Energetics QP

AQA Chemistry A-Level - Energetics QP PhysicsAndMathsTutor.
com
Q1.
This question is about combustion.
(a) State the meaning of the term standard enthalpy of combustion.
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(2)
(b) A student does an experiment to determine the enthalpy of combustion of

propan-1-ol (CH3CH2CH2OH, Mr = 60.0).
Combustion of 0.497 g of propan-1-ol increases the temperature of 150 g
of water from 21.2 °C to 35.1 °C
Calculate a value, in kJ mol–1, for the enthalpy of combustion of propan-1-ol

in this experiment.
The specific heat capacity of water is 4.18 J K–1 g–1
Enthalpy of combustion _______________ kJ mol‒1

(3)
Page 1 of 22
AQA Chemistry A-Level - Energetics QP PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(c) The enthalpy of combustion determined experimentally is less exothermic

than that calculated using enthalpies of formation.
Give one possible reason for this, other than heat loss.
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(1)
(Total 6 marks)
Q2.
This question is about enthalpy changes.
(a) Define the term enthalpy change.
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(1)
(b) Propane undergoes complete combustion.
C3H8(g) + 5 O2(g) ⟶ 3 CO2(g) + 4 H2O(l) ∆H = –2046 kJ mol–1
The table below shows some bond enthalpy data.
Bond C–H C=O O–H
Mean bond enthalpy /

412 743 463
kJ mol–1
The bond enthalpy for O=O is 496 kJ mol–1
For H2O(l) ⟶ H2O(g) ∆H = +41 kJ mol–1
Use these data to calculate a value for the C–C bond enthalpy in propane.
C–C bond enthalpy ____________________ kJ mol‒1

(4)
Page 2 of 22
(c) Explain why the value given for the O=O bond enthalpy in part (b) is not a
mean value.
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(1)
(Total 6 marks)
Q3.
A student does an experiment to determine a value for the enthalpy of
combustion of heptane.
The figure below shows some of the apparatus used.
(a) Design a table to record all the readings necessary to determine an

experimental value for the enthalpy of combustion for heptane in this
experiment.
(2)
(b) The student considered using a glass beaker on a tripod and gauze instead
of the clamped copper calorimeter.
Suggest two disadvantages of using a glass beaker on a tripod and gauze.
Disadvantage 1 ______________________________________________
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Page 3 of 22
Disadvantage 2 ______________________________________________
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(2)
(c) Suggest two reasons why the value of enthalpy of combustion from this
experiment is less exothermic than a data book value.
Reason 1 ___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
Reason 2 ___________________________________________________
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(2)
(d) Suggest one addition to this apparatus that would improve the accuracy of
the enthalpy value obtained.
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(1)
(Total 7 marks)
Q4.
(a) State the meaning of the term enthalpy change as applied to a chemical
reaction.
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(1)
(b) A student determines the enthalpy change for the reaction between
calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid.
CaCO3(s) + 2 HCl(aq) → CaCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
The student follows this method:
• measure out 50 cm3 of 1.00 mol dm–3 aqueous hydrochloric acid

using a measuring cylinder and pour the acid into a 100 cm3 glass
beaker
• weigh out 2.50 g of solid calcium carbonate on a watch glass and tip
the solid into the acid
• stir the mixture with a thermometer
• record the maximum temperature reached.
Page 4 of 22
The student uses the data to determine a value for the enthalpy change.
Explain how the experimental method and use of apparatus can be

improved to provide more accurate data.
Describe how this data from the improved method can be used to
determine an accurate value for the temperature change.
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(6)
(c) In a different experiment 50.0 cm3 of 0.500 mol dm–3 aqueous hydrochloric
acid are reacted with 50.0 cm3 of 0.500 mol dm–3 aqueous sodium
hydroxide.
NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) ΔH = –57.1 kJ mol–1
The initial temperature of each solution is 18.5 °C
Calculate the maximum final temperature of the reaction mixture.
Assume that the specific heat capacity of the reaction mixture, c = 4.18 J
K–1 g–1
Assume that the density of the reaction mixture = 1.00 g cm–3
Final temperature _______________ °C

(5)
Page 5 of 22
(d) Suggest how, without changing the apparatus, the experiment in part (c)
could be improved to reduce the percentage uncertainty in the temperature
change.
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(1)
(Total 13 marks)
Q5.
Which reaction has an enthalpy change equal to the standard enthalpy of
formation of lithium fluoride?
A
Li(g) + F2(g) → LiF(s)
B Li+(g) + F–(g) → LiF(s)
C Li+(aq) + F–(aq) → LiF(s)
D
Li(s) + F2(g) → LiF(s)
(Total 1 mark)
Q6.
Two reactions of iron with oxygen are shown.
Fe(s) + O2(g) → FeO(s) ΔH = – 272 kJ mol–1
2 Fe(s) + O2(g) → Fe2O3(s) ΔH = – 822 kJ mol–1
What is the enthalpy change, in kJ mol–1, for this reaction?
2 FeO(s) + O2(g) → Fe2O3(s)
A +550
B –278
C –1094
D –1372
(Total 1 mark)
Page 6 of 22
Q7.
Some enthalpy change data are shown.
C(s) + 2 H2(g) → CH4(g) ΔH = –75 kJ mol–1
H2(g) → 2 H(g) ΔH = +436 kJ mol–1
What is the enthalpy change, in kJ mol–1, for the following reaction?
CH4(g) → C(s) + 4 H(g)
A –947
B –361
C +361
D +947
(Total 1 mark)
Q8.
The temperature changed from 21.8 °C to 19.2 °C during a calorimetry
experiment.
The uncertainty of each reading of the thermometer is ±0.1 °C
What is the percentage uncertainty in the temperature change?
A 0.5%
B 1.0%
C 3.8%
D 7.7%
(Total 1 mark)
Q9.
An experiment is done to determine the enthalpy of combustion of a fuel using a
calorimeter containing water.
b = mass of fuel burned / g

w = mass of water heated / g
ΔT = temperature rise of water / K
Mr = relative molecular mass of fuel
c = specific heat capacity of water / J K–1 g–1
Page 7 of 22
Which expression gives the enthalpy of combustion (in J mol–1), assuming there
is no heat loss?
(Total 1 mark)
Q10.
A bomb calorimeter can be used for accurate determination of the heat change
during combustion of a fuel.
A bomb calorimeter is a container of fixed volume that withstands the change in

pressure during the reaction.
The fuel is mixed with pure oxygen in the calorimeter, ignited and the
temperature change is recorded.
The total heat capacity (Ccal) of the calorimeter is calculated using a fuel for
which the heat change is known.
In an experiment to calculate Ccal, 2.00 g of hexane (Mr = 86.0) is ignited. A

temperature change (∆T) of 12.4 °C is recorded.
Under the conditions of the experiment, 1.00 mol of hexane releases 4154 kJ of
energy when combusted.
(a) The heat energy released in the calorimeter, q = Ccal∆T
Calculate the heat capacity (Ccal) in kJ K−1
Ccal _______________ kJ K−1

(3)
Page 8 of 22
(b) When the experiment is repeated with 2.00 g of octane (Mr = 114.0) the
temperature change recorded is 12.2 °C
Calculate the heat change, in kJ mol−1, for octane in this combustion

reaction.
If you were unable to calculate a value for Ccal in part (a), use 6.52 kJ K−1
(this is not the correct value).
Heat change _______________ kJ mol−1

(2)
(c) State why the heat change calculated from the bomb calorimeter
experiment is not an enthalpy change.
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(1)
(d) The thermometer used to measure the temperature change of 12.2 °C in

part (b) has an uncertainty of ± 0.1 °C in each reading.
Calculate the percentage uncertainty in this use of the thermometer.
Suggest one change to this experiment that decreases the percentage

uncertainty while using the same thermometer.
Percentage uncertainty _______________
Change
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(2)
(Total 8 marks)
Page 9 of 22
Q11.
(a) A student determined the enthalpy of combustion of cyclohexane (C6H12).
The student
• placed a pure sample of cyclohexane in a spirit burner
• placed the spirit burner under a beaker containing 50.0 g of water
and ignited the cyclohexane
• extinguished the flame after a few minutes.
The results for the experiment are shown in Table 1.
Table 1
Initial temperature of the water / °C 19.1
Initial mass of spirit burner and

192.730
cyclohexane / g
Final mass of spirit burner and

192.100
cyclohexane / g
The student determined from this experiment that the enthalpy of

combustion of cyclohexane is –1216 kJ mol–1
Use the data to calculate the final temperature of the water in this
experiment.
The specific heat capacity of water = 4.18 J K–1 g–1

The relative molecular mass (Mr) of cyclohexane = 84.0
Final temperature of the water ________________________°C

(4)
Page 10 of 22
(b) A data book value for the enthalpy of combustion of cyclohexane is –3920
kJ mol–1
The student concluded that the temperature rise recorded in the

experiment was smaller than it should have been.
Suggest a practical reason for this.
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(1)
(c) Table 2 gives some values of standard enthalpies of combustion (∆cH⦵).
Table 2
Substance C(s) H2(g) C6H12(l)
Standard enthalpy of
−394 −286 −3920
combustion, ∆cH⦵ / kJ mol–1
Use the data in Table 2 to calculate the enthalpy change for the reaction
represented by this equation
6 C(s) + 6 H2(g) → C6H12(l)
Enthalpy change ________________________kJ mol–1

(3)
(Total 8 marks)
Page 11 of 22
Q12.
(a) When ethanoic acid reacts with sodium hydroxide, the enthalpy change,
∆H, is –56.1 kJ mol–1
CH3COOH(aq) + NaOH(aq) → CH3COONa(aq) + H2O(l)
Calculate the temperature rise when 25 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm–3 aqueous
ethanoic acid react with 25 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm–3 aqueous sodium hydroxide.
Assume that both solutions have the same initial temperature, have a
density of 1.0 g cm–3 and a specific heat capacity of 4.18 J K–1 g–1
Temperature rise ____________________ °C

(4)
(b) A student recorded the temperature of aqueous ethanoic acid in a

polystyrene cup for three minutes.
At the fourth minute, the student added sodium hydrogencarbonate.
The student stirred the mixture and carried on recording the temperature
every minute for several minutes.
The student’s measurements are shown in the graph.
A best-fit line showing the temperature before mixing has been drawn.
Draw an appropriate best-fit line on the graph and use it to find the
temperature change at the time of mixing.
Page 12 of 22
Temperature change at time of mixing ____________________ °C

(2)
(Total 6 marks)
Q13.
This question is about energetics.
(a) Write an equation, including state symbols, for the reaction with an
enthalpy change equal to the enthalpy of formation for iron(III) oxide.
___________________________________________________________
(1)
(b) Table 1 contains some standard enthalpy of formation data.
Table 1
CO(g) Fe2O3(s)
ΔfHo/ kJ mol−1 −111 −822
Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(g) ⟶ 2Fe(s) + 3CO2(g) ΔH = −19 kJ mol−1
Page 13 of 22
Use these data and the equation for the reaction of iron(III) oxide with
carbon monoxide to calculate a value for the standard enthalpy of
formation for carbon dioxide.
Show your working.
ΔfHo ____________________ kJ mol−1

(3)
(c) Some enthalpy data are given in Table 2.
Table 2
Process ΔH / kJ mol−1
N2(g) + 3H2(g) ⟶ 2NH3(g) −92
N2(g) ⟶ 2N(g) +944
H2(g) ⟶ 2H(g) +436
Use the data from Table 2 to calculate the bond enthalpy for N−H in
ammonia.
N−H bond enthalpy ____________________ kJ mol−1

(3)
(d) Give one reason why the bond enthalpy that you calculated in part (c) is
different from the mean bond enthalpy quoted in a data book (388 kJ
mol−1).
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(1)
(Total 8 marks)
Page 14 of 22
Q14.
A student planned and carried out an experiment to determine the enthalpy of
reaction when magnesium metal displaces zinc from aqueous zinc sulfate.
Mg(s) + Zn2+(aq) ⟶ Mg2+(aq) + Zn(s)
The student used this method:
• A measuring cylinder was used to transfer 50 cm3 of a 1.00 mol dm−3

aqueous solution of zinc sulfate into a glass beaker.
• A thermometer was placed in the beaker.
• 2.08 g of magnesium metal powder were added to the beaker.
• The mixture was stirred and the maximum temperature recorded.
The student recorded a starting temperature of 23.9 °C and a maximum

temperature of 61.2 °C.
(a) Show by calculation which reactant was in excess.
Use the data to calculate the experimental value for enthalpy of reaction in
kJ mol−1(Assume that the specific heat capacity of the solution is 4.18 J
K−1g−1and the density of the solution is 1.00 g cm−3).
Reactant in excess ____________________
Enthalpy of reaction ____________________ kJ mol−1

(6)
Page 15 of 22
(b) Another student used the same method and obtained a value for the
enthalpy of reaction of −142 kJ mol−1
A data book value for the enthalpy of reaction is −310 kJ mol−1
Suggest the most likely reason for the large difference between the
student’s experimental value and the data book value.
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
(1)
(c) Suggest how the students’ method, and the analysis of the results, could
be improved in order to determine a more accurate value for the enthalpy
of reaction.
Justify your suggestions.
Do not refer to the precision of the measuring equipment. Do not change

the amounts or the concentration of the chemicals.
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(6)
(Total 13 marks)
Q15.
(a) Write an equation, including state symbols, to show the reaction taking
place when the standard enthalpy of combustion for ethanol is measured.
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(2)
Page 16 of 22
(b) State the name given to the enthalpy change represented by the following
chemical equation.
Explain why this enthalpy change would be difficult to determine directly.
Enthalpy change
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Explanation
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(2)
(c) Standard enthalpies of combustion for carbon and carbon monoxide are
−393 kJ mol−1 and −283 kJ mol−1, respectively.
Use these data to calculate the enthalpy change for the reaction in part (b).
Enthalpy change = ________ kJ mol−1

(2)
(d) Use the following data to calculate a value for the Xe–F bond enthalpy in
XeF4
Xe–F bond enthalpy = _____ kJ mol−1

(3)
Page 17 of 22
(e) Suggest a reason why the value calculated in part (d) differs from the mean
Xe–F bond enthalpy quoted in a data source.
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___________________________________________________________
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(1)
(Total 10 marks)
Q16.
A student carried out a reaction between magnesium ribbon and aqueous
trichloroethanoic acid in order to determine the enthalpy change. The equation
for the reaction is shown:
Mg(s) + 2H+(aq) ⟶ Mg2+(aq) + H2(g)
The student measured the initial temperature of the trichloroethanoic acid and
again every minute for 3 minutes before adding the magnesium ribbon at the
fourth minute.
The student continued to measure the temperature every minute for a further 10
minutes.
The graph for these measurements is shown below.
Page 18 of 22
The student used 240 mg of magnesium and 10.0 cm3 of aqueous

trichloroethanoic acid (an excess).
Use these data and information determined from the graph above to calculate
the enthalpy change, in kJ mol−1, for this reaction.
Show your working.
Give your answer to an appropriate precision.
(The specific heat capacity of water = 4.18 J K−1 g−1)
Enthalpy change = ___________ kJ mol−1

(Total 7 marks)
Q17.
The table shows the standard enthalpy of formation, ΔfHθ, for some of the
substances in the reaction
C2H6(g) + 6F2(g) ⟶ C2F6(g) + 6HF(g) ΔHθ = −2898 kJ mol−1
C2H6(g) C2F6(g)
ΔfHθ /kJ mol−1 −84 −1344
What is the standard enthalpy of formation, in kJ mol−1, for HF(g)?
A −1638
B −273
C +273
D +1638
(Total 1 mark)
Page 19 of 22
Q18.
What is the temperature rise, in K, when 504 J of heat energy are absorbed by
0.110 kg of solid iron?
Specific heat capacity of iron = 0.448 J K−1 g−1
A 9.78 × 10−2
B 1.02 × 101
C 2.83 × 102
D 1.02 × 104
(Total 1 mark)
Q19.
Calculate the enthalpy change, in kJ, for this dissociation of mole of propan-1-ol.
C3H7OH(g) ⟶ 3C(g) + 8H(g) + O(g)
Mean bond dissociation enthalpy / kJ mol−1 412 348 360 463
A −4751
B −4403
C +4403
D +4751
(Total 1 mark)
Page 20 of 22
Q20.
The figure below shows apparatus used in an experiment to determine the
enthalpy of combustion of leaf alcohol.
The alcohol is placed in a spirit burner and weighed. The burner is lit and the
alcohol allowed to burn for a few minutes. The flame is extinguished and the
burner is re-weighed. The temperature of the water is recorded before and after
heating.
The following table shows the results obtained.
Initial mass of spirit burner and alcohol / g 56.38
Final mass of spirit burner and alcohol / g 55.84
Initial temperature of water / °C 20.7
Final temperature of water / °C 40.8
(a) Write an equation for the complete combustion of leaf alcohol

(CH3CH2CH=CHCH2CH2OH).
___________________________________________________________
(1)
Page 21 of 22
(b) Use the results from the table above to calculate a value for the enthalpy
of combustion of leaf alcohol. Give units in your answer.
(The specific heat capacity of water is 4.18 J K−1 g−1)
Enthalpy of combustion = ____________ Units = ____________

(4)
(c) State how your answer to part (b) is likely to differ from the value quoted in
reference sources.
Give one reason for your answer.
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(2)
(d) A 50.0 g sample of water was used in this experiment.
Explain how you could measure out this mass of water without using a
balance.
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___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 9 marks)
Page 22 of 22

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AQA Chemistry A-Level - Energetics QP PhysicsAndMathsTutor.

(a) State the meaning of the term standard enthalpy of combustion.

(b) A student does an experiment to determine the enthalpy of combustion of

Calculate a value, in kJ mol–1, for the enthalpy of combustion of propan-1-ol

The specific heat capacity of water is 4.18 J K–1 g–1

Enthalpy of combustion _______________ kJ mol‒1

(c) The enthalpy of combustion determined experimentally is less exothermic

(a) Define the term enthalpy change.

(b) Propane undergoes complete combustion.

C3H8(g) + 5 O2(g) ⟶ 3 CO2(g) + 4 H2O(l) ∆H = –2046 kJ mol–1

The table below shows some bond enthalpy data.

Bond C–H C=O O–H

Mean bond enthalpy /

The bond enthalpy for O=O is 496 kJ mol–1

For H2O(l) ⟶ H2O(g) ∆H = +41 kJ mol–1

C–C bond enthalpy ____________________ kJ mol‒1

The figure below shows some of the apparatus used.

(a) Design a table to record all the readings necessary to determine an

Suggest two disadvantages of using a glass beaker on a tripod and gauze.

CaCO3(s) + 2 HCl(aq) → CaCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

The student follows this method:

• measure out 50 cm3 of 1.00 mol dm–3 aqueous hydrochloric acid

Explain how the experimental method and use of apparatus can be

NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) ΔH = –57.1 kJ mol–1

The initial temperature of each solution is 18.5 °C

Calculate the maximum final temperature of the reaction mixture.

Assume that the density of the reaction mixture = 1.00 g cm–3

Final temperature _______________ °C

C Li+(aq) + F–(aq) → LiF(s)

Fe(s) + O2(g) → FeO(s) ΔH = – 272 kJ mol–1

2 Fe(s) + O2(g) → Fe2O3(s) ΔH = – 822 kJ mol–1

What is the enthalpy change, in kJ mol–1, for this reaction?

2 FeO(s) + O2(g) → Fe2O3(s)

C(s) + 2 H2(g) → CH4(g) ΔH = –75 kJ mol–1

H2(g) → 2 H(g) ΔH = +436 kJ mol–1

What is the enthalpy change, in kJ mol–1, for the following reaction?

CH4(g) → C(s) + 4 H(g)

The uncertainty of each reading of the thermometer is ±0.1 °C

What is the percentage uncertainty in the temperature change?

b = mass of fuel burned / g

A bomb calorimeter is a container of fixed volume that withstands the change in

In an experiment to calculate Ccal, 2.00 g of hexane (Mr = 86.0) is ignited. A

(a) The heat energy released in the calorimeter, q = Ccal∆T

Calculate the heat capacity (Ccal) in kJ K−1

Ccal _______________ kJ K−1

Calculate the heat change, in kJ mol−1, for octane in this combustion

Heat change _______________ kJ mol−1

(d) The thermometer used to measure the temperature change of 12.2 °C in

Calculate the percentage uncertainty in this use of the thermometer.

Suggest one change to this experiment that decreases the percentage

Percentage uncertainty _______________

(a) A student determined the enthalpy of combustion of cyclohexane (C6H12).

The results for the experiment are shown in Table 1.

Initial temperature of the water / °C 19.1

Initial mass of spirit burner and

Final mass of spirit burner and

The student determined from this experiment that the enthalpy of

The specific heat capacity of water = 4.18 J K–1 g–1

Final temperature of the water ________________________°C

The student concluded that the temperature rise recorded in the

Enthalpy of combustion = Units =