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Bamboo: Eco-Friendly Building Material in Indian Context

Article  in  International Journal of Scientific Research · June 2012

DOI: 10.15373/22778179/MAR2013/41

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Research Paper Volume : 2 | Issue : 3 | Mar 2013 • ISSN No 2277 - 8179

Engineering
Bamboo: Eco-Friendly Building Material KEYWORDS: amboo, building material,
techniques, bamboo products
in Indian Context

Rushabh A. Shah Student of final year M.E. in Construction Engineering & Management, B.V.M. Engineering
College, Vallabh Vidyanagar-Gujarat-India
Hitesh D. Bambhava Student of final year M.E. in Construction Engineering & Management, B.V.M. Engineering
College, Vallabh Vidyanagar-Gujarat-India
Jayeshkumar Pitroda Assistant Professor and Research Scholar, Civil Engineering Department, B.V.M. Engineering
College, Vallabh Vidyanagar-Gujarat-India

ABSTRACT The diminishing wood resource and reduction in natural forests, particularly in the tropics, have focused
world attention on the need to identify a substitute building material that should be renewable, environment
friendly and widely available. In view of its rapid growth, a ready adaptability to most climatic conditions and properties, superior
to most new fast growing wood, bamboo emerges as a very suitable alternative. This paper deals with some of the main properties
and the major uses of bamboo and its culms. It also recommends on the various preservation techniques to be adopted in order to
enhance the durability and various Indian Standard codes (IS codes) for bamboo and bamboo products.

INTRODUCTION BAMBOO RESOURCES IN INDIA

Bamboo has a long and well-established tradition as a build-
ing material throughout the world’s tropical and sub-tropical
regions. It is widely used for many forms of construction, in
particular for housing in rural areas. Bamboo is a renewable
and versatile resource, characterized by high strength and low
weight, and is easily worked using simple tools. It is widely
recognized as one of the most important non-timber forest
resources due to the high socio-economic benefits from bam-
boo based products. It is estimated that there are 1200 species
growing in about 14.5 million hectares area. Most of them grow
in Asia, Africa and Latin America.

Bamboo is the world’s fastest growing woody plant. It grows ap-

proximately 7.5 to 40cm a day, with world record being 1.2m in
24 hours in Japan. Bamboo grows three times faster than most
other species. Commercially important species of bamboo usu-
ally mature in four or five years in time, after which multiple
harvests are possible every second year, for up to 120 years in
some species and indefinitely in others. Bamboo also excels in Figure: 1 Regions showing bamboo production
biomass production, giving 40 tons or more per hectare annu- Source: www.bmtpc.org
ally in managed stands. It accounts for around one-quarter of
biomass produced in tropical regions and one-fifth in subtropi- The Land area 329 mha, forest area 63.3 mha, bamboo area
cal regions. 8.96mha, 67% clump forming and 33% non-clump forming. In-
dia is home to almost 45 % of world’s bamboo forests 4.5 m tons
It has been used successfully to rehabilitate soil ravage by brick annually produced from 8.96 m ha.
making in India, and abandoned tin-mine sites in Malaysia. It
shelters top soil from the onslaught of tropical downpours, pre- MAJOR BAMBOO GROWING REGIONS / STATES
serves many exposed areas, providing micro-climate for forest TABLE: 2
regeneration and watershed protection it is often introduced MAJOR BAMBOOS GROWING REGIONS / STATES
into the banks or streams or in other vulnerable areas, for rapid
control of soil erosion; one bamboo plants closely matted roots STATE AREA (%) GROSS
can bind up to six cubic meters of soil. SHARE

SCENARIO OF BAMBOO IN INDIA North East 28.0 66

TABLE: - 1
FOREST COVER IN INDIA Madhya Pradesh 20.3 12

DESCRIPTION FOREST COVER IN INDIA Maharashtra 9.9 5

Land area 329 m hectares Orissa 8.7 7

Notified as forest 63.34 m hectares- 19.15% Andhra Pradesh 7.4 2

Dense forest 11% Karnataka 5.5 3

Open forest 8% Other States 20.2 5

Source: - Madhab Jayanta (2003)
Mangrove 0.15%
(http://agricoop.nic.in/AgriMinConf/National_hort_Mission.
Therefore, there is a need to save forest timber. ppt.)

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 Volume : 2 | Issue : 3 | Mar 2013 • ISSN No 2277 - 8179
Research Paper
TABLE: 3 Compressive Strength
STATUS OF BAMBOO RESOURCES IN - NORTH-EASTERN RE- Compared to the bigger tubes, slimmer ones have got, in rela-
GION tion to their cross-section, a higher compressive strength value.
The slimmer tubes possess better material properties due to the
BAMBOO GROWING BAMBOO fact that bigger tubes have got a minor part of the outer skin,
STATE AREA (SQ.KM.) STOCK (MT) which is very resistant in tension. The portion of lignin inside
the culms affects compressive strength, whereas the high por-
Mizoram 9210 10.89 tion of cellulose influences the buckling and the tensile strength
Assam 8213 13.41 as it represents the building substance of the bamboo fibers.
Arunachal Pradesh 4590 9.84 Elastic Modulus
Manipur 3692 11.47 The accumulation of highly strong fibers in the outer parts of
Meghalaya 3102 4.41 the tube wall also work positive in connection with the elastic
modulus like it does for the tension, shear and bending strength.
Tripura 939 0.86 The higher the elastic modulus, the higher is the quality of the
Nagaland 758 3.66 bamboo. Enormous elasticity makes it a very useful building
material in areas with very high risks of earthquakes.
Total 30504 54.53
Source: - www.bmtpc.org Anisotropic Properties
Bamboo is an anisotropic material. Properties in the longitudi-
DISTRIBUTION OF SOME IMPORTANT BAMBOO SPECIES IN nal direction are completely different from those in the trans-
INDIA versal direction. There are cellulose fibers in the longitudinal
TABLE: 4 direction, which is strong and stiff and in the transverse direc-
DISTRIBUTION OF SOME IMPORTANT BAMBOO SPECIES IN tion there is lignin, which is soft and brittle.
INDIA
Shrinkage
SPECIES AVAILABILITY STATES
(%) Bamboo shrinks more than wood when it loses water. The canes
can tear apart at the nodes. Bamboo shrinks in a cross section
D. Strictus 45 Meghalaya, Manipur, of 10-16 % and a wall thickness of 15-17 %. Therefore it is nec-
Nagaland, Orissa
essary to take necessary measures to prevent water loss when
M. Baccifera 20 Assam, Manipur, used as a building material.
Meghalaya, Mizoram,
B. Arundinacia 13 Nagaland, Karnataka, Fire Resistance
Orissa
The fire resistance is very good because of the high content of
D. Hamiltonii 7 Arunchal Pradesh, silicate acid. Filled up with water, it can stand a temperature of
Assam, Nagaland 400° C while the water cooks inside.
B. Tulda 5 Arunachal Pradesh,
Nagaland, Tripura Bamboo’s Extreme Strength
Arunachal Pradesh, Bamboo is heartier than oak and stronger than steel, yet grows
B. Pallid 4 Nagaland, Tripura out of the ground like a weed. It’s flexible and lightweight, but
Source: - www.bmtpc.org stronger than most hardwoods. Bamboo’s strength is often com-
pared to maple wood, one of the strongest hardwoods available.
MAJOR USES OF BAMBOO Though bamboo is naturally water-resistant, its treatment pro-
TABLE: 5 cess further increases its water resistance, so you don’t have to
MAJOR USES OF BAMBOO worry about warping.

USE PERCENT Affordability

CONSUMPTION
Because it is so sustainable and easy to grow, bamboo is more
Paper Pulp 35.0 affordable than most wood. It can be easily grown and harvest-
Housing 20.0 ed, so it is one of the cheapest construction materials around.

Non-Residential 5.0 Exotic Look

Rural uses 20.0 Bamboo looks wonderful, adding a natural tone to anything you
use it for. It makes great outdoor decoration and can be used as
Fuel 8.5 quality fencing for privacy and security. Bamboo adds an island
Packing, including baskets 5.0 look to your home that’s natural and exotic.
Transport 1.5 Versatility
Furniture 1.0 The uses of bamboo are extremely versatile. It can be used as a
construction substitute for any sort of wood, and has been fash-
Other wood industries 1.0 ioned into skateboards, bicycles and bike helmets because of its
Others, including ladders etc. 3.0 light weight and durability. Its many uses make bamboo perfect
for fencing, flooring, building posts and house walls.
Source: - Tewari, D.N. (1992)
TABLE: 6
PROPERTIES OF BAMBOO SPECIFIC PROPERTIES OF BAMBOO
Tensile Strength
PROPERTY VALUE
Bamboo is able to resist more tension than compression. The
fibres of bamboo run axial. In the outer zone are highly elastic Specific gravity 0.575 to 0.655
vascular bundles that have a high tensile strength. The tensile Bond stress 5.6kg/cm2
strength of these fibres is higher than that of steel, but it’s not Safe working stress in shear 115 to 180kg/cm2
possible to construct connections that can transfer this tensile
strength. Slimmer tubes are superior in this aspect too. Inside Safe working stress in tension 160 to 350kg/cm2
the silicate outer skin, axial parallel elastically fibers with a ten- Safe working stress in compression 105kg/cm2
sile strength up to 400 N/mm2 can be found. As a comparison, Ultimate compressive stress 794 to 864kg/cm2
extremely strong wood fibers can resist a tension up to 50 N /
mm2. Modulus of Elasticity 1.5 to 2.0 x105kg/cm2

130 IJSR - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

Research Paper Volume : 2 | Issue : 3 | Mar 2013 • ISSN No 2277 - 8179

Modulus of rupture 610 to 1600kg/cm2 as forms for concrete mouldings. They are also used for floor-
ing, roofing, partitions, doors and window frames. Bamboo
Average weight 0.625kg/m
panels have some advantages over wooden board due to their
Source: - www.bmtpc.org rigidity and durability. Various types of bamboo veneers, panels
and boards can be broadly classified as follows: veneers, strip
USES OF BAMBOO IN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY boards, mat boards, fibreboards, particle boards, medium den-
Through research it has been found that some species of bam- sity boards, combinations of these, and combinations of these
boo have ultimate tensile strength same as that of mild steel at with wood and other ligno-cellulose materials and inorganic
yield point and this coupled with other merits boosts the usage substances. Composites of bamboo and jute are also possible to
of bamboo as construction material. Bamboo is a versatile mate- make panels.
rial because of its high strength-to-weight ratio, easy workabil-
ity and availability. Bamboo needs to be chemically treated due Bamboo Flooring
to their low natural durability. It can be used in different ways Bamboo flooring is a quality product that can be used widely
for roof structure as purlins, rafters and reapers, for flooring, and has a large, global consumer market. It has certain advan-
doors and windows, walling, ceiling, man-hole covers etc. tages over wooden floors due to its smoothness, brightness, sta-
bility, high resistance, insulation qualities and flexibility. Bam-
Bamboo Trusses boo flooring has a soft natural luster and maintains the natural
The bamboo has strength comparable to that of teak and SAL. gloss and elegance of bamboo fibre. This flooring is attractive
An experiment with the construction and testing of a 4m span to the demanding markets in Europe, Japan and North America.
truss made of round bamboo and different jointing techniques The estimated annual production of bamboo flooring in China
for web-chord connections gave results that were matching was 17.5 million square meters in 2004, with about 65% being
with the strength of timber. exported (Customs General Administration of China, 2004).

Bamboo Roofs Skeleton Bamboo Sticks for Blinds and Incense Industry
It consists of bamboo truss or rafters over which solid bamboo The art of making screens and blinds from bamboo is not new
purlins are laid and lashed to the rafter by means of G.I.wire. A to India. For centuries, people have woven elegant screens from
mesh of halved bamboo is made and is lashed to the purlins to bamboo that have provided privacy, protection from the sun and
cover the roof. added aesthetic appeal to living spaces. Mechanized blind mak-
ing units can be economically viable enterprises. Again, bamboo
Bamboo walling/ceiling sticks making units can substitute the wood that is used in the
As the bamboo material is light in weight it is more advanta- incense stick, and that industry in India is estimated to be worth
geous in earthquake prone areas as its chances of falling are US$400 million. It can also be used in match sticks.
very less and even if it falls it can be re-erected easily with less
human and property loss with least efforts and minimum cost. Bamboo Furniture
Bamboo walls can be constructed in different modes like Whole Traditional bamboo furniture uses natural round or split bam-
stem, halved or strips of bamboo can nailed to one or both the boo. A new type of ‘pack-flat,’ ‘knockdown’ furniture uses glue-
sides of the bamboo frame Split bamboo mats can be fastened laminated bamboo panels. Unlike the traditional design, this
to the bamboo posts or mats can be woven, mud can also be furniture may be shipped in compact flat packs, to be assembled
applied to both sides of such mats Bamboo strips nailed to bam- on the spot. The new design overcomes many of the problems
boo frame or posts for interior walling Cement or lime plaster- of traditional bamboo furniture, such as high labour and trans-
ing can be done on the mud covering for better appearance and portation costs, low productivity, instability, varying quality and
hygiene. It has been found that the bamboo in the vertical posi- susceptibility to insects and fungi. At the same time, it retains
tion is more durable than in horizontal direction. For partition the distinct physical, mechanical, chemical, environmental and
walls only single layer of bamboo strips are used. aesthetic features of bamboo. Export of laminated bamboo fur-
niture is growing rapidly. However, trade statistics currently do
Bamboo Doors and Windows not capture the value, owing to the absence of a special code for
Bamboo frames can replace timber frames appropriate to func- bamboo furniture. It is usually classified as wooden furniture.
tion. Bamboo mat shutters fixed to bamboo frame or a panel of
bamboo board fixed to the frame which is hinged to the wall can INDIAN SPECIFICATIONS (IS CODE) FOR BAMBOO & BAM-
be used as door. Small framed openings hinged to the top in the BOO PRODUCTS
wall can serve as windows.
TABLE: 7
Bamboo Flooring INDIAN SPECIFICATIONS (IS CODE) FOR BAMBOO & BAM-
Bamboo can be used as flooring material due to its better wear BOO PRODUCTS
and tear resistance and its resilience properties. Whole culms
IS CODE SPECIFICATIONS FOR BAMBOO &
act as frame work and the floor covering is done using split BAMBOO PRODUCTS
bamboo, bamboo boards, mats etc by means of wire lashing
these to the frame. IS 14588: 1999 Specification for Bamboo Mat Veneer
Composite for General Purposes
Reed Boards IS 13958: 1994 Specification for Bamboo Mat Board for
General Purposes
Reed boards are made by flat pressing the reed at high tem-
peratures. These reed boards are used in elements like flooring, Code of Practice for Preservation of
IS 1902: 1993 Bamboo and Cane for non-structural
walls, ceiling and roofing. They can also be used for partitions, purposes
doors, windows etc.
IS 10145: 1982 Specification for Bamboo Supports for
Camouflaging Equipment
Scaffolding
Bamboo poles lashed together have been used as scaffolding Code of Practice for Preservation
IS 9096: 1979 of Bamboo and Cane for Structural
in high rise structures due to their strength and resilience. The purposes
timber planks can be replaced with bamboo culms and these
can be lashed to the vertical culms. IS 8242:1976 Method of Tests for Split Bamboo
IS 8295:1976 Specification for Bamboo Chicks ; Part 1
Bamboo Based Panels Fine, Part 2 Coarse
China started producing bamboo panels in the early 19th cen- IS 7344: 1974 Specification for Bamboo Tent Pole
tury. At present more than 20 different types of panels are pro- IS 6874: 1973 Method of Tests for Round Bamboo
duced in Asia. Bamboo fibre is longer than wood fibre, which
gives bamboo some technological advantages. The panels are IS 15476: 2004 Specification for Bamboo Mat Corrugated
Sheets
widely used in modern construction as structural elements or

IJSR - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH 131

 Volume : 2 | Issue : 3 | Mar 2013 • ISSN No 2277 - 8179
Research Paper
PREVENTION OF BAMBOO order to maintain the desired level. When the treatment has
Bamboo is subject to attack by microorganisms and insects in been completed, care should be taken in the disposal of the con-
almost any construction applications. The decay and biodegra- taminated foliage. Butt treatment is usually adapted to bamboo
dation of bamboo culms during outdoor storage can be checked posts.
to a great extent by adopting a good storage yard practices.
Culms should be stacked horizontally over raised wall to facili- b) Open tank method for cold soaking
tate water drainage and air circulation. For reed bamboos, verti- This method is economical simple and provides good effective
cal stacking results in a small gain in pulp yield over horizontal protection for bamboo. Culms, which have been prepared to
stacking because the former suffers less fungal damage. The size, are submerged in a solution of water-soluble preserva-
service life of bamboo is therefore, mainly determined by the tive for a period of several days. The solution enters the culms
rate of attack. A variety of methods to improve the durability of through the ends and sides by means of diffusion.
bamboo have however, been developed. Basically, there are two
methods for increasing the durability of bamboo. c) Boucherie method
This method requires the culms to be in green condition. Best
NON CHEMICAL METHODS OR TRADITIONAL METHOD results are obtained when the bamboo is used during or shortly
Non-chemical methods are otherwise known as traditional after the rainy season. The water transporting part of the culm
methods of preservation are widely used by villagers and are can be penetrated completely and the treatment itself is applied
usually done on bamboos used for structural purposes. How- by an inexpensive installation. Preservative is fed by gravity
ever, the treatment cost is almost nothing and thus can be car- from a container placed at a higher level than the culms through
ried out at village level without special equipment. This method pipes into the base ends. The treatment is terminated when the
includes curing, smoking, whitewashing and soaking. solution at the dripping end shows a sufficiently high concen-
tration of chemicals. Allowing the bamboo to dry slowly in the
a) Smoking shade for a period of at least two weeks after treatment ensures
Traditionally, bamboo culms are placed above fireplaces inside that the solution diffuses into all of the tissues surrounding the
the house so that the smoke and heat rises up and both dries vessels.
and blackens the culms. It is possible that the process produces
some toxic agents that provide a degree of protection. Alterna- d) Pressure treatment
tively, the heat generated by the fire could possibly destroy or Pressure treatment, using either creosote or water borne pre-
reduce the starch content of the parenchyma cells by pyrolysis. servatives offers the best method of preservation for bamboo
This is considered an effective treatment against insects and culms. The applied pressure ranges from around 0.5-1.5N/mm2
fungi. and as such requires special plants and equipment. Costs are
high, but a service life upto 15 years can be expected from ad-
b) White washing equately treated bamboo when used in the open and in contact
Bamboo culms and bamboo mats for housing construction are with the ground.
often painted with slaked lime. This is carried out mainly to
enhance the appearance, but there is also an expectation that e) Hot and cold bath process
the process will prolong the life of the bamboo structure by The bamboo is submerged in a tank of preservative, which is
preventing moisture entering the culms. It is possible that the then heated, either directly over a fire or indirectly by means of
water or moisture absorption is delayed or in some cases pre- steel coils in the tank. The bath temperature is raised to 90o C
vented which will provide a higher resistance to fungal attack. and maintained as such for 30 minutes and then allowed to cool.
In Indonesia, bamboo mats are tarred and later sprinkled with The bamboo should be allowed to dry slowly to provide further
a layer of sand. When this is dry, upto 4 coats of whitewash are diffusion of the preservative to take place.
applied. Plastering is also a common practice using cow dung
mixed with either lime or mortar. f) Glue line treatment
This is specific to bamboo mat board and involves adding pre-
c) Curing servatives to the glue during manufacture. Additives that have
Bamboo culms are treated during or immediately after extrac- been shown to provide effective preservation treatment with-
tion and before stacking in the storage yard. Curing involves out impairing the bond strength of the mat include 1% chlor-
harvested culms, with branches and leaves intact, in open air. dane or 1% sodium octaborate tetra hydrate with a 1:2 diluted
The leaves continue to transpire causing the starch content of pH solution containing 17% solid content.
the culms to fail.
ADVANTAGES OF BAMBOO
d) Soaking  The various advantages of bamboo are mentioned below.
The culms are submerged in either stagnant or running water  Light, strong and versatile.
or mud for several weeks. This is one of the best methods to pre-  Light, strong, versatile.
serve bamboo against the attack of microorganisms and insects.  Environment friendly.
 Accessible to the poor.
CHEMICAL METHODS  Self renewing resource
Methods that use preservative chemicals are generally more ef-  Fast growing.
fective than non-chemical methods in the protection of bamboo  Highly productive.
under storage, but they are not always economical or feasible.
The penetration of liquids into the culms takes place through DISADVANTAGES OF BAMBOO
the vessels in the actual direction from end to end. The vessels The major disadvantages of bamboo are as follows:
account for only 5-10% the bamboo cross-section. Thus even  Requires preservation
when the vessels are filled to saturated point, the bamboo can  Shaped by nature
still be vulnerable to fungal insect attack if the preservative does  Durability- bamboo is subjected to attack by fungi, insects;
not diffuse sufficiently into the main tissue of the culms. The for this reason, untreated bamboo structures are viewed as
chemical treatment techniques are as follows: temporary with an expected life of not more than 5 years.
 Jointing- although many jointing techniques exist, their
a) Butt treatment structural efficiency is low.
The butt ends of the freshly cut culms with the branches and  Lack of design guidance and codes.
leaves intact are placed in a drum containing the preservative.  Prone to catch fire very fast by the friction among the culms
The continued transpiration of the leaves draws the chemical during wind, and is seen to cause forest fires.
solution into the vessels of the culms. This process is very slow
and often the vessels do not take up enough of the liquid to pre- CONCLUSION
serve by diffusion, the surrounding fibers and parenchyma cells. Since time immemorial, bamboo has played an important role
The preservative in the barrel must be replenished regularly in in the development of mankind. It is used for a wide range of

132 IJSR - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

 Research Paper Volume : 2 | Issue : 3 | Mar 2013 • ISSN No 2277 - 8179
day-to-day purposes, both as a woody material and as food. It es to protect our ecological environment as a wood substitute.
has been the backbone of much of the world’s rural life and will
remain so as the population increases. Bamboo will continue to As an economic building material, bamboo’s rate of productivity
play an important part in the development of enterprises and and cycle of annual harvest outstrips any other naturally grow-
the transformation of rural environments, in all regions of the ing resource, if today you plant three or four structural bam-
developing world where it grows. boo plants, then in four or five years later you will have mature
clumps, and in eight years you will have enough mature mate-
On account of the enforcement of our natural forest protection rial to build a comfortable, low cost house.
project, wood is becoming increasingly scarce. The realization
that bamboo is the most potentially important non-timber re- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
source and fast-growing woody biomass, has evoked keen inter- The Authors thankfully acknowledge to Dr.C.L.Patel, Chairman,
est in the processing, preservation, utilization and the promo- Charutar Vidya Mandal, Er.V.M.Patel, Hon. Jt. Secretary, Charu-
tion of bamboo as an alternative to wood. The properties as top tar Vidya Mandal, Mr. Yatinbhai Desai, Jay Maharaj construction,
grade building material and increased availability of bamboo in Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat, India for their motivational and in-
our country makes it possible to use, bamboo in the field of con- frastructural support to carry out this research.
struction extensively. Its high valued utilization not only pro-
motes the economic development, but also saves forest resourc-

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Jan 2004; pp 38. [5] P. van der Lugt a, A.A.J.F. van den Dobbelsteen a, J.J.A. Janssen, (2005) “An environmental, economic and practical
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IJSR - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH 133

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