UNIT-1

REPRODUCTION
1. Sexual Reproduction in
flowering plants.
2. Human Reproduction
3. Reproductive Health

MISSION NEET
2024
𝙄𝙈𝙋𝙊𝙍𝙏𝘼𝙉𝙏 𝙉𝙊𝙏𝙀𝙎 ! NEET 2024

" 1) 𝙍𝙚𝙙 𝙘𝙤𝙡𝙤𝙧 𝙤𝙛 𝙘𝙖𝙧𝙧𝙤𝙩 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙩𝙤𝙢𝙖𝙩𝙤 𝙞𝙨 𝙙𝙪𝙚 𝙩𝙤:# $

Noted the point

% 𝙖𝙣𝙩𝙝𝙤𝙘𝙮𝙖𝙣𝙞𝙣

" 2) 𝙋.𝙃 𝙤𝙛 𝙝𝙪𝙢𝙖𝙣 𝙗𝙡𝙤𝙤𝙙 𝙞𝙨

% 7.0

" 3) 𝙇𝙖𝙧𝙜𝙚𝙨𝙩 𝙤𝙧𝙜𝙖𝙣 𝙞𝙣𝙨𝙞𝙙𝙚 𝙝𝙪𝙢𝙖𝙣 𝙗𝙤𝙙𝙮 𝙞𝙨:

% 𝙇𝙞𝙫𝙚𝙧

" 4) 𝙇𝙖𝙧𝙜𝙚𝙨𝙩 𝙤𝙧𝙜𝙖𝙣 𝙤𝙛 𝙝𝙪𝙢𝙖𝙣 𝙗𝙤𝙙𝙮 𝙞𝙨:

% 𝙨𝙠𝙞𝙣

" 5) 𝙒𝙝𝙖𝙩 𝙞𝙨 𝙘𝙚𝙡𝙡𝙪𝙡𝙤𝙨𝙚𝙨:

% 𝘾𝙖𝙧𝙗𝙤𝙝𝙮𝙙𝙧𝙖𝙩𝙚𝙨

" 6) 𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝙨𝙢𝙖𝙡𝙡𝙚𝙨𝙩 𝙤𝙛 𝙖𝙡𝙡 𝙝𝙪𝙢𝙖𝙣 𝙘𝙚𝙡𝙡𝙨 𝙖𝙧𝙚:

% 𝙍𝘽𝘾𝙨

" 7) 𝙉𝙤 𝙤𝙛 𝙗𝙤𝙣𝙚𝙨 𝙞𝙣 𝙝𝙪𝙢𝙖𝙣 𝙗𝙤𝙙𝙮 𝙞𝙨:

% 206

" 8) 𝙎𝙢𝙖𝙡𝙡𝙚𝙨𝙩 𝙪𝙣𝙞𝙩 𝙤𝙛 𝙡𝙞𝙛𝙚 𝙞𝙨:

% 𝘾𝙚𝙡𝙡

" 9) 𝙍𝙚𝙙 𝙗𝙡𝙤𝙤𝙙 𝙘𝙚𝙡𝙡𝙨 𝙝𝙖𝙫𝙚 𝙣𝙤:

% 𝙉𝙪𝙘𝙡𝙚𝙪𝙨

" 10) 𝙒𝙝𝙞𝙩𝙚 𝙗𝙡𝙤𝙤𝙙 𝙘𝙚𝙡𝙡𝙨 𝙖𝙧𝙚 𝙖𝙡𝙨𝙤 𝙠𝙣𝙤𝙬𝙣 𝙖𝙨:

% 𝙇𝙚𝙪𝙘𝙤𝙘𝙮𝙩𝙚𝙨

" 11) 𝙍𝙚𝙙 𝙗𝙡𝙤𝙤𝙙 𝙘𝙚𝙡𝙡𝙨 𝙖𝙧𝙚 𝙖𝙡𝙨𝙤 𝙠𝙣𝙤𝙬𝙣 𝙖𝙨:

% 𝙀𝙧𝙮𝙩𝙝𝙧𝙤𝙘𝙮𝙩𝙚𝙨

" 12) 𝙇𝙞𝙛𝙚 𝙖𝙥𝙥𝙚𝙖𝙧𝙚𝙙 𝙤𝙣 𝙚𝙖𝙧𝙩𝙝 𝙖𝙗𝙤𝙪𝙩:

% 3 𝙗𝙞𝙡𝙡𝙞𝙤𝙣 𝙮𝙚𝙖𝙧𝙨 𝙖𝙜𝙤
" 13) 𝙒𝙝𝙚𝙣 𝙚𝙖𝙧𝙩𝙝 𝙬𝙖𝙨 𝙛𝙤𝙧𝙢𝙚𝙙 𝙞𝙩𝙨 𝙖𝙩𝙤𝙢𝙨𝙥𝙝𝙚𝙧𝙚 𝙬𝙚𝙧𝙚 𝙘𝙤𝙢𝙥𝙤𝙨𝙚𝙙 𝙤𝙛:
% 𝙒𝙖𝙩𝙚𝙧 𝙫𝙖𝙥𝙤𝙪𝙧, 𝙖𝙢𝙢𝙤𝙣𝙞𝙖 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙈𝙚𝙩𝙝𝙖𝙣𝙚

" 14) 𝘽𝙞𝙤𝙘𝙝𝙚𝙢𝙞𝙘𝙖𝙡 𝙤𝙧𝙜𝙖𝙣 𝙤𝙛 𝙡𝙞𝙛𝙚 𝙞𝙨 𝙙𝙞𝙨𝙘𝙤𝙫𝙚𝙧𝙚𝙙 𝙗𝙮:

% 𝙊𝙥𝙖𝙧𝙞𝙣

" 15) 𝙂𝙧𝙤𝙪𝙥 𝙤𝙛 𝙘𝙚𝙡𝙡𝙨 𝙖𝙧𝙚 𝙩𝙚𝙧𝙢𝙚𝙙 𝙖𝙨:

% 𝙏𝙞𝙨𝙨𝙪𝙚

" 16) 𝙆𝙞𝙣𝙜𝙙𝙤𝙢 𝙛𝙪𝙣𝙜𝙞 𝙖𝙧𝙚 𝙠𝙣𝙤𝙬𝙣 𝙖𝙨:

% 𝘿𝙚𝙘𝙤𝙢𝙥𝙤𝙨𝙚𝙧

" 17) 𝙒𝙝𝙞𝙘𝙝 𝙘𝙚𝙡𝙡 𝙤𝙧𝙜𝙖𝙣𝙚𝙡𝙡𝙚𝙨 𝙣𝙤𝙩 𝙥𝙖𝙧𝙩𝙞𝙘𝙞𝙥𝙖𝙩𝙚 𝙞𝙣 𝙘𝙚𝙡𝙡 𝙙𝙞𝙫𝙞𝙨𝙞𝙤𝙣:

% 𝙍𝙞𝙗𝙤𝙨𝙤𝙢𝙚𝙨

" 18) 𝙇𝙤𝙣𝙜𝙚𝙨𝙩 𝙗𝙤𝙣𝙚 𝙞𝙣 𝙝𝙪𝙢𝙖𝙣 𝙗𝙤𝙙𝙮 𝙞𝙨:

% 𝙁𝙚𝙢𝙪𝙧

" 19) 𝙎𝙝𝙤𝙧𝙩𝙚𝙨𝙩 𝙗𝙤𝙣𝙚 𝙞𝙣 𝙝𝙪𝙢𝙖𝙣 𝙗𝙤𝙙𝙮 𝙞𝙨:

% 𝙎𝙩𝙖𝙥𝙚𝙨

" 20) 𝙈𝙤𝙨𝙩 𝙞𝙢𝙥𝙤𝙧𝙩𝙖𝙣𝙩 𝙛𝙤𝙤𝙙 𝙞𝙨 𝙙𝙚𝙧𝙞𝙫𝙚𝙙 𝙛𝙧𝙤𝙢:

% 𝙁𝙧𝙪𝙞𝙩𝙨

" 21) 𝘼𝙛𝙩𝙚𝙧 𝙝𝙪𝙢𝙖𝙣 𝙢𝙤𝙨𝙩 𝙞𝙣𝙩𝙚𝙡𝙡𝙞𝙜𝙚𝙣𝙩 𝙢𝙖𝙢𝙢𝙖𝙡 𝙞𝙨:

% 𝘿𝙤𝙡𝙥𝙝𝙞𝙣𝙨

" 22) 𝙋𝙧𝙤𝙠𝙖𝙧𝙮𝙤𝙩 𝙙𝙤𝙚𝙨𝙣'𝙩 𝙥𝙤𝙨𝙨𝙚𝙨𝙨:

% 𝙉𝙪𝙘𝙡𝙚𝙪𝙨

" 23) 𝙀𝙪𝙠𝙖𝙧𝙮𝙤𝙩 𝙝𝙖𝙨 𝙖:

% 𝙉𝙪𝙘𝙡𝙚𝙪𝙨

" 24) 𝙄𝙣 𝙗𝙖𝙘𝙩𝙚𝙧𝙞𝙖𝙡 𝙘𝙚𝙡𝙡..............𝙞𝙨 𝙣𝙤𝙩 𝙛𝙤𝙪𝙣𝙙

% 𝙂𝙤𝙡𝙜𝙞 𝙖𝙥𝙥𝙖𝙧𝙖𝙩𝙪𝙨

" 25) ................𝙄𝙨 𝙛𝙤𝙪𝙣𝙙 𝙞𝙣 𝙥𝙡𝙖𝙣𝙩 𝙘𝙚𝙡𝙡 𝙬𝙝𝙞𝙡𝙚 𝙞𝙣 𝙖𝙣𝙞𝙢𝙖𝙡 𝙘𝙚𝙡𝙡 𝙞𝙩 𝙞𝙨 𝙖𝙗𝙨𝙚𝙣𝙩.
% 𝘾𝙚𝙡𝙡 𝙬𝙖𝙡𝙡
 Imp point (NEET 2024 )

Noted the point ( after reading NCERT )

Ch-1 reduced syllabus

Ch-2 Sexual reproduction in flowering

plants
1. In the plants like calotropis and the orchid all the pollen grain of pollen sac united
together and form the structres called as pollenium / pollenia (sing ). A typical
pollenium has a small arm called as translator which join Together a common st. Called
as corpus culum.

2. Pollen grain of some plants can cause allergies and respiratory in human biengs and
later it will leads certain severe diseases like asthama and chronic disease.

3. Pollination by air is called Anemophily (अनेमोिफ़ली)and pollination by insects is called

Entomophily. (एं टोमोिफ़ली)And pollination by birds is called Ornithophily (ऑिनर् थोिफ़ली ) and
pollination by bat is called Chiropterophily ( िकरॉप्टेरोिफ़ली ) and pollination by snails is
called Malocophily( मैलोकोिफ़ली)and pollination by human beings is called Anthrophily
( एं थ्रोिफ़ली )

4.The adaptaions requried for air pollination

• The pollen grain must be light and non-sticky.
• The pollen grain must be fall in large number.
• The anther must be well exposed.
• The stigma and style must be long and feathery.
• Ovary has single ovule

5. Winged pollination is common in grass ( wheat , rice etc. )

6. Hydrophili is quiet rare and it is common among only 30 genera and maximum are.
monocot.

7. The water is the medium in aquatic organisms for transportaion of gamets ex. Algae.
Some of them doesn't use the waster as medium ex. Pistia , Lotus , Achernia. Water
pollinated plants are ( fresh water )VALLISNERIA and HYDRILLA and ( marine sea-
grasses ) ZOSTERA.

8. VALLISNERIA is submerged aquatic plant and they are diecious.

9. In both winged pollinating plants and water pollinating the flowers are colourless ,
oudour less and nectarless and no fragnance.
10. Animal pollination flower are bright in colour and rich in colour and rich in specific
order and fragnance. The plant which is pollinated by bittle produced the flower is very fall
smell.
11.The plants which flowers bloom in night are generally white in colour because the white
is visible in the dark and refelect better.

12. Some plants the pollentube called chalaza this is called chalazagamy.

13. If the pollen grains enter through the integnant layer is called mesogamy.

14. Plumule is called future shoot. Here the flower and fruit will form.

15. Radicle is also called future root. To protect the future root the covering is called Root
cap.

16. Epibalst refers the vestigial ( useless ) cotyledon or non functional cotyledon that
indicate the monocot plnts evolved from the dicot plants.

17. Seed is the end result of sexual reproduction in plants.

18. In some plants Seed remin viable for few months and in some it may remains thousands
of year.

19. The oldest that of a lupine , lupinus articus excavated from Artic Tundra the see
germinated and flowered after an estimated record of 10,000 yeras of dormancy.

20.Amphimixis = fusion between the male and female , gametes refers the sexual
reproduction.

21. HYV seed are make between the crossing of two different plants known as ARTIFICIAL
HYBRIDISATION.

--------------------------x--------------------------

Ch-3 Human Reproduction

1. In male primary reprodctive organ is Gonads and testis are situated outside the
abdominal cavity within the pouch called Scropal sac or Scrotum.

2. Inguminal hernia = Some part of large integstine comes into the scrotal sac through the
inguminal canal.

3. Formation of gametes = Gametogenesis , transfer of sperm to female genetical tract =

Insemination , fusion of male and female gametes = Fertilisation , blasticyst and its
attachement to the urime wall = Implantation , wmbryonic develepment = Gestation.

4.Morula = A small ball of resulting of division of fertilised ovum and from which bastula is
formed.

5. Sertolic cells is also known as nurse cells and the sertoli cells secrets the two hormone one
is called Androgen binding protien which increase the conentrationn of androgen in
se,niferous tubules beeded for spermatogenensis. It also secrets the another hormone that is
called Inhibin. The inhibin decrease the secretion of gonado trophins hormones.
6. Release of sperm or release of semen is known as Ejaculation ( emmesion of semen ).
7.Opening present in fimbrae is called ostium. Isthmus opens into the ureter.

8.Uteres is the broader pert of the female reproductive system and also known as Womb.
And its shaped is inverted pear.

9.Uterine milk provide the nourishmppent to the developing embryo.

10.Luetinising hormone (LH) is also known as Intertitial cells stimulating hormones

(ICSH).

11.Tempratures receptores are located in the scrotum. The temprature is controlled by

scrotal movement of the testes away or towards the pelvic cavity depending on the
environmental tempratures.

12.In case of the tempratures drops , the movement of scrotum towards the pelvic cavity
allows the testes to absorb heat from the rest of the body so that they do not get chilled.

13.Moving the testes away from the abdomen and increasing the exposed surface area
allow a faster dispersion of excess heat. This is done by means of contractions and
relaxation of the cremaster muscle and the dartos muscle in the scrotum.

14.Epididymis is differentiated into caput aepididymis , corpus epididymis amd cauda

spididymis. It stores sperms and secrets a fluid that nourishes them.

15.Vasa defens is joined by duct from seminal vesicle to form ejaculatoy duct. It carries
sperms.

16.Ejaculatory ducts carry sperms and secretion of seminal vesicle.

17.Cryptochidism is a failure of one or both of the testicles to descend into the scrotum.
Cryptochidism is caused by deficient secretion of testosterone by the fetal testes.

18.Tearing of ingual tissue may result in the protusion of a part of intestine into scrotum.
This conditions is called inguinal hernia.

19.If sperm are less then it is known as oligospermia.

20.Acrosome is a modified golgi body.

21.The three enzymes help in the dissolving the layer of ovum are 1. Hylaronidase 2. Corona
penetration enzyme 3. Zona lysin / Acrosin.

22.5ml of semen are transfered to female ovum. The human male ejaculates 200-300
million sperms during a coitus of which , for normal fertility atleast 60% sperms must have
normal shape and size and at least 40% of them must show vigorous motillity.

23. Male can release the sperm till the age of 70 years.

24.Phases of menstrual cycle in female

• Menstrual phase
• Follicular phase
• Ovulatory phase
• Luteal phase

25.Menstrual occur due to rupture of endometrium wall and bleeding will occur. When
ovum is not fertilised.
26.When mestrual stops then it will be indicating to the pregnancy. But it may be by other
reason i.e. stress , poor health and many more.

27.In Ovaulatory phase graffian follicle rupture and thereby the release of ovum

28.Lh surge = the incresease secretion of LH leading to its maximum level during the mid-
cycle called LH surge.

29.Fertility period = 12-16 days. Chance of fertilisation is maximum.

30.The corpus luteum secrets large amounts of progesterone which is essential for
maintenance of the endometruim layer.

31.This menstrual cycle in female is permannently stops at the age of around 50 years that
is called menopause.

32.Protinous receptors are present in the zona pellusida layer of the ovum.

33.Female chromosome will larger than male chromosome and female have more genes
and are genetically stronger than male.

34.Male and female has 22 pair of autosomes.

35.Sex is determined by what they inherits by the father , if they inherits X chromosome
then the child will be girl and if child inherits Y chromosome the pn the child will be boy.

36.The diffrence b/w mitosis and cleavege is the mitosis occurs after completion of growth
phase (G1 and G2 phase) but in cleavege this phase is absent only S phase is present and in
mitosis the daughter cells enlarge in size while in cleavage the size of daughter cells reduce.
And similarity is the number of chromosomes remain same in parent cell in both mirosis
and cleavage.

**The blastomeres in the blastocyst are arranged into an outer layer called trophoblast and
inner group of cells attached to the trophoblast called inner cells mass.

37.During the gastulation the cells of inner cell mass so the movements called as
morphogenixpc movememt that leads to the conversion of transformation of blastocyst into
gastrulla.

38.During gastrulation the first event that occurs is called formation of embryonal disc by
arrangement of inner cell mass in 2 distinct layer are called the embryonal disc , the upper
line is called epiderm hand lower line is hypoderm.

39.Seminal vesicle produce an alkaline secretion that forms about 60-70% of the volume of
semen. The pH of seminal fluid is normally 7.4

40.Chorion it i the putermost layer of the embryo sac. And form finger like projection is
called as the chrionic villi. Later it will form strictural and functional unit calle placenta.
41.Human placenta is also called as chorionic placenta. Placenta also act as endocrine
gland. And secretes various hormone like hCG , hPL , estrogns , progestrones. Another
hormone called relaxin is also secreted by ovary.

42.During implantation zona pellucida layer degrade and blastocyst attach with
endometrium If there is 1 blastocyst 1 embryo and 2 blastocyst and 2 embryo (identical
twins from monozygote)

43.By the birh of 4 months Ormation nerve fibres bu the

44.After second trimester eyelids start opening. After 7 & 8 months the maturing of organs
takes place.

45.By the end of 9 months fetus is ready and comes out of the body.

46.Vitellogenesis is the process of laying down of yolk in the primary oocyte. It takes place
in prophase-1.

47.The mature ovum or egg or secondary oocyte is spherical in shape, contains nucleus and
is the largest cell in the body.

48.Trophoblast cells on contact with inner cell mass ar called cells of Rauber. They later
give rise to extraembryonic membranes namely chorion, amnion and part of placenta.

49.They do not take part in the formation of the embryo, it remains external to the embryo
and provides nutrition ro it.

50.The inner cell mass is the precursor of the embryo.

51.To be able to perform implantation, the blastocyst forst needs to get rid of its zona
pellucida and this process is called Zona hatching.

--------------------------x--------------------------

Ch-4 Reproductive Health

# Study of population is known as Demography.

• RCH - REPRODUCTIVE and CHILD HEALTH CARE

• CDRI - CENTRAL DRUG RESEARCH INSTITUTE (lucknow)
• AIDS - ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME
• STD's - SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES
• STI's - SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS
• MMR - MATERNAL MORTALITY RATE
• IMR - INFANT MORTALITY RATE
• WHO - WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION
• IUD - INTRA UTERINE DEVICE
• CVS - CHORIONIC VILLUS SAMPLING
• MTP - MEDICAL TERMINATION of PREGNANCY
• VD - VENEREAL DISEASES
• RTI - REPRODUCTIVE TRACT INFECTIONS
• HSV - HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS
• HPV - HUMAN PAPILLION VIRUS
• HIV - HUMAN IMMUNO DEFICIENCY VIRUS
• PID - PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASES
• ART - ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES
• IVF - IN VITRO FERTILISATION
• ET - ELECTRON TRANSFER
• ZIFT - ZYGOTE INTRA FALLOPIAN TRANFER
• IUT - INTRA UTERINE TRANFER
• GIFT - GAMETE TRANFER FALLOPIAN TRANSFER
 • ICSI - INTRA CYTOPLASMIC SPERM INJECTION
• AI - ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATTION
• IUI - INTRA UTERINE INSEMINATION
• DIPAS - DEFENCE INSTITUTE OF PHYSIOLOGICAL AND ALLIED
SCIENCES (New Delhi)

1.Periodic abstinence is one such method in which the couples avoid or abstain from coitus from day 10 to
17 of the menstrual cycle when ovulation could be expected.

2.Lactational amenorrhea (absence of menstruation) method is based on the fact that ovulation and
therefore the cycle do not occur during the period of intense lactation following parturition.

3.Amniocentesis = It is a technique in which a small amount of amnitic fluid is taken out firm the amnitic
cavity through the wall of abdominal cavity.

4.The amniotic fluids consist some fetal cells which is used to know the careotype.

5.Amnisocentesis = a foetal sex determination test based on the chomosomal pattern in the amniotic fluid
surrounding the developing embryo.Very useful to find the abnormalities or genetic disorder.

6.The no. of individual of same species present in a particular area is called population of that species.

7.The hormone releasing IUD's are Progestasert and LNG-29.

8.Castartion = the testis of baby ox is cut and crushed to make ox sterile.

9.Tubal ligation and ovaryiectomy in this method both ovary is surgically removed.

10.Hysterctomy = surgical removal of uterus. Used for those female who are suffer from uterus cancer.

11.The widespread of this methods have a significant role in checking uncontrolled geowth of population, ill
effects like nausea, abdominal pain, breakthrough bleeding, irregular mentrual bleeding or even breast cancer.

12.The person who has some teeth where some part are outside the mouth can cause the lip cancer.

13.MTP are considered relatively safe during the first termister i.e. upto 12 weeks of pregnancy.

14.The MTP of pregnancy (Amendment ) act, 2017 was inacted by the governmentof india with the
interaction of reducing the incidence of illegal abortion and consquent maternal mortality.

15.All RTI are STI but all STI are not RTI.

16.Some bacterial disease are (i) Chlamydiasis caused by chlamydia trachomatis. (ii) Gonorrhea caused by
neisseria gonorhoea (iii) Candidiasis caused by the canidia (yeast) and albicans (fungi)

17.Except AIDS and WARTS all are treatmental disease but if early reported.

18.Test tube baby - First test tube baby born in England at 25th July 1978 it was a girl and discovered by Dr.
Steptoet. Edward the name of baby “Louis Joy born”.

19.India's first test tube baby was "Kanupriya Agarwal". India's second test tube baby was "Kumari Harsha".
She was born on August 6, 1986.
20.Injectable contraception is a reversible and long-acting chemical birth control method. It is most common
method of family planning in Indonesia. Injectables contain a synthetic version of progresterone which stops
ovulation from the ovaries for about three months.

***Mirena: A new contraceptive plastic coil coated in copper and is fitted ill the uterus. Copper acts as a
spermicide while coil releases small amounts of an artificial hormone, gastrogen which further increases the
spermicidal effect of copper. It combines both mechanical and hormonal contraceptive methods and has been
found to have more than 99% efficary. It is introduced by a Germany company.

21.Central Drug Research Institute (Lucknow) has developed a plant based spermicidal cream "Consap" from
Reetha (Sapindus mukrosii).

22.Nim-76: It is a neem based, pre-coital vaginal contraceptive cream having spermicidal properties. It has
been developed by Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), New Delhi. It has been found
to be safe, non-hormonal and non-toxic with no side effects. Nim-76 punctures the sperm skin cuasing
leakage of cellular contents so preventing the capacitation of sperms. It also has both anti-bacterial and anti-
fungal properties.

23.Contraceptive corn : Scientists have produced a genetically-modified com crop which produces antisperm
antibodies and suggest that a plant-based jelly may be prepared that will not only prevents pregnancy but
also the spraed of STDs.This m ay save the world from over-population.

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