Chemical and Nervous Hormones
Chemical and Nervous Hormones
Chemical and Nervous Hormones
ANIMAL ORGAN
SYSTEMS AND
THEIR FUNCTIONS
1.3 CHEMICAL and
NERVOUS CONTROL
LEARNING
COMPETENCY
Compare and contrast chemical and nervous control in plants
and animals.
NERVOUS
SYSTEM
What is Nervous
System?
The nervous system consists of a network of
nerve cells that gather information about the
conditions of the body and the external
environment, process and integrate that
information and then send instructions to
muscles and glands which carry out the
responses to the conditions detected.
Divisions of the Nervous
System
The CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM,
• Consists of the brain and spinal
cord,
• Processes information and creates
a response that is delivered to the
appropriate part of the body
through the peripheral nervous
system.
The Central Nervous System
THE BRAIN
• The major areas of the brain—Brain stem – medulla, pons, midbrain;
Diencephalon – thalamus & hypothalamus; Cerebellum; Cerebrum - is
responsible for processing and relaying information
THE SPINAL CORD
• The main communication link between the brain and the rest of the body.
Regions of the Brain
• Cerebellum – coordination of movement and aspects of motor
learning
• Cerebrum – conscious activity including perception, emotion,
thought, and planning
• Thalamus – Brain’s switchboard – filters and then relays
information to various brain regions
• Medulla – vital reflexes as heart beat and respiration
• Brainstem – medulla, pons, and midbrain (involuntary
responses) and relays information from spine to upper brain
• Hypothalamus – involved in regulating activities internal
organs, monitoring information from the autonomic nervous
system, controlling the pituitary gland and its hormones, and
regulating sleep and appetite.
Spinal Cord
The spinal cord has 31 segments:
8 cervical segments that correspond to the C1-C8
vertebrae;
12 thoracic segments corresponding to the T1-T12
vertebrae;
5 lumbar segments corresponding to L1-L5 vertebrae,
5 sacral segments corresponding to S1-S5 vertebrae,
and 1 coccygeal segment.
The 44 cm long spinal cord is shorter than the spinal
column, so segments do not perfectly correspond to
the vertebrae.
Spinal Cord
At each segment of the spinal cord, left and right pairs of sensory and motor nerves
branch out and connect to the peripheral nervous system. Impulses travel back and
forth to the brain and back to the muscles.
Cerebrospinal fluid
• A colorless fluid is produced in
the ventricles of the brain; it
surrounds the brain and spinal
cord.
• It is called cerebrospinal fluid,
and it cushions the brain and cord
from shocks that could cause
injury.
• It is maintained at a level around
1/2 - 2/3 cup.
Divisions of the Nervous
System
The PERIPHERAL NERVOUS
SYSTEM
• consists of peripheral nerves, that
is the spinal nerves and the cranial
nerves.
• It connects the brain and spinal
cord (CNS) to the rest of the body
including the muscles, sensory
organs and organs of the digestive,
respiratory, excretory and
circulatory systems.
Neurons
It is the functional unit of the nervous system.
It is specialized for transmitting impulses from one location in the body to
another
Parts of a Neuron
• Dendrite – receive stimulus and carries it
impulses toward the cell body
• Cell Body with nucleus – nucleus & most of
cytoplasm
• Axon – fiber which carries impulses away from
cell body
• Schwann Cells- cells which produce myelin or
fat layer in the Peripheral Nervous System
• Myelin sheath – dense lipid layer which
insulates the axon – makes the axon look gray
• Node of Ranvier – gaps or nodes in the myelin
sheath
Types of Neurons
Neurons can be classified into three types
according to the direction in which an
impulse travels.
• Sensory neurons carry impulses from
the sense organs, such as the eyes and ears,
to the spinal cord and brain.
• Motor neurons carry impulses from the
brain and the spinal cord to muscles and
glands.
• Interneurons process information from
sensory neurons and then send commands
to other interneurons or motor neurons.
Somatic Nervous System
(voluntary)
• Relays information from skin,
sense organs & muscles to CNS
i. Prolactin (PRL):
stimulates the development and
growth of the mammary
glands and milk production
during pregnancy.
The sucking motion of the baby
stimulates prolactin secretion.
Types and Characteristics of
Hormones
j. Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH):
is a gonadotropic hormone.
Positive
• The roots display a positive
hydrotropism growing towards water.
Water
Thigmotropism
• Thigmotropism is a movement in
which an organism moves or
grows in response to touch or
contact stimuli
• Eiichi Kurosawain 1926 was able isolate secretions from the fungus. The
secretions caused the same symptoms when applied to other rice plants.
• In 1934, Teijiro Yabuta isolated the active substance and named it gibberellin.
Functions of Gibberellins
• Promotescell elongation in the
internodes of plants.
Functions of Ethylene
• Leads to release of dormancy state
• Stimulates shoot and root growth along with
differentiation
• Leaf and fruit abscission
• Flower and leaf senescence stimulation
• Stimulation of Fruit ripening