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    Biological Basis of Behavior

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    hafizamanzoor44
    The biological basis of behavior involves understanding how the brain and nervous system influence human behavior. The basic building block of the nervous system is the neuron, which transmits chemical and electrical signals. There are different types of neurons like sensory neurons that receive stimuli and motor neurons that control movement. The peripheral nervous system connects the central nervous system to organs and muscles. The brain is divided into the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain, each controlling different functions from movement to emotions. Understanding the biology behind behavior helps explain personality, abnormal psychology, and how therapy works.

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    Biological Basis of Behavior

    Uploaded by

    hafizamanzoor44
    21 views27 pages
    The biological basis of behavior involves understanding how the brain and nervous system influence human behavior. The basic building block of the nervous system is the neuron, which transmits chemical and electrical signals. There are different types of neurons like sensory neurons that receive stimuli and motor neurons that control movement. The peripheral nervous system connects the central nervous system to organs and muscles. The brain is divided into the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain, each controlling different functions from movement to emotions. Understanding the biology behind behavior helps explain personality, abnormal psychology, and how therapy works.

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    The biological basis of behavior involves understanding how the brain and nervous system influence human behavior. The basic building block of the nervous system is the neuron, which transmits chemical and electrical signals. There are different types of neurons like sensory neurons that receive stimuli and motor neurons that control movement. The peripheral nervous system connects the central nervous system to organs and muscles. The brain is divided into the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain, each controlling different functions from movement to emotions. Understanding the biology behind behavior helps explain personality, abnormal psychology, and how therapy works.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    21 views27 pages

    Biological Basis of Behavior

    Uploaded by

    hafizamanzoor44
    The biological basis of behavior involves understanding how the brain and nervous system influence human behavior. The basic building block of the nervous system is the neuron, which transmits chemical and electrical signals. There are different types of neurons like sensory neurons that receive stimuli and motor neurons that control movement. The peripheral nervous system connects the central nervous system to organs and muscles. The brain is divided into the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain, each controlling different functions from movement to emotions. Understanding the biology behind behavior helps explain personality, abnormal psychology, and how therapy works.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 27

    Biological

    Basis of
    behavior
    • Relationship between Biological and Psychological functions.
    (understanding of human behavior requires knowledge of the brain and
    other parts of the nervous system)
    • Helps in Understanding
    • Nature of Personality
    • Causes of Abnormal Behavior
    • Reaction to Stress
    • Effectiveness of Therapy
    Neuron
    • A neuron is a nerve cell that is the basic building block of the nervous
    system.
    • Neurons are specialized to transmit information throughout the body.
    • These highly specialized nerve cells are responsible for
    communicating information in both chemical and electrical forms.
    • Cell body (contains nucleus) soma
    • Dendrites (A cluster of fibers at one end of a neuron that receives
    messages from other neurons)
    • Axon (The part of the neuron that carries messages intended for
    other neurons)
    • Terminal buttons (Small bulges at the end of axons that send
    messages to other neurons)

    • Dendrite-------Cell body------Axon-------Terminal button


    Types of neurons
    • Sensory neurons
    taste
    smell
    hear
    see
    feel things around you
    • Sensory neurons are triggered by physical and chemical inputs from your
    environment. Sound, touch, heat, and light are physical inputs. Smell and taste are
    chemical inputs.
    • For example, stepping on hot sand activates sensory neurons in the soles of your feet.
    Those neurons send a message to your brain, which makes you aware of the heat.
    • Motor neurons play a role in movement, including voluntary and
    involuntary movements. These neurons allow the brain and spinal cord to
    communicate with muscles, organs, and glands all over the body.
    • Interneurons are neural intermediaries found in your brain and spinal cord.
    They’re the most common type of neuron. They pass signals from sensory
    neurons and other interneurons to motor neurons and other interneuron.
    • For instance, when you touch something hot, sensory neurons in your
    fingertips send a signal to interneurons in your spinal cord. Some
    interneurons pass the signal on to motor neurons in your hand, which
    allows you to move your hand away. Other interneurons send a signal to
    the pain center in your brain, and you experience pain
    Peripheral Nervous System
    • peripheral nervous system branches out from the spinal cord and brain and
    reaches the body.
    • There are two major divisions—the somatic division and the autonomic division—
    both of which connect the central nervous system with the sense organs, muscles,
    glands, and other organs.
    • The somatic division specializes in the control of voluntary movements—such as
    the motion of the eyes to read this sentence or those of the hand to turn this page
    —and the communication of information to and from the sense organs.
    • The autonomic division controls the parts of the body that keep us alive—the
    heart, blood vessels, glands, lungs, and other organs that function involuntarily
    without our awareness.
    • autonomic division plays a particularly crucial role during emergencies
    • The physiological changes that occur during a crisis result from the
    activation of one of the two parts of the autonomic nervous system: the
    sympathetic division.
    • The sympathetic division acts to prepare the body for action in stressful
    situations by engaging all of the organism’s resources to run away or to
    confront the threat. This is often called the “fight or flight” response.
    • the parasympathetic division acts to calm the body after the
    emergency has ended, lowering your heart rate, stopping your
    sweating, and returning your body to the state it was in before you
    became alarmed.
    Brain
    Classification of Brain
    • Fore brain
    • Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Limbic System, Cerebral cortex

    • Mid brain
    • Controls visual and auditory reflexes. It also controls some movement
    reflexes of the body.

    • Hind brain
    • Medulla, Pons, Cerebellum
    Forebrain
    Thalamus: (egg like structure)
    Act as a relay station, coordinate Sensory and Motor Information
    throughout the body.

    Hypothalamus: located under the thalamus.


    Maintain body temperature (homeostasis).
    Connect NS with Endocrine system via Pituitary gland. (insulin
    hormone)
    Also control hunger, thirst and sexual responses.
    Limbic System
    • Arc like structure present above the thalamus
    • Includes Hippocampus and Amygdela
    • Controls expression of emotions, excitement, pleasure, anger, fear
    • Sexual behavior.
    • Helps in memory and learning

    • Cerebrum: Largest part of the brain.


    • Outer layer is called Cerebral cortex.
    • Divided into two hemispheres (left and right)
    • Corpus collasum (fibers that connect left and right hemisphere)
    • Helps in movement, speech, sensory processing and Intelligence.
    Lobes of cerebral cortex
    • Frontal lobe: Centre for reasoning, problem solving, planning, higher
    cognitive processes.
    • Speech and motor cortex

    • Parietal lobe: Sensory input from skin, (touch, pressure, temperature,


    pain).

    • Occipital lobe: input from eyes, visual cortex


    • Temporal: Speech perception, hearing, memory, interpreting sounds and
    languages. (memory problems)
    • In general
    • Left hemisphere: speech, comprehension, arithmetic, writing

    • Right hemisphere: Creativity, spatial ability, artistic, musical


    • Mid Brain: it connects cerebral cortex with Hind brain.
    • Control reflex actions and hearing reflexes and also Visual reflexes.

    • Hind Brain:
    • Cerebellum: Little brain located at the back side of the brain.(located
    above medulla and behind pons).
    • It maintains balance + coordination of the body.
    • Alcohol reactions
    • Also tongue control
    • Medulla: posterior part of the brain.
    • Helps in breathing, respiration, Blood circulation, ( all your automatic
    actions)
    • Vomiting reflexes are also there.

    • Pons: present above medulla oblongata.


    • Helps in sleep and respiration.
    • Reticular formation: group of nerve cell that activate other part of
    the brain immediately to produce general arousal.
    • Whether the response in necessary.
    • When we are sleeping, it filters out the background stimuli, to allow
    us to sleep undisturbed.
    •

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