Bondenthalpies

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Name:
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Bond enthalpies
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Class:
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Date:
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Time: 244 minutes
Marks: 235 marks
Comments:
Page 1 of 66
Q1.
This question is about energetics.
(a) Write an equation, including state symbols, for the reaction with an enthalpy change
equal to the enthalpy of formation for iron(III) oxide.
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(1)
(b) Table 1 contains some standard enthalpy of formation data.
Table 1
CO(g) Fe2O3(s)
ΔfHo/ kJ mol−1 −111 −822
Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(g) ⟶ 2Fe(s) + 3CO2(g) ΔH = −19 kJ mol−1
Use these data and the equation for the reaction of iron(III) oxide with carbon
monoxide to calculate a value for the standard enthalpy of formation for carbon
dioxide.
Show your working.
ΔfHo ____________________ kJ mol−1
(3)
(c) Some enthalpy data are given in Table 2.
Table 2
Process ΔH / kJ mol−1
N2(g) + 3H2(g) ⟶ 2NH3(g) −92
N2(g) ⟶ 2N(g) +944
H2(g) ⟶ 2H(g) +436
Page 2 of 66
Use the data from Table 2 to calculate the bond enthalpy for N−H in ammonia.
N−H bond enthalpy ____________________ kJ mol−1
(3)
(d) Give one reason why the bond enthalpy that you calculated in part (c) is different
from the mean bond enthalpy quoted in a data book (388 kJ mol−1).
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(1)
(Total 8 marks)
Q2.
When alkanes are burned in an excess of oxygen they produce carbon dioxide and water.
(a) Write an equation for the complete combustion of propane in oxygen.
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(1)
(b) An expression can be derived using bond enthalpy data to estimate the enthalpy of
combustion (ΔcH) of an alkane.
For an alkane with n carbon atoms: ΔcH = − (496n + 202) kJ mol−1
The enthalpy of combustion of an alkane was calculated to

be −6650 kJ mol−1 using this expression.
Deduce the molecular formula of this alkane.
Show your working.
Page 3 of 66
Molecular formula of alkane _________________________________________
(2)
(c) Suggest one reason, other than the use of mean bond enthalpies, why a value for
the enthalpy of combustion of a liquid alkane is different from the value obtained
using the expression in part (b)
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(1)
(d) Values of the enthalpy change for combustion of 1 g of some alkanes are shown in
the table.
methane ethane propane butane pentane
Enthalpy change in
kJ for combustion of −55.6 −52.0 −49.6 −48.7
1g
Plot the enthalpy change for the combustion of 1 g against the number of carbon
atoms in the alkanes in the table.
Draw a best fit line and use this to estimate the enthalpy change for combustion of 1
g of propane.
Write your answer in the table.
Page 4 of 66
(3)
(e) Isooctane (2,2,4-trimethylpentane) is an important component of petrol used in cars.
When isooctane is burned, the enthalpy change is −47.8 kJ g−1
Isooctane is a liquid at room temperature with a density of 0.692 g cm−3
Calculate the heat energy released, in kJ, when 1.00 dm3 of isooctane burns in
excess oxygen.
Give your answer to the appropriate number of significant figures.
Page 5 of 66
Heat energy released ____________________ kJ
(2)
(Total 9 marks)
Q3.
This question is about enthalpy changes.
(a) Write an equation, including state symbols, to show the reaction taking place when
the standard enthalpy of combustion for ethanol is measured.
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(2)
(b) State the name given to the enthalpy change represented by the following chemical
equation.
Explain why this enthalpy change would be difficult to determine directly.
Enthalpy change ____________________________________________________
Explanation ________________________________________________________
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(2)
(c) Standard enthalpies of combustion for carbon and carbon monoxide are
−393 kJ mol−1 and −283 kJ mol−1, respectively.
Use these data to calculate the enthalpy change for the reaction in part (b).
Enthalpy change = ________ kJ mol−1
(2)
(d) Use the following data to calculate a value for the Xe–F bond enthalpy in XeF4
Page 6 of 66
Xe–F bond enthalpy = _____ kJ mol−1
(3)
(e) Suggest a reason why the value calculated in part (d) differs from the mean Xe–F
bond enthalpy quoted in a data source.
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(1)
(Total 10 marks)
Q4.
Calculate the enthalpy change, in kJ, for this dissociation of mole of propan-1-ol.
C3H7OH(g) ⟶ 3C(g) + 8H(g) + O(g)
Mean bond dissociation enthalpy / kJ mol−1 412 348 360 463
A −4751
B −4403
C +4403
D +4751
(Total 1 mark)
Q5.
Page 7 of 66
(a) Write an equation, including state symbols, for the reaction with enthalpy change
equal to the standard enthalpy of formation for CF4(g).
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(1)
(b) Explain why CF4 has a bond angle of 109.5°.
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(2)
(c) Table 1 gives some values of standard enthalpies of formation (ΔfHϴ).
Table 1
Substance F2(g) CF4(g) HF(g)
ΔfHϴ / kJ mol−1 0 −680 −269
The enthalpy change for the following reaction is −2889 kJ mol−1.
C2H6(g) + 7F2(g) 2CF4(g) + 6HF(g)
Use this value and the standard enthalpies of formation in Table 1 to calculate the
standard enthalpy of formation of C2H6(g).
Standard enthalpy of formation of C2H6(g) = ____________________ kJ mol−1
(3)
(d) Methane reacts violently with fluorine according to the following equation.
CH4(g) + 4F2(g) CF4(g) + 4HF(g) ΔH = −1904 kJ mol−1
Some mean bond enthalpies are given in Table 2.
Table 2
Bond C−H C−F H−F
Page 8 of 66
Mean bond enthalpy / kJ mol−1 412 484 562
A student suggested that one reason for the high reactivity of fluorine is a weak F−F
bond.
Is the student correct? Justify your answer with a calculation using these data.
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(4)
(Total 10 marks)
Q6.
Many chemical processes release waste products into the atmosphere. Scientists are
developing new solid catalysts to convert more efficiently these emissions into useful
products, such as fuels. One example is a catalyst to convert these emissions into
methanol. The catalyst is thought to work by breaking a H–H bond.
An equation for this formation of methanol is given below.
CO2(g) + 3H2(g) CH3OH(g) + H2O(g) ∆H = −49 kJ mol−1
Some mean bond enthalpies are shown in the following table.
Bond C=O C–H C–O O–H
Mean bond enthalpy / kJ mol−1 743 412 360 463
(a) Use the enthalpy change for the reaction and data from the table to calculate a
value for the H–H bond enthalpy.
H–H bond enthalpy = _______________ kJ mol−1
(3)
(b) A data book value for the H–H bond enthalpy is 436 kJ mol−1.
Page 9 of 66
Suggest one reason why this value is different from your answer to part (a).
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(c) Suggest one environmental advantage of manufacturing methanol fuel by this

reaction.
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(d) Use Le Chatelier's principle to justify why the reaction is carried out at a high
pressure rather than at atmospheric pressure.
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(3)
(e) Suggest why the catalyst used in this process may become less efficient if the
carbon dioxide and hydrogen contain impurities.
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(1)
(f) In a laboratory experiment to investigate the reaction shown in the equation below,
1.0 mol of carbon dioxide and 3.0 mol of hydrogen were sealed into a container.
After the mixture had reached equilibrium, at a pressure of 500 kPa, the yield of
methanol was 0.86 mol.
CO2(g) + 3H2(g) CH3OH(g) + H2O(g)
Calculate a value for Kp

Give your answer to the appropriate number of significant figures.
Give units with your answer.
Page 10 of 66
Kp = _______________ Units = _______________
(7)
(Total 16 marks)
Q7.
Hydrogen is produced by the reaction of methane with steam. The reaction mixture
reaches a state of dynamic equilibrium.
CH4(g) + H2O(g) ⇌ CO(g) + 3H2(g) ∆H = +206 kJ mol−1
Some enthalpy data is given in the table.
Bond C–H O–H H–H C≡H

Bond enthalpy /
413 463 436 To be calculated
kJ mol−1
Use the information in the table and the stated enthalpy change to calculate the missing
bond enthalpy.
A 234
B 1064
C 1476
D 1936
(Total 1 mark)
Q8.
Standard enthalpy of combustion data can be used to calculate enthalpies of formation.
(a) State the meaning of the term standard enthalpy of combustion.
Page 11 of 66
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(3)
(b) The equation corresponding to the enthalpy of formation of propan-1-ol is shown.
Table 1 contains some standard enthalpy of combustion data.
Table 1
C(s) H2(g) CH3CH2CH2OH(I)
∆Hc⦵ / kJ mol–1 –394 –286 –2010
Use data from Table 1 to calculate a value for the standard enthalpy of formation of
propan-1-ol. Show your working.
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(3)
(c) An equation for the complete combustion of gaseous propan-1-ol is shown.
Table 2 shows some bond enthalpy data.
Table 2
C–H C–O O–H C=O O=O
Bond enthalpy / kJ mol–

1 412 360 463 805 496
Page 12 of 66
Use data from Table 2 and the enthalpy change for this reaction to calculate a value
for the bond enthalpy of a C–C bond in propan-1-ol.
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(3)
(Total 9 marks)
Q9.
(a) Propanone can be formed when glucose comes into contact with bacteria in the
absence of air.
(i) Balance the following equation for this reaction of glucose to form propanone,
carbon dioxide and water.
.......C6H12O6 .......CH3COCH3 + .......CO2 + .......H2O

(1)
(ii) Deduce the role of the bacteria in this reaction.
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(b) Propanone is also formed by the oxidation of propan−2−ol.
(i) Write an equation for this reaction using [O] to represent the oxidising agent.
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(ii) State the class of alcohols to which propan−2−ol belongs.
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(c) A student determined a value for the enthalpy change when a sample of propanone
was burned. The heat produced was used to warm some water in a copper
calorimeter.
The student found that the temperature of 150 g of water increased by 8.0 °C when
4.50 × 10−3 mol of pure propanone was burned in air.
Use the student’s results to calculate a value, in kJ mol−1, for the enthalpy change
when one mole of propanone is burned.
Page 13 of 66
(The specific heat capacity of water is 4.18 J K−1 g−1)
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(3)
(d) Define the term standard enthalpy of combustion.
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(3)
(e) Use the mean bond enthalpy data in the table and the equation given below the
table to calculate a value for the standard enthalpy change when gaseous
propanone is burned.
C−H C−C C−O O−H C=O O=O
Mean bond 412 348 360 463 805 496

enthalpy / kJ mol−1
CH3COCH3(g) + 4O2(g) 3CO2(g) + 3H2O(g)
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Page 14 of 66
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(3)
(f) Suggest two reasons why the value obtained by the student in part (c) is different
from the value calculated in part (e).
Reason 1 ___________________________________________________________
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Reason 2 ___________________________________________________________
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(2)
(Total 15 marks)
Q10.
The table contains some bond enthalpy data.
Bond H−H O=O H−O
Bond enthalpy / kJ mol−1 436 496 464
(a) The value for the H−O bond enthalpy in the table is a mean bond enthalpy.
State the meaning of the term mean bond enthalpy for the H−O bond.
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(2)
(b) Use the bond enthalpies in the table to calculate a value for the enthalpy of
formation of water in the gas phase.
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Page 15 of 66
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(3)
(c) The standard enthalpy of combustion of hydrogen, forming water in the gas phase,
is almost the same as the correct answer to part (b).
(i) Suggest one reason why you would expect the standard enthalpy of
combustion of hydrogen to be the same as the answer to part (b).
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(ii) Suggest one reason why you would expect the standard enthalpy of
combustion of hydrogen to differ slightly from the answer to part (b).
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(Total 7 marks)
Q11.
Ethanol is an important fuel.
(a) A dilute aqueous solution of ethanol can be produced by the fermentation of an

aqueous solution of glucose.
It is claimed that the ethanol obtained from this solution is a carbon-neutral biofuel.
Write an equation for this fermentation reaction.
Give two other essential conditions for this reaction to produce a good yield of
ethanol.
Name a process used to produce a much more concentrated solution of ethanol

from a dilute aqueous solution.
State the meaning of the term carbon-neutral in the context of this biofuel.
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Page 16 of 66
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(5)
(b) A student carried out a laboratory experiment to determine the enthalpy change
when a sample of ethanol was burned. The heat produced was used to warm some
water in a copper calorimeter. The student found that the temperature of 75.0 g of
water increased by 5.50 °C when 2.40 × 10–3 mol of pure ethanol was burned in air.
Use the student’s results to calculate a value, in kJ mol–1, for the enthalpy change
when one mole of ethanol is burned.
(The specific heat capacity of water is 4.18 J K–1 g–1)
Deduce two reasons why the student’s value for the standard enthalpy of
combustion of ethanol is different from a Data Book value of –1279 kJ mol–1.
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(5)
(c) Mean bond enthalpies can be used to calculate enthalpies of reaction.
(i) Give the meaning of the term mean bond enthalpy.
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Page 17 of 66
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(ii) Consider the mean bond enthalpy data in the following table.
C—H C—C C—O O=O C=O O—H
Mean bond enthalpy / to be

412 348 360 805 463
kJ mol–1 calculated
Use the data in the table above and the equation shown to calculate a value
for the bond enthalpy for the O=O double bond in an oxygen molecule.
CH3CH2OH(g) + 3O2(g) 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(g) ΔH = –1279 kJ mol–1
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(3)
(Total 15 marks)
Q12.
Ethanol is an important industrial compound.
(a) Ethanol can be produced by the hydration of ethene.

The equation for the equilibrium that is established is
H2C=CH2(g) + H2O(g) CH3CH2OH(g) ΔH = −42 kJ mol−1
The operating conditions for the process are a temperature of 300 oC and a
pressure of 7 MPa.
Under these conditions, the conversion of ethene into ethanol is 5%.
(i) Identify the catalyst used in this process.

Deduce how an overall yield of 95% is achieved in this process without
changing the operating conditions.
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Page 18 of 66
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(2)
(ii) Use your knowledge of equilibrium reactions to explain why a manufacturer

might consider using an excess of steam in this process, under the same
operating conditions.
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(3)
(iii) At pressures higher than 7 MPa, some of the ethene reacts to form a solid with
a relative molecular mass greater than 5000.
Deduce the identity of this solid.
Give one other reason for not operating this process at pressures higher than
7 MPa.
Do not include safety reasons.
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(2)
(b) Write an equation for the reaction that has an enthalpy change that is the standard
enthalpy of formation of ethanol.
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(c) When ethanol is used as a fuel, it undergoes combustion.
(i) Define the term standard enthalpy of combustion.
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Page 19 of 66
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(3)
(ii) Consider these bond enthalpy data.
C–H C–C C–O O=O C=O O–H
Bond enthalpy / kJ mol−1 412 348 360 496 805 463
Use these data and the equation to calculate a value for the enthalpy of
combustion of gaseous ethanol.
CH3CH2OH(g) + 3O2(g) 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(g)
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(d) Gaseous ethanol can be used to convert hot copper(II) oxide into copper.
(i) Deduce the role of ethanol in this reaction.
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(ii) Draw the structure of the organic compound with Mr = 60 that is produced in
this reaction.
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(Total 17 marks)
Q13.
Hydrazine (N2H4) decomposes in an exothermic reaction. Hydrazine also reacts
exothermically with hydrogen peroxide when used as a rocket fuel.
(a) Write an equation for the decomposition of hydrazine into ammonia and nitrogen
only.
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Page 20 of 66
(1)
(b) State the meaning of the term mean bond enthalpy.
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(c) Some mean bond enthalpies are given in the table.
N–H N–N N≡N O–H O–O
Mean bond
enthalpy / kJ 388 163 944 463 146
mol−1
Use these data to calculate the enthalpy change for the gas-phase reaction between
hydrazine and hydrogen peroxide.
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(Total 6 marks)
Q14.
This question is about bond dissociation enthalpies and their use in the calculation of
enthalpy changes.
(a) Define bond dissociation enthalpy as applied to chlorine.
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Page 21 of 66
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(b) Explain why the enthalpy of atomisation of chlorine is exactly half the bond
dissociation enthalpy of chlorine.
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(c) The bond dissociation enthalpy for chlorine is +242 kJ mol−1 and that for fluorine is
+158 kJ mol−1. The standard enthalpy of formation of ClF(g) is −56 kJ mol−1.
(i) Write an equation, including state symbols, for the reaction that has an
enthalpy change equal to the standard enthalpy of formation of gaseous ClF
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(ii) Calculate a value for the bond enthalpy of the Cl – F bond.
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(iii) Calculate the enthalpy of formation of gaseous chlorine trifluoride, ClF3(g). Use
the bond enthalpy value that you obtained in part (c)(ii).
(If you have been unable to obtain an answer to part (c)(ii), you may assume
that the Cl – F bond enthalpy is +223 kJ mol−1. This is not the correct value.)
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Page 22 of 66
(iv) Explain why the enthalpy of formation of ClF3(g) that you calculated in part (c)
(iii) is likely to be different from a data book value.
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(d) Suggest why a value for the Na – Cl bond enthalpy is not found in any data book.
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(Total 11 marks)
Q15.
Ammonia can be manufactured by the Haber Process.
The equation for the reaction that occurs is shown below.
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)
(a) The table below contains some bond enthalpy data.
N N H–H N–H
Mean bond enthalpy / kJ mol–1 944 436 388
(i) Use data from the table to calculate a value for the enthalpy of formation for
one mole of ammonia.
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(3)
(ii) A more accurate value for the enthalpy of formation of ammonia is

–46 kJ mol–1.
Suggest why your answer to part (a) (i) is different from this value.
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Page 23 of 66
(b) The table below contains some entropy data.
H2(g) N2(g) NH3(g)
Sο / J K–1 mol–1 131 192 193
Use these data to calculate a value for the entropy change, with units, for the
formation of one mole of ammonia from its elements.
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(c) The synthesis of ammonia is usually carried out at about 800 K.
(i) Use the ΔH value of –46 kJ mol–1 and your answer from part (b) to calculate a
value for ΔG, with units, for the synthesis at this temperature.
(If you have been unable to obtain an answer to part (b), you may assume that
the entropy change is –112 J K–1 mol –1. This is not the correct answer.)
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(ii) Use the value of ΔG that you have obtained to comment on the feasibility of
the reaction at 800 K.
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(Total 11 marks)
Q16.
Glucose, produced during photosynthesis in green plants, is a renewable source from
which ethanol can be made. Ethanol is a liquid fuel used as a substitute for petrol.
The processes involved can be summarised as follows.
Process 1 Photosynthesis in green plants

6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
Page 24 of 66
Process 2 Fermentation of glucose to form ethanol
Process 3 Complete combustion of ethanol

CH3CH2OH + 3O2 → 2CO2 + 3H2O
(a) State three essential conditions for the fermentation of aqueous glucose in Process
2.
Write an equation for the reaction that takes place during this fermentation.
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(4)
(b) It has been claimed that there is no net carbon (greenhouse gas) emission to the
atmosphere when ethanol made by Process 2 is used as a fuel.
State the term that is used to describe fuels of this type.
Use the equations for Processes 1, 2 and 3 to show why it can be claimed that there
is no net emission of carbon-containing greenhouse gases.
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(3)
(c) Use the information from the equation for Process 3 above and the mean bond
enthalpies from the table below to calculate a value for the enthalpy change for this
process.
C–H C–C C–O O–H C=O O=O
Mean bond
+412 +348 +360 +463 +743 +496
enthalpy / kJ mol–1
Page 25 of 66
Give one reason why the value calculated from mean bond enthalpies is different
from the value given in a data book.
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(4)
(d) A student carried out a simple laboratory experiment to measure the enthalpy
change for Process 3. The student showed that the temperature of 200 g of water
increased by 8.0 °C when 0.46 g of pure ethanol was burned in air and the heat
produced was used to warm the water.
Use these results to calculate the value, in kJ mol–1, obtained by the student for this
enthalpy change. (The specific heat capacity of water is 4.18 J K–1 g–1)
Give one reason, other than heat loss, why the value obtained from the student’s
results is less exothermic than a data book value.
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(Total 15 marks)
Q17.
Hydrogen gas is used in the chemical industry.
(a) Tungsten is extracted by passing hydrogen over heated tungsten oxide (WO3).
(i) State the role of the hydrogen in this reaction.
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Page 26 of 66
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(ii) Write an equation for this reaction.
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(iii) State one risk of using hydrogen gas in metal extractions.
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(b) Hydrogen is used to convert oleic acid into stearic acid as shown by the following
equation.
+ H2 CH3(CH2)16COOH
oleic acid stearic acid
(i) Use your knowledge of the chemistry of alkenes to deduce the type of reaction
that has occurred in this conversion.
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(ii) State the type of stereoisomerism shown by oleic acid.
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(c) Hydrogen reacts with nitrogen in the Haber Process. The equation for the
equilibrium that is established is shown below.
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)
(i) State Le Chatelier’s principle.
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(ii) Use Le Chatelier’s principle to explain why an increase in the total pressure of
this equilibrium results in an increase in the equilibrium yield of ammonia.
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Page 27 of 66
______________________________________________________________
(2)
(d) Hydrogen reacts with oxygen in an exothermic reaction as shown by the following
equation.
H2(g) + O2(g) → H2O(g) ∆H = –242 kJ mol–1
Use the information in the equation and the data in the following table to calculate a
value for the bond enthalpy of the H–H bond.
O–H O=O
Mean bond enthalpy / kJ mol–1 + 463 + 496
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 11 marks)
Q18.
A method of synthesising ammonia directly from nitrogen and hydrogen was developed by
Fritz Haber. On an industrial scale, this synthesis requires a high temperature, a high
pressure and a catalyst and is very expensive to operate.
(a) Use the data given below to calculate a value for the enthalpy of formation of
ammonia
Bond N ≡N H–H N–H
Mean bond enthalpy/kJ mol–1 945 436 391
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(b) A manager in charge of ammonia production wished to increase the daily production
Page 28 of 66
of ammonia and reduce the production costs. How would a chemist explain the
factors that would influence the commercial efficiency of this production process?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(8)
(Total 11 marks)
Q19.
(a) Define the term standard enthalpy of combustion, ∆Hc&ohbar;
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(b) Use the mean bond enthalpy data from the table and the equation given below to
calculate a value for the standard enthalpy of combustion of propene. All substances
are in the gaseous state.
Bond C == C C—C C—H O == O O == C O—H
Mean bond enthalpy/

612 348 412 496 743 463
kJ mol–1
Page 29 of 66
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(c) State why the standard enthalpy of formation, ∆Hfο, of oxygen is zero.
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(d) Use the data from the table below to calculate a more accurate value for the
standard enthalpy of combustion of propene.
Compound C3H6(g) CO2(g) H2O(g)
Standard enthalpy of formation,

+20 –394 –242
∆Hf ο/ kJ mol–1
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(e) Explain why your answer to part (b) is a less accurate value than your answer to
part (d).
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 12 marks)
Q20.
(a) Explain the meaning of the terms mean bond enthalpy and standard enthalpy of
formation.
Mean bond enthalpy __________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Page 30 of 66
___________________________________________________________________
Standard enthalpy of formation __________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(5)
(b) Some mean bond enthalpies are given below.
Bond N–H N–N N≡N H–O O–O
Mean bond enthalpy/kJ mol–1 388 163 944 463 146
Use these data to calculate the enthalpy change for the following gas-phase
reaction between hydrazine, N2H4, and hydrogen peroxide, H2O2
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(c) Some standard enthalpies of formation are given below.
N2H4(g) H2O2(g) H2O(g)
∆Hfο /kJ mol–1 +75 –133 –242
These data can be used to calculate the enthalpy change for the reaction in part (b).
N2H4(g) + 2H2O2(g) → N2(g) + 4H2O(g)
(i) State the value of ∆HfO for N2(g).
______________________________________________________________
(ii) Use the ∆HfO values from the table to calculate the enthalpy change for this
reaction.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Page 31 of 66
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(4)
(d) Explain why the value obtained in part (b) is different from that obtained in part (c)
(ii).
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 13 marks)
Q21.
(a) The table below contains some mean bond enthalpy data.
Bond H–O O–O O=O
Mean bond enthalpy/kJ mol–1 463 146 496
The bonding in hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, can be represented by H–O–O–H. Use

these data to calculate the enthalpy change for the following reaction.
H2O2(g) → H2O2(g) + O2(g)
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(b) The standard enthalpy of formation, ΔHf for methane, is –74.9 kJ mol–1. Write an
equation, including state symbols, for the reaction to which this enthalpy change
applies.
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(c) The enthalpy changes for the formation of atomic hydrogen and atomic carbon from
their respective elements in their standard states are as follows.
H2(g) → H(g) ΔH = +218 kJ mol–1
C(s) → C(g) ΔH = +715 kJ mol–1
(i) By reference to its structure, suggest why a large amount of heat energy is
required to produce free carbon atoms from solid carbon.
Page 32 of 66
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(ii) Parts (b) and (c) give enthalpy data for the formation of CH4(g), H(g) and C(g).
Use these data and Hess’s Law to calculate the value of the enthalpy change
for the following reaction.
CH4(g) → C(g) + 4H(g)
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(iii) Use your answer from part (c)(ii) to calculate a value for the mean bond
enthalpy of a C–H bond in methane.
______________________________________________________________
(5)
(Total 10 marks)
Q22.
The table below contains some mean bond enthalpy data.
Bond H––H C––C C=C N≡N N––H
Mean bond enthalpy / kJ mol–1 436 348 612 944 388
(a) Explain the term mean bond enthalpy.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(b) (i) Write an equation for the formation of one mole of ammonia, NH3, from its
elements.
______________________________________________________________
(ii) Use data from the table above to calculate a value for the enthalpy of
formation of ammonia.
Page 33 of 66
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(4)
(c) Use the following equation and data from the table above to calculate a value for the
C–H bond enthalpy in ethane.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 9 marks)
Q23.
(a) State what is meant by the term mean bond enthalpy.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(b) Ethanal has the structure
Gaseous ethanal burns as shown by the equation
CH3CHO(g) + 2½O2(g) → 2H2O(g) + 2CO2(g)
Use the mean bond enthalpy data given below to answer the following questions.
Bond Mean bond enthalpy/kJ mol–1
C—H +413
C—C +347
C==O +736
Page 34 of 66
O==O +498
O—H +464
(i) Calculate the enthalpy change which occurs when all the bonds in the
reactants shown in the above equation are broken.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(ii) Calculate the enthalpy change which occurs when all the bonds in the
products shown in the above equation are formed.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(iii) Hence, calculate the enthalpy change for the complete combustion of ethanal
as shown in the equation above.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(5)
(Total 7 marks)
Q24.
Given the following data
C(s) + 2H2(g) → CH4(g) ∆H = −75 kJ mol−1
H2(g) → 2H(g) ∆H = +436 kJ mol−1
which one of the following is the enthalpy change, in kJ mol−1, of the reaction below?
CH4(g) → C(s) + 4H(g)
A −947
B +511
C +797
D +947
(Total 1 mark)
Page 35 of 66
Mark schemes
Q1.
(a) 2Fe(s) + O2(g) ⟶ Fe2O3(s) ONLY
Don’t allow multiples. States must be shown
1
(b) M1 Correct cycle or equation

If M1 and M2 not awarded then M3 can be awarded for their
M2 divided by 3
1
M2 (3 × ΔfHCO2) = −19 + (−822) + 3(−111) − 0
(3 × ΔfHCO2) = −1174
1
M3 ΔfHCO2 = −391 kJ mol −1
−317 for 1 mark

+391 for 1 mark
1
Allow 2 sig fig or more
(c) M1 Correct Hess’s law cycle or equation

If M1 and M2 not awarded then M3 can be awarded for their
M2 divided by 6
1
M2 (6(N−H)) = 944 + 3(+436) + 92
(6(N−H)) = 2344
−391 for 1 mark
1
−1
M3 N−H = (+)391 kJ mol
1
Allow 2 sig fig or more
(d) Data book value derived from (a number of) different compounds (not just
different NH3 molecules)
1
[8]
Q2.
(a) C3H8 + 5O2 ⟶ 3CO2 + 4H2O
allow fractions / multiples
allow any correct structural representation of molecules
ignore state symbols
1
(b) M1 working that leads to n = 13

e.g. −6650 = −(496n + 202)
and/or 496n = 6650 − 202
and/or 496n = 6448
(n = 13)
1
Page 36 of 66
M2 C13H28
C13H28 scores M1 and M2 if some correct working shown
C13H28 with no working scores M2 only
allow error carried forward for M2 for a correct formula of an
alkane from the value of n worked out for M1 (but there must
be some working shown leading to this incorrect value of n);
for example, allow C14H30 if error in M1 stemming from error
in rearranging equation
1
(c) Idea that

• alkane is not gaseous or
• equation relates to gaseous alkanes or
• it takes energy to convert it into a gas or
• that water / alkane / substances are gaseous in calculations using bond
enthalpies
ignore references to heat loss, incomplete combustion, loss
of evaporation, not being in standard conditions or that it is
not standard state
1
(d) M1 plotting the four values correctly (allow one error where point is ±1
square out)
If plotted points for wrong number of C atoms for two or more
compounds, cannot score M1 or M2, but could score M3 if
read value off for 3C atoms
1
M2 smooth best fit curve
M2 best fit curve for their four points for the correct number
of C atoms
1
M3 value from their best fit line for 3 C atoms (allow ± 1 square)
M3 need – sign (but ignore units);
cannot score M3 unless there is a line on the graph
1
(e) M1 mass of isooctane = 692 (g)

correct answer scores M1 and M2
1
M2 3.31 × 104 or 33100 (kJ) (3sf only)
M2 correct value to incorrect number of sig figs is 1 mark;
ignore sign ;
no error carried forward for M2
1
[9]
Q3.
(a) C2H5OH(I) + 3O2(g) ⟶ 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(I)
1 mark for correct formulae and balancing
1
1 mark for all correct state symbols
1
(b) (Standard) enthalpy of formation
Page 37 of 66
1
Difficult to prevent C reacting with O2 to form some CO2

1
(c) ΔH = ΣΔHc reactants − ΣΔHc products or a correct cycle

1
OR ΔH = −393−(−283)
ΔH = −110 (kJ mol−1)
(d) Correctly drawn Hess’s law cycle

1
4 (Xe–F) = 252 + (2 × 158) = 568
Xe–F = 568 / 4
1
Xe–F = 142 (kJ mol−1))

1
(e) Mean bond enthalpy found by taking an average for Xe–F in a range of
compounds
1
[10]
Q4.
C
[1]
Q5.
(a) C(s) + 2F2(g) CF4(g)
State symbols essential
1
(b) Around carbon there are 4 bonding pairs of electrons (and no lone pairs)
1
Therefore, these repel equally and spread as far apart as possible

1
(c) ΔH = Σ ΔfH products – Σ ΔfH reactants or a correct cycle

1
Hence = (2 × –680) + (6 × –269) – (x) = –2889

1
x = 2889 – 1360 – 1614 = –85 (kJ mol–1)

1
Score 1 mark only for +85 (kJ mol )–1
(d) Bonds broken = 4(C–H) + 4(F–F) = 4 × 412 + 4 × F–F
Page 38 of 66
Bonds formed = 4(C–F) + 4(H–F) = 4 × 484 + 4 × 562
Both required
1
–1904 = [4 × 412 + 4(F–F)] – [4 × 484 + 4 × 562]
4(F–F) = –1904 – 4 × 412 + [4 × 484 + 4 × 562] = 632

1
F–F = 632 / 4 = 158 (kJ mol–1)

1
The student is correct because the F–F bond energy is much less than the C–
H or other covalent bonds, therefore the F–F bond is weak / easily broken
Relevant comment comparing to other bonds
(Low activation energy needed to break the F–F bond)
1
[10]
Q6.
(a) Bonds broken = 2(C=O) + 3(H–H) = 2 × 743 + 3 × H–H
Bonds formed = 3(C–H) +(C–O) + 3(O–H) = 3 × 412 + 360 + 3 × 463

Both required
1
–49 = [2 × 743 + 3 × (H–H)] – [3 × 412 + 360 + 3 × 463]
3(H–H) = –49 – 2 × 743 + [3 × 412 + 360 + 3 × 463] = 1450

Both required
1
H–H = 483 (kJ mol–1)

Allow 483.3(3)
1
(b) Mean bond enthalpies are not the same as the actual bond enthalpies in CO2
(and / or methanol and / or water)
1
(c) The carbon dioxide (produced on burning methanol) is used up in this reaction
1
(d) 4 mol of gas form 2 mol

1
At high pressure the position of equilibrium moves to the right to lower the
pressure / oppose the high pressure
1
This increases the yield of methanol

1
(e) Impurities (or sulfur compounds) block the active sites

Allow catalyst poisoned
1
Page 39 of 66
(f) Stage 1: moles of components in the equilibrium mixture
Extended response question
CO2(g) + 3H2(g) CH3OH(g) + H2O(g)
Initial
1.0 3.0 0 0
moles
Eqm (1–0.86) (3–3×0.86)

0.86 0.86
moles = 0.14 = 0.42
1
Stage 2: Partial pressure calculations
Total moles of gas = 2.28
Partial pressures = mol fraction × ptotal

1
pCO2 = mol fraction × ptotal = 0.14 × 500 / 2.28 = 30.7 kPa
pH2 = mol fraction × ptotal = 0.42 × 500 / 2.28 = 92.1 kPa

M3 is for partial pressures of both reactants
Alternative M3 =
ppCO2 = 0.0614 × 500
ppH2 = 0.1842 × 500
1
pCH3OH = mol fraction × ptotal = 0.86 × 500 / 2.28 = 188.6 kPa
pH2O = mol fraction × ptotal = 0.86 × 500 / 2.28 = 188.6 kPa

M4 is for partial pressures of both products
Alternative M4 =
ppCH3OH = 0.3772 × 500
ppH2O = 0.3772 × 500
1
Stage 3: Equilibrium constant calculation

Kp = pCH3OH × pH2O / pCO2 × (pH2)3
Hence Kp = 188.6 × 188.6 / 30.7 × (92.1)3 = 1.483 × 10–3 = 1.5 × 10–3
Answer must be to 2 significant figures

1
Units = kPa–2
1
[16]
Q7.
B
[1]
Page 40 of 66
Q8.
(a) The enthalpy / heat energy change when 1 mol (of a substance)
If enthalpy of formation definition given CE=O
NOT just ‘energy’
ALLOW alternatives for substance e.g.
molecule/compound/element
1
Is burned/reacts completely in oxygen
ALLOW reacts in excess oxygen
1
With all reactants and products in their standard states
OR
With all reactants and products in their normal states at
298K/given temp & 100kPa
ALLOW ‘everything’ for ‘reactants and products’
Penalise incorrect conditions if given
ALLOW ‘normal states under standard conditions’
1
(b) ∆H = Σ∆Hc(reactants) - Σ∆Hc (products)

OR
Correctly and fully balanced cycle
Correct answer scores 3
1
∆H = [3(-394) + 4(-286)] – (-2010)
OR
∆H = -2326 + 2010
M2 also scores M1
1
∆H = -316 (kJ mol-1)
+316 scores 1 mark only
IGNORE units
Check for AE in working – can award M3 as ecf (error carried
forward) from M2 if M2 not given due to AE
1
(c) ∆H/-1893 = ΣB(reactants) - ΣB(products)

OR
∆H/-1893 = ΣBonds broken - ΣBonds formed
OR
∆H/-1893 = 2B(C-C) + 7B(C-H) + B(C-O) + B(O-H) + 4½ B(O=O) – 6B(C=O) –
8B(O-H)
Correct answer scores 3
1
-1893= 2B(C-C) + 7(412) + 360 + 463 + 4½(496) – 6(805) – 8(463)
OR
-1893= 2B(C-C) +5939 – 8534
OR
-1893= 2B(C-C) -2595
OR
2B(C-C) = 702
M2 also scores M1
May see no 463 in bonds broken and 7x463 in made (gives
5476 – 8071)
1
Page 41 of 66
B(C-C) = (+)351(kJ mol-1)
If NOT 351 check for AE. This would lose M2, but could gain
M1 and M3
(+)234 scores 1 (due to 3(C-C))
NOT M3 from incorrect M2 unless incorrect M2 is due to AE
IGNORE units
If no other mark awarded then
ALLOW 1 if 5939 or 5476 or 8534 or 8071 seen
1
[9]
Q9.
(a) (i) 2C6H12O6 3CH3COCH3 + 3CO2 + 3H2O
Or multiples
1
(ii) to speed up the reaction

OR
(provide a) catalyst or catalyses the reaction or biological catalyst
OR
release / contain / provides an enzyme
Ignore “fermentation”
Ignore “to break down the glucose”
Not simply “enzyme” on its own
1
(b) (i) CH3CH(OH)CH3 + [O] CH3COCH3 + H2O

Any correct representation for the two organic structures.
Brackets not essential.
Not “sticks” for the structures in this case
1
(ii) Secondary (alcohol) OR 2° (alcohol)

1
(c) M1 q = m c ΔT
OR q =150 × 4.18 × 8.0

Award full marks for correct answer
In M1, do not penalise incorrect cases in the formula
M2 = (±) 5016 (J) OR 5.016 (kJ) OR 5.02 (kJ)

(also scores M1)
M3 This mark is for dividing correctly the number of kJ by the number

of moles and arriving at a final answer in the range shown.
Using 0.00450 mol
therefore ΔH = − 1115 (kJ mol−1 )
OR − 1114.6 to − 1120 (kJ mol−1 )
Range (+)1114.6 to (+)1120 gains 2 marks
Page 42 of 66
BUT − 1110 gains 3 marks and +1110 gains 2 marks
AND − 1100 gains 3 marks and +1100 gains 2 marks

Penalise M3 ONLY if correct numerical answer but sign is
incorrect; (+)1114.6 to (+)1120 gains 2 marks
Penalise M2 for arithmetic error and mark on
If ΔT = 281; score q = m c ΔT only
If c = 4.81 (leads to 5772) penalise M2 ONLY and mark on
for M3 = − 1283
Ignore incorrect units in M2
If units are given in M3 they must be either kJ or kJ mol−1 in this
case
3
(d) M1 The enthalpy change / heat change at constant pressure when

1 mol of a compound / substance / element
M2 is burned / combusts / reacts completely in oxygen

OR
burned / combusted / reacted in excess oxygen
M3 with (all) reactants and products / (all) substances in standard /

specified states
OR
(all) reactants and products / (all) substances in normal states under standard
conditions / 100 kPa / 1 bar and specified T / 298 K
For M3
Ignore reference to 1 atmosphere
3
(e) M1
Σ B (reactants) − Σ B (products) = ΔH
OR
Sum of bonds broken − Sum of bonds formed = ΔH
OR
2B(C−C) + B(C=O) + 6B(C−H) + 4B(O=O) (LHS)
− 6B(C=O) − 6B(O−H) (RHS) = ΔH
M2 (also scores M1)

2(348)+805+6(412)+4(496) [LHS = 5957]
(696) (2472) (1984)
− 6(805) − 6(463) [RHS = (−) 7608] = ΔH
(4830) (2778)
OR using only bonds broken and formed (5152 − 6803)
M3
ΔH= − 1651 (kJ mol−1)
Page 43 of 66
Candidates may use a cycle and gain full marks.
Correct answer gains full marks
Credit 1 mark for (+) 1651 (kJ mol−1)
For other incorrect or incomplete answers, proceed as
follows
• check for an arithmetic error (AE), which is either a
transposition error or an incorrect multiplication / addition
error; this would score 2 marks (M1 and M2)
• If no AE, check for a correct method; this requires
either a correct cycle with 4O2, 3CO2 and 3H2O OR a clear statement of
M1 which could be in words and scores only M1
Allow a maximum of one mark if the only scoring point is
LHS = 5957 (or 5152) OR RHS = 7608 (or 6803)
Award 1 mark for + 1651
3
(f) For the two marks M1 and M2, any two from
• heat loss or not all heat transferred to the apparatus or heat absorbed by
the apparatus or (specific) heat capacity of the apparatus not considered
• incomplete combustion / not completely burned / reaction is not
complete
• The idea that the water may end up in the gaseous state (rather than
liquid)
• reactants and / or products may not be in standard states.
• MBE data refers to gaseous species but the enthalpy of combustion
refers to liquids in their standard states / liquid propanone and liquid
water in standard states
• MBE do not refer to specific compounds OR MBE values vary with
different compounds / molecules OR are average / mean values taken
from a range of compounds / molecules
Apply the list principle but ignore incomplete reasons that
contain correct chemistry
Ignore “evaporation”
Ignore “faulty equipment”
Ignore “human error”
Not enough simply to state that “MBE are mean / average
values”
2
[15]
Q10.
(a) The enthalpy (change) to break 1 mol of H—O / bonds
Allow heat energy
1
Averaged over a range of compounds / molecules

Penalise energy but mark on
ignore states
CE = 0 for ionic bonds
1
(b) H2 + O2 H2 O
Page 44 of 66
ΔH = (H−H) + (O = O) − 2(H−O) / sum of (bonds broken) − sum of (bonds
formed)
1
= 436 + 496 / 2 − 2 × 464

1
= −244 (kJ mol−1)

Allow 1 mark only for +244 and −488
Units not essential but penalise incorrect units
1
(c) (i) same reaction / same equation / same number / same reactants and
same products / same number and type of bonds broken and formed
Do not allow similar
1
(ii) There must be a slight difference between the actual bond enthalpy (in
water) and mean bond enthalpies for the O−H bond (in other molecules)
Allow bond enthalpy value for enthalpy of formation may not
be under standard conditions.
Allow reference to bond energy rather than bond enthalpy
Do not allow heat loss or experimental error
Do not allow mean bond enthalpies are not accurate
1
[7]
Q11.
(a)
M1 C6H12O6 2CH3CH2OH + 2CO2
(2C2H5OH)
Penalise C2H6O for ethanol in M1.
M2 and M3
Mark M2 and M3 independently.
Any two conditions in any order for M2 and M3 from
• (enzymes from) yeast or zymase
• 25 °C ≤ T ≤ 42 °C OR 298 K ≤ T ≤ 315 K
• anaerobic / no oxygen / no air OR neutral pH

A lack of oxygen can mean either without oxygen or not
having enough oxygen and does not ensure no oxygen,
therefore only credit “lack of oxygen” if it is qualified.
Penalise ‘bacteria’, ‘phosphoric acid’, ‘high pressure’ using
the list principle.
M4 (fractional) distillation or GLC

Ignore reference to ‘aqueous’ or ‘water’ (ie not part of the list
principle).
Page 45 of 66
M5 Carbon-neutral in this context means
There is no net / overall (annual) carbon dioxide / CO2 emission to the

atmosphere
OR
There is no change in the total amount / level of carbon dioxide / CO2 present
in the atmosphere
For M5 – must be about CO2 and the atmosphere.
The idea that the carbon dioxide / CO2 given out equals the
carbon dioxide / CO2 that was taken in from the atmosphere.
5
(b) M1 q = m c ∆T (this mark for correct mathematical formula)

Full marks for M1, M2 and M3 for the correct answer.
In M1, do not penalise incorrect cases in the formula.
M2 = (75 × 4.18 × 5.5)
1724 (J) OR 1.724 (kJ) OR 1.72 (kJ) OR 1.7 (kJ)
(also scores M1)

Ignore incorrect units in M2.
M3 Using 0.0024 mol
therefore ∆H = − 718 (kJ mol−1)
(Accept a range from −708 to −719 but do not penalise more than 3 significant
figures)
Penalise M3 ONLY if correct numerical answer but sign is
incorrect. Therefore +718 gains two marks.
If units are quoted in M3 they must be correct.
If ∆T = 278.5, CE for the calculation and penalise M2 and
M3.
M4 and M5 in any order
Any two from
• incomplete combustion
• heat loss
• heat capacity of Cu not included
• some ethanol lost by evaporation
• not all of the (2.40 × 10−3 mol) ethanol is burned / reaction is incomplete
for M3 = − 827
5
(c) (i) M1 enthalpy / heat / energy change (at constant pressure) or enthalpy /
heat / energy needed in breaking / dissociating (a) covalent bond(s)
Page 46 of 66
Ignore bond making.
M2 averaged for that type of bond over different / a range of molecules /

compounds
Ignore reference to moles.
2
(ii) M1
∑ B(reactants) − ∑ B(products) = ∆H
OR
Sum of bonds broken − Sum of bonds formed = ∆H
OR
B(C-C) + B(C-O) + B(O-H) + 5B(C-H) + 3B(O=O)

– 4B(C=O) – 6B(O–H) = ∆H = −1279
Correct answer gains full marks.
Credit 1 mark for − 496 (kJ mol−1)
follows
transposition error or an incorrect multiplication; this
would score 2 marks (M1 and M2).
If no AE, check for a correct method; this requires either a
correct cycle with 2CO2 and 3H2O OR a clear statement of
M1 which could be in words and scores only M1.
M2 (also scores M1)

348+360+463+5(412)+ 3B(O=O)
(3231) (or 2768 if O–H cancelled)

− 4(805) − 6(463) = ∆H = − 1279
(5998) (or 5535 if O–H cancelled)
3B(O=O) = 1488 (kJ mol−1)

Credit a maximum of one mark if the only scoring point is
bonds formed adds up to 5998 (or 5535) OR bonds broken
includes the calculated value of 3231 (or 2768).
M3
B(O=O) = 496 (kJ mol−1)
Award 1 mark for −496
Students may use a cycle and gain full marks

3
[15]
Q12.
(a) (i) M1 c(oncentrated) phosphoric acid / c(onc.) H3PO4
Page 47 of 66
OR c(oncentrated) sulfuric acid / c(onc.) H2SO4
In M1, the acid must be concentrated.
Ignore an incorrect attempt at the correct formula that is
written in addition to the correct name.
M2 Re-circulate / re-cycle the (unreacted) ethene (and steam) / the

reactants
OR pass the gases over the catalyst several / many times
In M2, ignore “remove the ethanol”.
Credit “re-use”.
2
(ii) M1
(By Le Chatelier’s principle) the equilibrium is driven / shifts / moves to
the right / L to R / forwards / in the forward direction
M2 depends on a correct statement of M1

The equilibrium moves / shifts to
• oppose the addition of / increased concentration of / increased

moles / increased amount of water / steam
• to decrease the amount of steam / water
Mark M3 independently
M3 Yield of product / conversion increase OR ethanol increases / goes
up / gets more
3
(iii) M1 Poly(ethene) / polyethene / polythene / HDPE / LDPE
M2 At higher pressures
More / higher cost of electrical energy to pump / pumping cost
OR
Cost of higher pressure equipment / valves / gaskets / piping etc.
OR expensive equipment
Credit all converse arguments for M2
2
(b) M1 for balanced equation
M2 for state symbols in a correctly balanced equation
2C(s / graphite) + 3H2(g) + ½O2(g) CH3CH2OH(l)

(C2H5OH)
Not multiples but credit correct state symbols in a correctly
balanced equation.
Penalise C2H6O but credit correct state symbols in a correctly
balanced equation.
2
(c) (i) M1 The enthalpy change / heat change at constant pressure when 1 mol
of a compound / substance / element
If standard enthalpy of formation CE=0
M2 is burned / combusts / reacts completely in oxygen

OR burned / combusted / reacted in excess oxygen
Page 48 of 66
M3 with (all) reactants and products / (all) substances in standard /
specified states
OR (all) reactants and products / (all) substances in normal states under
standard conditions / 100 kPa / 1 bar and specified T / 298 K
For M3
Ignore reference to 1 atmosphere
3
(ii) M1
Correct answer gains full marks
ΣB(reactants) − ΣB(products) = ΔH
Credit 1 mark for (+) 1279 (kJ mol−1)
OR
OR
B(C-C) + B(C-O) + B(O-H) + 5B(C-H) + 3B(O=O) (LHS)
− 4B(C=O) − 6B(O−H) (RHS) = ΔH
M2 (also scores M1)

348+360+463+5(412)+3(496) [LHS = 4719]
(2060) (1488)
− 4(805) − 6(463) [RHS = − 5998] = ΔH
(3220) (2778)
OR using only bonds broken and formed (4256 − 5535)
follows
transposition error or an incorrect multiplication; this would
score 2 marks (M1 and M2)
• If no AE, check for a correct method; this requires
either a correct cycle with 2C and 6H and 7O OR a clear
statement of M1 which could be in words and scores only
M1
M3
ΔH= − 1279 (kJ mol−1)
Allow a maximum of one mark if the only scoring point is
LHS = 4719 OR RHS = 5998
Award 1 mark for +1279
Candidates may use a cycle and gain full marks

3
(d) (i) Reducing agent OR reductant OR electron donor

OR to reduce the copper oxide
Not “reduction”.
Not “oxidation”.
Not “electron pair donor”.
1
(ii) CH3COOH
1
Page 49 of 66
[17]
Q13.
(a) 3N2H4 4NH3 + N2
Or multiples
Ignore state symbols
1
(b) M1 enthalpy / heat (energy) change / required / needed to break / dissociate a

covalent bond (or a specified covalent bond)
Ignore bond making
Ignore standard conditions
M2 requires an attempt at M1
M2 average / mean over different molecules / compounds / substances

2
(c) M1
⅀ (bonds broken) − ⅀ (bonds formed) = ΔH
M1 could stand alone
OR

M2 (also scores M1)

Ignore units
4(+388) + 163 + 2(146) + 4(463) − 944 − 8(463) = ΔH

OR broken +3859 (2007) formed − 4648 (2796)
M3
ΔH = − 789 (kJ mol )−1
Two marks can score with an arithmetic error in the working
Award 1 mark for + 789

Credit one mark only for calculating either the sum of the
bonds broken or the sum of the bonds formed provided this
is the only mark that is to be awarded
Students may use a cycle and gain full marks

3
[6]
Q14.
(a) (Enthalpy change to) break the bond in 1 mol of chlorine (molecules)
Allow (enthalpy change to) convert 1 mol of chlorine
molecules into atoms
Do not allow energy or heat instead of enthalpy, allow heat
energy
1
Page 50 of 66
To form (2 mol of) gaseous chlorine atoms / free radicals
Can score 2 marks for ‘Enthalpy change for the reaction’:
Cl2(g) → 2Cl(g)
Equation alone gains M2 only
Can only score M2 if 1 mol of chorine molecules used in M1
(otherwise it would be confused with atomisation enthalpy)
Any mention of ions, CE = 0
1
(b) (For atomisation) only 1 mol of chlorine atoms, not 2 mol (as in bond enthalpy)
is formed / equation showing ½ mol chlorine giving 1 mol of atoms
Allow breaking of one bond gives two atoms
Allow the idea that atomisation involves formation of 1 mol of
atoms not 2 mol
Allow the idea that atomisation of chlorine involves half the
amount of molecules of chlorine as does dissociation
Any mention of ions, CE = 0
1
(c) (i) ½F2(g) + ½Cl2(g) → ClF(g)

1
(ii) ΔH = ½E(F–F) + ½ E(Cl−Cl) – E(Cl−F)

Allow correct cycle
1
E(Cl−F) = ½E(F–F) + ½E(Cl−Cl) − ΔH
= 79 + 121 − (−56)
= 256 (kJ mol )

−1
−256 scores zero

Ignore units even if wrong
1
(iii) ½Cl2 + 3/2 F2 → ClF3

If equation is doubled CE=0 unless correcr answer gained by
/ 2 at end
This would score M1
1
ΔH = ½ E(Cl−Cl) + 3/2 E(F–F) − 3E(Cl−F)
= 121 + 237 − 768 / (or 3 × value from (c)(ii))

This also scores M1 (note = 358 − 768)
1
= −410 (kJ mol ) −1
If given value of 223 used ans = −311

Allow 1 / 3 for +410 and +311
1
(iv) (Bond enthalpy of) Cl−F bond in ClF is different from that in ClF3
Allow Cl-F bond (enthalpy) is different in different
compounds (QoL)
1
Page 51 of 66
(d) NaCl is ionic / not covalent
1
[11]
Q15.
(a) (i) ΔH = Σ bonds broken –Σ bonds formed
1
= 944/2 + 3/2 × 436 –3 × 388

1
= –38 (kJ mol–1)

ignore units even if incorrect
correct answer scores 3
–76 scores 2/3
+38 scores 1/3
1
(ii) mean / average bond enthalpies are from a range

of compounds
or
mean / average bond enthalpies differ from those in
a single compound / ammonia
1
(b) ΔS = ΣS products –Σ S reactants

1
= 193 – (192/2 + 131 × 3/2)

1
= –99.5 J K–1 mol–1
units essential for M3

correct answer with units scores 3
–199 J K–1 mol–1 & –99.5 score 2/3
–199 and + 99.5 J K–1 mol–1 score 1/3
1
(c) (i) ΔG = ΔH – TΔS = –46 + 800 × 99.5/1000

mark is for putting in numbers with 1000
if factor of 1000 used incorrectly CE = 0
1
= 33.6 or 33600
allow 33 to 34 (or 33000 to 34000)
1
kJ mol–1 with J mol–1
correct units for answer essential

if answer to part (b) is wrong or if -112 used, mark
consequentially e.g.
• –199 gives 113 to 114 kJ mol–1 (scores 3/3)
• –112 gives 43 to 44 kJ mol–1 (scores 3/3)
Page 52 of 66
1
(ii) If answer to (c) (i) is positive: not feasible / not spontaneous
If answer to (c) (i) is negative: feasible / spontaneous

if no answer to (c) (i) award zero marks
1
[11]
Q16.
(a) Three conditions in any order for M1 to M3
M1 yeast or zymase
M2 30 °C ≥ T ≤ 42 °C
M3 anaerobic/no oxygen/no air OR neutral pH
M4 C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + 2CO2

OR
2C6H12O6 4C2H5OH + 4CO2
Mark independently
Penalise “bacteria” and “phosphoric acid” using the list
principle
Ignore reference to “aqueous” or “water” (i.e. not part of the
list principle)
Or other multiples
4
(b) M1 Carbon-neutral
Ignore “biofuel”
1
M2 6 (mol/molecules) CO2/carbon dioxide taken in/used/used

up (to form glucose or in photosynthesis)
1
M3 6 (mol/molecules) CO2/carbon dioxide given out due to

2 (mol/molecules) CO2/carbon dioxide from fermentation/
Process 2 and 4 (mol/molecules) CO2/carbon dioxide from
combustion/Process 3
It is NOT sufficient in M2 and M3 for equations alone without
commentary or annotation or calculation
1
(c) M1 (could be scored by a correct mathematical expression)
(Sum of) bonds broken – (Sum of) bonds made/formed = ΔH
OR
(Σ) Breactants – (Σ) Bproducts = ΔH
(where B = bond enthalpy/bond energy)

For M1 there must be a correct mathematical expression
using ΔH or “enthalpy change”
Page 53 of 66
M2 Reactants = (+) 4719
OR
Products = (–) 5750
M3 Overall + 4719 – 5750 = –1031 (kJ mol–1) (This is worth 3 marks)

Award full marks for correct answer.
Ignore units.
M2 is for either value underlined
M3 is NOT consequential on M2
3
Award 1 mark ONLY for +1031
M4 Mean bond enthalpies are not specific for this reaction

OR they are average values from many different
compounds/molecules
Do not forget to award this mark
1
(d) M1 q = m c ΔT (this mark for correct mathematical formula)
M2 = 6688 (J) OR 6.688 (kJ) OR 6.69 (kJ) OR 6.7 (kJ)
M3 0.46g is 0.01 mol

therefore ΔH = – 669 kJ mol–1 OR – 670 kJmol–1
OR –668.8 kJ mol–1
Award M1, M2 and M3 for correct answer to the calculation

Penalise M3 ONLY if correct answer but sign is incorrect
If m = 0.46 or m = 200.46 OR if ΔT = 281, CE and penalise
M2 and M3
for M3 = –769.6 OR –770
Ignore incorrect units in M2
M4 Incomplete combustion
Do not forget to award this mark. Mark independently
4
[15]
Q17.
(a) (i) Reducing agent
OR
Reduce(s) (WO3/tungsten oxide)
OR
electron donor
Page 54 of 66
OR
to remove oxygen (from WO3/tungsten oxide or to form water);

1
(ii) WO3 + 3H2 → W + 3H2O

Or multiples
1
(iii) One from
H2 is
• explosive
• flammable or inflammable
• easily ignited
Ignore reference to pressure or temperature
1
(b) (i) Addition

Ignore “electrophilic”
Penalise “nucleophilic addition”
OR
(catalytic) hydrogenation
OR
Reduction
1
(ii) Geometric(al)
OR
cis/trans OR E Z OR E/Z
1
(c) (i) (If any factor is changed which affects an equilibrium), the
position of equilibrium will shift/move/change/respond/act
so as to oppose the change.
OR
(When a system/reaction in equilibrium is disturbed), the

equilibrium shifts/moves in a direction which tends to
reduce the disturbance
A variety of wording will be seen here and the key part is the
last phrase and must refer to movement of the equilibrium.
QoL
1
(ii) M1 – Statement of number of moles/molecules

There are more moles/molecules (of gas) on the left/of reactants
Page 55 of 66
OR
fewer moles/molecules (of gas) on the right./products
OR
there are 4 moles/molecules (of gas) on the left and 2 moles/

molecules on the right.
Ignore “volumes” for M1
Mark independently
M2 – Explanation of response/movement in terms of pressure

Increase in pressure is opposed (or words to that effect)
OR
pressure is lowered by a shift in the equilibrium (from left) to

right/favours forward reaction.
2
(d) ΣB(reactants) – ΣB(products) = ΔH (M1)
OR
Sum of bonds broken – Sum of bonds formed = ΔH (M1)
B(H–H) + ½B(O=O) – 2B(O–H) = – 242 (M1)
B(H–H) = – 242 – ½(+496) + 2(+463) (this scores M1 and M2)
B(H–H) = (+)436 (kJ mol–1) (M3)
Award 1 mark for – 436

M1 could stand alone
Award full marks for correct answer.
Ignore units.
Two marks can score with an arithmetic error in the working.
3
[11]
Q18.
(a) Equation 1/2N2 + 3/2H2 → NH3
1
ΔHf = [(945 × 0.5) + (426 × 1.5)] – (391 × 3)

1
= –46.5 kJ mol–1
Mark The marking scheme for this part of the question includes an
Range overall assessment for the Quality of Written Communication
Page 56 of 66
(QWC). There are no discrete marks for the assessment of QWC
but the candidates’ QWC in this answer will be one of the criteria
used to assign a level and award the marks for this part of the
question
Descriptor
an answer will be expected to meet most of the criteria in the level
descriptor
4-5 – claims supported by an appropriate range of evidence
– good use of information or ideas about chemistry, going

beyond those given in the question
– argument well structured with minimal repetition or irrelevant

points
– accurate and clear expression of ideas with only minor errors

of grammar, punctuation and spelling
2-3 – claims partially supported by evidence
– good use of information or ideas about chemistry given in the

question but limited beyond this
– the argument shows some attempt at structure
– the ideas are expressed with reasonable clarity but with a few
errors of grammar, punctuation and spelling
0-1 – valid points but not clearly linked to an argument structure
– limited use of information or ideas about chemistry
– unstructured
– errors in spelling, punctuation and grammar or lack of fluency
(b) The higher the temperature the faster the reaction QWC
1
but, since the reaction is exothermic

1
the equilibrium yield is lower QWC

1
The higher the pressure the greater the equilibrium yield QWC
1
because there is a reduction in the number of moles of gas

in the reaction
1
but higher pressure is expensive to produce or plant is more

expensive to build QWC
1
Page 57 of 66
A better catalyst would lessen the time to reach equilibrium
1
and allow more ammonia to be produced in a given time QWC

1
[11]
Q19.
(a) enthalpy change/ heat energy change when 1 mol of a substance
1
is completely burned in oxygen

1
at 298K and 100 kPa or standard conditions

1
(not 1atm)
(b) ∆H = ∑ bonds broken – ∑ bonds formed

1
= (6 × 412) + 612 +348 + (4.5 × 496) – ((6 × 743) + (6 × 463))

1
= – 1572 kJ mol–1
(c) by definition ∆Hf is formation from an element

1
(d) ∆Hc = ∑ ∆Hf products -∑ ∆Hf reactants or cycle

1
= (3 × – 394) + (3 × –242) – (+20)

1
= − 1928 kJ mol–1
(e) bond enthalpies are mean/average values

1
from a range of compounds

1
[12]
Q20.
(a) enthalpy (or energy) to break (or dissociate) a bond;
1
averaged over different molecules (environments);

1
enthalpy (or heat energy) change when one mole of a compound;

1
Page 58 of 66
is formed from its elements;
1
in their standard states;

1
(b) enthalpy change = Σ(bonds broken) – Σ(bonds formed) or cycle;

1
= 4 × 388 +163 + 2 × 146 + 4 × 463 – (944 + 8 × 463);

(or similar)
1
= –789;
(+ 789 scores 1 only)
1
(c) (i) zero;

1
(ii) AH = Σ (enthalpies of formation of products)

–Σ (enthalpies of formation of reactants)
1
= 4 × –242-(75 + 2 × –133);
1
= –777;
(+ 777 scores one only)
1
(d) mean bond enthalpies are not exact

(or indication that actual values are different from real
values)
1
[13]
Q21.
(a) ΔH = Σ(bonds broken) – Σ(bonds formed) (or cycle)
1
= +146 – 496/2 (or 2 × 463 + 146 –(2 × 463 + 496/2)

1
= – 102 (kJ mol–1) (1)

(accept no units, wrong units loses a mark; +102 scores (1)
only)
1
(b) C(s) + 2H2(g) → CH4(g) equation (1) Correct state symbols (1)
2
(c) (i) Macromolecular

(accept giant molecule or carbon has many (4) bonds)
1
(ii) ΔH = ΣΔHf(products) – ΣΔHf (reactants) (or cycle)

1
Page 59 of 66
= 715 + 4 × 218 – (–74.9)
1
= 1662 (kJ mol–1)

(accept no units, wrong units loses one mark,
allow 1660 to 1663, –1662 scores one mark only)
1
(iii) 1662/4 = 415.5

(mark is for divide by four, allow if answer to (c)(ii) is wrong)
1
[10]
Q22.
(a) Enthalpy (Energy) to break a (covalent) bond (1) OR dissociation energy
Varies between compounds so average value used (1) QL mark
OR average of dissociation energies in a single molecule /
e.g. CH4
Do not allow mention of energy to form bonds
but with this case can allow second mark otherwise 2nd mark
consequential on first
2
(b) (i) 1/2 N2 + 3/2 H2 → NH3 (1)

Ignore s s
(ii) ΔH = (Σ)bonds broken – (Σ)bonds formed (1)

= 1/2 × 944 + 3/2 × 436 – 3 × 388 (1)
= –38 kJ mol–1 (1)
Ignore no units, penalise wrong units
Score 2/3 for -76
1/3 for +38
Allow 1/3 for +76
4
(c) 4 (C–H) + (C=C) + (H–H) – (6 (C–H) + (C–C)) = –136 (1)

OR (C=C) + (H–H) – ((C–C) + 2 (C–H)) = –136
2 (C–H) = 836 (1)
(C–H) = 418 (kJ mol–1) (1)
Note: allow (1) for –836
another (1) for –418
3
[9]
Q23.
(a) (Energy required) to break a given covalent bond (1)
averaged over a range of compounds (1)
Penalise first mark if ‘energy’ / ‘enthalpy’ evolved
2
(b) (i) 4 × C−H = 4 × 413 = +1652

1 × C−C = 1 × 347 = 347
1 × C=O = 1 × 736 = 736
2½ × O=O = 2.5 × 498 = 1245 (1)
Page 60 of 66
= 2735 + 1245 = +3980 (1)
first mark for 4 : 1: 1 or 2735 ignore sign
(ii) 4 × H−O = -4 × 464 = –1856

4 × C−O = -4 × 736 = –2944 (1)
= –4800 (1)
First mark for 4 : 4
(iii) ΔHR = ΣBonds broken − ΣBonds made

= +3980 − 4800 = −820 (1)
Conseq Mark for incorrect answers in (i) and (ii) as
(i) Answer + (ii) Answer =
5
[7]
Q24.
D
[1]
Page 61 of 66
Examiner reports
Q1.
(a) This was poorly answered, with many students missing state symbols and balancing
the equation incorrectly. Only the best students (24.6%) gained the mark here.
(b) This proved challenging compared to questions set in the previous specification
from this topic area. 34.3% of students failed to pick up even one mark.
(c) Again challenging for all but the best students, only 26.3% scored more than one
mark.
(d) This was not as well answered as might have been expected. The fact that mean
bond enthalpies are calculated using a range of compounds was not well
understood.
Q2.
(a) Most students could write the equation for the complete combustion of propane.
(b) This question required students to rearrange a mathematical expression, but many
could not do this because they made errors with minus signs on rearrangement.
(c) Very few students appreciated that bond enthalpies are measured in the gaseous
state and so the expression would not give an accurate value for a liquid alkane.
(d) Most students plotted the points on the graph correctly, but a very significant
proportion of them drew a best fit line that was straight rather than a curve. Most
students read the value for propane off the graph, but some did not include the
negative sign to show it was exothermic. Worryingly, some students did not know
how many C atoms the alkanes contained and failed to score.
(e) Many students failed to find the mass of 1 dm3 of isooctane, not appreciating that
the density value given was in g cm−3 rather than g dm−3. Some students lost the
second mark because they did not appreciate that the answer should be given to
three significant figures.
Q7.
This question involved several steps and many went wrong as they effectively used ∆H =
[Sum bond enthalpies products] – [Sum bond enthalpies reactants] instead of ∆H = [Sum
bond enthalpies reactants] – [Sum bond enthalpies products].
Q8.
Two-thirds of the marks in this enthalpy-based question involved students being able to
carry out calculations based on Hess’ Law and, as always, there was a divide between
those who could cope with such questions and those who couldn’t.
In part (a) the importance of learning definitions was illustrated. Many students failed to
make clear that all reactants and products need to be in their standard states.
In questions such as part (b) students are strongly advised to start with a clear and
complete indication of the expression relating the enthalpy change of the reaction to the
data given or to draw out a clearly labelled cycle. Students who relied on the use of a
Page 62 of 66
learned expression often got this wrong way round, possibly due to confusion with the use
of enthalpies of formation whereas, in this case, the data provided were enthalpies of
combustion.
In a question like part (c) students are strongly advised to sketch out the displayed
formulae of all reactants and products when working with bond energies. Failing to do so
in many cases meant that bonds were omitted or miscounted (3 × C-C in propan-1-ol was
often seen) by students.
Q9.
This question was answered well. Balancing the equation in part (a)i looks straightforward
when you know the answer, but it is quite demanding if you have to work it out, and
impressively half the students gave the correct answer. In part (b)i, it was necessary to
draw unambiguous structures both for propan-2-ol (not given in the question) and
propanone (given in part (a)i). The calculation in part (c) was well answered with the focus
on correct chemistry rather than on the number of significant figures and the mathematics
of rounding the final answer. The definition in part (d) was expected to be straightforward
and yet still resulted in only 40% gaining all three marks. As many as 45% gained all three
marks and 80% gained at least one mark from the very straightforward calculation in part
(e), with errors occurring because some students did not know the bonding either in
propanone or in carbon dioxide and used the unnecessary C−O that was given in the data
set. It was decided that the very straightforward idea of “heat loss”, in whatever context,
was worth only one mark in part (f) and that students needed to come up with other
reasons why the values in part (c) and part (e) differed; many were able to do so and this
led to 54% scoring both marks.
Q10.
Answers to part (a) were often incomplete; many students lost a mark because only one
bond was broken rather than 1 mol of bonds. Answers to part (b) were usually correct but
a fairly common mistake was to omit to halve the O=O bond enthalpy or to calculate a
value for the formation of 2 mol of water. Answers to part (c)(i) were usually correct but in
part (c)(ii) most students did not score because they did not refer to the O-H bond and
some inadvisably thought that experimental error was a sufficient answer.
Q11.
Part (a) discriminated almost as well as the earlier mechanism questions with well over
half of the students scoring at least 3 of the 5 marks. Relatively few recognised that
(fractional) distillation is a process used to produce a much more concentrated solution of
ethanol and many referred to the hydration of ethene, having missed the requirement to
start “from a dilute aqueous solution”. The concept of carbon-neutral “in the context of this
biofuel” required reference both to carbon dioxide and the atmosphere. Part (b) was well
answered with over half of all students scoring 4 out of 5 marks. By comparison, part (c)
proved more demanding. The definition in part (c)(i) most often yielded only 1 of the 2
marks. Too often in part (c)(ii) it proved difficult to decipher the jumble of numbers that
some students recorded on the page and only about one-third of students scored all 3
marks.
Q12.
In part (a)(i), some students missed either the fact that the catalyst has to be a
concentrated strong acid or that the unreacted ethene is re-circulated to achieve an
overall yield of 95% and this meant that only a small number of students scored both
marks. Considerable latitude was allowed in the responses for part (a)(ii), since it was
Page 63 of 66
clear that many students did not really understand what was happening in this process
and this approach to the marking enabled the majority of students to gain at least two
marks out of three. In part (a)(iii), some students recognised the possibility of poly(ethene)
being formed and approximately 17% of students gained both marks.
It has been a while since a question like part (b) has been asked and it was not well
answered with few students gaining full marks and over half scoring zero. Balancing the
correct equation and then including the correct state symbols were both needed for full
marks. Parts (c) and (d) proved straightforward for many and full marks were seen from
over a third of students in each of parts (c)(i) and (c)(ii), respectively.
Q13.
The formula for ammonia and that for nitrogen caused the most problems in part (a) and
only 60% scored the mark. The definition of mean bond enthalpy has not been examined
for some time and the idea that it is a measure of the enthalpy change when a covalent
bond is broken was missed by most, although many knew that the mean value comes
from an average of the values obtained for the same bond in a range of different
compounds. In part (c), 51% of students scored full marks, however, many students made
transposition and arithmetic errors.
Q14.
Answers to this question were disappointingly poor. In part (a), there was not much
evidence that the precise meaning of the term bond dissociation enthalpy was
understood or had been learned. Only 20% of students scored both marks and over 50%
scored zero. This enthalpy change refers to the conversion of one mole of chlorine gas
into two moles of chlorine atoms but this was not usually stated. Answers to part (b) did
not usually convey the understanding that this process is exactly the same as bond
dissociation but that it involves only half a mole of chlorine gas. There was also confusion
between chlorine molecules, chlorine atoms and chloride ions. Part (c)(i) was answered
better but many answers were incorrect because they did not show chlorine and fluorine
molecules. In part (c)(iii), many students used incorrect cycles or formulae and obtained
an exothermic rather than an endothermic answer. In part (c)(iv), most students did not
read or did not understand the question. A statement that bond enthalpies are obtained by
averaging values from different compounds may be a correct statement but it is not an
answer to the question.
Q15.
Only 28% of candidates gained all three marks in part (a)(i). The usual error was a failure
to follow the instruction in the question that required an enthalpy change for only one mole
of ammonia. In part (a)(ii) many candidates were unable to explain clearly that individual
bond enthalpies in a specific compound will differ from data book values of mean bond
enthalpies that are an average of bond enthalpy values from a range of different
compounds. The remainder of this question was well answered by most candidates.
Q16.
Most candidates seem to know something about fermentation and part (a) discriminated
extremely well.
In part (b), only the best candidates were able both to state that such a fuel is carbon-
neutral and also to demonstrate that the six moles of CO2 taken in during photosynthesis
are later released in the fermentation process followed by the combustion of ethanol.
Failure to recognise that two moles of ethanol were burning resulted in only four moles of
Page 64 of 66
CO2 and left candidates confused. A few candidates seemed to think that a balanced
equation with six carbon atoms on each side is carbon-neutral.
The calculation in part (c) proved demanding as candidates failed to count up accurately
how many of each bond were broken and how many were formed. They were able quite
often to get only one of these correct. The idea that mean bond enthalpies are average
values obtained from many different compounds was not well known.
In part (d) the equation used to calculate the heat change was well known but conversion
to enthalpy change proved difficult for all but the best. The idea of incomplete combustion
was often missed.
Q17.
This question took hydrogen as its theme and asked questions across the subject. Overall
it was a high scoring question. The application of Le Chatelier’s principle was done well
with only 10% of candidates failing to score any marks. By contrast, the calculation of a
value for the H-H bond enthalpy proved very demanding and half the candidates scored
no marks.
Q19.
More able candidates were able to obtain high marks in this question but the weaker
candidates found the calculations difficult. The definition in (a) was usually attempted well
with the majority of candidates scoring 3 marks. Answers to (b) discriminated between
candidates. There were several arithmetic errors in the calculation, and a few candidates
who did not know to subtract the sum of the bonds made from the sum of the bonds
broken leading to an incorrect sign in the final answer. Most candidates realised that
oxygen was an element in (c). Again the calculation in (d) discriminated well. A common
incorrect answer was 1888 kJmol–1 which was usually due to doing the calculation the
wrong way round. Weaker candidates also failed to take account of the 3 moles of water
and carbon dioxide in their calculation. The explanation of why answers to (b) were less
accurate than (a) was not done as well as expected with many candidates scoring one out
of the 2 marks. Candidates should know that mean bond enthalpies are averaged over a
range of compounds which contain the same bond, or from the same compound which
contains several of the same type of bond. A common incorrect answer here was ‘heat
loss’.
Q20.
More able candidates were able to obtain high marks for this question but less able
candidates found the calculations hard. In part (a) candidates lost a mark if they referred
to bond-formation instead of bond-breaking. Less able candidates were unable to explain
that mean bond enthalpy refers to an average of bonds where the environment is
different, usually due to existence in different molecules. In part (b) many candidates
provided incorrect answers because they did not work out the correct number of bonds
being broken or formed. For example, only the best candidates recognised that two O—O
bonds were broken. It was disappointing in part (c) (i) that many candidates did not
understand the question. It was quite common to find candidates attempting a calculation
using the equation, the enthalpy of formation values given in the table and an assumption
that the enthalpy change for the equation was zero. Answers to part (c) (ii) were more
usually correct though weaker candidates failed to take account of the two moles of
hydrogen peroxide and the four moles of water. Answers to part (d) were usually incorrect.
A common wrong answer was the statement 'Heat loss'.
Q21.
Page 65 of 66
Good candidates were able to obtain high marks for this question but weak candidates
found it very difficult and marks of zero out of ten were not unusual. In part (a), a common
mistake was to use the O—O single bond enthalpy rather than the correct value for the
O=O double bond and also to use one mole of oxygen rather than half a mole. In part (b)
the balanced equation was usually correct but the state symbol for carbon was frequently
shown as gaseous rather than solid (or graphite). In Part (c) (i) only the best candidates
appeared to notice the wording in the question which required a reference to the structure
of solid carbon. Part (c) (ii) also proved to be a difficult question for weaker candidates
who rarely multiplied the enthalpy of formation of hydrogen atoms by the factor four. Also,
the enthalpy of formation of methane (–74.9 kJ mol–1) was usually added rather than
subtracted. Incorrect cycles and equations involving combustion of methane were also
common errors. Part (c) (iii) was answered well; the mark was awarded for dividing the
answer to part (c) (ii) by four.
Q22.
This question proved to be very difficult and good answers were extremely rare. Part (a) of
the question was used to assess candidates’ quality of language. Explanations were
usually rather vague or imprecise and whereas one mark out of two was common,
answers that were awarded two marks were very infrequent. In part (b)(i), despite a
specific statement in the question referring to one mole of ammonia, most candidates
wrote an equation giving two moles of ammonia. In part (b) (ii), only the best candidates
gave the correct answer of –38 kJ mol–1. Some credit was given for a method of
calculation that was partly correct but which lead to an incorrect nswer as a result of using
the wrong signs or the wrong number of moles of ammonia. The incorrect answers that
gained some credit were –76, +76 and +38 kJ mol–1. Correct answers to part (c) were
seen rarely. Common errors were confusion over signs when breaking bonds then forming
bonds and a failure to include the enthalpy change value of –136 kJ mol–1 in any equation
that was set up.
Q23.
The meaning of the term mean bond enthalpy was not well understood and, as in the
June 2001 paper, few candidates scored two marks in part (a). Part (b)(i), in which
candidates were required to use mean bond enthalpy data, was generally well answered
and only candidates who failed to deduce the correct number and type of bond lost marks.
In part (b)(ii) many candidates lost one mark when they failed to recognise that bond
formation is an exothermic process. Part(c)(iii) was marked consequentially to answers
given in parts (i) and (ii).
Page 66 of 66

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_______________________

Time: 244 minutes

Marks: 235 marks

(b) Table 1 contains some standard enthalpy of formation data.

ΔfHo/ kJ mol−1 −111 −822

Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(g) ⟶ 2Fe(s) + 3CO2(g) ΔH = −19 kJ mol−1

Show your working.

ΔfHo ____________________ kJ mol−1

(c) Some enthalpy data are given in Table 2.

N2(g) + 3H2(g) ⟶ 2NH3(g) −92

N2(g) ⟶ 2N(g) +944

H2(g) ⟶ 2H(g) +436

N−H bond enthalpy ____________________ kJ mol−1

(a) Write an equation for the complete combustion of propane in oxygen.

For an alkane with n carbon atoms: ΔcH = − (496n + 202) kJ mol−1

The enthalpy of combustion of an alkane was calculated to

Deduce the molecular formula of this alkane.

Show your working.

methane ethane propane butane pentane

Write your answer in the table.

(e) Isooctane (2,2,4-trimethylpentane) is an important component of petrol used in cars.

When isooctane is burned, the enthalpy change is −47.8 kJ g−1

Isooctane is a liquid at room temperature with a density of 0.692 g cm−3

Give your answer to the appropriate number of significant figures.

Explain why this enthalpy change would be difficult to determine directly.

Enthalpy change ____________________________________________________

Enthalpy change = ________ kJ mol−1

C3H7OH(g) ⟶ 3C(g) + 8H(g) + O(g)

Mean bond dissociation enthalpy / kJ mol−1 412 348 360 463

(b) Explain why CF4 has a bond angle of 109.5°.

(c) Table 1 gives some values of standard enthalpies of formation (ΔfHϴ).

Substance F2(g) CF4(g) HF(g)

ΔfHϴ / kJ mol−1 0 −680 −269

The enthalpy change for the following reaction is −2889 kJ mol−1.

C2H6(g) + 7F2(g) 2CF4(g) + 6HF(g)

Standard enthalpy of formation of C2H6(g) = ____________________ kJ mol−1

CH4(g) + 4F2(g) CF4(g) + 4HF(g) ΔH = −1904 kJ mol−1

Some mean bond enthalpies are given in Table 2.

Bond C−H C−F H−F

An equation for this formation of methanol is given below.

CO2(g) + 3H2(g) CH3OH(g) + H2O(g) ∆H = −49 kJ mol−1

Some mean bond enthalpies are shown in the following table.

Bond C=O C–H C–O O–H

Mean bond enthalpy / kJ mol−1 743 412 360 463

H–H bond enthalpy = _______________ kJ mol−1

(c) Suggest one environmental advantage of manufacturing methanol fuel by this

CO2(g) + 3H2(g) CH3OH(g) + H2O(g)

Calculate a value for Kp

CH4(g) + H2O(g) ⇌ CO(g) + 3H2(g) ∆H = +206 kJ mol−1

Some enthalpy data is given in the table.

Bond C–H O–H H–H C≡H

(a) State the meaning of the term standard enthalpy of combustion.

(b) The equation corresponding to the enthalpy of formation of propan-1-ol is shown.

Table 1 contains some standard enthalpy of combustion data.

C(s) H2(g) CH3CH2CH2OH(I)

∆Hc⦵ / kJ mol–1 –394 –286 –2010

(c) An equation for the complete combustion of gaseous propan-1-ol is shown.

Table 2 shows some bond enthalpy data.

C–H C–O O–H C=O O=O