
stratification and satellite image classification methods. The distribution of bamboo stands can be
estimated by interpreting satellite images and field checks or two-phase sampling [12]. The image
used is Sentinel 2 imagery.

3
3rd International Conference on Natural Resources and Technology IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 912 (2021) 012002 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/912/1/012002

2.2. Field data collection

Survey activities in the field aim to obtain data and to check the correctness of land use classifications.
Field data obtained from direct field observations include documentation of field conditions, marking
the position of points in the field, and input into tally sheets collected from permanent sample plots
and field surveys. They were plotted by 50 m x 50 m size. Make 27 plots in a bamboo forest area with
a size of 50 m x 50 m and put in forest bamboo land cover as illustrated in Figure 2.

Figure 2. Layout sampling plot

Field survey activities aim to obtain data and to check the correctness of land use classifications.
Field data obtained from direct field observations include measurement data, documentation of field
conditions, marking the position of points in the field, and input into the tally sheet collected from
permanent sample plots and field surveys. The procedures carried out on the sample plot are (a). Count
the number of bamboo clumps; (b). Count the number of bamboo culms in small and large clumps; (c).
Measure the diameter of bamboo culms per clump at breast height, three stems of small size, three
medium sizes, and three large (d). Measuring bamboo height and number of internodes; and e.
Measure the length of sections (cutting Bamboo as an example) and measure the length of each
segment

2.3. Data analysis

Data from the field survey were analyzed to obtain the distribution of clumps, bamboo sections, and
the number of bamboo stands. Data analyzed used equations below.
�
1 ��
�= (1)
����� ���� ����
Note :
Y = Total bamboo clump per ha
yi = the number of bamboo clump per plot (i=1, 2, 3….etc)

�
1 ���
�= (2)
����� ���� ����

4
3rd International Conference on Natural Resources and Technology IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 912 (2021) 012002 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/912/1/012002

X = Total bamboo clump per ha

xij = the number of bamboo in plot-i and clump-j (i,j=1, 2, 3….etc)

3. Result and discussion

Image of Karo area classification show bamboo location spread on along farmer's field border, river
border and close to settlement. Geographically, Karo district located mostly in tropical highland met
with bamboo habitat [13]. Bamboo forest covered more than 1% of the forest area [14]. Bamboo is a
type of grass family (Gramineae) that is easy to cultivate. Various types of Bamboo are very suitable
on sites that have high water availability. High water availability supports its high-speed growth. Field
verification shows that Bamboo is mostly found in high water availability sites, namely on riverbanks,
rice fields, and field boundaries (Figure 2). Bamboo found on the riverbank and deliberately planted
by the community serves as soil conservation and protection for the land from erosion [15] and
landslides [16]. The types that dominate are green Bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris), yellow Bamboo
(Bambusa vulgaris Var.), Atter bamboo (Gigantochloa atter), rope bamboo (Gigantochloa apus)
(Figure 2). Bamboo can live from the lowlands to the highlands quite well [17]. In the research,
Bamboo is found mostly in the lowlands, mainly the eastern part Karo highlands.

Figure 3. Bamboo forest found near the river (a), and village bordered (b) which mostly dominated by
yellow bamboo (c), rope bamboo (d), green Bamboo (e) and atter bamboo (f)

The bamboo forest is a homogeneous forest, where bamboo plants dominate more than 75% of
forest cover. Bamboo is a commodity with promising prospects if it is developed on a large scale in
the forestry sector. Besides being easy to cultivate, bamboo plants also have high economic potential.

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3rd International Conference on Natural Resources and Technology IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 912 (2021) 012002 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/912/1/012002

However, bamboo cultivation is still less attractive because people consider Bamboo to be a less
commercial plant. In economic and social aspects, bamboo plants can be said to be a populist crop in
rural areas because Bamboo is the primary or additional income [10].
Bamboo plants, including the family of Gramineae (grass) or also called Giant Grass (giant grass),
consist of many stems (reeds) that grow gradually and clump, starting from bamboo shoots, young
stems, and adults at the age of 4-5 years. Bamboo stems have a cylindrical shape, hollow sections,
books, and hard walls; there are buds or branches in each book. Bamboo roots themselves consist of
rhizomes (rhizomes) with ribs and segments, in which the fibers and shoots grow into stems. The
bamboo plant's growth direction is soaring upright, but some are climbing, and the stems are
embedded. When it grows tall, the ends of the bamboo stems usually hang, and the leaves seem to
wave [17].

Figure 4. The derived bamboo product makes from tied Bamboo (a) that are basket (b), hat (c), and
rubbish box (d).

Bamboo plants are plants that belong to the Poaceae (grass) tribe. Bamboo itself is a very abundant
resource and has quite a high diversity of species. There are ten most known bamboo genera in
Indonesia, including Arundinaria, Bambusa, Dendrocalamus, Dinochloa, Gigantochloa, Melocanna,
Nastus, Phyllostachys, Schizostachyum, and Thyrsostachys. Indonesia, as one of the tropical countries
in the world, has potential bamboo resources. In Indonesia, Bamboo can be found both in rural areas
and in forest areas. All types of soil can be planted with Bamboo except land in coastal regions [18].

Bamboo is a type of plant that has many uses. For humans, Bamboo is used as a food source,
building materials [19, 3, 20], and also as a symbol of land ownership or village boundaries. The data
obtained shows that Bamboo is found at the edges of rice fields and fields and the edges of one village

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3rd International Conference on Natural Resources and Technology IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 912 (2021) 012002 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/912/1/012002

with another. Bamboo can be processed into various products, from household utensils to beautiful
eyes [21]. Products made from Bamboo have high durability and contribute to people's economy and
social welfare in rural and remote areas that are directly involved in the production [22, 23; 24]. The
products from Bamboo that were found were products used in the people's daily lives in Karo (Figure
4).
Some examples of bamboo stems were cut down, and the length of each segment was measured.
The size of the Bamboo is short, medium, and long. Its length is measured from the base to the end
with a diameter of 2 cm. Data on the length distribution of bamboo stems (Figure 3) shows that most
of the bamboo sections have a size between 25 - 30 cm and 20 - 25 cm, while the least is a large
segment of Bamboo above 50 cm.

Figure 5. Distribution of bamboo section length

The graph of the relationship between bamboo height and the number of bamboo stems presented
in Figure 5 tends to have a linear, power, and exponential pattern. The three relationship patterns have
a correlation coefficient of value greater than 80%. However, the linear pattern is more suitable,
showing the relationship between the height/length of Bamboo and the number of segments with a
correlation coefficient of 83.61%. The higher the bamboo stem, the more segments it has, and vice
versa. The height of the Bamboo found corresponds to the height of the sympodial bamboo research
results in China, ranging from 5 m to 30 meters. The diameter is in the range of 3 to 30 cm [25], while
in Bangladesh, the average height and diameter are 21.92 m and 20.57 cm [26].

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3rd International Conference on Natural Resources and Technology IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 912 (2021) 012002 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/912/1/012002

Figure 6. Trendline relationship between section bamboo and height

Bamboo grows into clumps from shoots growing on bamboo roots. Bamboo roots threaten firmly
into the ground and spread horizontally while expanding the clump. Based on 0.25 ha of the sample
plot data, the number of clumps obtained is at most 28 clumps and at least 12 clumps per ha or an
average of 21.6 clumps per ha. The distribution of the number of clumps based on the results of field
measurements is presented in the diagram of Figure 3. The number of clumps most often found is 20-
25 clumps per ha, and the least number of clumps is found to be between 30-35 clumps per ha or more.

Figure 7. Clumps distribution of bamboo diameter in all sample plot

The average number of bamboo stem per hectare is 1,231 stems per ha, which are spread over
small, medium, and large clumps of Bamboo. The maximum number of bamboo stems in a clump
ranges from 600 to 1,600 per hectare. This result is less with standing stock bamboo in Bangladesh;
namely, the number of B. vulgaris bamboo culms was 2933.33 culms per ha, where the average height
and diameter were 21.92 m and 20.57 cm [26].

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3rd International Conference on Natural Resources and Technology IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 912 (2021) 012002 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/912/1/012002

4. Conclusions
Gigantochloa apus mostly covered all standing stocks bamboo in Karo highlands. It is about 600 –
1,600 bamboo stand per ha. The most number clump bamboo ranges from 20 – 30 unit/ha; the most
length bamboo section is between 25 – 30 cm.

Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the Directorate of Research and Community Service (DRPM) for
supporting the funding of this basic research for the year 2020; contract number
99/UN5.2.3.1/PPM/KP-DPRP/2020. The author also thanks Universitas Sumatera Utara for the
support as well.

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IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 912 (2021) 012002 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/912/1/012002

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