Nervous System

The nervous system is the part of an animal that coordinates its actions by
transmitting signals to and from different parts of its body. The nervous system
detects environmental changes that impact the body, then works in tandem
with the endocrine system to respond to such events.

Central nervous system

The central nervous system (CNS) is the part of the nervous system consisting of
the brain and spinal cord. The CNS is so named because it integrates the
received information and coordinates and influences the activity of all parts of
the bodies of bilaterally symmetric animals—that is, all multicellular animals
except sponges and radially symmetric animals such as jellyfish—and it contains
the majority of the nervous system.

Cerebrum

The cerebrum is a large part of the brain containing the cerebral cortex (of the
two cerebral hemispheres), as well as several subcortical structures, including
the hippocampus, basal ganglia, and olfactory bulb. In the human brain, the
cerebrum is the uppermost region of the central nervous system.

Cerebellum

The cerebellum receives information from the sensory systems, the spinal cord,
and other parts of the brain and then regulates motor movements.
The cerebellum coordinates voluntary movements such as posture, balance,
coordination, and speech, resulting in smooth and balanced muscular activity.

Medulla

The medulla oblongata (or medulla) is a long stem-like structure located in the
brainstem. It is anterior and partially inferior to the cerebellum. It is a cone-
shaped neuronal mass responsible for autonomic (involuntary) functions ranging
from vomiting to sneezing.
Spinal Cord

The spinal cord is a long, thin, tubular structure made up of nervous tissue, that
extends from the medulla oblongata in the brainstem to the lumbar region of
the vertebral column. It encloses the central canal of the spinal cord that
contains cerebrospinal fluid.

Peripheral Nervous System

The peripheral nervous system is one of two components that make up the
nervous system of bilateral animals, with the other part being the central nervous
system. The PNS consists of the nerves and ganglia outside the brain and spinal
cord.

Sensory Nerves

A sensory nerve, also called an afferent nerve, is a nervethat

carries sensory information toward the central nervoussystem (CNS). It is a
cable-like bundle of the afferent nervefibers coming from sensory receptors in
the peripheralnervous system (PNS).

Motor Nerves

A motor nerve is a nerve located in the central nervous system (CNS), usually the
spinal cord, that sends motor signals from the CNS to the muscles of the
body.This is different from the motor neuron, which includes a cell body and
branching of dendrites, while the nerve is made up of a bundle of axons.

Nerve

A nerve is an enclosed, cable-like bundle of nerve fibres called axons, in

the peripheral nervous system.

Neurons

Neurons (also called neurones or nerve cells) are the fundamental units of the
brain and nervous system, the cells responsible for receiving sensory input from
the external world, for sending motor commands to our muscles, and for
transforming and relaying the electrical signals at every step in between.

Parts of the BRAIN

Frontal Lobe

The frontal lobe is the part of the brain that controls important cognitive skills in
humans, such as emotional expression, problem solving, memory, language,
judgment, and sexual behaviors. It is, in essence, the “control panel” of our
personality and our ability to communicate.

Parietal Lobe

The parietal lobe is one of the four major lobes of the cerebral cortex in the
brain of mammals. The parietal lobe is positioned above the temporal lobe and
behind the frontal lobe and central sulcus. Several areas of the parietal lobe are
important in language processing.

Occipital Lobe

The occipital lobe encompasses the posterior portion of the human cerebral
cortex and is primarily responsible for vision.

Temporal Lobe

Adjacent areas in the superior, posterior, and lateral parts of the temporal
lobes are involved in high-level auditory processing. The temporal lobe is
involved in primary auditory perception, such as hearing, and holds the primary
auditory cortex.

2 Types of Peripheral Nervous System

Somatic Nervous System

The somatic nervous system (SNS or voluntary nervous system) is the part of the
peripheral nervous system associated with the voluntary control of body
movements via skeletal muscles. The somatic nervous system consists of
afferent nerves or sensory nerves, and efferent nerves or motor nerves.
 Autonomic Nervous System

The autonomic nervous system is a control system that acts largely

unconsciously and regulates bodily functions such as the heart rate, digestion,
respiratory rate, pupillary response, urination, and sexual arousal.

Parts of Neurons

1. Dendrites
-Brings info to the cell body

2. Cell Body
-Metabolic Activities

3. Axon
-Cable like bundle of nerves

Endocrine System

-The endocrine system is the collection of glands that produce hormones

that regulate metabolism, growth and development, tissue function,
sexual function, reproduction, sleep, and mood, among other things.

The endocrine system helps control the following processes and systems:

 Growth and development

 Homeostasis (the internal balance of body systems)
 Metabolism (body energy levels)
 Reproduction
 Response to stimuli (stress and/or injury)

The glands of the endocrine system are:

 Hypothalamus
 Pineal Gland
 Pituitary Gland
 Thyroid
 Parathyroid
 Thymus
 Adrenal
 Pancreas
 Ovaries
 Testes

Hypothalamus: This organ connects your endocrine system with your nervous
system. Its main job is to tell your pituitary gland to start or stop making hormones.

Pituitary: This is the "master" gland of your endocrine system. It uses information it
gets from your brain to "tell" other glands in your body what to do. It makes many
different important hormones, including growth hormone; prolactin, which
helps breastfeeding moms make milk; and luteinizing hormone, which
manages estrogen in women and testosterone in men.
Pineal: This gland makes a chemical called melatonin. It helps your body get ready
to go to sleep.
Thyroid: This gland makes thyroid hormone, which controls your metabolism. If this
gland doesn't make enough (a condition called hypothyroidism), everything
happens more slowly. Your heart rate might slow down. You could get constipated.
And you might gain weight. If it makes too much (hyperthyroidism), everything
speeds up. Your heart might race. You could have diarrhea. And you might lose
weight without trying.
Parathyroid: This is a set of four small glands behind your thyroid. They are important
for bone health. The glands control your levels of calcium and phosphorus.
Thymus: This gland makes white blood cells called T-lymphocytes that fight
infection and are crucial as a child's immune system develops. The thymus starts to
shrink after puberty.
Adrenals: Best known for making the "fight or flight" hormone adrenaline
(epinephrine), these two glands also make corticosteroids. These are hormones
that affect your metabolism and sexual function, among other things.
Pancreas: The pancreas is part of both your digestive and endocrine systems. It
makes digestive enzymes that break down food. It also makes the hormones insulin
and glucagon. These help ensure you have the right amount of sugar in your
bloodstream and your cells.
If you don't make any insulin, which is the case for people with type 1 diabetes,
your blood sugar levels can get dangerously high. In type 2 diabetes, the pancreas
usually makes some insulin but not enough.
Ovaries: In women, these organs make estrogen and progesterone. These
hormones help develop breasts at puberty, regulate the menstrual cycle, and
support a pregnancy.
Testes: In men, the testes make testosterone. It helps them grow facial and body
hair at puberty. It also tells the penis to grow larger and plays a role in making
sperm.