Solid Waste Management System of

Barangay Mangcamagong Basud, Camarines

Norte
 Presented to

The Faculty of the Colleges of Business and Public Administration

Camarines Norte State College

Daet, Camarines Norte

Proponents

Efondo, Marlon A.

Encinas, Monalyn V.

Ibasco, John Carlo A.

Rodrigueza, Jossan V.
 Republic of the Philippines

CAMARINES NORTE STATE COLLEGE

COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

Daet, Camarines Norte

CERTIFICATION AND APPROVAL SHEET

This thesis entitled “SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF BARANGAY

MANGCAMAGONG BASUD, CAMARINES NORTE” was prepared and submitted by

MARLON A. EFONDO, MONALYN V. ENCINAS, JOHN CARLO A. IBASCO and JOSSAN

V. RODRIGUEZA in partial fulfillment for the requirements for the degree of BACHELOR OF

SCIENCE IN BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION MAJOR IN BUSINESS ECONOMICS has

been examined and recommended for Oral Examination.

Adviser

Member Member
 APPROVAL

Approved by the Panel/Advisory Committee on Oral Examination on November 7, 2022 with the

grade of

Adviser

Member Member

Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Bachelor of Science in

Business Administration major in Business Economics.

Dean
CHAPTER 1
 INTRODUCTION

Garbage problems are one of the environmental issues ailing in different countries. It

causes pollution to air, water, and land; leaving too much carbon dioxide and leading to air

pollution, toxic chemicals on water, artificial fertilizer, and waste on land. Overpopulation and

industrialization have contributed to various wastes to a general deterioration of the environment

upon which man depends for life (Brilliantes, et al., 2011).

Improper waste disposal methods such as throwing to rivers that can harm physical

habitats, transport chemical pollutants, threaten aquatic life, and interfere with human uses of

river, marine and coastal environments. Of all trash, plastic trash has the greatest potential to

harm the environment and living organisms. It can be found floating at the surface or at the

bottom of almost all water bodies. For decades, incineration was the method of choice for the

treatment of such infectious wastes. Incinerators release a wide variety of pollutants depending

on the composition of the waste, which leads to health deterioration and environmental

degradation. This process of waste incineration poses a significant threat to public health and the

environment.

Solid-waste management refers to the collecting, treating, and disposing of solid material

that is discarded because it has served its purpose or is no longer useful.

Waste segregation is a process of dividing garbage and waste products from biodegradable to

non-biodegradable. In Basud, Camarines Norte, the municipality uses composting, recycling,

not properly segregated to biodegradable and non-biodegradable to identify which trash should

be recycled and which are the ones that can be used as a fertilizer. Wastes that are not segregated

in the area are combined and scattered in the areas where they were simply thrown. Waste

collection is a part of waste management. Lack of garbage trucks that collect waste materials

from the area contributes to improper waste disposal of the residents. Improper disposal can

create unsanitary conditions, and these conditions in turn can lead to pollution to the

environment and can have a major impact on health such as higher incidence of cancer and

respiratory symptoms; other potential effects are congenital abnormalities, hormonal defects it

can also lead to outbreaks of vector-borne disease. The effect on the environment is in the form

of global warming, acidification, photochemical ozone or smog formation, eutrophication, and

human and animal toxicity.

In relation to this, Republic Act No. 9003 also known as the Ecological Waste

Management Act of 2000, hereby declare the policy of the state to adopt a systematic,

comprehensive, and ecological solid waste management program to ensure the proper

segregation, collection, transport, storage, treatment, and disposal of solid waste through the

formulation and adoption of the best environmental practice in ecological waste management

including incineration.

This law intends to reduce garbage while putting up a competent recycling based-management

system in the country. In Chapter 2, Section 10 of this law states that segregation and collection
of solid waste shall be conducted at the barangay level specifically for biodegradable,

compostable, and reusable wastes: Provided, that the collection of non-recyclable materials and

special wastes shall be the responsibility of the municipality or city (Republic Act No. 9003, the

Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000).

In order to establish efficient waste management and to encourage cleanliness, discipline,

and orderliness in the barangay, the researchers undertook this study and propose to build a

compost pit, and to raise awareness to the residents of the Solid Waste Management System of

Barangay Mangcamagong Basud, Camarines Norte.

Objectives of the Study

Mangcamagong Basud, Camarines Norte:

· 1. To determine the implementation of solid waste management based on R.A No.

9003 of Barangay Mangcamagong

· 2. To identify problems in solid waste management system encountering of the

residents in Barangay Mangcamagong

· 3. To propose action plan based on the result of the findings in waste management

system of Barangay Mangcamagong

Importance of the Study

The research study aims to have a waste-free community in Barangay Mangcamagong

Basud, Camarines Norte. It will be significant to the following:

Barangay Mangcamagong community. For the residents of the barangay, this would help

them to be more aware and conscious of health, sanitation, and their environment. It will also

help them to know the importance of proper management of their wastes. For the barangay

officials or authority, it will help them to implement the guidelines since it is their responsibility

in the community.

The Local Government Unit (LGU) - Basud. This study will encourage the officials to

prioritize the proper solid waste management in Barangay Mangcamagong. The LGU may also
provide data and materials that might help to the betterment of the waste management system of

the Barangay.

The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR). This will inform them

if the policy is being practiced and implemented in Barangay Mangcamagong. The study may

determine the relevance of their implementation of rules and regulations.

Private Sector. The study will motivate them to apply proper waste disposal and become

responsible to their environment. This study will give them additional information on waste

management methods that can be used to minimize waste such as recycling, reducing, and

reusing waste materials.

Researcher, themselves. This study will help to enhance their awareness on waste

segregation and waste disposal practices in Barangay Mangcamagong.

Future Researchers. This study will serve as reference for other studies they will conduct

and will serve as references in conceptualizing their own research studies in the future. Future

studies are recommended to fully understand Ecological Solid Waste Management.

Scope and Limitation

The study determined the Solid Waste Management System of Barangay

Mangcamagong, Basud, Camarines Norte.

Mangcamagong. The study focuses on (a) waste management of barangay Mangcamagong, (b)

waste disposal method, (c) problems encountered by the residents in the waste management

system, (d) and the possible strategies to enhance waste management system in barangay

Mangcamagong.

The study possesses several limitations. The study focused only on households, improper

waste disposal and the possible solution to the problem which is the compost pit. It will not

discuss and/or elaborate the other problems that are not related to the waste management system

of barangay Mangcamagong. Although there are factors that may affect the study, the

researchers opted to exclude these factors from the study because they chose to focus on the

study.

Time and Place of the study

The study will be conducted in barangay Mangcamagong, Basud, Camarines Norte. The

study covered the period of first semester, Academic Year 2022 - 2023. It started in the month of

September 2022. The timeframe of this study is presented on the Gantt Chart of the activities.

Definition of Terms
Incineration - the destruction of something, especially waste material, by burning.

Deterioration - the process of becoming progressively worse.

Degradation - the condition or process of degrading or being degraded.

Composting - the biological degradation process of heterogeneous solid organic materials under

controlled moist, self-heating, and aerobic conditions to obtain a stable material that can be used

as organic fertilizer.

Vector-borne Disease - Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other

animals by blood-feeding anthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-

borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.

Acidification - The process of making or becoming an acid.

Photochemical - relating to or caused by the chemical action of light.

Smog - air pollution that reduces visibility.

Eutrophication - the process of accumulation of nutrients, including nitrogen, in water bodies,

often results from air pollution.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

such as books, journals, articles, magazines, published and unpublished thesis and dissertations

which have significant bearing on this study.

Solid Waste Management

Iyyanki Muralikrishna and Valli Manickam from ResearchGate (December, 2017) stated

that "the waste generated from various human activities, both industrial and domestic, can result

in health hazards and have a negative impact on the environment without an effective and

efficient waste management program." An area can maintain a clean and secure environment by

implementing an effective waste management program. The researchers have developed a

strategy to carry out Iyyanki Muralikrishna and Valli Manickam's objective.

The kind of problems that each community has determine the treatments and disposal

techniques. Residents or any other responsible community member can undertake a suitable

solution for the benefit of their environment. According to their research, it is also claimed that a

variety of human activities may have a detrimental effect that may endanger the health of the

locals. It is necessary to maintain proper discipline and resident awareness.

Today, everyone's main concern with solid waste management is the lack of discipline displayed

by some people, which contributes to an increase in garbage issues that also influence floods,

rodent and vermin overpopulation, water and soil contamination, and air pollution.
 However, Taguti, Francoso, and Viera (2017) asserted that "biodegradable materials are

replacing the conventional materials in many diverse applications. Solid waste management can

be done in a variety of environmentally beneficial ways. Among them, a significant class is the

biodegradable polymers, often known as eco friendly polymers mainly due to their capacity to

dissolve quickly by composting without any hazardous effect. For instance, using plastic bags

from the mall and using them again instead of tossing them away, as well as plastic cups that can

be used as pots for plants, or people might attempt and sell the reusable products, are some of

these. Another way is composting as waste removal, where waste can be put in a compost pit,

will decompose, and eventually turn into fertilizer. Also, food waste can be fed to farm animals

like cows, pigs, and goats rather than throwing it.

Effects of Improper Waste Disposal

The Philippines is currently struggling with a number of issues, including improper trash

disposal, which is primarily caused by humans. The necessity of effective trash disposal in
communities and the harm caused by poor garbage disposal to the environment, the community,

and the health of the locals have both been determined by a number of studies carried out over

the past few years. In the following section, each of these is introduced.

According to Khylle Tumala (January 2015) from her study on the effects of improper

waste disposal in the Philippines, “Improper waste disposal is one of the biggest environmental

issues here in the Philippines. It caused bigger problems that affect not only the environment but

also the health and life of the people. This problem may be resolved or it will remain a problem

for the country in the next few years”. A law in the Philippines approved by the Office of the

President on January 26, 2001 was created in response to the rapidly growing rate of garbage

problems in the country caused by improper waste disposal. Unfortunately, even though there is

a law, improper waste disposal in the Philippines was ranked 3rd as top source of water

contamination in a study in February 2015.

Waste management and waste disposal are two different things. Trash management must

be carried out correctly, which requires effective waste disposal. Waste management

encompasses waste product recycling, processing, transportation, collection, and monitoring.

Solid, liquid, and gaseous waste materials make up the majority of the waste products. Typically,

biodegradable garbage is used to refer to solid waste (UKEssays, 2015). The 3Rs—reduce, reuse,

and recycle—were the main focus of their research, which also looked at waste management as a

concept and its implications for trash disposal. Problems with waste management also arise from

improper trash disposal. Additionally, it has been demonstrated that inappropriate garbage

disposal results from human activity and a lack of discipline, which makes the issue challenging

to tackle.
 One of the significant studies that can also be applied to this research is the

“Environmental Impacts of Improper Solid Waste Management in Developing Countries: A Case

Study of Rawalpindi City” (Ejaz, Akhtar, Nisar & Ali Naeem, 2010), which discussed and

highlighted the main causes of improper solid waste management in developing countries like

improper ways of waste disposal. An inefficient municipal solid waste management system may

create serious negative environmental impacts like infectious diseases, land and water pollution,

obstruction of drains and loss of biodiversity.

Furthermore, Marianne and Fred Sandford (2015) also claimed that improper hazardous

waste disposal doesn’t just contaminate soil and the local water supply, but it can also pollute the

air. An area with a reputation for a toxic environment can also be susceptible to lower property

values, so not following proper disposal procedures can even affect the cost of houses' properties.

Long term execution of improper waste disposal of municipal wastes can affect soil and water

properties and productivity. It also produces lethal gases such as carbon monoxide and methane

gas.

Disposal of refuse without proper supervision often amounts to damage to the

environment and ultimately to the human body system. A public health physician, Professor

Akin Osibogun, justified that improperly disposed refuse has both direct and indirect health

effects to humans which were observed in the study of how improper waste disposal damages

health (Obama, 2015). Excessive breeding of rodents and vermin like rats, cockroaches,

mosquitoes, and flies are the direct health effects caused by improper disposal as those vermin

transmit diseases like leptospirosis, lassa fever and salmonellosis from rats; malaria from

mosquitoes, shigellosis and diarrheal diseases from flies. Indirect health effects, on the other
hand, include the contamination of water and soil from leachate from a very harmful liquid

mixture of chemicals that forms as water flows into contaminated areas.

Another study, which is about the effects of improper garbage disposal (Boehlke, 2017),

also implied that humans are not the only ones who are affected but also animals. As water can

be contaminated, marine life is also in danger. When wastes cluster and form algal bloom, it can

suffocate and contaminate everything near it - may it be a habitat which includes corals or an

organism like fishes, mollusks, etc.

However, a study in Ecuador which centered on the development of organic fertilizers

from food market waste and urban gardening by composting (Jara-Samaniego, Perez-Murcia,

Bustamante, Paredes, & Pérez-Espinosa, 2017) can reduce the effects of improper waste disposal

and even prevent the pile up of wastes. Biodegradable wastes can be used for agricultural

purposes because of the high concentration that can be found on organic matter and nutrients

contents of the wastes like in food market and urban gardening wastes that can be managed and

recycled through composting obtaining end products like compost or fertilizer.

Theoretical Framework
 The overarching theory in which this study formed is the Philips Waste Management

Theory.

It is the theory founded on the expectation that the waste management is to prevent waste

causing harm to human health and the environment. It is a collection, transport, recovery and

disposal of waste including the supervision of such operations and after-care of disposal sites.

According to Phillip’s (2004), Waste Management Theory (WMT) is a description of

waste management, providing definitions of all waste-related concepts, and suggesting a

methodology of waste management. It is an effort to organize the diverse variables of the waste

management system as it stands today. Definition emerging from this condition may however

conflict with the goals of waste prevention, because something that already exists cannot be

prevented from arising. The word “management” actually indicates manipulation of activity and

it is argued that waste management encompasses more than just merely treatment of waste.

The theory of Phillips’ (2004) is related to the present study since it dealt with the goal of

waste management to prevent waste causing harm to human health and the environment. Theory

is related to the present study because it will serve as the basis of the researchers to determine the

proper waste segregation and proper waste disposal practices through Waste Management

Theory.

The second theory is the Zero Waste Theory by Dr. Connett (2010), is the key to find a

way to use community responsibility at the back end to drive industrial responsibility. Zero

waste starts with something everyone has and continues with a series of simple steps which are

practical, cost-effective and politically acceptable.

consumption and note that waste incineration is aggressively promoted by many companies and

countries. It is a new direction for the waste source, collections, composting , recycling, waste

reduction initiatives, reuse, and proper waste disposal. Zero Waste Theory aims to sustain zero

waste. They must use the wisest and brightest minds in the society. It will start with the proper

segregation and collection of waste then recycling them into new materials so that it can function

again.

The theory of Phillip’s (2004) entitled Waste Management Theory and the Theory of Dr

Connett (2010) entitled Zero Waste Theory is related to the present study since it dealt with

segregation and proper waste disposal. Both theories are related to the present study because it

will serve as the basis of the researchers to determine the proper waste disposal and collection

practices.

The Waste Management Theory and Zero Waste Theory has a relationship to the present

study because it contributes to the clearer understanding of every individual about waste through

this theory this would help in the proper waste disposal and waste segregation practices in

Barangay Mangcamagong Basud, Camarines Norte so that it would be improved.

(Figure 1: Theoretical Paradigm of the Study)

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design

This research will utilize a case study, a type of qualitative research that will determine

the problems of Barangay Mangcamagong Basud, Camarines Norte in regards to proper waste
disposal. In this study, some of the residents will be interviewed about their current lifestyle and

the problems that they are encountering. A thesis is a process that focuses on people’s specific

problems that they are currently experiencing. Through these experiences, the researchers would

provide an innovative and convenient solution to resolve or address the problem being targeted.

Sources of Data

The researchers will gather data by means of a survey that will serve as a guide for

conducting an interview that will be given to the residents. The survey will include questions

regarding the problems the residents are encountering. It will also include questions to gather the

information about the implementation as well as awareness of the residents in Solid Waste

Management. With the given questionnaire, the respondents will be assured the confidentiality of

the information they will be providing. The data that will be accumulated from the survey

contributes to the researchers coming up with possible solutions to solve the problem. Some of

the information gathered for this study is from a secondary resource online that will help the

researcher to formulate proposals of possible solutions.

Respondents of the Study

Most of the interviewees were already living in Barangay Mangcamagong Basud

Camarines Norte ever since they were born. Age affects the study as the older respondents are

more experienced and more exposed to the culture and lifestyle in Barangay Mangcamagong.

Research Locale
 Barangay Mangcamagong is located in Basud, Camarines Norte. There are three hundred

sixty-nine households (data from barangay Mangcamagong). The common livelihood in

Barangay Mangcamagong is mainly poultry, agriculture, and fishery. The place is observed with

a clean and green environment, a rural place. However, there are also some problems observed in

the barangay that the researchers wanted to point out. The barangay has limited lampposts which

could make the place a bit unsafe at night. According to the respondents, there were no proper

ways in the barangay to dispose of their waste as there were no garbage trucks in the area. A

large number of young people that are out of school youth are also noted.

Research Tools and Instruments

Data Gathering Procedure

Ethical Consideration