Philippine Case Study: Community Risk Assessment in Brgy Looc, Catarman, Camiguin

Province in the Project “ Enhancing LGU Capacities in Disaster Preparedness, Prevention

& Rehabilitation”

Identifying Information

Project Name : Enhancing LGU Capacities in Disaster Preparedness,

Prevention & Rehabilitation

Project Duration : April 29, 2002 - May 2003

Partners/Beneficiaries : Provincial Government and Municipalities of

Catarman, Guinsiliban, Mahinog, Mambajao, & Sagay

Funded and Assisted by : Canada - Philippine Local Government Support

Program (LGSP)

Contracted to : Center for Disaster Preparedness Foundation Inc. (CDP)

Introduction

Camiguin is a small, pear shaped island province at the northern tip of Mindanao. It is the
Philippines’ second smallest province both in land area and in population at 238 sq.km. and
74,232 persons. Its physical form consists of 7 volcanoes, both active and dormant. Hibok-Hibok
last erupted in 1951. The province has prominent rainy season between the months of November
to February, with the absence of a definite dry season. From October to January, the province is
visited by typhoons.

The province is composed of 5 municipalities and 57 barangays. Mambajao is a 3rd class

municipality while Catarman, Mahinog, Sagay and Guinsiliban are all 5th class municipalities. The
provincial economy is predominantly agricultural, with a developing tourism industry. The
dependence on agriculture and fishing in a province with limited arable land, low agricultural
productivity, dwindling natural resources, and practically no value-adding activities, is one of the
factors for a 71% poverty incidence.

The island province of Camiguin was devastated by Typhoon Nanang on 6 – 8 November 2001.
Although a relatively weak storm with sustained wind speed and gustiness at 75 kph and 90 kph
respectively, heavy rainfall of 517 millimeters poured on November 7, 2002. The associated
landslides, debris flow and flashflood claimed 220 lives (including those declared missing), injured
146 persons and affected some 7,000 families. Damage to settlements, agriculture and
infrastructure was placed at P201 Million. Camiguin receives 2,300 mm average rainfall and a
similar disaster such as Typhoon Nanang has been projected to have a return period of more
than 100 years as indicated from the rainfall data from the Mt. Hibok-Hibok Observation Station.

Beginning proactive and participatory approach after Typhoon Nanang

The Typhoon Nanang disaster served as a wake-up call to enhance local and community capacity
in disaster preparedness and mitigation. The Local Government Units (LGUs) of Camiguin have
undertaken from April 2002 – May 2003 the “Enhancing Capacities in Disaster Preparedness,
Prevention and Rehabilitation Project” with the support of the Local Government Support Program
(LGSP). One of the key strategies for an integrated, responsive, proactive and development-
oriented disaster management involved the synchronization of improvement of capacity and
systematization of the community and local level with the municipal and provincial level, or
meeting of the top-down with the bottom-up approach in disaster management (bibingka
approach - native rice cake cooked just right with charcoal to heat the top and bottom).

The Center for Disaster Preparedness Foundation Inc. (CDP), a resource center committed to the
promotion of CBDM was the partner of the LGSP and the LGUs of Camiguin for capability
building in community based disaster preparedness and mitigation.

Community risk assessment and counter disaster planning/disaster management planning

workshops were undertaken in 1 pilot barangay in each of the municipalities through a Technical
Working Group at the provincial and municipal levels. The 4-day Community Risk Assessment
Workshops ended with a community validation, a visioning exercise of a developed community
and recommendations on necessary and do-able disaster risk reduction measures to undertake.

The counter disaster planning workshops resulted in the reorganization of the local disaster
coordinating council/s and an action plan for flood level monitoring, early warning system, safe
evacuation centers, and do-able mitigation measures. Aside from training workshops on disaster
preparedness and disaster management planning, a study tour to Legaspi, Albay and Guagua,
Pampanga to share and learn with local government units which are recognized as the best
practices in local and community level disaster management. At the barangay level, community
organizations and residents participated in the capability building activities.

Among the 5 municipalities in the province, the Municipality of Mahinog suffered the most
damages during Typhoon Nanang, and was prioritized for the disaster preparedness and
mitigation activities. Not wanting to experience another disaster, the municipal government has
worked with the barangays and community people for preparedness and mitigation. The
Community Risk Assessment held in May 2002 in Barangay Hubangon was attended by 80
participants from all the sitios (smaller subvidivision of the village). During the Disaster
Preparedness Training in Brgy Hubangon in the first week of July, the LGU personnel and
community members realized that the flood water level does not rise all at once, and there is
opportunity to give an early warning after typhoon and flood monitoring.

Brgy Hubangon’s newly designed early warning and evacuation system was put to an initial test
during Typhoon Milenyo in August 2002. Continuous ringing of the church bells and sirens
meant residents were to evacuate to the Chapel and Mahinog National High School premises.
The Barangay Disaster Coordinating Council has been reconstituted and is composed of 135
members. The experience of Barangay Hubangon in community disaster preparedness has been
used as a model with 3 other high-risk barangays in Mahinog. A community-based radio
communications group has also been formed with 112 volunteers and the LGU has given them a
separate physical base for 24-hours operations. Although Barangay Hubangon only placed
second during the awards by the Provincial Government for the most prepared barangay in 2003,
they take pride that even without sophisticated equipment their strength is in involving and
mobilizing community residents in disaster preparedness.

Key Project Strategies

The following project strategies was applied in the project implementation.

• bottom-up approach (local level and community based disaster management)

• synchronization of improvement of capacity and systematization of disaster
management of the community & local levels with the provincial level (bibingka
approach)
• multi-disciplinary and multi-stakeholder involvement in DM
 • consideration of perspective and address concerns of all stake-holders
(LGUs, community, church, NGOs & POs)
• drawing lessons from emergency responses for typhoon Nanang and previous
disasters and building on existing initiatives in rehabilitation
• Strengthening linkage of disaster preparedness, rehabilitation & mitigation to
over-all development
• formation of a Trainers Pool from among the provincial and municipal government
personnel & NGOs involved in disaster management
• formation of Project Management Team or Technical Working Group
• designation of DM Officers or DM Action Officers
• integrated, responsive, proactive & development-oriented disaster
management

The project "Improving LGU Capacities in Disaster Preparedness, Rehabilitation”

complements the other capability building and development assistance of LGSP to the
Camiguin province such as Executive Agenda and Capacity Development Plans prepared as
components of the Local Chief Executive Development Management Project.

Disaster Preparedness Activities Undertaken and Highlights

♦ Ocular Visit and Consultation/Meeting (April 3 - 5, 2002)

After the ocular area visit and the consultation/meeting with the Provincial Administrator,
Provincial and Municipal Planning and Development Officer (PPDO/MPDO) of five (5)
municipalities, Social Action and Philippine Rural Reconstruction Movement (PRRM) the
project strategies were discussed, project management teams or the technical working groups
were formed, major activities were identified and came up with a tentative schedule.

♦ Project Orientation And Rehabilitation Project Update (April 29, 2002)

A brief background of the project was shared by LGSP. Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) on
the capability building program was signed by the Provincial Government of Camiguin and
LGSP. Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) shared their reports
on Typhoon Nanang, PPDO presented the provincial disaster situation.

Social sector rehabilitation project plan and update on rehabilitation activities were presented
by PPDO. The rehabilitation project was not yet fully implemented, the province was waiting for
the reports from the LGU and the different concerned agencies involved in the implementation
of the project. It was also noted that the governor conducted series of disaster preparedness
consultation and campaign before typhoon Nanang hit the province. Although, the barangay,
municipal and the provincial disaster coordinating council (DCC) was formed as mandated by
law, the disaster management system in the province was not yet fully in placed. There was
lack of contingency or emergency plan. Tasks and functions of the DCC member were not well
discussed to the concerned person and agencies.

Project design and strategies on the implementation of capability building project were
discussed.

Representative from the provincial government line agencies, the five (5) municipalities of
Camiguin and NGOs (Social Action, Philippine Rural Reconstruction Movement, Philippine
National Red Cross and HIRED Foundation) attended the activity.
♦ Risk Assessment Training/Workshop (April 30 - May 7, 2002)

Risk assessment training of trainers for representative from the Provincial Government and
five (5) municipalities of Camiguin, and NGOs (Social Action and PRRM) was conducted by
the Center for Disaster Preparedness so the LGU personnel together with the NGOs could
facilitate community risk assessment..

The risk assessment training/workshop was divided into three modules. Module 1: Updates on
Disaster Management Concepts, Module 2:Community-Based Risk Assessment, Module 3:
Initial Identification of Risk Reduction Measures. Barangay Baylao in Mambajao was the first
pilot community for the risk assessment.

Please refer to Annex 1 for the Training Module used and to Annex 2 for the Checklist for
Community Risk Assessment made by the LGU participants.

♦ Barangay Disaster Risk Assessment (June 16 – 28, 2002)

Before the actual barangay risk assessment, the risk assessment team per LGU had a briefing
and tasking on the activity.

The overall objective of the community risk assessment was to provide baseline information
which could be used to further develop and strengthen the Disaster Management Program of
the community, LGUs and Camiguin Province.

Specific objectives:

1. To identify local needs and obtain people's perspectives of their current realities regarding
the nature and impact of natural disasters in their community and strategies to cope with
and respond to these disasters.

2. To assess:
¾ Community/barangay development planning, particularly in terms of disaster
preparedness, mitigation and prevention

¾ Quality of community participation in barangay development planning and the nature of

collaborative partnership between LGUs, NGOs, and community organization

3. To make a specific recommendations to LGUs and NGOs in terms of developing or

designing risk reduction plan for the province.

An average of 50 to 80 people per barangay participated in the activity. Participants

represented the different peoples organization, barangay council (appointed and elected
official) and the community people. Each barangay risk assessment and initial identification of
the risk reduction measure was three days.

Pilot Barangays for the Risk Assessment:

• Brgy. North Poblacion, Guinsiliban

• Brgy. Hubangon, Mahinog
• Brgy. Bonbon, Sagay
• Brgy. Looc, Catarman
• Brgy. Baylao, Mambajao
 The TWG/ trainer pool per municipality and CDP facilitated the activity. Please refer to
Annex 3 for sample of Community Risk Assessment results of Brgy Looc, Catarman.

♦ Disaster Preparedness Training in Barangay Hubangon, Mahinog

(July 29 - Aug. 2, 2002)

The need for disaster preparedness training was surfaced during the Community Risk
Assessments. LGSP, the LGU of Mahinog, Social Action, CDP and the barangay council
committed to conduct the training for the community.

The objectives of the training were to organize the barangay disaster coordinating council
(BDCC), systematize the disaster management plan as well as the structure, policy, task,
function and activities before, during and after the disaster, and to involve more people from
the community.

The major output of the training was a draft of the Hubangon Counter Disaster Plan. LGU of
Mahinog assisted the BDCC to finalize the counter disaster plan.

When Typhoon Milenyo hit Camiguin Province in August 2002, the community reported that
they already use their counter disaster plan.

BDCC members and the community members attended the training. Technical working
group/trainers pool of the municipality of Mahinog, LGSP and CDP facilitated the training.

Annexes

Annex 1 - Risk Assessment Training/Workshop Module

Annex 2 - Checklist for Community Risk Assessment
Annex 3 - Community Risk Assessment Results in Brgy Looc, Catarman, Camiguin,
 Annex 1

Training on Community Risk Assessment

for the Provincial and Municipal LGU Officers and Personnel

Module 1: Updates on DM Concepts

At the end of this module, the participants should be able to:

 discuss the nodal points in the development of the community-based

disaster management orientation and practice
 describe the strengths and weaknesses of the various disaster management models
 cite “new” concepts and trends in community-based disaster management
 explain disaster risk management
 explain the disaster crunch model and release model: progression of vulnerability and
progression of safety
 describe the community-based risk reduction process

Module 2: Community-Based Risk Assessment

At the end of this 7 session module, the participants should be able to:

Session 2.1: Introduction to the community risk assessment/HCVA

 explain what community risk assessment is

 explain the purpose and importance of risk assessment/HCVA

Session 2.2: People’s Perception of Risk

 explain the importance of considering people’s perception of risk

 explain how people’s perception of risk is related to socio-economic and cultural
factors such as gender, class, age, ethnicity, profession, etc

Session 2.3: Hazard Assessment

 explain the process of hazard assessment

 describe the nature and behavior of several hazard types
(natural and human-made)

Session 2.4: Vulnerability Assessment

 explain the process of vulnerability assessment using the

‘crunch model’
 describe per hazard type which elements are at risk and why
 enumerate which tools to use for vulnerability assessment

Session 2.5: Capacity Assessment

 explain per hazard type how people cope with adverse effects
 identify the available capacities/resources which can help in risk reduction
 explain how to conduct capacity assessment
 Session 2.6: Tools for Community Risk Assessment/HCVA

 enumerate the different tools for community risk assessment

 match tools with information needs
 explain the sequence of how tools should be used

Session 2.7: Synthesis of the Risk Assessment

 discuss the usefulness and limitations of new models/concepts

 stress what information is gathered through a HCVA
 synthesize the HCVA process

Module 3: Identification of Risk Reduction Measures

At the end of this module, the participants should be able to:

 use HCVA results to identify risk reduction measures

 explain the process of identifying and selecting risk reduction measures
 explain how to consider gender, class, age, culture, environment while selecting risk
reduction measures
 Annex 2

Community Risk Assessment Design

Aspect/Key Area of Inquiry/Questions Method To Use Facilitator Documentator

A. Community profile

1. Economic well-being

• Ano ang ikinabubuhay o

pinagkakakitaan ng mga tao?
(What are the sources of
income/livelihood?)

• Anu-ano ang mga alternatibo o

dagdag na kita ng mga tao? (What
are the alternative or additional
sources of income?)

• Ano ang porsyento ng niyog,

palay, gulay at iba pa sa kabuuang
produksyon (output) ng
komunidad? Ranking ng economic
activities? (What are the main and
secondary crops/products in the
community?)

• Anu-ano ang katangian ng mga

kalagayang pang-ekonomiya
(tulad mahirap at mayaman)?
(How do people distinguish
between varying household
economic status in the community
e.g. rich, middle, poor?)

2. Bio-physical well-being

• Anu-anong mga likas na yaman

ang mayroon sa komunidad?
(What are the resources in the
community?)

3. Socio-political assessment

• Anu-anong mga organisasyon ang

nagkakaugnayan? (What are
existing organizations within the
community?)

• Anu-anong mga aktibidad

nagkakasama-sama? Ano ang
kalidad ng relasyon? (What are
 projects or activities which
encourage people to participate
and become involved? What is the
quality of their
participation/involvement?)

• Anu-ano ang mga services ng

naturang organisayon? May
training component ba ang mga
services at ano-anong mga
training? (What are the services
being offered by various
organizations within the
community, e.g., socio-economic
projects, training, organizing?)

• Alin sa mga serbisyong ito ang

pinahahalagahan ng mga tao at
bakit? Ano ang batayan(criteria)
nila ng pagsasabi ng mahalaga at
hindi mahalaga? (How do people
assess these services? What
criteria do they use in assessing
services?)

4. Assessment of Disaster
Situation

• Ano ang pakakaunawa sa

komunidad? (What are the
people's perceptions of disasters?
How do they define disasters?)
• Ano-ano ang mga kalamidad na
tumatama sa komunidad? Ano-
ano ang epekto sa komunidad
(pamilya, kabuhayan, psycho-
social)? Kailan nila sinasabing
"grabe" ang epekto ng isang
kalamidad; ano ang kanilang
batayan (criteria) batay sa
karanasan? (What are the
disasters that people have
experienced in the community?
What are its effects on life,
livelihood, psycho-social well-
being? What are their indicators
for assessing impact of disasters?)
5. Assessing Local DM practice

a. Coping strategies of
people

• Anu-ano ang ginagawa sa pre-

disaster, warning period, during
 disaster at post-disaster (per
disaster event-Rosing, Loleng,
etc.) (What are people's
responses in pre, during, and post
disaster phases-per disaster
event?)

• Alin sa mga ito ang may

kakayahan o mas epektibo ang
mga tao? Alin sa mga ito ang wala
silang kakayahan? Bakit? Set
indicators. ((During which phase
do people feel that they are most
capable and effective in
responding to disasters? What are
their strengths and weaknesses in
each phase?)

• Sa panahon ng evacuation, saan

sila/kayo pumupunta, ilang tao ang
nagsasama-sama, gaano katagal
tumitigil sa naturang lugar, anoa
ang health facilities available?
(During evacuation, how many
people are gathered in one area,
for how long, and what are the
health facilities available (if any)?

• Ano-ano ang konsiderasyon sa

pagtatayo ng bahay in relation to
hazards na nararanasan sa
komunidad? Ano-ano at saan
kumukuha ng resources para
maipatayo ang bahay kung pag-
uusapan ang "tibay" ng bahay
laban sa kalamidad? (What are
the people's consideration in
building houses and where do they
get materials for construction of
houses?)

• Ano-ano ang materials na

available at ginagamit sa pre,
during at post disaster response?
(What resources/ materials do
they need in the pre, during and
post disaster phases and where
do they get these resources?)

• Saan kumukuha ng resources

para sa post disaster survival?
(Where do they get resources for
post-disaster survival?)
b. Local knowledge and warning
indicators

• Ano ang pinagbabatayan na may

darating na disaster/kalamidad?
Alin ang pinaka reliable, epektibo,
na pinakamadalas gamitin? (What
are the hazard warning signals
used within the community? How
reliable and effective these
warning signals? How often do
they get information/ use these
information sources?)

• Other sources of information (ie.

Radio, t.v.)? Assess
availability/accessibility and
timeliness of information .

c. DM Organizations (non-
government)

• Ano-anong organisasyon, sino ang

tumulong sa emergency response
noong 2001? Ano-ano ang mga
responses nila? (What
organizations provided assistance
to the community in 2001 during
typhoon Nanang? What were the
responses?

• Alin sa mga responses ang

nakatulong o hindi nakatulong?
Ano-ano ang criteria para sabihing
ito ay nakatulong o hindi
nakatulong? (Which of these
responses did they consider
helpful? What criteria do people
use in assessing effectiveness of
disaster responses of these
organizations?)

• Batay sa indicators/criteria, alin

ang pinakamahalaga sa kanila?
(Which of the criteria is most
important to people?)

6. Process of Barangay
Development Planning

a) Process of BDP/decision
making

b) Community Development
Initiatives.
• Gaano ka-effective o ka-
responsive ang mga ito sa
kanilang kalagayan at sitwasyon/
needs? Bakit o ano ang kanilang
criteria ng pagiging
effective/responsive/appropriate?
(How responsive and/or effective
are these community
development activities? What
criteria are used to assess
effectivity and responsiveness of
interventions?
8. Vision of developed community

• Ano ang larawan ng komunidad na

gusto nilang makita sa kanilang
barangay? (What is their vision of
community development? What
would they like to see in their
barangay?)

• In discussing their vision, ask how

they plan to actualize their vision,
Who will be involved, what would
be their participation and contribution.
What resources would be needed
and where would these come from?
 Annex 3

Community Risk Assessment

Barangay Looc, Municipality of Catarman, Camiguin
June 24 - 27, 2002

Objectives:

The overall objective of the community risk assessment is to provide baseline information which
could be used to further develop and strengthen the Disaster Management Program of Camiguin
Province.

Specific objectives:

1. To identify local needs and obtain people's perspectives of their current realities
regarding the nature and impact of natural disasters in their community and strategies to cope
with and respond to these disasters.

2. To assess:

a) community/barangay development planning, particularly in terms of disaster

preparedness, mitigation and prevention
b) quality of community participation in barangay development planning and the nature of
collaborative partnership between LGUs, NGOs, and community organization.

3. To make a specific recommendations to LGUs and NGOs in terms of developing or designing

risk reduction plan for the province.

Flow of Activities:

Day 1: Municipal Disaster Coordinating Council Orientation

Community Risk Assessment Design

Planning /Tasking

Day 2 & Day 3: Actual Community Risk Assessment

Day 3 (3:00 p.m.): Preparation for the presentation of the community risk
assessment result

Day 4: Presentation/Validation of community risk assessment result

Community Visioning
Identification of Initial Risk Reduction Measures
 Community Risk Assessment Results
Barangay Looc, Municipality of Catarman, Camiguin
June 24 - 27, 2002

Key Areas for Community Risk Assessment:

1. Economic well-being

Sources of Income in Looc

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People of Looc are mainly involved in agricultural production with coconut as the primary product
and source of income. Secondary source of income is fishing since Looc is a coastal area. Fish,
livestock, fruits, root crops, and vegetables provide income as well as food for the people of Looc.
Other sources of income are derived from employment in the government, in quarrying sites, and
construction sites and other skilled labor for men while women earn by selling agricultural
products and fish and by other small enterprises.

Main and secondary crops/products in the community

coconut
livestock
banana
rootcrops
fruit trees
vegetable
Quarrying become more and more popular since the rice land was already devastated by the
typhoon.

Alternative or Additional Sources of Income

>Quarrying >Business
>Sari-sari store >Copra
>Farm laborer >Tuba Gatherer
>Construction worker >Jeepney/tricycle drivers
>Hollow block making

Though they have different sources of income, the people of Looc consider themselves poor.
According to the criteria they have set, 88% of the villagers belong to the poor status.

Economic Status of Barangay

Looc

middle class
poor
very poor

Economic Status Criteria

RICH

MIDDLE CLASS
- can afford to send their children to College

POOR
- can at least eat 3 meals a day
- can afford to buy medicines when illness occur
- can send their children until Secondary level
- can afford to buy basic needs for their children
- living in a comfortable house

VERY POOR
- not eating 3 meals a day (usually)
- cannot afford to send their children to High school
- cannot afford to buy nice/ good clothing for their children
- children are prone to sickness
 Barangay Looc is exposed to different hazards that affect their livelihood. For example the
harvest of agricultural products and fishes can be affected by typhoon and strong winds.

*HARVEST SEASONAL CALENDAR

Crops/Livestock Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
Crops/ Livestock:
1. Coconut x X x x
2. Banana x x x X x X x x x x x x
3. Root crops x Plant planting x x x x x x
(gabi) ing Kamote Cassava Cassava
gabi
4. Fruit trees
Mango x x X
Lanzones x x
5. Vegetable x x x X x X x x x x x X
6. Livestock x X x
Fisheries:
1. Panit (Barilis) X X x x
2. Tulingan/Pidlayan x x x x X
3. Budlis x x x X x x
4. Kutob X x x x x
5. Banse/Barongay x x X X
6. Nukos (Pusit) x x x
7. Dalwang x x
8. Sapay x x x x x X x x x x x X
(During Low Tide)
9. Mulmul x x x x x X x x x x x x
10. Goso x x X
11. Tamban X X x x x

*WEATHER SEASONAL CALENDAR

Ja Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
n
Kinds of wind:
1. Dumagsa x x x x x x x
2. Timog x x x x x x x
3. Kabunghan x x x x x x x
4. Habagat X x x x x
5. Kanaway x X
6. Amihan x X
7. Batunggala X x
8. Salatan X x x
Rainy days x x x X x x x x x x
Summer days x x
 The table below sums up the economic problems of Looc and the suggestions on how to solve
them.

PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS:

PLANTS PROBLEM SOLUTION

Crops 1. Cutting of old coconut trees, Replanting; avoid cutting of
mango trees & other trees young coconut trees
2. presence of crops pests & Adoption of appropriate
diseases technology
3. Killing of rats Rat poisoning
4. Low price of copras To raise the price of copras
through the government
agencies.
5. High price of basic To decrease
commodities consumption/budget
6. High price of fertilizer Use organic fertilizer
7. Stealing of coconut trees, None
banana, and other crops
8. Rice fields totally Alternative livelihood to
devastated affected farmers
FISHERIES 1. Poisoning of fish in the Information drive
water
2. Presence of commercial Provision of bantay dagat
fishing boat Deputize fish warden
3. Illegal fishing None
e.g. tubli, dynamite, lagtang,
fine mesh net, compressor and
super light
4. Fisherman’s tradition None
e.g. catch small fishes, even
those who carry eggs
5. Capital deficiency Fund sourcing
6. Small amount of fishes Implement capturing of illegal
fisherman
LIVESTOCK 1. Expensive animal food, Price control
“feeds”
2. Low selling price Look for a good buyer
3. Expensive animal meat Price control
4. Presence of disease in pig Vaccination
and chicken
5. Lack of pasture land Sow seeds for animal
consumption
6. Lack of appropriate pig pen/ Look for appropriate pasture
septic tanks land
2. Bio-physical well-being
*See also Hazard Map

Looc is rich in natural resources from which their sources of livelihood are mainly derived. They
have marine resources, gravel and sand, coconut trees, vegetables, fruit trees, fresh water and
fresh air.

*HISTORICAL TRANSECT:

Historical Transect Map of Brgy Looc

The historical transect shows the process of environmental degradation.

1960’s - Many fishes & sea foods
- With different kinds of trees around the ocean
- Houses are few
- The Dinanggasan river (**with illustration) were far from Looc
proper and it was so small
- The river were surrounded by coconut trees
- 2 residents were destroyed by typhoon Ining since 1964
- The ocean river were far from the National road
 - The land Looc were extensive
- Only one school building

1970’s - the Dinanggasan river became bigger

- The river were widened
- More and more residents in the Barangay
- started to construct the Looc dike
- There were many fishes in the ocean and in Dinanggasan River

1980’s - More and more residents in the Barangay are living.

- started to construct a Dinanggasan bridge due to flood and river
expansion
- No fishes in the river

1990’s - fishes became few in the ocean

- The ocean were widened, approaching the national road
- Looc dike were extended
- started to expand quarry area

2000 - trees, crops and fields in the Dinanggasan river were destroyed due to
typhoon “Nanang”
- The Dinanggasan river was widened
- The Looc dike was different and the foundation was weak due to typhoon
“Nanang”
- The other approach of Dinanggasan Bridge was destroyed due to typhoon
“Nanang”
- more and more people resorted to quarry because the crops and fields
were washed out and not suited for planting, due to typhoon Nanang. The
fields were transformed into areas of gravel and sand

RESOURCE MAP:

Resource Map Discussion Results:

- The whole barangay of Looc is a disaster prone area, even in any part of north, east,
south and west.
- In the eastern area, when typhoon comes, the creek overflows to the middle part of
Looc’s residential area until it reaches the sea. That’s why additional funds are needed
to control the floods. The barangay council started this fund raising.
- In the northern area, there is Dinanggasan River that could destroy the whole
barangay because of flash floods brought by typhoons. The whole rice fields and other
crops were totally damaged. Rehabilitation of crops and fields will no longer be
possible due to the rocks, gravel and sand deposits brought about by the flood.
- The only dike which controls the overflowing of water to the residential area has been
destroyed. This will be the biggest problem for the people of Looc because they will
need a large amount of money to reconstruct their most important dike.
- In the western area, there is the huge Looc Dinanggasan Bridge which is also the
tallest bridge in the island of Camiguin. A part of the bridge was damaged by Typhoon
Nanang. This is another problem for they have not started reconstruction until now.
- While in the southern part, there is the coastal area facing Mindanao Sea. All of the
houses in this area are in great danger every time there is typhoon and great waves.
Particularly these days, the sea water has the tendency to reach the national highway
during typhoons, because the small sea wall was destroyed by Typhoon Nanang.
3. Socio-political assessment

Venn Diagram of organizations in Brgy. Looc

• The existing organizations within Looc have different focus.

*Note: Venn Diagram See Picture 7

0 Sangguniang Kabataan
1 Barangay Council
2 Purok Organization
3 Looc Multi-purpose Cooperative
4 Fishermen’s Organization
5 Looc Household Organization
6 Charismatic Movement
7 Senior Citizens Organization
8 Looc Samahang Nayon
9 Department of Education
10 DSWD
11 Rural Health Unit
12 Local Government Unit
 13 DA
14 DAR
15 DPWH
16 CVO
17 Looc Seaweed Culture Association
18 RIC
19 Farmer’s Association
20 Looc Quarry Organization
21 Legion of Mary
22 Dinanggasan Multi Purpose Coop

Services and Activities of Organizations within/linked with Looc

Organizations Activities and Services

1. Dinanggasan Multi Purpose Cooperative - commodity credit, commodity sales

2. Senior Citizen Brgy Looc Chapter – cash assistance to all members in times
of illness and death
3. Looc Seaweed Culture Association – seaweed production, DA, BFAR (“guso”
seaweed production)
4. Fisherman’s organization – awareness of legal fishing and self-
sufficiency / self-reliance
5. RIC – cooking, nutrition, family planning

6. Purok Organization – cash assistance, beautification, peace

and order
7. Looc Quarry Organization – supply of gravel and sand, solving
livelihood problems, proper quarrying
location and practice, financial assistance
to the youth
8. Looc Youth Organization/SK – coastal clean up, sports

9. Legion of Mary – prayer meeting, family visit

10. Charismatic Movement – prayer meeting, vigil services

11. Community Volunteers Organization – security during affairs, warning, volunteer

work
12. Farmer Association - fertilizer distribution

13. Looc Multi-purpose Coop. - sari-sari store, prime commodities,

education for member, sell catch fish at
reasonable price
14. Purok Household Organization (Health) – proper food preparation, literacy program
care, first aid assistance to neighborhood
15. Barangay Council - implementing the Barangay Development
Plan
16. Looc Samahang Nayon-

17. Department of Education

18. Department of Social Welfare and

Development
 19. Rural Health Unit

20. Department of Agriculture

21. Department of Agrarian Reform

22. Department of Public Works and

Highways
23. Local Government Unit

The people assess the services of the organizations through the benefits they receive from
the organizations. There are several development programs implemented in the community,
however they are limited usually with livelihood projects.

There are several civic organizations such as youth, religious, elderly, health organizations
providing opportunity for camaraderie.

The people of Looc see that the following are the basic services which the people needs:
- Money lending
- Livelihood project
- Dole out system (Grants)
For the people, basic services can be equated with acquiring money. The table below shows the
result of the discussions about the needs of the people of Looc that can be addressed through the
socio-political organizations within the community.

PROBLEM SOLUTION
1. Attitudes and values Education
2. Lack of funds Ask aid from the local, Provincial and National
government and agencies through barangay
resolution
3. No technical knowledge and skills Conduct seminars and training
4. Too much politics
5. Lack of disaster preparedness components Include in different programs
in different programs
6. Barangay disaster coordinating council are Organize and undergo training
not organized
7. Construction and reconstruction of river and Send barangay resolution to different agencies
coastal control concerned
8. Lack of livelihood projects Education, information and organization
9. Construction of health center Request funds for Local, Provincial and
National agencies
10. Environmental degradation Info. education (DENR)
11. No land to plant Request landed individuals to lend vacant lands
12. Lack of capability in accessing funds from Information education
foreign funding institutions

Among the problems, it was identified that the construction and reconstruction of river and coastal
control as the number one problem that needed an immediate solution. It is also interesting to
note that their Barangay Disaster Coordinating Council is not organized. This would explain the
fact that the community has no collective disaster preparedness.
4. Assessment of Disaster Situation

Looc is a flood-prone area as can be seen from the Hazard Map. It is surrounded by the
Mindanao Sea, Dinanggasan River, and 2 creeks.

The people’s concept of disaster is based on the knowledge of hazards affecting their
community, like flash floods, coastal flooding, earthquake, drought, and volcanic eruption. For
them disasters can be defined by the statements below:
- dark and gloomy environment
- crops/ plants and properties are washed away by flood
- heavy rains, big waves, floods.

The people experienced various types of disasters:

DISASTER TYPE EFFECTS

Typhoon - damaged dikes, rice fields, banana,

plantations, and water work system
- land slides
- houses were torn apart and flooded
- damaged appliances
Drought - plants die of lack of water
Volcanic eruption - resort to evacuation
Overflowing of waters/Flood - small boats were washed away
 >Ranking of calamity

CALAMITY RANK
Flash floods 1
Coastal flooding 2
Volcanic eruption 3
Earthquake 4
Drought 5

Events Effects
1. Flash flood Bridge destroyed, G.I. pipe washed out, rice fields washed out,
roads damaged,
Diseases, people were flooded
2. Big waves House washed out, sea wall damaged, coconut trees destroyed,
coastline erosion
3. Coastal Possessions got wet and floated on the water
flooding
4. Cloud burst G.I. sheets flown away, electric posts damaged, big trees
destroyed, plants damaged

The number one disaster that affects Barangay Looc is flash flood which affects the following
resources:
- plants/ crops ( coconut, banana, sweet potato, rice fields)
- animals ( cow, pig, chicken)
- boat ( materials and equipment)
- houses and different kinds of appliances
- Infrastructure (dike, foot bridge)
- Creek (overflow, not passable)
- Sand and gravel (quarry, washed out)

Whenever disaster strikes the economy is affected and worsens the people’s living
condition. There is usually scarcity of food. It also results to increased unemployment.

5. Assessing Local DM practice

a) Coping strategies of the Barangay Council

Since the Barangay Disaster Coordinating Council is not operative, the Barangay Council
answers the need of the community during and after disaster.

EVENTS BARANGAY COUNCIL COMMUNITY Effect Effective

Response
A. Pre- - committee on barangay - unpreparedness
disaster disaster preparedness created
- Disaster preparedness
Training
- Installed communication
(telephone)
B. During- - emergency meeting - helping evacuees - Used in Okay for
disaster - calamity fund use transfer to school or Rehabilitation those not
- rehabilitation of river neighborhood - Restoration affected
- coordinate with line agency - rehabilitation of river of WWS directly
 - reporting - make their own partially
- pictorial personal preparation
- create 2 volunteer
teams (males)
C. After - resolution asking assistance -house reconstruction On going
disaster - letter of donation caused by flood construction of
- fund raising (Theme: Caroling) - inspection of crops / riprapping of
- Relief distribution plants and animal canal
- reporting of
damages
- rehabilitation of river

b.) Coping strategies of the people

The people of Looc have their own coping mechanism however their efforts are not
organized.

EVENTS WEAKNESSES STRENGTHS POSSIBLE

RECOMMENDATION
A. Pre-disaster - too much confidence, - Trainings on different
unawareness, disaster management
unpreparedness,
B. During disaster - people are in chaos - prepared for - Community training
- no alternative evacuation on disaster
measures on what to - willing to help preparedness
do. - Assistance for not
- nowhere to go affected area
- wait and see attitude - Assistance from near
- manana habit barangay
- reluctant to evacuate
C. Post disaster - no funds for - willing to help - make use of
rehabilitation - Bayanihan spirit bayanihan spirit
- lack of resources for
recovery
The need for a community training on disaster preparedness was recognized by the people.
They also understand the importance of the Bayanihan spirit, as well as the assistance of the
nearby barangays like Poblacion.

During Typhoon Nanang disaster, 40 households were evacuated (with the average of 3
days stay in the evacuation center). Twenty five households were from the river side while, 15
were from the seashore.

Common diseases when there is typhoon and flood are Fever, Cough, Colds, and
Diarrhea.

Location Number of Number of Facilities available Problem/issues

Evacuees stay encountered
High School 4 HH 1-4 days -Water and toilet - keys not
(not in all rooms) available on time
-lighting(CAMELCO) - none availability
table, C.R. of bedding
(communal), chairs, - first aid kit not
rooms, kitchen available
(communal) - not all rooms
 are in good
condition
- Place is not
safe.
Central 3 HH 1-4 days same as above Same as above
School
Chapel 4 HH 1-4 days table, chairs, lighting - small place
- not safe for
evacuees
- no toilet
- no water system
Neighbors / 30 HH 1-4 days beddings, C.R., - small place
Relatives lighting - not safe for
evacuees
Barangay 2 HH 1-4 days table etc., lighting, - small place
Hall utensil, thermos - not safe

Recommendations for the Evacuation Center

:
1. There should be adequate lighting (with “stand by” generator).
2. There should be emergency lights (petromax, candles, flashlight, and kerosene lamp).
3. There should be complete bedding (folding bed, pillows, mats, blanket, etc.).
4. There should be First Aid kits.
5. There should be an Evacuation Administrator.
6. There should be enough cooking stove or a complete mini-kitchen.
7. There should be adequate emergency food supply.
8. There should be enough toilet and abundant water supply.
9. Rooms must be in good condition.
10. There should be a Security guard.
11. An evacuation center must be a safe place.
12. It should be near to the community.
13. There should be a medical staff present.

• Ranking for the better evacuation center

Evacuation Center Rank Number

>Central School 1
>High School 2
>Neighbor / Relative 3
>Barangay Hall 4
>Chapel 5

• Criteria used in giving shelter assistance for Typhoon Nanang Rehabilitation

Description Agency Target Beneficiaries

Complete material Provincial Government totally damaged
Labor Municipal Government totally damaged
Cash assistance NGO / Private Individual totally damaged
• Resources needed as identified by the people.

Event Available Materials

A. Pre-Disaster bags, petromax, flash light, sacks, emergency
light, candle, matches, radio transistor
B. During Disaster canned goods, rice, clothing, gas, blanket,
pillow, mat, thermos, milk, coffee, sugar, gas
stove
C. After Disaster canned goods, rice and water

b. Local warning knowledge and warning indicators.

Event Information / Warning Other Warnings How Effective

A. Pre – - radio and TV - weather forecasting - prepared
disaster - by nature ( observation through
experience
- migratory birds (
heron and seagull )
B. During - Municipal Government - neighbors - houses belong to
disaster - PNP Catarman ( house to information ( panic ) hazard area ready to
house ) - house to house evacuate, others are
- Barangay Official ( house in evacuation center
to house - for readiness
-Police warning and evacuation, effectively
Barangay Captain
-Public announcement
C. Post - - radio - by nature
disaster

Timeline of Disasters Experienced in Looc

Year Events / Activities Situation

1941 - war against the Japanese - fled to mountains
1948 - first volcanic eruption - evacuated to safer places, some
has returned but some did not
after the incident
1951 - second volcanic eruption Same as above
1952 - typhoon - rice fields, crops / plants flooded
- big waves
- fruits washed away
1964 - typhoon “ Ining “ - big waves, floods, strong winds
1970 - typhoon - heavy floods, water changed
direction to houses
1988 - typhoon “ Nitang “ - floods, big waves
- sea wall and houses destroyed
1991 - typhoon “ Rufing “ - seashores shattered
- big waves
- strong winds
 - house roofs wrecked
1992 - El Nino - plants, crops and coconuts died
1996 - typhoon - two children missing
1980 - typhoon - two teachers got drowned and
died
2001 - typhoon “ Nanang “ - some houses washed out
- river dike destroyed
- rice fields flooded
- people evacuated

Disaster Responses of People

Year Event Response

2001 *Nanang – property damaged *Evacuation – gathering of logs in
different sizes for fuel / lumber
1990’s *Rufing – properties destroyed -repair damaged property
1989 *Drought – 7 months - repair damages
- fetched water
- not able to plant rice
1980 *Nitang – properties are destroyed *Evacuation – to safer place
1951 *Ash fall – Hibok-Hibok eruption
chickens were poisoned due to ash
fall
1948 *Ash fall – poisoned chickens and animals - affected animals were
slaughtered
- evacuation to safer place
1942 – *First flooding – due to conversion of forest - evacuate or transfer to safer
43 areas to farmlands place
Dec *Japanese Occupation – captured young - go to mountains to hide
24, ‘42 people to help building the airport
1871 *Ash fall - other people from the barrio
evacuated to Looc while Looc
people evacuated to the mainland

Assessing Problems in Local Disaster Management

Event Problems Solutions

A. Pre – Disaster 1. No signal / warning device 1. Put up signal / warning
2. Barangay Disaster Coordinating devices in our barangay
Council (BDCC) is weak 2. Re-organize and strengthen
3. Number of families prone to BDCC
hazard area 3. Seminar on disaster
awareness and preparedness
B. Post - Disaster 1. Damaged river dike and sea 1. Reconstruct , repair ,
wall rehabilitation
2. Damaged water system 2. Rehabilitation of water
3. Damaged rice land system
3. Alternative livelihood to
affected farmers
c. DM Organizations (non-government)

During the Typhoon Nanang the following Organizations helped the Barangay:

Ranking Organizations Responses / Assistance

3 PNPA Rice, canned goods
8 ABS – CBN Food packs
6 Del Monte Del Monte products
7 Religious Groups Rice
2 Demolai – Int’l. Iligan Chapter Medicine, relief goods, used clothing
5 Private Individual Flood control project
4 DSWD Rice, canned goods, noodles
9 Jesor’s Construction Use of back hoe
1 Rodriguez Enterprises Use of back hoe, bulldozer
10 Barangay Disaster Coordinating Council Inactive
.5 Looc Barangay Council Supervise and lead evacuation
Solicit help from Rodriguez Enterprises
Solicit help from different organization

Problems encountered during the Typhoon Nanang

Problem Solution
1. A lot of people get anguish because they - to explain to those people who were not given
were not given assistance assistance and provide them necessary aid.
2. Sleeplessness due to typhoon and flood - training and seminar on disaster
preparedness
3. Lack of food at evacuation center - to seek assistance from DSWD and from the
other agencies.
4. There has been assistance provided but only - to request for a longer time in giving
for an hour assistance.

6. Health Aspect/Situation

Seasonal Calendar of Common illnesses in the community

Diseases Rank Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
1. Cough 1 x x x x x x x x
2. Cold 1 x x x x x x x x
3. Fever 1 x x x
4. Diarrhea 2 x x x x x x x x
5. Stomach ache 4 x x x
6. Head ache 3 x x x x x x x
7. Flu 6 x x x
8. Tooth ache 5 x x x x x x x x x x x x
9. Chicken pox 7 x x x
10. Tuberculosis 11 x x x x x x x x x x x x
11. Kidney diseases 13 x x x x x x x x x x x x
12. Skin itchiness 9 x x
13. Sore eyes 12 x
14. Arthritis 8 x x x
15. Hypertension 10 x x x x x x x x x x x x
16. Diabetes x x x x x x x x x x x x
VENN DIAGRAM of WHERE the SICK People of Looc “GO TO”

HOSPITAL
(Secondary)

BHW HOSPITAL
CLIENT (Tertiary)

HEALTH
CENTER

PRIVATE
PHYSICIAN

Causes of common illness:

1. cough and colds/ fever
- dust
- getting wet with rain
- excessive sweating
- too much work/ exhaustion
- sprain
- colic
- lack of nutrients

2. Diarrhea
- indigestion
- over eating
- imputable drinking water
- eating spoiled foods

3. Headache
- no money
- problems
- cough and colds
- hunger

4. Stomach ache
- parasites
- over eating
- indigestion
- uncleanliness
 5. Toothache
- tooth decay
- excessive sweets intake

6. Flu
- over fatigue
-“binat”

7. Chicken pox
- virus

8. Arthritis
- climate/ weather
- too much meat intake
- too much alcohol
- age

9. Skin itchiness
- weather

10. Hypertension
- over indulgence to alcohol
- too much animal fats intake
- too much salt intake
- life style/ hereditary

11. Tuberculosis
- over fatigue
- low resistance
- virus/ transferable
- smoking

12. Sore eyes

- weather/ airborne
- virus

13. Diabetes

Where do the People get their Medicine:

1. Self medication
2. Health center
3. Hospital

Causes of diseases:
1. Unbalanced diet
2. Contaminated water
3. Changes of weather
4. Smoking/ drinking
5. Mosquito
Where the people go for health services within the community:

1. Health center in Poblacion

2. Hospital
3. Private (Mambajao) physician
4. Herbal – garden
5. Pseudo massage (hilot)
6. Barangay Health Workers

Health services:
1. Immunization
2. Health Counseling
3. Family Planning Motivation
4. Prenatal campaign
5. Purok household project

Health center services:

1. Dental services
2. Maternal Child Health
3. Family Planning
4. Counseling
5. Herbal garden and synthetic drugs
6. National Tuberculosis Program
7. Community Base rehabilitation Services
8. Nutrition Program
9. Medical check-up
10. Operation Tuli (circumcision)

Sanitation toilet

Sanitary Toilet
5%
Without
1 Sanitary
Toilet

2 With
Sanitary
Toilet
95%

Out of 188 Household, only 10 are without toilet

Waste Disposal

- Burning - 90%
- composting - 2%
- "Labay", littering (in the ocean etc)- 7%
- Waste segregation - 1%
 Waste Disposal
7%
1% Burning
1
2%
2 Compost

3 Waste Segregation

Littering in the
4 ocean

90%

Water sources
- "Baksanon" - potable water, level 3
- "Liloan” (Tubod)
- from spring with chlorine, but can be dangerous due water leakage.

Health Problems and Solutions

Problem Solution
1. Lack of medicine - there must be adequate budget for medicine
- to seek assistance from different agencies
specially abroad
2. No enough assistance provided by BHW - seek the assistance of the council and ask
agency from BHW to provide necessary resources.
3. No health center in the Barangay - suggest to the Barangay council to construct
and provide a health center.
- to seek assistance from different government
and non-government organization.
- every household must have a garbage pit
4. Improper disposal of waste (proper segregation of waste)
- Barangay council should provide an ordinance
for proper waste disposal
- Impose penalty charges to households who
does not have garbage pit and to individuals
throwing their garbage anywhere.

7. Process of Barangay Development Planning

Existing Development Initiatives within the Community

A. Infrastructure
1. Concreting Provincial Road to Sto. Nino
2. Barangay Road - 500 meters not concreted
3. Sea wall - 500 meters not accomplished
4. Dinanggasan dike - 400 meters damaged
5. Rip rap - 350 meters accomplished
6. Construction of Looc Liluan bridge
 7. Multi-purpose Hall - second storey not yet constructed
8. Mini – Ice plant
9. Improvement of Day-Care Center - 70% completed
10. Rehabilitation of Barangay Water System - household without water connection
11. Construction of Market Stalls - not yet constructed
12. Pathway cementing
13. Installation of Additional Street Lights
14. Road railings
15. Communication System
16. Office Improvement

B. Livelihood Program
1. Farm inputs - mango, lanzones seedlings distribution
2. Replacements of coconuts - coordinated by PCA
3. Bio-incentives gardening - MAKP Program
4. Livestock production - coordination with MAO
5. Hollow block making
6. Sea weeds production - accomplished
7. Fish shelter sanctuary - not accomplished
8. Baby ring net
9. Small trading promotion
10. Motorized small banca

C. Environment
1. Tree planting - maybuyo
2. Coastal clean-up - every year
3. Organizational management
- COOP Management accomplishment
- Value formation
- Youth encountered
4. Technical skills
- Computer Literacy
- Basic electricity
- Décor making
- Self-defense / CVO

D. Social Services
1. Feeding program for pre-schoolers
- 1 school year
- purchasing notebook
2. Rice assistance

Process involved in identifying effective development initiatives:

Process flow / Projects identified by Community Development Plan

Steps - Project initiatives

1. SB Council - Project Conceptualization

2. Project Proposal of Program of Work
- Barangay Captain
- SK Chairman
3. Approval - Funding within barangay budget
4. Implementation
 *Rule of SB Council
*Rule of BDC

*Project
1. Flood Control - After “Nanang”
2. Based on Needs

Process: New Projects

1. Community clamor / Actual observation
2. SB evaluation - General consensus
a. Funding
b. Needs
c. Priority
3. SB decides
A. Funding - re-allocation savings
b. Implementation
4. Information / Ratification
BDC
5. Implementation

Process: Counter Disaster Plan Projects

1. Disaster mitigation
- Protection of lives and properties
2. Projects supposedly
- Funded by NLA - but not started / implemented
3. Funding sourcing
- 20% funding
- Savings
- Donations
- Approval of Sangguniang Barangay
4. Implementation

8. Vision of a developed or a prepared community

• Community Vision of Development

1. Construction of dike.
2. To live a satisfying, peaceful and progressive life.
3. To have a continuous source of income to provide all the basic needs.
4. To have a clean, green and beautiful environment.
5. To be united in a common goal.

¾ These visions will be attained under the guidance and blessing of the Divine
God in heaven.
¾ A paradise, able to live a peaceful and meaningful life.