Control and Coordination

In animals Nervous system &

Hormonal system plays an
important role in control & co-
ordination.

In plants control and coordination

is done by chemical
substances called plant hormones
or phytohormones.
 Coordination in animals

In animals control and co ordination is
done by the nervous system and
endocrine system.


Nervous system- The nervous system
is an organ system containing a
network of specialized cells called
neurons.


Types of Nervous system-

1.Central Nervous system(CNS) – It
includes – Brain & Spinal cord.

2.Peripheral Nervous system( PNS)- It
includes all the nerves associated
with brain and spinal cord

Neurons- The structural & functional
unit of Nervous system called as
Neurons.

Example- Touching a hot object. How do we detect that we are
touching a hot object?

All information from our environment is detected by the
specialised cells called nerve cell or neuron

There are different receptors are located in our sense organs
called receptors. Eg- Gustatory receptor in tongue to detect taste
and Olfactory receptor in nostrils to detect smell.
 Different types receptors
Receptors Sense

Gustatory receptors Taste

Olfactory receptors Smell

Photo receptors Light

Chemo receptors Chemicals

Thermo receptors Temperature

Mechanoreceptors Touch

Baroreceptors Change in blood pressure

 Structure of Neurons

•
It has a cell body called cyton containing a nucleus and
cytoplasm.
•
It has several branched structures called dendrites.
•
It has a long nerve fibre called axon which may covered by a
protective covering called Myelin sheath.
•
Myelin sheath separated by a gap called as Nodes of Ranvier.
•
Neuron ends by bulb like structure at nerve ending called as
Synaptic Knob.
•
Synaptic knob consists of several vesicles called as Synaptic
vesicles, which contain the chemical for pass on the
information, called as Neurotransmitters. Ex. Acetyl choline.
 Passing of nerve impulse
• Information received at the tip of dendrites which set off a
chemical reaction and creates an electrical impulse.
• Electrical impulse pass into cell body and then through
axon
• At the end of the axon electrical impulse release some
chemicals (Neurotransmitter) - Acetylcholine
• This chemical cross the synapse and then pass into next
neuron.
• Finally such impulse reach in the muscle or gland .
Synapse-The junction between two neurons or are
called synapse.
• Nerve impulse-
Messages pass through
the nerve cell in the form
of chemical and
electrical signals called
nerve impulse.
• The dendrites receive
the information and
starts a chemical
reaction which produce
electrical impulse which
passes through the
axon.
 Reflex action
•
Reflex action is a sudden, unconcious and involuntary
response of the effectors to a stimulus.

•
Ex :- We suddenly withdraw our hand if we suddenly touch
a hot object.

•
In this reflex action, the nerves in the skin (receptor)
detects the heat and passes the message through the
sensory nerves to the spinal cord. Then the information
passes through the motor nerves to the muscles (effector)
of the hand and we withdraw our hand.
•
• REFLEX ARC-
•
The shortest pathway of a reflex action is called reflex arc.
•
In a reflex arc the stimulus is received by the receptors (sense
organs) and it passes through the sensory nerves to the spinal
cord.
•
From the spinal cord the information passes through the motor
nerves to the effectors (muscles/glands) for the response.
 THE BRAIN PLAYS NO ACTION IN THE REFLEX
ACTION, IT IS JUST MANAGED BY SPINAL CORD.
SO, BRAIN IS NOT ACTIVE DURING A REFLEX
ACTION.
But, in some voluntary actions like walking and moving a chair
etc. we think and decide what to do. So there is a thinking
process. So here brain is involved and send message to the
muscles. So thinking is a complex process where brain is
involved but not in a reflex action
3 Types of Nervous System
Central Nervous system consists of brain and spinal cord.
Peripheral Nervous system consists of all nerves present in our
body.
Cranial nerve (12 pair)- Nerves arise from brain
Spinal nerve (31 pair)- Nerves arise from spinal cord.
Autonomic nervous system- Consists of all nerves
present in the visceral organs
 Difference between Reflex action & walking.
• Reflex action • Walking
• It is a involuntary response • It is a voluntary response
• Controlled by spinal cord • Controlled by brain
• Take place without thought • Take place after thought
• Its intensity cannot be • Its intensity can be changed
changed
 HUMAN BRAIN
• It is the main coordinating centre of the body, which helps us to think
and take decision
• It receive information from sense organ and interprets it send
instruction to muscle of effectors.
• Forebrain
• Midbrain
• Hindbrain
•
i) Fore brain :-
•
- Consists of the cerebrum and Thalamus and hypothalamus.
•
- It is the thinking part of the brain and controls voluntary actions.
•
- It controls touch, smell, hearing, taste, sight, mental activities like
thinking, learning, memory, emotions, decision making etc.
•
It has sensory areas (Receive sensory impulse from different sense
organs)
•
Association areas (Interpret the sensory information)
•
Motor areas (Send motor impulse to muscle or gland)
Thalamus- Coordinating centre for sensory and motor signaling
•
Hypothalamus- Controls the body temperature, urge of eating,
drinking
•
ii) Mid brain :- It connects forebrain to the hindbrain.
»
It controls the movement of head and neck
»
It also controls the reflex action of eye muscles,
pupil size etc
•
ii) Hindbrain :- It has 3 parts
•
Cerebellum- It controls body balance
(Maintaining posture) Eg-Walking in a
straight line and riding a bicycle.
•
It also coordinate muscular actions
•
Pons- It lies above the medulla and
controls respiration and
communication between different
parts of the brain.
•
Medulla oblongata- It is found
continuously with the spinal cord.
•
It controls all involuntary actions like
blood pressure, breathing, salivation,
vomiting, heart beat, swallowing and
coughing etc.
Different lobes of brain
 Protection of brain and spinal cord
• Both the structures are very delicate,
and it has to be protected
• Brain is protected inside the bony
box (cranium or skull)
• Inside the bony box, there is a fluid
filled balloon provides further shock
absorption
• Spinal cord is protected by vertebral
column or back bone.
• Both brain and spinal cord are
surrounded by meninges (protective
layers)
• The space between meninges is
filled with CSF, which absorbe
mechanical shock.
 Spinal cord
•
The spinal cord starts from the brain
and extends through the vertebral
column.

•
It carries messages to and from the
brain.

•
It also controls reflex actions.
 How does Nervous tissue cause action ?
• Nervous tissue receives information from body parts and send
into brain

• Brain interpret and make a decision based on information

• Convey decision to muscular tissue through motor neuron

• The special protein present in the muscle cell change the

shape (Contract or relax)
• Muscles are 3 types-
• 1.Skeletal muscles ( Voluntary muscles /Striated muscles)-
attached with bones & having alternate dark and light bands
• 2.Smooth muscles ( Involuntary muscles .Non striated
muscles) present in internal body organs.
• 3.Cardiac muscles- present in heart

Nerve impulse reaches to muscle which resulted into muscular action.

 Coordination in plants
•
In plants, there is no nervous system and muscles.
•
The control and coordination is done by chemical
substances called plant hormones or phytohormones.
•
There are two types of movements in plant body
•
A) Growth dependent B) Growth independent
 Immediate Response to Stimulus
•
It does not involves any growth.
•
The movement starts at the point of touch and
communicate the information to other parts.
•
Plant use electrochemical means of means to convey
information from cell to cell. (No specialised tissue for
this)
•
Plant cell change their shape by changing the amount
of water in them, resulting in either swelling or
shrinking
•
Seismonastic movement
 Movement due to Growth
•
It involves growth due to which plant appears moving.
•
In some plants like pea, pumpkin, cucumber they climb
up by tendrils which is sensitive to touch.
•
It do not grow rapidly but show a slow and circular
movement against the object, thus cling to it.
 Tropic Movement
•
Tropic movements are directional movements towards
or away from the stimulus and its depends on the
growth.
 Types of Tropic movements
•
PHOTOTROPIC MOVEMENTS (PHOTOTROPISM)- The
movement of a plant in response to light. If shoot
grows towards the light it is called as positive
phototropism and root grows away from the light and it
is called negative phototropism.
•
GEOTROPIC MOVEMENTS (GEOTROPISM)- The
movement of a plant in response to gravity. If root
grows towards the gravity it is called as positive
geotropism and shoot grows away from the gravity and
it is called negative geotropism.
•
HYDROTROPIC MOVEMENTS (HYDROTROPISM)- The
movement of a plant in response to water. If root grows
towards the water it is called as positive hydrotropism
and shoot grows away from the water and it is called
negative hydrotropism.
•
CHEMOTROPIC MOVEMENTS (CHEMOTROPISM)- The
movement of a plant in response to chemical.
•
Eg- Growth of a pollen tube towards ovules for
fertilisation.
 Nastic Movement
•
In nastic movements, direction of response to stimuli
has no fixed direction.

Types- Photonasty (Light)

Thigmonasty ( Contact of insect)
Thermonasty (Change in temperature)
Seismonasty (Touch)
 PLANT HORMONES (PHYTOHORMONES)
The chemical substances that are naturally produced in plants and are
capable of controlling their growth.
a) Auxin- It is synthesised in the young tip of roots and shoots
helping them grow longer.
Function- Promotes cell elongation and helps shoot and root grow
longer
 Gibberellins- This hormone helps in the growth
of the
stem.

Cytokinins- It is the hormone which promotes

cell division. Higher concentration of cytokinins
occurs in fruit and seeds (areas of rapid cell
division)
Abscisic acid- A hormone which inhibit the growth. It
cause wilting of leaves.

Ethylene- It is a gaseous hormone and it is called as

ripening hormone, because it is essential for the
ripening of fruits.
 HORMONES IN ANIMALS
• Hormones are the chemicals secreted in small
amounts by endocrine glands.

• Poured directly into the blood and carried to

specific organs through circulatory system.
(Ductless or endocrine glands)
• Hypo or hyper secretion cause some disorder
ENDOCRINE GLANDS IN HUMAN BEINGS
 Major hormones of the body
• Thyroid gland- Produce thyroxin
• Function- Thyroxin regulates carbohydrate,
protein and fat metabolism in the body so as
to provide the best balance for growth.
• Iodine is necessary for the thyroid gland to
make thyroxin hormone. (Iodised salt)
• In case iodine is deficient in our diet, there is
a possibility that we might suffer from
Goitre.
• One of the symptoms in this disease is a
swollen neck.

•
• Pituitary gland- Produce GH hormone
• Function- growth hormone regulates
growth and development of the body.
• If there is a deficiency of this hormone
in childhood, it leads to dwarfism.
• In excess production- gigantism
• It is called as Master gland (It
controls the hormone production of
other glands)

•
• Testes- Produce Testosterone
• Function- Testosterone promotes sperm production and
development of secondary sexual characters like
developments of muscle and growth of the body hair in
males.
• Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone in males
• Ovary- Produce Oestrogen
• Function- Estrogen promotes egg production
and development of secondary sexual
characters in females.
• It can even control menstruation.
• Oestrogen is the primary female sex hormone
in males
• Adrenal gland- Produce Adrenaline hormone
(Emergency Hormone)
• Function- Helping an organism to fight or flight
• Directly secreted into blood and reach into the
target organ (Heart) which increases heart beat
rate, supply more oxygen to muscles
• Reduce the blood flow to digestive system and skin
and increase the blood to our skeletal muscle.
• Breathing rate also increases
• All these responses together helps an animal body to
deal with the emergency situation.

•
 Pancreas Gland- Produce insulin and glucagon
• It is located just below the stomach.
• It acts as both exocrine and endocrine gland.
• Insulin reduce the sugar level in the blood.
• Deficiency of insulin caused diabetes mellitus
 Endocrine glands in human beings
GLANDS HORMONES FUNCTIONS

Pituitary Growth hormones Body growth, development of bones and

Muscles.( Excess: Gigantism& If less:
Dwarfism)
Thyroid Thyroxin Regulates carbohydrate, protein, fat
metabolism.( If less: Goiter), If excess-
Grave’s disease
Pancreas Insulin & Glucagon Insulin: reduces Sugar levels
Glucagon: Increases sugar levels.

Testes (Male) Testosteron Development of secondary male characters

like
deep voice, beard, spermatogenesis etc.
Ovaries (Female) Oestrogen Development of secondary female
characters mammary glands, menstrual
cycle, maintenance of pregnancy.
Adrenal Adrenalin Helping an organism to fight or flight
 FEEDBACK MECHANISM
The timing and amount of hormone production is regulated by a
mechanism called feed back mechanism.
Eg- If sugar level in the blood increases, then it is detected by the
cells of pancreas which response by producing insulin.
Then blood sugar level falls, so insulin secretion will be reduced