UNIT 6 COMMLTNITY- BASED DISASTER .

PREPAREDNESS PLAN
Structure
6.0 Learning Outcome
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Community- based Disaster Preparedness: Need and Significance
6.3 Community- based Disaster Preparedness Plan 1
6.4 Operationalising Community-based Disaster Preparedness Plan: Key Strategies
6.5 Conclusion
6.6 . Key Concepts
6.7 References and Further' Reading
6.8 Activities

6.0 LEARNING OUTCOME

After going through this Unit, you should be able to:
Highlight the need and significance of community-based disaster preparedness
Explain the concept of community-based disaster preparedness plan; and
Discuss the key strategies of operationalising the community- based disaster
a preparedness plan.

The first important step towards ensuring future safety as far as possible, from disasters
of any kind is to prepare an advance plan so that there is systematic, easy and
comprehensive action. Planning substitutes order for chaos and introduces rationality into
decision-making process. I t reduces random and haphazard activity. Disaster Preparedness
Pla~isfacilitate the handling of crisis especially in unforeseen circumstances. A preparedness
plan made at the community level is a comprehensive document which indicates measures
to 5e taken up by the community before, during and after disasters. It also needs to
incorporate capacity building measures for the community, development requirements of
the area, etc, A plan prepared at the grass roots level, with community's involvement
ensures compliance by all concerned stakeholders. In this Unit, we shall highlight the need
and significance of disaster preparedness and bring out the components of community-
based disaster preparedness plan. An attempt i s made to identify the key strategies of
operationalising commun ity-based disaster preparedness plan.

6.2 COMMUNITY- BASED DISASTER

PREPAREDNESS: NEED AND SIGNIFICANCE
The concept of disaster management is presently undergoing a change as the emphasis is
on making it more community-based. The top-down approach, it is feared, might not
 86 Disaster Preparedness

mobilisation of capabilities and capacities of local population. It is also known that the
local communities have an active part to play before and after disasters because:
+ A good state of preparedness before a disaster strikes may reduce its impact.
a More number of lives can be saved during the first few hours after a disaster has
occurred, before help arrives from elsewhere.
a The numerous problems of survival and health resulting from a disaster are dealt with
more efficiently, if the community is active and well-organised (WHO, 1989).
In the face of devastating impact of disasters, the task of supporting the resilience of
Indian communities has never been more urgent. Resilience is talcen to mean the capacity '

to mitigate, prepare for, respond to and recover from the irr~pactof disaster-in a way
whicli leaves communities less at risk than before. The three Case Studies which we shall
be discussing, illustrate ways of enhancing resilience, before, during and after disaster. The
first study focuses on the village of ~arnia~alliin the highly disaster-prone state of Orissa,
which reveals how prioritising risk deduction before disaster strikes pays dividends in the
future. During the 1990s, the people of Samiapalli, with the help of a local non-
governmental organisation embarked on a long process of development, one element of
which was to construct disaster-proof homes.
When the 'super cyclone' of October 1999 struck the villages, these houses saved both
lives and livelihoods, while tens of thousands of people in weaker homes perished around
them. Zaheerabad region of Andhra Pradesh, since mid-1990s, has been suffering an
ongoing disaster of chronic food insecurity, driven by drought and the failure of pest-prone
cash crops such as wheat, rice and cotton. I-Iowever, inspired by a local development
agency, some of the state's poorest and most marginalised communities have rediscovered
traditional, drought-proofing seeds and farming techniques in a bid for self-sufficiency. This
initiative has spread to 65 villages. Similarly villages from Patanka in the state of Gujarat
rebuilt their homes stronger than before, with*the help of a partnership of local and
international aid organisations. Farmers, left unemployed by three years of intense drought,
were retrained as masons and helped build earthquake-resistant houses for every family
in the village. Building on the success of this initiative, villagers were able to access
government funds to create a new rainwater harvesting system to improve both their
health and crop yields (World disaster.^ Report, 2004).
Though the co~nrnunityhas an important role, their coping mechanisms are undervalued.
But as observed in case of any disaster, the responsibility of the community and local
government is nluch inore in setting goals, devising rehabilitation programmes, managing
recovery, and developing priorities. The role of central and state governments is mostly
confined to rendering advice, providing funds towards relief and other resources, Hence,
we need to recognise the community as a key resource in disaster management.
Communities and victims are a resource because: .
They are knowledgeable about disasters happening in their own environment and are
sometimes able to forecast them..
They are rich in experience of coping, both in preparedness and in'emergencies.
Their coping methods - practised over time and derived from their own experience-
suit the local environment best. The richness and diversity of ordinary people's coping
. strategies is certainly a resource to be recognised (Ariyabandu, 1999).
There is a clear shift h m superimposed efforts to attain development or tackle any crisis
that is directed towards the people at risk. Now the capacities, methods and ways
Community- h i e d Disaster Preparedness Plnn 87

through which people at risk manage and respond, and find alternatives to crisis and
stress, are becoming important. There is a realisation gaining momentum that the global
capacity to prepare for and respond to disaster needs to be strengthened. The development
of improved capacity arises froin the need to instil the principles of self-reliance and self-
help into the vulnerable communities. The communities ill many countries are playing a key
role in preparedness activities.
In India, in the Saurashtra District of Gujarat, around 10,000 check dams have been built
responding to the Sate Government's "Build Your Own Dam" (BYOD) scheme. Under
the project, the government bears 60 per cent of the total cost of the dam while the
villagers shoulder the remaining costs through voluntary labou~:Similarly in village Rarnpur
in Okhaldhunga District, Nepal, monsoon rains while contributing to agricultural productivity
the main livelihood, also bring the threat of soil erosion, landslides and flooding. Villagers
have worked out techniques to 'manage' monsoons, to trap adequate quantities of
monsoon rains for agricultural put-poses and to let the excess out. Stone worlcs are used
to stabilise slopes and to make diversions to check gully erosion. Grass and tree planting
are done to reduce soil erosion during the monsoon. All construction and resource
management work in the village is done to Jet the flood out without much damage (Dahal,
1998).
Community efforts still are being underutilised due to lack of resources, access to
information, technology, awareness etc. This calls far strengthening their capacities in the
following areas:
Assessment
Monitoring
Early warning and preparedness systems
Identifying and working with those who need the assistance
Acc~~rate
and effective communications stralegies
Developing systems for cooperation and collaboration among response groups in the
recovery process; and
a Erective leadership in the implementation of preparedness and response programmes.
A community- based approach is necessary in not only responding to disaster situations
but also in bringing about adequate preparedness with provision of human, material and
financial resources. Any disaster preparedness planning needs to give irnportance to local
participation at various levels and ways that woi~ldbring desired results to people at grass
roots level.
Community-based Disaster Preparedness (CRDP) has to incorporate certain important
components. These include:
Hazard Mapping and Zoning
Involving Panchayati Raj Institutions
Formulating Community preparedness and Contingency Plans
8 Forming Disaster Task Forces at the village and block levels
 Disaster Preparedness

Q Capacity building of the members of task force

; Arranging mock drills at the village and block levels
Q Networking with NGOs and CBOs.
The core attribute of a community- based approach to disaster mitigation and preparedness
is that the principal authority over the programme must rest with the community. This
control should be exercised at all lcey moments of a disaster mitigation and preparedness
programme. Local knowledge and wisdom can best identify the needs of a comin~lnity
and the causes of their vulnerability. Naturally, vulnerable people themselves, rather that
the bureaucrat or the outside expert, are best placed to evaluate the situation and
prioritise their needs. A community's Itnowledge of the lives and livelihoods of its
members is often the most comprehensive accurate information available. The most
effective disaster mitigation strategies will be those that build on cornmunity knowledge
(Palakudiyil and Todd, 2003).
There are three ltey elements in promoting community-based disaster management. These
are:
1) Help cornlnunities work alo~igsidelocal government
2) Introduce methods of communication; and
3) Create stritctures for coordination. (http/www.odihpn.or~/repo~t)
The Government of India UNDP Disaster Risk Management Programme (DRM) aims to
build capacities at all levels to i~istitutionalisethe DRM system in India. Under this,
community- based disaster preparedness is being popularised. Preparation of CBDP plans
are being promoted in 169 districts in 17 states. The components of CBDP include:
Formation of village Disaster Management Committee
a Review and analysis of past disasters
Preparation of seasonality disaster calendar by the conimunity
Mapping risks, vulnerability and capacities of the village by tile community
Constitution of Disaster Management Teams
Identification of hazard specific mitigation activities; and
Constitution of Colnmunity Coiitingency Fund. (CCF)

6.3 COMMUNITY- BASED DISASTER PREPAREDNESS

PLAN
As we have discussed in the earlier units preparedness is a key component of disaster
management. It requires systematic and compreliensive planning. Plans, are generally
formulated at the national, state, district arid village levels. But the emphasis presently is
to reach out to the community at the grass roots level and hence community-based
disaster preparedness plans are being advocated. The objective of this effort is to
strengthen the capacities of people and institutions at co~nmunitylevel to face disasters,
The plans are pretared with the invalvement of cornmiinity as they can better identifj the
existing resources, hazards they are exposed to prevailing infrastructure, resources, coping
mechanisms etc. Hence preparedness plan needs to take cognisancejof ciir('crent types of
activities needed at various stages of disaster management.
Community- Based Disaster Preparedness Plan 89

The community- based disaster preparedness requires performance of several types of

activities at three different stages i.e., pre-disaster, during-disaster and post-disaster. Those
activities are to be identified which can be reflected in the preparedness plan.
Community-based Preparedness in Pre-disaster Phase
a) Orienting the community towards the nature and effects of the disasters to which they
are vulnerable.
b) Taking stock of the resources of the commirnity such as schools, primary health
centres, cyclone shelters, communication facilities, roads and otlier infrastructure and
skilled individuals.
c) Assessing the risks and vulnerabilities of the community. The various elements at risk
that include the physical structures, as well as the vulnerable sections of the
commi~nitysuch as women, children, physically challenged, old, etc., need to be
examined so that the preparedness measures are appropriately planned.
d) Formulating preparedness plan at the commu~iitylevel, that takes into cognisance the
community needs, measures to be taken by tlie commullity before, during and after
the disaster strikes, resources available at various places, clear allocation of
responsibilities amongst all col~cernedoffcials, departments, Panchayati Raj Institutions,
NGOs, CBOs etc. A properly prepared plan facilitates the cornln~lnityto effectively
execute the plan.
e) SpeciQing .the role of community in handling the disaster.
Community-based Preparedness During-disaster
a) Organising Search, Rescue and Evacuation activities. This includes identifying tlie
disaster victims, bringing them to safer places, provision of first aid, distribution of
relief, adhering to evacuation plan etc.

b) Providing shelter for people as well as livestock. This includes arrangements for
water supply, sanitation, kitchens, fodder for animals, medical services and first aid
etc.

c) Clearing of debris from collapsed buildings, bridges, trees, otlier structures, re-
establishing of transport and communication services.

d) Moving of injured to the nearby health centres and hospitals.

e) Disposing of dead Iiumans in order to contain the spread of diseases is another

important task. identification of dead bodies, compliance with pol ice formalities,
mobilising resources for disposal of bodies in accordance with religious and c~lltural
practices, are activities which involve the community. Disposal of dead~animalsis
important as it has effect on health and environment.

t) Assessing damages immediately on the occurrence of disaster facilitates quick

emergency relief. This is to be done with reference to the number of households,
population, livestock, area affected etc. .
Community-based Disaster Preparedness in Post-disaster Phase

a) Undertaking a detailed damage assessment covering verified nuln ber of human lives,
identification of live victims as well as the dead; livestock, infrastructure, damage to
crops and the estimatkd value.
 90 Disaster Preparedne'ss

b) Drawing up a comprehensive economic rehabilitation plan that includes restoration of

agricultural activity through necessary inputs, rehabilitation of artisans, marginal, small-
scale and business people, those pursuing other occupations, replacement' of cattle,
agricultural and other equipment, boats, fishing nets etc.
c) Ensuring social rehabilitation through strengthening of existing health centres, schools,
angam~adis,~ommunitycentres, vocational training centres, psychological counselling
to the affected to enable them get back to their normal routine.
d) Building an appropriate monitoring and evaluation mecha~iismin community-based
disaster preparedness programme. This is needed to facilitate proper utilisatian and
implementation of resources.
Community- based disaster preparedness is essential to assess the daniages arising out of
disasters, determine t h e extent and type of assistance. A community-based disaster
preparedness plan is a comprehensive action plan which specifies tlie demographic profile,
resources available with the community, measures to be talten before, during and after the
occurrence of disaster. It is said to contain an inventory of several types of resources
available at the community level, roles and responsibilities of different administrative
agencies, Panchayati Raj Institutions, NGOs, CBOs and community.
Community-based Disaster Preparedness Plan
A Community- based Disaster Preparedness Plan, broadly is to indicate the following
aspects:
Village profile
* Profile/information about the community
Disaster profile
* Invetitory of resources of the community
0 Emergency communication procedures
Specific roles and respor~sibil ities (of different agencies and firnctionaries)
Components of Community- based Disaster Preparedness Plan
Pre-disaster Phase
Risk assessment and vulnerability analysis
0 Resource analysis and mobilisation
Warning system and its dissemination
Organising commun ity response ~nechanisms
Construction and maintenance of cyclone/flood shelters
0 Mock exercises and drills
* Strengthening of community self-11elp capacities
Specification of roles and responsibilities of various functionaries and agencies.
(Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs), Government functionaries, NGOs, Police, Pri~na~y
and District Health Centres, Disaster Task Force and Community)
During-disaster Phase
Search, Rescue and Evacuation
 Community- Based Disaster Preparedness Plan

Shelter for disaster affected (comtnunity as well as livestock)

First aid and other medical support
Clearance of debris
e Restoration of communication system or use of alternative communication system
Disposal of Dead
Relief distribution
Property security and public safety
e . Immediate damage assessment
Information, Education and Communication (1EC) and training
Role of various functionaries and agencies. (PRls, Government f~~nctionaries,
NGOs,
Police, Primary and District Health Centres, Disaster Task Force and Community)
Post-disaster Phase
0 Damage and needs assessment
0 Psychological support to the victims
Restoration of lifeline support
Agricultural, economic and social reliabi litation
Information. Education and Communication and training
Role of varioi~sfunctionaries and agencies,
(PRls, Government functionaries, NGOs, Police, Primary and District Health Centres,
I Disaster Task Force, and Community)
The community- based disaster preparedness plan is to reflect the needs, resoul-ces and
strategies mutually agreed upon by the local people. The activities are to be clearly
defined, specified, target-oriented, in consonance with the capacities and capabilities of the
Y community. The plan with its components as discussed above, is comprehensive that
provides counter-disaster measures including preparedness and mitigation, provisions for
emergency action, ways of creating awareness amongst the community and also indicate
the developmental requirements to establish a link between disasters and development.
The'plari is an important tool for bringing about coordination between the efforts of
various agencies that includes government. private sector, international agencies, NGOs,
CBOs and community. This is of importance as the personnel, resources and organising
capabilities of NGOs and government are to be mobilised and coordinated. A plan
evolved locally..with the involve~nentof key stakeholders would be ilseful in reducing the
extent of damage and controlling loss of lives. It proves advantageoils in undertaking
activities such as resource mapping, vulnerability mapping, hazard mapping etc. The High
Powered Committee (2001) also recommel~dedthe formulation of plans at commwnity,
family and individual level and developing individual kits for survival. We have mentioned
about this in Unit 10 of this Course.
There are many institutions in our country, which are initiating efforts in this area of
community- based disaster preparedness. The government along with NGOs and international
agencies are undertaking this activity. The Pancliayati Raj institutions are supplementing the
ongoing efforts in this area. For instance in Orissa, Pallisabha or village assembly is an
 , 92 Disaster Preparedness

effective mechanism in making CBDP more sustainable. In lndira Gandhi National Open
University, the Faculty of Public Administration, School of Social Sciences, has also made
some efforts in this direction. During 1998-90, a Project on Comm~~nity Awareness on
Disaster Preparedness (CADP) was talcen up in collaboration with the Yashwant Rao
Chavan Academy of Developtnent Administration (YASHADA), Pune. The major objectives
of the programme have been to create awareness on disasters, upgrade information and
strengthen the resilience and self-confidence of local communities in select villages in the
State of Maharashtra. Similar activity sponsored by Ministry of Agriculture, Goyernment
o f India was undertaken during 2000-2002 in 100 villages each in the Five States of
Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Orissa and Uttas Pradesh. New initiatives in the
form of constitution of Disaster Taslc Force (DTF), formulating Community Action Plan on
Disaster Preparedness etc., were introduced. The most important aspect of this effort is
to initiate strategies to operationalise community-based preparedness plans. We shall be
discussing this in the next Section.
Under the Government of India - UNDP Disaster Risk Management Programme, in
Lahotigllat Block of Morigaon District in Assam, local residenls expressed their concern
for adopting preparedness and mitigation techniques during flood season. It was decided
to construct a raised platfolm with a flat bank cum community fishety to be used during
flood and non-flood season. The site for this was donated by the village members. Gram
Sabha was entrusted the task of approving the purchase of machine boats and their
maintenance. Being awa1-e of the community's vulnerability to disasters during fiequent
occurrence of floods, the disaster management committee's representatives involved the
community in the mitigation activities. Tl~soughcommunity sensitisation meetings, corn~nittecs
have been able to prepare the CBDP plan an integral part of a development plan for the
community (Government o f India, Ministry of Home Affairs, 2004).

6.4 OPERATIONALISING COMMUNITY- BASED

DISASTER PREPAREDNESS PLAN: KEY
.- STRATEGIES
: The operationalising of community- based disaster preparedness plan requires the active
participation of local communities. It involves:
r Generating awareness amongst the members of community regarding the vulnerabilities
and rislcs involved in several types of disasters. This also needs the utilisation of
traditional wisdom that is already available with the people. We shall be discussing
in detail about this aspect in Unit 7 of this Course.
Propagating community participation vigorously at grass roots levels, as most of the
actions are needed at the individual or colnmunity levels. The governments have
limited resources. Hence participation enables people to strive towards self- reliance
instead of excessive dependence. Community participation helps in identification and
prioritising problem areas and generates solutions.
0 Organising .local people in disaster task forces, disaster management committees, and
groups for dissemination of warnings, search, rescue and ev'acuation teams etc.
0 Sensitising the Panchayati Raj Institutions towards form~llati~lg cominunity -based
disaster preparedness plans and integrating them with the district and State plans.
+ Involving development workers in eliciting community participatiorl. The commu~~ity
, can identify their formal and non-formal leaders with their l~elpand guidance.
Community- Based Disaster Preparedness Plan 93

0 Constituting Disaster Response Organisation at the community level. Zubair (2003)

suggests formation of such an organisation, which can be entrusted the designing and
sharing of Counter Disaster Plan with all coinmunity members. A Counter Disaster
Plan or a Community Level Contingency Plan helps to consolidate the community's
efforts to prepare for hazards. The plan provides guidelines for operation and clarifies
the roles and responsibilities of all concerned before, during and after the occurrence
of disasters.
Mobilising local assets, resources etc., of the community. This can include traditional
wisdom, folklore, traditional capability of comprehending disastedhazard warning
signals etc. Constitution of Cornrnunity Disaster Preparedness Team call make a
difference in implementation of Disaster Preparedness Plan. For instance, in the
recent tsunami, training of members of local disaster relief committee of Samiyarpettai
of Chidambaram ~ a l u kof' Cuddalore district, in Tamil Nadu enabled them carrying
out rescue operatio.ns, giving first aid to victims, organising distribution of relief
materials etc (The Hindu, 2005).
The operationalising of community- based disaster preparedness plan can be entrusted to
the PRIs, disaster task force members, trained volunteers etc. The community-based
strategies are yielding significant results. For instance, the Bangladesh Red Crescent has
trained village volunteers working in coastal districts who are equipped with preparedness
skills. In Orissa, a long established NGO; Gram Vikas has been working with tribal
people. Its Rural Health and Environment Programme (RHEP) premised on co~nmunity
ownership of processes and outputs, focuses on shelter, sanitation and drinking water. Its
approach in the wake of Orissa super cyclone created a corn~nunityable to revive its day
to day life within days of the cyclone im,pact (www.odilipn.org;/report).
Community-based disaster preparedness goes much further than traditional disaster
management in focusing on locally specific v~ilnerabilities,coping strategies and resilience,
However, in practice, CBDP approaches have tended to address the symptoms of
vulnerability rather than its root causes. Ens~lringthat disaster mitigation and preparedness
measures are both appropriate and sustainable will require rooting vulnerability reduction
within a wider developmental approach. Some recommendations, in this regard, according
to International Federation of Red Cross (IFRC), which is based on its field resehrch in
the Philippines include:
a Analysing the root causes of vulnerability to disaster
0 Understanding the strengths of local livelihoods and capacities
.
I Listening to community perspectives and priorities
Including others actors from the start so that the burden of risk reduction can be
shared
Advocating issues that the community itself cannot tackle; and
Promoting the integration of risk reduction into development planning. (WorM DisuL~tcrs
Report, 2004)
Joseph Keve and Jonathan Rout (2003) outline the key ingredients of disaster management
with a community perspective. These include:
Clearly defined and agreed criteria for the identification, selection and verification of
the most deserving beneficiaries.
 94 Disaster Preparedness

* Emphasis on greater involvement and decision-making by women within the organisation,

among volunteers and beneficiaries and in the community.
Q Priority for the weakest and most vulnerable people.
* Strong local contribution.
* Conscious focus on livelihood-based programme input provides long-term and
sustainable benefits to the community and at .the same time increases the commitment
and feeling of solidarity between the community and the workers.
Q Right inputs to be given at the right time.
* Planned cooperation with all government and non-government agencies whenever
such collaboration adds value and increases the effectiveness of the NGO.
Strategic planhirig and coordination to bring together forces and resources to achieve
optimum results.
Q Using small inputs to achieve big and lasting impact, eg., using food for work
. programme to rebuild livelihood assets or providing paddy seeds at sowing time so
that poor farmers do not fall into the clutches of money lenders.

CONCLUSION
.The communid- based disaster preparedness ttirough various measures such as formulation
of plans at community level, evolving preparedness and mitigation measures, generating
awareness etc., can go a long way in effective disaster management. The community by
organising itself in the form of committees, task forces and groups will be able to assess
their strengths, weaknesses, and experiment with innovative methods, identify skills etc.
Human beings everywhere are organised at the community level to carry out collective
tasks. The people live in diverse social situations and accordingly their priorities could
vary. But the community level is the key focal point for disaster management efforts,
particularly in the mitigation and preparedness process. This needs a strong cornmitment
from the cornmunity,.and commitment on the part of local authorities to motivate
community for participation. Any effort towards mitigation or preparedness or recovery
should be to work with the communities instead of doing things for them.

KEY CONCEPTS
Community-based Disaster * : A plan prepared in consultation and by the community
Management Plan members to safeguard their colnmunity against any
likely disaster. Specific roles ,and responsibilities ire
outlined for individuals.
'Hazard Mapping : It is the pocess of establishing geographically where
to and to what extent particular phenornena are likely
to pose a threat to people, property, infrastructure
and economic activities. It represents the results of
hazard assessment on a map sl~owingthe frequency
and probability of occurrence of various magnitudes
or duration.
Cornmztnity- Based Disaster Prepa~ednessPlnn 95

REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING

Alley, E.E., 1993, "Combating the vulnerabilities of communities" in P.A. Merriman and
C.W.A. Browitt (Eds), Natural Disasters: Protecting Vulnerable Communities, Thomas
Telford, London.
Ariyabandu, Madhavi Malalgoda, 1 999, Defeating Disasters: Ideas for Action, Duryog
Nivaran, Sri Lanka.
Aysan, Y.F, 1993, "Vulnerability Assessment" (Key Note Paper) i n P.A. Merriman and
C.W.A. Browitt (Eds.), op. cit.
Dahal, N, 1998 cited in Madhavi Ariyabandu, op.cit.
Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs, 2004, Local Level Risk Management,
Indian Experience, New Delhi.
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, 2004, World Disasters
Report, USA.
Oakley, D, 1993, "Keynote Paper - A National Disaster Preparedness Service" in P.A.
Merriman and C.W.A. Browitt (Eds.) op.cit.
Sahni, Pardeep, Alka Dha~nejaand Uma Medury, 2001, Disaster Mitigation! Experiences
and Re$ections, Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi.
Sanderson, D, (Ed.), 1997, Reducing Vulnerability to Increase Capacity The Caqueta
Ravine, Lima in Reconstruction after Disaster; Issues and Practices, A. Awatona,
Avebury, Brook Field, USA.
Palakudiyil Tom and Mary Todd, 2003, Facing up to the 'storm: How Local
Communities Can Cope with Disaster, Christian Aid, U K .
The Hindu, 7 January, 2005.
Zubair, Mursheed, 2003, "Community Capacity Building for Risk Reduction in South
Asia" in Pardeep Sahni and Madhavi Malalgoda Ariyabandu ( ~ d s . ) ,Disaster Risk
Reduction in South Asia, Prentice-Hall of India, New Delhi.
Website

6.8 ACTMTIES
1) In your area, discuss with the members of Resident Welfare Association or any other
group and get their views about the community based disaster preparedness and
preparation o f a plan.

2) Contact a few shop owners 'near your house and attempt to make a disaster
preparedness plan in case of a fire or earthquake or any other disaster. .J