BS en 16264-2014

BS EN 16264:2014
BS EN
Incorporating 16264:2014
corrigendum November 2014
BSI Standards Publication
Pyrotechnic articles — Other

pyrotechnic articles —
Cartridges for powder actuated
tools
BS EN 16264:2014 BRITISH STANDARD
National foreword
This British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 16264:2014.
The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical
Committee CII/47, Pyrotechnic articles.
A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained
on request to its secretary.
This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions
of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.
© The British Standards Institution 2014.
Published by BSI Standards Limited 2014
ISBN 978 0 580 88687 4
ICS 71.100.30
Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from
legal obligations.
This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards
Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 September 2014.
Amendments/corrigenda issued since publication
Date Text affected
30 November 2014 Implementation of CEN Correction Notice
15 October 2014: Contents page added
EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 16264
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM September 2014
ICS 71.100.30
English Version
Pyrotechnic articles - Other pyrotechnic articles - Cartridges for

powder actuated tools
Articles pyrotechniques - Autres articles pyrotechniques - Pyrotechnische Gegenstände - Sonstige pyrotechnische

Cartouches d'outils actionnés par poudre Gegenstände - Kartuschen für kartuschenbetriebene
handgehaltene Werkzeuge
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 8 February 2014.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same
status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United
Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION

COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2014 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 16264:2014 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
BS EN 16264:2014
EN
EN 16264:2014
16264:2014(E)(E)
Foreword
Contents
This document (EN 16264:2014) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 212 Page
“Pyrotechnic
articles”, the secretariat of which is held by NEN.
This
Foreword European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical
..............................................................................................................................................................3
text or by endorsement, at the latest by March 2015 and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at
1 Scope
the latest......................................................................................................................................................4
by March 2015.
2 Normative references ............................................................................................................................4
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
3 TermsCEN
rights. and [and/or
definitionsCENELEC]...........................................................................................................................5
shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
4 Standard equipment ........................................................................................................................... 11
This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the
5 Requirements
European Free ......................................................................................................................................
Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Directive 2007/23/EC 11 on the
5.1 Design documentation .......................................................................................................................
placing on the market of pyrotechnical articles. 11
5.2 Design .................................................................................................................................................. 12
5.3 Dimensions
For relationship ..........................................................................................................................................
with EU Directive(s), see informative Annex ZA, which is an integral part of this document. 12
5.4 Pressure measurement ...................................................................................................................... 16
5.5 Energy
The measurement
"Permanent .........................................................................................................................
International Commission for the Proof of Small-Arms, C.I.P.” has contributed substantially 25 to
5.6 Collation test .......................................................................................................................................
this standard. The C.I.P. regulations pertinent to cartridges for powder actuated tools have been 28 largely
5.7 Residue test
integrated .........................................................................................................................................
in the present standard and the current states of technology are matched. 31
5.8 Physical and chemical stability test ................................................................................................. 42
5.9 Mechanical
According to conditioning
the CEN-CENELEC test ............................................................................................................
Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the43 following
5.10 countries
Extreme are temperature test ..................................................................................................................
bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, 43 Czech
5.11 Republic,
Safety test ............................................................................................................................................
Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, 44Greece,
6 Hungary, Iceland,
Categorization Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland,48
..................................................................................................................................... Portugal,
Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom.
7 Minimum labelling............................................................................................................................... 48
7.1 Single cartridges ................................................................................................................................. 48
7.2 Primary packs ..................................................................................................................................... 49
Annex A (normative) Testing of cartridges for powder actuated tools ...................................................... 50
A.1 Type Testing (module B 2007/23/EC Annex II) ................................................................................. 50
A.2 Batch tests by producer during production .................................................................................... 50
Annex B (informative) Mechanical conditioning test equipment ................................................................ 54
Annex C (normative) Graphical symbols ....................................................................................................... 57
Annex ZA (informative) Relationship between this European Standard and the Essential
Requirements of EU Directive 2007/23/EC on the placing on the market of pyrotechnic
articles ................................................................................................................................................. 58
Bibliography ..................................................................................................................................................... 59
2
BS EN 16264:2014 BS
BSEN
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16264:2014
EN 16264:2014 (E) EN
EN16264:2014
16264:2014(E)
(E)
Foreword Foreword
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This
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BS EN 16264:2014
EN 16264:2014 (E)
1 Scope
This European Standard defines the procedures for classifying, testing and labelling of cartridges for powder
actuated tools (PAT cartridges), as defined in Clause 3 of this standard.
This European Standard does not apply to pyrotechnic articles containing blasting agents and military
explosives except black powder and flash composition.
PAT cartridges contain pyrotechnic composition(s) delivering mainly gases, intended to propel a piston. The
piston propels fasteners (e.g. nails) or drives hard marking characters into appropriate materials.
This standard also applies to PAT cartridges sold to persons younger than 18 years, if this is permitted by the
member state due to the low hazard of the PAT cartridges.
NOTE PAT cartridges can also be used for hard marking tools. Information on cartridge operated fixing and hard
marking tools can be found in EN 15895:2011.
This European Standard applies to the cartridges listed in Table 1.
Table 1 — Lists of the established calibres for PAT cartridges
Calibre
22 NC (5,5/16)
22 (5,6/16)
22 EX (5,6/25)
5,7/16
5,7/25
Rimfire type 6,3/10
6,3/12
6,3/14
6,3/16
6,8/11
6,8/18
9 × 17
9 × 20
Centre fire type
9 × 27
38 SP (9 × 29)
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
EN ISO 3611, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Dimensional measuring equipment: Micrometers
for external measurements — Design and metrological characteristics (ISO 3611)
EN ISO 9237, Textiles — Determination of the permeability of fabrics to air (ISO 9237)
BS EN 16264:2014
EN 16264:2014 (E)
EN ISO 13385-1, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Dimensional measuring equipment — Part 1:
Callipers; Design and metrological characteristics (ISO 13385-1)
ISO 2137, Petroleum products and lubricants — Determination of cone penetration of lubricating greases and
petrolatum
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
acceptance quality limit
AQL
quality level that is the worst tolerable process average when a continuing series of lots is submitted for
acceptance sampling
3.2
base material
material into which the fastener or marking punch is driven
3.3
calibre
designation of a cartridge, normally expressed in the form “body diameter / length”
Note 1 to entry: See Scope for applicable cartridge calibres.
3.4
cartridge for powder actuated tools (PAT)
device which contains a minor quantity of primer mix together with a larger quantity of solid propellant used to
drive the piston of a fixing or hard marking tool
3.5
single cartridge
loose cartridge
cartridge that is not mechanically attached to other cartridges and is inserted individually in the cartridge
chamber (by hand)
3.6
collated cartridge
cartridge that is contained with a number of others in a means of collation, e.g. a plastic collation strip or a
metal disc
3.7
cartridge chamber
essentially cylindrical or slightly conical bore which accommodates the cartridge before ignition; located in the
rear end of the piston guide of a cartridge operated tool; the dimensions of the cartridge chamber correspond
to cartridge calibre
3.8
powder actuated tool
PAT
tool to drive fasteners into a base material by means of a piston powered by the hot combustion gases from a
cartridge
BS EN 16264:2014
EN 16264:2014 (E)
3.9
cartridge case
closed container of essentially cylindrical shape made of metal or plastic forming the outer shell of a cartridge
and containing a primer or primer mix and propellant
3.10
cartridge type
set of cartridges defined by specific calibre and design, including pyrotechnic compositions and tolerances
3.11
centre fire cartridge
cartridge in which the primer is located in a primer cup (see 3.26)
3.12
coefficients of tolerance
coefficients of tolerance for n measurements with a statistical certainty of 95 % in K 3,n 90 % of cases, where
K 3,10 = 2,36 for n=10
3.13
collation
means for attaching several cartridges to each other at regular distances; plastic strips and metal discs are
commonly used for collation
3.14
combustion chamber
cavity adjoining to the cartridge chamber in which the combustion of the propellant takes place and consisting
of a bore connecting the cartridge chamber with the main cavity of piston guide, the free volume of the piston
guide itself behind the piston in its rearmost position, and sometimes a free volume in the concave piston
head
3.15
crimp
closed front end of a (metal) cartridge generated by radial deformation of the cylindrical body into tight folds
with an essentially star-shaped cross section
3.16
fastener
object intended for use in a cartridge operated fixing tool
Note 1 to entry: The object may be a nail, a threaded stud or similar object that is driven into the base material.
3.17
ignition pin
steel pin guided in a bore in the breech face igniting the primer mix of the cartridge by impacting on the rim of
the cartridge bottom or centre primer cup
3.18
lot
consists of a batch of cartridges of the same type, having homogeneous components, manufactured in series
production
3.19
piston
essentially cylindrical or shouldered element made of annealed steel, freely movable longitudinally in the
cylindrical piston guide (“barrel”) of a cartridge operated tool which is accelerated by the high pressure in the
combustion chamber at its rear and impacts on the fastener with its tip
BS EN 16264:2014
EN 16264:2014 (E)
3.20
piston guide
“barrel” of a cartridge operated tool which is essentially the cylindrical bore of a tool and containing the piston
3.21
plunger
slug
brass or semi hardened steel cylinder used in pressure barrel, having different face dimensions to reproduce
the additional volume Va
Note 1 to entry “Slug” is used as a synonym of “plunger” in the context of pressure measurement with a test barrel.
3.22
propellant
mostly nitrocellulose-based powder which fills the cartridge partly or totally, depending on cartridge strength,
the hot combustion gases of which accelerate the piston of a cartridge operated tool
3.23
primary pack
package of cartridges of the same calibre and strength (colour), offered for retail sale as a single unit
3.24
primer mix
pyrotechnic composition located in the rim of the cartridge or in the centre primer which ignites the propellant
when the ignition pin deforms the rim of the cartridge or the centre primer cup and locally compresses and
ignites the primer mix
3.25
pyrotechnic composition
mixture of substances designed to produce an effect by heat, light, sound, gas or smoke or a combination of
these, as a result of a self-sustained exothermic reactions
3.26
primer
device used in centre fire cartridges consisting of a metal cup containing primer mix and an anvil located in the
centre
3.27
rim
circumferential outward bulge at the rear end of a cartridge generated by axial deformation of the
hemispherical end of the punch-drawn metal blank
3.28
rimfire cartridge
cartridge in which the primer mix is located in the rim of the cartridge case
3.29
test barrel
test equipment used to measure the gas pressure and energy of PAT cartridges
BS EN 16264:2014
EN 16264:2014 (E)
3.30
volume of minimum chamber
VET
volume of minimum chamber according to Table 3 for measuring appliances (test barrel) is a constant value
per calibre as presented in Figure 1
Figure 1 — VET
3.31
total volume of maximum cartridge
VC
total volume of maximum cartridge as presented in Figure 2 according to Table 2
Figure 2 — VC
3.32
volume of the material of the case
Vm
volume of the material of the case (without primer mix where rimfire cartridges are concerned, with primer
where centre fire cartridges are concerned) as presented in Figure 3
Figure 3 — Vm
BS EN 16264:2014
EN 16264:2014 (E)
3.33
additional volume
Va
volume between the chamber and the plunger in its extreme position as presented in Figure 4
Figure 4 — Va
3.34
total volume
Vtot
Vtot VET + Va as presented in Figure 5
total volume of PAT tool =
Figure 5 — Vtot
3.35
free volume
Vi
volume of free space between the cartridge and the chamber
= Vi VET − VC as presented in Figure 6
Figure 6 — Vi
BS EN 16264:2014
EN 16264:2014 (E)
3.36
free combustion volume
Vh
free volume in the chamber given by the equation
= Vh VET − Vm as presented in Figure 7
Figure 7 — Vh
3.37
total additional volume
VA
additional volume given by the equation VA = Vi + Va= (VET − VC ) + Va as presented in Figure 8
Figure 8 — VA
3.38
total combustion volume
VT
volume given by the equation VT = Vh + Va = (VET − Vm ) + Va as presented in Figure 9
Figure 9 — VT
BS EN 16264:2014
EN 16264:2014 (E)
4 Standard equipment
The standard equipment described in the following points shall be used during the test; any equivalent
equipment with the same or better accuracy may be used alternatively.
4.1 Timing device:
— Type 1: Timing device capable of being read to the nearest 0,01 s.
— Type 2: Timing device capable of being read to the nearest 1 min.
4.2 Calliper:
— Type 1: Flat faced Vernier calliper reading to 0,05 mm (conforming to EN ISO 13385-1).
— Type 2: Micrometer calliper reading to 0,01 mm (conforming to EN ISO 3611).
4.3 Scale:
— Type 1: Minimum capacity 200 g.
— Type 2: Resolution 5,0 mg or better (linearity e = 5,0 mg or better).
4.4 Climatic chamber:
— Temperature from – 10 °C up to + (52 ± 1) °C.
— Relative Humidity from 60 % up to (75 ± 5) %.
Several climatic chambers may be used for different tests if these tests require different temperatures and / or
humidity.
5 Requirements
5.1 Design documentation
5.1.1 General
The manufacturer or importer shall supply a document which describes the PAT cartridges. This document
facilitates the analysis to be done by the notified body to ensure that the article fulfils the Essential Safety
Requirements of Directive 2007/23/EC.
5.1.2 Minimum content of documentation
The documentation shall contain the following minimum information:
— Identification and description of the cartridges (name and calibre).
— Identification of the fixing or hard marking tool(s) for which the conformity certificate of the cartridges is
applied.
— Net weight of propellant.
— Net weight of primer mix.

BS EN 16264:2014
EN 16264:2014 (E)
— Chemical composition and percentage of substances used in the propellant and the primer mix.
— Pressure level developed by the cartridges, measured as defined in 5.4.
— Energy level developed by the cartridges, measured as defined in 5.5.
— Name and address of the manufacturer or importer.
5.2 Design
5.2.1 General
These tests shall be done to verify that the tested cartridges are in accordance with the Essential Safety
Requirements of Directive 2007/23/EC.
5.2.2 Conformity to documentation
The tested cartridges shall be in accordance with the relevant manufacturing documentation. The requirement
is considered fulfilled if the manufacturer’s documentation contains the minimum content (see 5.1.2) and the
article has been successfully tested according to 5.3 and 5.5.
Neither quantitative nor qualitative analyses of the chemical composition shall be required.
5.3 Dimensions
5.3.1 General
The verification of dimensions shall be done to check the important cartridge dimensions from the safety point
of view (see Figure 10 a), Figure 10 b), Figure 10 c), Figure 11 and Table 2).
BS EN 16264:2014
EN 16264:2014 (E)
a) b)
c)
Figure 10 — Dimensions of rim-fire type cartridges
Figure 11 — Dimensions of centre-fire type cartridges

EN 16264:2014 (E)
Table 2 — Maximum cartridges dimensions
CARTRIDGE L3 L6 R R1 f Beta P1 P2 α S H1 H2 VC
17°32′4
22 NC (5,5/16) 15,6 15,3 1,12 7,06 5,74 5,74 4” 27,64 5,49 5,49 0,39
22 (5,6/16) 16,2 15,5 1,12 7,06 5,74 5,74 0,35
22 EX (5,6/25) 25,3 25,1 1,12 7,06 5,74 5,74 0,68
5,7/16 16,3 16 1,36 7,3 5,74 5,74 0,43
5,7/25 25,5 25 1,4 7,15 5,74 5,74 0,69
Rimfire type
6,3/10 10,8 10,3 1,25 7,6 6,32 6,32 0,26
6,3/12 12,8 12,5 1,3 7,6 6,32 6,32 0,33
6,3/14 14,5 14 1,3 7,6 6,32 6,32 0,38
6,3/16 16,6 16,3 1,3 7,6 6,32 6,32 0,5
6,8/11 11,8 11 1,45 8,5 6,86 6,86 0,34
6,8/18 18,7 18 1,45 8,5 6,86 6,86 0,61
9 × 17 18,3 18,15 1,35 11,1 0,3 45° 9,58 9,58 1,08
Centre fire 9 × 20 20,00 19,50 1,35 11 0,50 45° 6,63 9,63 1,48
type 9 × 27 27,00 26,00 1,35 11 0,50 45° 9,63 9,63 1,99
38 SP (9 × 29) 29,2 29 1,47 11,18 0,3 45° 9,63 9,63 2,18
Definition of symbols:
L3: total length of the cartridge after firing (mm) P1: diameter at the end of rill or rim (mm)
L6: total length of the cartridge before firing (mm) H2: diameter of the case at the end of the cylindrical part (mm)
R: thickness of case rim (mm) α = Angle of junction cone
R1: diameter of case rim (mm) VC: Total volume of maximum cartridge (cm3)
BS EN 16264:2014
EN 16264:2014 (E)
5.3.2 Equipment
The shape gauge used in this test is a block of steel with a shaped bore as illustrated in Figure 12 with
dimensions given in Table 3.
Figure 12 — Chamber dimensions
Table 3 — Minimum chamber dimension

CARTRIDGE L3 R R1 P1 H2 G1 α1 VET
22 NC (5,5/16) 16 1,1 7,1 5,8 5,76 6 180° 0,45
22 (5,6/16) 16,33 1,1 7,3 5,76 5,76 6 180° 0,44
22 EX (5,6/25) 26 1,1 7,3 5,8 5,76 6 180° 0,7
5,7/16 17 1,36 7,3 5,8 5,76 6 180° 0,47
5,7/25 26 1,45 7,3 5,8 5,76 6 180° 0,71
Rimfire type 6,3/10 11 1,25 7,7 6,35 6,35 6 180° 0,37
6,3/12 13 1,25 7,7 6,35 6,35 6 180° 0,43
6,3/14 15 1,25 7,7 6,35 6,35 6 180° 0,49
6,3/16 17 1,25 7,7 6,35 6,35 6 180° 0,56
6,8/11 12 1,45 8,55 6,9 6,9 6 180° 0,48
6,8/18 19 1,45 8,55 6,9 6,9 6 180° 0,74
9 × 17 18,5 1,3 11,2 9,6 9,6 6 180° 1,37
9 × 20 20,50 1,38 11,08 9,64 9,64 10,20 180° 1,53
Centre fire type
9 × 27 27,00 1,50 11,20 9,65 9,65 10,02 180° 2,01
38 SP (9 × 29) 30 1,5 11,25 9,67 9,65 6 180° 2,24
Definition of symbols:
L3 = Length of chamber at diameter H2 (mm)
R = Distance between breech face and the backward edge of barrel (mm)
R1 = Breech diameter (mm)
P1 = Diameter of chamber at distance R (mm)
H2 = Diameter at distance L3 (mm)
G1 = Diameter at commencement of rifling (mm)
VET = Volume of minimum chamber (cm3)
BS EN 16264:2014
EN 16264:2014 (E)
5.3.3 Procedure
The dimensions of the cartridge shall be checked. Fixed dimension limits are checked by means of a general
shape gauge, taking into account minimum dimensions of chambers as referred in Figure 12 and Table 3.
The cartridges shall be fitted in the general shape gauge and the dimensions L6, H2 verified with micrometer
calliper (4.2).
5.3.4 Acceptance criteria
The maximum dimensions, verified with micrometer calliper (4.2), shall be in conformity with the fixed
dimension limits reported in Figures 10 a), 10 b), 10 c) and 11 and in Table 2.
All cartridges tested shall enter smoothly into the gauge with a maximum force of 10 N.
5.4 Pressure measurement
5.4.1 General
The purpose of this test is to verify the maximum gas pressure developed by the tested cartridges.
5.4.2 Equipment
5.4.2.1 General
The equipment shown in Figure 13 to Figure 18 shall be used for pressure testing. The dimensions reported
on the drawings are allowed to have the tolerances shown in Table 4.
Table 4 — Equipment tolerance

Dimension Tolerance
P1
+ 0,03 mm
H2
R1
+ 0,05 mm
R
L3 + 0,10 mm
5.4.2.2 Test barrel
The test barrel assembly shall meet the following requirements:
— The test barrel shall be made from steel with a minimum tensile strength of R = 1 000 MPa as presented
in Figure 13.
NOTE Suitable material is, e.g. no. 1.7225 (42CrMo4):
— Calibre: Ø 16 mm (F7);
— Length: (200 ± 1) mm (from the end of the chamber);
— Position of pressure transducer: 1,5 mm measured from the end of the chamber;
— Transducer hole: Ø 3 mm;
— Depth: 3 mm.
BS EN 16264:2014
EN 16264:2014 (E)
Key
1 barrel and transducer mounting
2 piezoelectric pressure transducer
3 cartridge holder
4 plunger
Figure 13 — Test barrel assembly
5.4.2.3 Cartridge holder
The cartridge holder shall meet the following requirements:
— The insert shall be made from steel with a minimum tensile yield strength of R = 1 300 MPa as presented
in Figure 14.
NOTE 1 Suitable materials are no. 1.7707 (30CrMoV9) or no. 1.6580 (30CrNiMo8).
NOTE 2 Diameter to be adapted to the fitting in the barrel.
Dimensions in millimetres
Figure 14 — Cartridge holder

BS EN 16264:2014
EN 16264:2014 (E)
Table 5 — Cartridge holder
CARTRIDGE L3 R R1 P1 H2
22 NC (5,5/16) 16 1,1 Ø 7,10 Ø 5,8 Ø 5,76
22 (5,6/16) 16,33 1,1 Ø 7,30 Ø 5,76 Ø 5,76
22 EX (5,6/25) 26 1,1 Ø 7,30 Ø 5,80 Ø 5,76
5,7/16 17 1,36 Ø 7,30 Ø 5,80 Ø 5,76
5,7/25 26 1,45 Ø 7,30 Ø 5,80 Ø 5,76
6,3/10 11 1,25 Ø 7,70 Ø 6,35 Ø 6,35
6,3/12 13 1,25 Ø 7,70 Ø 6,35 Ø 6,35
6,3/14 15 1,25 Ø 7,70 Ø 6,35 Ø 6,35
6,3/16 17 1,25 Ø 7,70 Ø 6,35 Ø 6,35
6,8/11 12 1,45 Ø 8,55 Ø 6,90 Ø 6,90
6,8/18 19 1,45 Ø 8,55 Ø 6,90 Ø 6,90
9 × 17 18,5 1,3 Ø 11,2 Ø 9,60 Ø 9,6
9 × 20 20,5 1,38 Ø 11,08 Ø 9,64 Ø 9,64
9 × 27 27 1,5 Ø 11,20 Ø 9,65 Ø 9,65
38 SP (9 × 29) 30 1,5 Ø11,25 Ø 9,67 Ø 9,65
5.4.2.4 Plunger
The plunger shall meet the following requirements:
— The plunger shall be made material with a minimum tensile strength of R = 550 – 560 MPa as presented
in Figure 15.
NOTE Suitable materials are brass (58 - 70 % Cu) or semi hardened steel:
— Diameter: 16 mm (h7);
— Mass: Mp = (80 ± 1) g;
— Additional volume: Va = 0,16 cm3 to 0,80 cm3;
— Length: proportional to mass.

BS EN 16264:2014
EN 16264:2014 (E)
Figure 15 — Plunger (slug)
Table 6 — Plunger (slug)

Va T
Test 3
cm mm
Rimfire 0,16 1,00 +
0,02
Centre fire 0,40 2,50 +
0,05
Rimfire 0,80 5,00 +
0,05
5.4.2.5 Crossed slots
The crossed slots of the piston shall lie in the axis of the groove of the transducer.
Key
A top view
B-B cross section
a) Position of the crossed slots
BS EN 16264:2014
EN 16264:2014 (E)
Key
A top view
B-B cross section
b) Position of the crossed slots (Section B - B) and position of the firing pin (from below) (View A)
Figure 16
5.4.2.6 Plunger operated test barrel
The test barrel shall be made from steel with a minimum tensile strength of R = 1 000 MPa as presented in
Figure 17.
NOTE Suitable material is no. 1.7225 (42CrMo4). The dimensions in brackets are given for information.
BS EN 16264:2014
EN 16264:2014 (E)
Figure 17 — Plunger operated test barrel

5.4.2.7 Seals
The seals shall meet following requirements as shown in Figure 18.
NOTE Suitable material is CuZn40Pb2.
Figure 18 — Seals
BS EN 16264:2014
EN 16264:2014 (E)
5.4.2.8 Equipment for pressure measurement
The equipment for pressure measurement shall meet the following requirements:
a) Electromechanical transducer:
1) Range of measurement: up to 7 000 bar;
2) Pressure transmission surface: Ø ≤ 6 mm;
3) Fundamental frequency: ≥ 100 kHz;
4) Deviation from linearity: ≤ 1 %;
b) Electronic filter:
1) Approximately 20 kHz (−3 db);
2) Bessel characteristic n = 2 (12 dB/octave);
c) Climatic chamber see 4.4;
d) Timing device see 4.1 (type 2).
5.4.3 Procedure
5.4.3.1 General
The test shall be carried out on cartridges acclimatized at least 24 h, in a climatic chamber, at the following
conditions:
— temperature: (+21 ± 1) °C;
— relative humidity: (60 ± 5) %.
5.4.3.2 Rimfire
In case of rimfire cartridges, the pressure shall be measured using at least 12 cartridges for each additional
volume:
Va = 0,16 cm3 and 0,8 cm3
5.4.3.3 Center fire
In case of centre fire cartridges, the pressure shall be measured using at least 12 cartridges for an additional
volume:
Va = 0,4 cm3
5.4.3.4 Evaluation of the results
Twelve firings shall be carried out for each additional volume in order to obtain 10 usable figures.
If any failure to conduct the procedure correctly is observed, the respective results shall be disregarded and
the test shall be repeated.
For other aberrant extreme values, the following criterion shall be applied:
BS EN 16264:2014
EN 16264:2014 (E)
— on completing a series of 12 measurements with the same additional volume, the recorded values shall
be numbered in ascending order (P1 ,...P12 ) ;
— then the extreme values P1 and P12 shall be examined;
— having examined P1 and P12 , the following formula can then be written:
P3 − P1
ZB1 =
P11 − P1
P12 − P10
ZB2 =
P12 − P2
where ZB1 and ZB2 are the ratios of differences of pressure values.
If ZB1 or ZB2 > 0,490, P1 or P12 respectively shall be eliminated. If neither value is eliminated, the last two
recorded values shall be disregarded. If only one value is eliminated, the last recorded values shall be
disregarded.
5.4.3.5 Sequence of testing steps
The test shall be conducted as indicated in the followings points:
a) The testing cartridges shall be acclimatized for at least 24 h at an ambient temperature of (+21 ± 1) °C
and at relative air humidity of (60 ± 5) %.
b) The cartridge holder and the appropriate plunger for the additional volume shall be selected according to
the calibre of the cartridge to be fired.
c) The bore of the barrel shall be cleaned and lightly lubricated such that the plunger slides in easily.
d) A special lubricant as described in f) of this paragraph shall be applied to the diaphragm of the
electromechanical transducer.
e) The electromechanical transducer shall be screwed onto the transducer holder, applying the tightening
torque specified by the manufacturer.
f) Before each firing, the channel through which the pressure will be transmitted shall be filled with a
3
silicone-based lubricant of the following specifications: density approximately 1 (g/cm ), penetration 180
to 210 (1/10 mm) (still medium and agitated medium) in accordance with ISO 2137.
g) The excess lubricant introduced into the barrel while attaching the electromechanical transducer shall be
removed.
h) The plunger shall be pushed in as far as it will go, with its flanges positioned opposite to the cartridge so
that the cross-shaped opening in the piston is in line with the axis of the electro-mechanical transducer.
i) In subsequent firings, care shall be taken that during handling the plunger is not moved – not even
slightly – out of position.
j) After each firing, the cartridge case shall be ejected and recovered to examine the marks from the firings.
k) The plunger shall be recovered and checked to ensure that there are no marks from the firings.
BS EN 16264:2014
EN 16264:2014 (E)
l) Any carbon deposits shall be removed.
If there are signs of excessive gas leaks, the measurement obtained shall not be used. In subsequent tests,
the necessary precautions shall be taken to improve gas tightness.
The results shall be interpreted in accordance with the rules of statistics according to Table 7.
Table 7 — Acceptance criteria to be considered
Pmax (0,16) and Pmax (0,8) Maximum admissible pressure for rimfire cartridges with additional
3 3
volumes Va = 0,16 cm and 0,8 cm according to Table 8
Pmax colour(0,16) and Pmax colour (0,8) Maximum declared pressures for each colour, for rimfire cartridges
3 3
calibre, with additional volumes Va = 0,16 cm and 0,8 cm
These values shall be less or equal to Pmax (0,16) and Pmax (0,8)
Pmax (0,4) Maximum admissible pressure for centre fire cartridges with the
3
additional volume Va = 0,4 cm according to Table 8
Pmax colour (0,4) Maximum declared pressure for each colour for centre fire cartridges
3
calibre with the additional volume Va = 0,4 cm
This value shall be less or equal to Pmax (0,4)
where
Pn (Va ) Arithmetic mean of n (10) pressure measurements for the additional volume Va;
Ki.n: Coefficient of tolerance for n measurements. Here, the coefficient for 3 sigma and 90 %
confidence level is used: 2,36;
Sn: Standard deviation of pressure for n measurements.
3
In the case of rimfire cartridges, the mean pressure Pn for the two additional volumes Va = 0,16 cm and
3
0,8 cm shall be less than or equal to the respective maximum admissible values:
Pmax (0,16) and Pmax (0,8).
3
In the case of centre fire cartridges the mean pressure Pn for the additional volume Va = 0,4 cm shall be less
than or equal to the maximum declared value Pmax (0,4):
P10 (Va ) ≤ Pmax (Va )
The requirement for a cartridge to produce no individual value for maximum pressure in excess of 1,15 Pmax
(Va) shall be regarded as fulfilled if:
P10 + K 3,10 ⋅ S10 ≤ 1,15 ⋅ Pmax (Va )
P10 + K 3,10 ⋅ S10 = P10 + 2,36 ⋅ S10 ≤ 1,15 ⋅ Pmax (Va )
1,15 ⋅ Pmax (Va ) =

PK
BS EN 16264:2014
EN 16264:2014 (E)
Table 8 — Maximum pressures
PRESSURES PRESSURES
VOLUMES
Va 1 Va 2
CARTRIDGE 3
[cm ] [bar] [bar]
Va 1 Va 2 Pmax PK Pmax PK
22 NC
(5,5/16) 0,16 0,8 2 800 3 220 1 300 1 495
22 (5,6/16) 0,16 0,8 4 300 4 945 2 000 2 300
22 EX (5,6/25) 0,16 0,8 4 700 5 405 2 500 2 875
5,7/16 0,16 0,8 3 200 3 680 1 500 1 725
5,7/25 0,16 0,8 2 500 2 875 1 200 1 380
Rimfire type
6,3/10 0,16 0,8 3 200 3 680 1 600 1 840
6,3/12 0,16 0,8 3 000 3 450 1 500 1 725
6,3/14 0,16 0,8 2 650 3 048 1 350 1 553
6,3/16 0,16 0,8 4 500 5 175 2 400 2 760
6,8/11 0,16 0,8 3 000 3 450 1 550 1 783
6,8/18 0,16 0,8 4 500 5 175 2 500 2 875
9 × 17 0,4 / 1 450 1 668 / /
9 x20 0,4 / 1 000 1 150 / /
Centre fire type 9 × 27 0,4 / 3 100 3 565 / /
38 SP
(9 × 29) 0,4 / 3 600 4 140 / /
5.5 Energy measurement
5.5.1 Scope
The energy test shall be performed to verify if the energy level developed by the cartridge corresponds to the
energy level declared by the manufacturer (see 5.1.2).
The energy level of the cartridges shall be indicated using the scheme of colours and numbers below
(Table 9). For each calibre and colour, the manufacturer shall declare an energy value in Joule developed by
3 3
the cartridge for the additional volume Va = 0,16 cm for rimfire and Va = 0,4 cm for centre fire.
BS EN 16264:2014
EN 16264:2014 (E)
Table 9 — Energy scale table
Energy Scale Colour of cartridge Energy level

1 Grey Minimum energy
2 Brown or white
3 Green
4 Yellow
5 Blue
6 Red
7 Black or purple Maximum Energy
5.5.2 Equipment
For the energy measurement, the equipment of 5.4.2 shall be used.

3
For the test a plunger with additional volume of Va = 0,16 cm shall be used.
The plunger velocity shall be measured using light screens and a computing chronograph. The cumulative
accuracy, comprehensive of chronograph accuracy and stability error shall be less than 0,25 %.
Another device with the same accuracy or better may be used.
Climatic chamber: see 4.4.
Timing device: see 4.1 (timing device type 1).
5.5.3 Procedure
5.5.3.1 General
The test shall be carried out on cartridges acclimatized for at least 24 h at the following conditions:
5.5.3.2 Test sequence
The test shall be conducted simultaneously to the pressure test (5.4).
5.5.3.3 Test setup
The first light screen shall be located at 1 m from the barrel muzzle and orthogonally to the plunger trajectory.
The second light screen shall be located 0,5 m ± 0,5 mm from the first one, orthogonally to the plunger
trajectory.
5.5.3.4 Procedure of velocity measurement
The plunger velocity for the defined additional volume Va shall be recorded.
BS EN 16264:2014
EN 16264:2014 (E)
5.5.3.5 Evaluation
If any failure to conduct the procedure correctly is observed, the respective results shall be disregarded and
the test shall be repeated.
For other aberrant extreme values, the following criterion shall be applied:
— on completing a series of 12 measurements with the same additional volume, the recorded velocity
values shall be numbered in ascending order (ν 1 ,...ν 12 ) ;
— then the extreme values ν 1 and ν 12 shall be examined;
— having examined ν 1 and ν 12 , the following formula can then be written:
v3 − v1
Q1 =
v11 − v1
v12 − v10
Q2 =
v12 − v2
where Q1 and Q2 are the ratios of differences of velocity values.
If Q1 and/or Q2 > 0,490, ν 1 and/or ν 12 respectively shall be eliminated. If neither value is eliminated, the last
two recorded values shall be disregarded. If only one value is eliminated, the last recorded value shall be
disregarded.
The average velocity v calculated using the 10 recorded values is used to calculate the energy.
The energy EVa shall be calculated by the following formula:
2
EV = 21 mv
a
where
3
EV is the energy determined with the minimum additional volume Va of 0,16 cm ;
a
m is the plunger mass [kg];
is the average recorded plunger velocity [m/s].

v
The test is passed if the average energy EVa calculated for the defined additional volume Va differs less than
20 % from the manufacturer’s declared energy value.
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EN 16264:2014 (E)
5.6 Collation test
5.6.1 General
The collation test shall be carried out in order to demonstrate the suitability of collated cartridges for a specific
fixing or hard marking tool.
There are four ways to achieve this:
a) using a commercially available tool in combination with test cartridges having an increased pressure as
defined in 5.6.2.1;
b) using a commercially available tool with a reduced combustion volume as defined in 5.6.2.2 in
combination with the cartridges as submitted for type approval;
c) using a commercially available tool with a reduced combustion volume and a special piston as defined in
5.6.2.3 in combination with the cartridges as submitted for type approval;
d) demonstrating that a valid C.I.P. system approval exists for the relevant combination of cartridges and
tool.
System approvals conducted according to the C.I.P. Decisions, 2009, part D-5.2 and issued by a C.I.P. proof
house are accepted instead of the collation test.
5.6.2 Equipment for 5.6.1 a) to 5.6.1 c)
Test shall be performed in each tool that the cartridge manufacturer has declared suitable for the use with his
cartridges.
5.6.2.1 The test equipment consists of a commercially available tool of the type which the cartridge type
approval is applied for. No dimensional changes to either the piston or tool body are carried out. The test
cartridges to be used are specially manufactured to produce a combustion pressure of 115 % of the average
maximum pressure declared by the manufacturer or importer of the cartridge for each colour during type
approval.
approval is applied for. The tool body shall not be modified.
The test tool shall have a piston with a reduced system testing volume Vs as defined below (compare
Figure 20).
1
 1

V=
s 1,15 b
⋅ Va +  1,15 b
− 1 ⋅ Vh*
 
The values of b and Vh* , etc. per calibre, as given in Table 10, apply.
NOTE The free combustion volume in the reduced chamber Vh* is calculated as follows:
Vh* = Vh − α ⋅ M c
where
BS EN 16264:2014
EN 16264:2014 (E)
Mc is the mass of the propellant and primer mix in g;
3
α = 1/ρ = 0,6 is the average specific volume of the propellant and primer mix in cm /g.
approval is applied for.
The diameter of the piston and/or tool shall be modified to produce the smallest clearance between both as
defined by the tolerances in the design drawings of the tool manufacturer.
The test tool shall have a piston with a reduced system testing volume Vs as defined below (compare
Figure 19).
1  1 
 
=VS 1,10 b ⋅ Va + 1,10 − 1 ⋅ Vh*
b
 
 
The values of b and Vh* , etc. per calibre, as given in Table 10, apply.
NOTE The free combustion volume in the reduced chamber Vh* is calculated as follows:
Vh* = Vh − α ⋅ M c
where
Mc is the mass of the propellant and primer mix in g;

3
α = 1/ρ = 0,6 is the average specific volume of the propellant and primer mix in cm /g.
Table 10 — Values for the calculation of the test volume Vs for the collation test
b Vh*
Calibre
3
– cm
6,3/10 - 0,607 0,14
6,3/16 - 0,615 0,20
6,8/11 - 0,646 0,20
6,8/18 - 0,684 0,31
BS EN 16264:2014
EN 16264:2014 (E)
Key
1 minimum operational volume
2 reduced system testing volume
Figure 19 — Volumes of combustion chamber (Va, Vs)
5.6.3 Procedure for 5.6.1 a) to 5.6.1 c)
The test shall be carried out on four standard collation systems, fully loaded with cartridges of identical
strength, acclimatized at least 24 h at the following conditions:
The test shall be performed by firing three consecutive cartridges of each collated system.
The test shall be carried out with a fastener and base material suitable for the combination of tool and
cartridge used in the test.
If the tool is equipped with a feature to regulate the energy, the test shall be conducted at maximum energy
level.
5.6.4 Acceptance criteria for 5.6.1 a) to 5.6.1 c)
The test is passed if after the firing:
a) the walls and the bottoms of all cartridge cases are free from cracks, holes and fractures;
b) the collation system is intact and not broken or fractured and is free from lengthwise cracks affecting the
three spent cartridges;
c) neighbouring cartridges have not been affected.
If case fracture or collated strip rupture are experienced, the test equipment shall be thoroughly checked.
If the test equipment is found to be defective, the test is to be fully repeated, as described in 5.6.3 after
repairing or replacing the test equipment.
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EN 16264:2014 (E)
Lengthwise cracks within the crimp area, being no longer than the crimp itself, are acceptable as long as no
metallic or plastic pieces separate from the cartridge case.
5.7 Residue test
5.7.1 General
The residue test shall be done for the safety of the user by verifying the amount of unburned powder produced
by cartridges during combustion under conditions representing normal use.
All collated PAT cartridges of all power levels shall pass this test.
5.7.2 Equipment
5.7.2.1 Scale (see 4.3).
5.7.2.2 Climatic chamber (see 4.4).
The test is performed as a tool-independent rig test. It simulates the typical combustion characteristics of
powder actuated tools operated at minimum power.
The test rig (see Figure 20) consists of six main components or modules:
BS EN 16264:2014
EN 16264:2014 (E)
Key
1 firing unit
2 cartridge chamber insert
3 combustion chamber
4 nozzle
5 muff and flame deflector
6 collector bag
Figure 20 — Schematic drawing of residue test rig
5.7.2.3 Firing unit (1)
Any suitable firing unit with adequate ignition pin geometry and ignition energy may be used to fire the
cartridges.
5.7.2.4 Cartridge chamber insert (2)
The geometry of the cartridge chamber is defined for each calibre in Table 11.
The geometry matches the design of the cartridge chamber of the tool of respective calibre in order to produce
the same opening behaviour of the cartridge as in real use.
BS EN 16264:2014
EN 16264:2014 (E)
Table 11 — Calibre and shape of cartridge chamber
Calibre Shape of cartridge chamber

6,3/10 conical (see Figure 21 a))
6,3/16 conical (see Figure 21 b))
6,8/11 conical (see Figures 22 a) and 22 b))
6,8/18 bi-conical (see Figures 23 a) and 23 b))
The inserts presented in Figures 21 a), 21 b), 22 a), 22 b), 23 a) and 23 b), shall be made from steel with a
minimum tensile strength of R = 1 300 MPa.
NOTE Suitable materials are No. 1.7707 (30CrMoV9) or No. 1.6580 (30CrNiMo8).
BS EN 16264:2014
EN 16264:2014 (E)
a) Cartridge chamber insert for calibre 6,3/10
b) Cartridge chamber insert for calibre 6,3/16
Figure 21
BS EN 16264:2014
EN 16264:2014 (E)
a) Cartridge chamber insert for calibre 6,8/11
b) Cartridge chamber insert for calibre 6,8/11
Figure 22
BS EN 16264:2014
EN 16264:2014 (E)
Cartridge chamber insert for calibre 6,8/18
Cartridge chamber insert for calibre 6,8/18
Figure 23
5.7.2.5 Combustion chamber (3) (volume and dimensions defined per calibre).
The combustion chamber is of cylindrical shape. It is created by a ring-shaped cylindrical insert of varying
bore mounted inside a larger bore in the body of the test barrel. Depending on the calibre of the cartridge to
be tested, the combustion chamber has the volumes as given in Table 12 and dimensions as given in
Figures 26 a) and 26 b).
Table 12 — Calibre and volume of combustion chamber
Calibre Volume of combustion chamber

3
6,8/11 0,3 cm
3
6,8/18 0,6 cm
3
6,3/10 0,3 cm
3
6,3/16 0.6 cm
BS EN 16264:2014
EN 16264:2014 (E)
5.7.2.6 Capillary nozzle (4)
The capillary nozzle simulates typical combustion characteristics of piston tools by producing the same level
of combustion pressure and virtually identical dynamics (rise and decline of pressure). It is designed as a bore
with Ø3 mm x 193 mm.
5.7.2.7 Muff and flame detector (5)
The muff connects the nozzle to the collector bag. The flame deflector focuses the combustion flame away
from the sides of the collector bag.
5.7.2.8 Collector bag for combustion residue (6)
The collector bag (see Figure 24) is made of very fine-meshed fabric woven from polypropylene multifilament
2
staple fibre which does not absorb humidity. Air permeability shall be in the range of 37 l/m ·s with a relative
tolerance of ± 5 % at 2 mbar measured according to EN ISO 9237.
NOTE A commercially available fabric satisfying these requirements is SEFAR TETEX MULTI 05–37–420 W
manufactured by Sefar AG, Switzerland (http://www.sefar.com). 1)
1) SEFAR TETEX MULTI 05-37-420 W is the trade name of a product supplied by Sefar AG. This information is given for
the convenience of users of this European Standard and does not constitute an endorsement by CEN of this product.
Equivalent products may be used if they can be shown to lead to the same results.
BS EN 16264:2014
EN 16264:2014 (E)
Key
1 bordering tape
2 reinforcement of edges: Longs sides topstitched (2x with double needle), bordered and topstitched (1x with double
needle); tight stiches with PTFE thread
3 warp direction
Figure 24 — Dimensions of collector bag
BS EN 16264:2014
EN 16264:2014 (E)
5.7.3 Procedure
Before carrying out the tests, the cartridges shall be conditioned at a temperature of (21 ± 1) °C and at relative
air humidity of (60 ± 5) % for 96 h.
The collector bags and other equipment shall be conditioned at the same temperature and relative humidity as
the laboratory for at least 24 h.
Each test consists of three series of 20 firings of the tested cartridges.
Testing shall be carried out at an ambient temperature of 20 °C to 25 °C and a relative air humidity of 30 % to
70 %. Testing shall be started within 1 h of removing the cartridges from the climate chamber.
The test rig is mounted vertically with the muzzle facing downwards. See Figure 25.
Figure 25 — Example of a test rig
The combustion pressure shall be maintained at a level of at least 750 bar. For this purpose, with low power
level cartridges which produce combustion pressures below 750 bar (e.g. 6,8/11 grey and brown), a pot
shaped insert with a reduced diameter bore acting as a diaphragm shall be inserted instead of the ring-shaped
insert described below (see Figures 26 a) and 26 b)). The bore diameter at the bottom of the pot-shaped
insert shall be adjusted such that a combustion pressure of between 750 bar and 800 bar is achieved. The
volume of the combustion chamber shall be maintained at the same volume defined for the calibre.
As shown in Figures 26 a) and 26 b), the inserts shall be placed in the bore of the test barrel.
BS EN 16264:2014
EN 16264:2014 (E)
a) Test barrel with ring shaped insert (example of 6,3 calibre)
b) Test barrel with pot-shaped insert (example of 6,3 calibre)
Figure 26
BS EN 16264:2014
EN 16264:2014 (E)
For each series of 20 cartridges, use a new (unused) collector bag.
The test shall be aborted if any ignition of collected residue occurs in the collector bag.
Testing is done in the following steps:
a) the collector bag is weighed on the laboratory scales and its mass Mb1 is noted;
b) the cartridges are removed from their collation;
c) the collector bag is attached to the end of the test barrel by means of a hose clip. Care shall be taken to
adequately tighten the clip;
d) the first cartridge is inserted in the cartridge chamber and the firing unit is attached by closing the breech
bayonet;
e) the seal of the breech is tightened by turning the muff clockwise thus pushing the nozzle, combustion
chamber, and cartridge chamber upwards against the breech;
f) the cartridge is fired into the collector bag. Ignition of residue may be indicated by unusual flames inside
the collector bag or negative weight differential of the collector bag before and after the test due to partial
combustion of fabric. In such a case, the test series shall be repeated with a new unused bag. If residue
ignites again the test has failed;
g) the breech is opened by turning the muff counter-clockwise and then removing the firing unit;
h) the cartridge chamber insert is removed from the test barrel. The spent cartridge is extracted from the
cartridge chamber insert;
i) the cartridge chamber insert is inserted into the test barrel again for the testing of the next cartridge in the
same manner as described above;
j) after all 20 cartridges have been fired, the collector bag is removed from the test barrel by opening the
hose clip;
k) the bag is allowed to cool down for one hour, preferably by freely hanging it from a line;
l) the collector bag with the combustion residue inside is weighed and its mass Mb2 is noted;
m) the relative amount of combustion residue in percent is calculated as:
M res − ( M fr ⋅ 1,3)
R' (%) = × 100
M powder
where
M res is the total mass of residue collected in the collector bag from the firing of the 20 tested
cartridges;
M fr is the mass of incombustible frictionator contained in the primer mix of the 20 tested
cartridges before firing;
M powder is the mass of propellant contained in the 20 tested cartridges before firing.
BS EN 16264:2014
EN 16264:2014 (E)
The mass of unburned powder in the collected residue is considered to be:
M powder
= residue (
M res − M fr − 0,5 ⋅ 0,15 ⋅ ( M primer − M fr ) )
(
≈ M res − M fr − 0,075 ⋅ ( M primer − M fr ) )
≈ M res − 1,3 ⋅ M fr
NOTE The coefficient of 0,5 results from the fact that the mass of solid reaction products of the non-frictionator part
of a typical leaded primer mix amounts to approximately 50 % of its original mass.
The coefficient of 0,15 results from the fact that only a minor fraction of approximately 15 % of the fine oxides of lead,
barium etc. is retained in the filter bag.
The coefficient of 1,3 results from the fact that the mass of solids (metal oxides) from the non-frictionator part of the primer
mix which is retained in the filter bag amounts to approximately 30 % of the mass of the frictionator in case of a typical
leaded primer mix.
The amount of powder residue per cartridge produced in the test shall not exceed a maximum limit value
relative to the mass of powder contained in the cartridge before firing.
The maximum permissible residue level is R’ = 13,5 %.
The test is passed if during none of the three test series the relative amount of unburned powder R’
exceeds 13,5 % of this test series.
5.8 Physical and chemical stability test
5.8.1 General
The physical and chemical stability test shall be done in order to verify the stability of the article in all normal,
foreseeable environmental conditions of use.
5.8.2 Equipment
The following equipment shall be used:
5.8.2.1 Climatic chamber (see 4.4);
5.8.2.2 Timing device type 2 (see 4.1).
5.8.3 Procedure
The cartridges, in smallest pack, shall be heated for 96 h in a climatic chamber having the following
conditions:
— temperature: (+ 52 ± 1) °C;
The test shall be performed before using the cartridges for the extreme temperature test according to 5.10.
During the test the cartridges shall neither ignite nor show any case cracks.
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EN 16264:2014 (E)
Visual inspection will be used to evaluate this.
5.9 Mechanical conditioning test
5.9.1 General
The mechanical conditioning test shall be done in order to demonstrate the insensitivity of the article to
normal, foreseeable handling and transportation.
5.9.2 Equipment
2 2
The apparatus shall provide a deceleration of 490 m/s (−50/+100) m/s (when measured at the centre of an
unloaded platform) and the mechanical conditioning impulse duration (time elapsed from the starting of the
machine's deceleration to the time in which the deceleration reaches its maximum value during each first
shock pulse) shall be 2 ms ± 1 ms working at a frequency of (1 ± 0,1) Hz.
An example of mechanical conditioning test equipment is given in Annex B.
Timing device: type 2 (see 4.1).
5.9.3 Procedure
The cartridges in the primary pack shall be fixed to the mobile plate of the mechanical conditioning apparatus
and tested for 60 min.
The test is passed, if during the test, the cartridges neither ignite nor release powder or primer mix.
Evaluation will be carried out by visual inspection.
5.10 Extreme temperature test
5.10.1 General
The extreme temperature test shall be done in order to verify the resistance of the cartridges to low and high
temperature and to verify if safety or reliability of the functioning are adversely affected by the thermal
conditioning.
5.10.2 Equipment
The following equipment shall be used:
5.10.2.1 Climatic chamber (4.4);
5.10.2.2 Pressure measuring equipment (5.4.2).
5.10.3 Procedure
5.10.3.1 General
After the performance of the tests as described in 5.10.3.2 or 5.10.3.3, the tested cartridges shall be used for
a pressure test as described in 5.4.
BS EN 16264:2014
EN 16264:2014 (E)
5.10.3.2 High temperature test
The high temperature test shall be carried out on one primary pack in as received status, acclimatized at
least 24 h at the following conditions:
— temperature: (+52 ± 1) °C ;
5.10.3.3 Low temperature test
The low temperature test shall be carried out on one primary pack in as received status, acclimatized at least
24 h at the following conditions.
Temperature: (–10 ± 1) °C.
A pressure measurement shall be conducted as indicated in 5.4.

3 3
The test shall be performed for the additional volume Va = 0,16 cm for rimfire and Va = 0,4 cm for centre fire.
The cartridges shall be removed from extreme temperature storage no more than 1 min before the test.
The requirement for a cartridge to give no individual value for maximum pressure in excess of 1,25·pmax (Va)
shall be regarded as fulfilled if:
P10 + K 3.10 ⋅ S10 ≤ 1,25 ⋅ Pmax (Va )
P10 + K 3.10 ⋅ S10 = P10 + 2,36 ⋅ S10 ≤ 1,25 ⋅ Pmax (Va )
where
Pmax (Va ) is the maximum admissible pressure at 21 °C and reported in Table 8.
During the low temperature test 10 % of misfire is admitted.
5.11 Safety test
5.11.1 General
The test shall be performed in order to demonstrate the safety of the cartridge against inadvertent ignition.
5.11.2 Equipment
An example of typical equipment which may be used is illustrated by the following Figure 27 (other equivalent
technical solutions may be used).
BS EN 16264:2014
EN 16264:2014 (E)
Key
1 height adjustable electromagnet 5 solid adjustable base plate
2 steel ball 6 catchment tank (wet sawdust)
3 firing pin E eccentricity (see Table 13)
4 cartridge chamber X detailed view (see Figures 28 and 29)
Figure 27 — Test rig for safety test
5.11.3 Firing unit
The firing unit (Figure 28 and 29) consists of a steel block with a bore matching the cartridge calibre acting as
a cartridge chamber, a firing pin guide attached to this block and a firing pin which is contained in the firing pin
guide. The firing pin shall have the tip diameter A and a tip radius R. Its axis is positioned in parallel with the
BS EN 16264:2014
EN 16264:2014 (E)
axis of the cartridge at an offset E. The tip of the firing pin contacts the bottom of the cartridge inserted in the
cartridge chamber of the firing unit. The firing pin shall be free to move in the vertical direction for at
least 3 mm.
The test setup allows a steel ball of mass M to be dropped on the firing pin from a height H.
Values for A, R, E, M, and H shall be in accordance with the values given in Table 13.
Key
1 firing pin
2 firing pin guide
3 cartridge chamber
H drop height
E eccentricity (see Table 13)
Figure 28 — Firing unit

BS EN 16264:2014
EN 16264:2014 (E)
Key
R radius (see Table 13)
A diameter (see Table 13)
Figure 29 — Firing pin geometry
The mass and dimensions for the safety test are presented in Table 13.
Table 13 — Masses and dimensions for the safety test
a
M E R H A
CARTRIDGE
[g] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm]
22 NC (5,5/16) 112 2,70 1,25 40 2,50
22 (5,6/16)
112 2,70 1,25 40 2,50
22 EX (5,6/25)
5,7/16
112 2,70 1,25 40 2,50
5,7/25
Rimfire type
6,3/10
6,3/12
112 2,90 0,75 40 1,50
6,3/14
6,3/16
b
6,8/11 2
112 3,25 0,80 40
c
6,8/18 3
9 × 17 112 none 0,80 25 2
Centre fire 9 × 20 112 none 0,80 25 2

type 9 × 27 112 none 0,80 25 2
38 SP (9 × 29) 112 none 0,80 25 2
a
Collated cartridges (collation strip or other form of collation) shall be tested as single cartridges.
b
Two radii of R0,8 tangentially join the cylindrical pin with a flat end face of 0,4 mm diameter.
c
Tolerance of eccentricity E ± 0,05.
BS EN 16264:2014
EN 16264:2014 (E)
5.11.4 Procedure
The test shall be carried out on 25 cartridges acclimatized at least 24 h at the following conditions:
— Temperature: (+21 ± 1) °C;
— Relative humidity: (60 ± 5) %.
A steel ball of mass M (according to Table 13) shall be dropped from an electromagnet located at height H on
a firing pin (Figure 28 and Figure 29) which hits the cartridge inserted in the chamber.
The test is passed if none of the 25 cartridges ignite at non-fire height H.
If any ignitions occur during the test, the test equipment shall be thoroughly checked.
If the test equipment is found to be satisfactory, then a new test according to 5.11.4 shall be conducted with
50 different cartridges, pre-conditioned in the same manner.
If the equipment is found defective, the results from the first test shall be disregarded and the test shall be
repeated with 25 cartridges pre-conditioned in the same manner.
The test is passed, if none of the cartridges ignites.
6 Categorization
Cartridges that have passed the tests as required by Clause 5 shall be categorized P1, if the manufacturer /
importer does not apply for the categorization as P2 during type test.
Cartridges having failed on one or more of the tests during type test shall not be categorized, neither as P1
nor as P2.
NOTE Having failed any of the tests, these cartridges comprise a significant safety risk, thereby endangering secure
handling and/or use, so that they are not appropriate for use, not even by persons with specialist knowledge.
7 Minimum labelling
7.1 Single cartridges
7.1.1 General
Single cartridges are too small to affix the CE marking according to Article 11 paragraph 1 of the
Directive 2007/23/EC and the necessary labelling information according to Article 12 on each individual
cartridge, so that according to Article 11 paragraph 1, Article 12 paragraph 5 of the Directive 2007/23/EC, the
CE marking and the minimum labelling information are to be provided with the primary pack.
7.1.2 Marking of single cartridges
Nevertheless, all single cartridges shall bear the following marks:
— the identity of the cartridge manufacturer or the importer into the EC, identification shall be provided by a
manufacturer's mark or of the legal person for whom the cartridges were produced and who accepts
BS EN 16264:2014
EN 16264:2014 (E)
responsibility for their compliance with current regulations applied in indelible fashion either to the base or
the body of the cartridge case;
— on the base of centre fire cartridges, the calibre and /or the commercial name of the cartridges. If it is
impossible for technical reasons to show the calibre on the base, it may be marked in indelible fashion on
the body of the cartridge case;
— the colour indicating the cartridge power as defined by Table 9.
7.2 Primary packs
Cartridges shall be packed in primary packs, which shall be suitably closed. Each primary pack shall bear the
following minimum information:
a) name and address of the manufacturer or, where the manufacturer is not established in the Community,
the name and the address of the importer;
b) the name and the type of the article;
c) the minimum age limit of 18 years except where a national provision requires another age limit according
to Directive 2007/23/EC Article 7 paragraph 2; the relevant graphical symbol as defined in Annex C may
be used instead;
d) relevant category;
e) Net Explosive Content (NEC) of the primary pack;
f) instructions for use: “Comply with tool manual” and the instructions as defined in Annex C; the relevant
graphical symbols as defined in Annex C may be used instead;
g) the quantity of cartridges contained in the smallest package unit;
h) CE marking, followed by the identification number of the notified body responsible for checking the
conformity to type according to Module C, or for monitoring the existing quality system according to
Module D or Module E of the Directive 2007/23/EC;
i) registration number shall be in the following form: XXXX-YY-ZZZZ, where XXXX refers to the registration
number of the notified body issuing the EC Type examination certificate, YY refers to the category of the
article in abbreviated format (P1 or P2) and where ZZZZ is a processing number by the notified body
responsible for the Module B;
j) tool type, reference to the system as defined in 5.6 (only for collated cartridges);
k) power level by colour and number;
l) calibre.
Where the information printed on the primary pack can be affected by opening the pack, the manufacturer
shall ensure that the pack design prevents loss of information when the label is broken.
NOTE The given order of the information is not mandatory.

BS EN 16264:2014
EN 16264:2014 (E)
Annex A
(normative)
Testing of cartridges for powder actuated tools
A.1 Type Testing (module B 2007/23/EC Annex II)
Each cartridge type shall be type tested.
For type test purposes, a lot of at least three thousands cartridges shall be submitted to the notified body.
Upon the applicant’s request, the notified body may approve minor configuration modifications that do not
afflict the safe cartridge function without new type testing.
A.2 Batch tests by producer during production
A.2.1 General
If the manufacturer or the importer wishes to apply for CE approval with modules C, D or E, the size of the lot
submitted to batch test shall not exceed:
— five hundred thousand cartridges for central percussion cartridges;
— one million five hundred thousand cartridges for rimfire cartridges.

BS EN 16264:2014
EN 16264:2014 (E)
A.2.2 Single Cartridge and collated cartridges
Table A.1 — Single and collated cartridges test
Test Single Cartridges Collated Cartridges
a
5.3 Verification of dimension Only once for each calibre done as single cartridges
Strongest load for each calibre produced by the
5.4 Pressure measurements b
manufacturer
5.5 Energy measurements Each type
5.6 Collation test Not applicable Each type
5.7 Residue test Not applicable Each type
5.8 Physical and chemical Only once for each calibre if the chemical compositions
stability (powder and primer mix) are identical for all colours
c
5.9 Mechanical conditioning test Only once for each calibre
5.10 Extreme temperature low Each type
5.10 Extreme temperature high Each type
Only once for each calibre if primer mix and cartridge cases
5.11 Safety test
are identical for all colours
a
Due to identical manufacturing process of cases.
b
Low power cartridges produce less pressure.
c
Due to similar cartridge configurations, the test shall be performed only with those cartridge types that
the notified body considers most critical, e.g. small quantity of powder, small grain size of powder, etc.
A.2.3 Sampling
The following table indicates the quantity of cartridges that shall be used for each test as described in
Clause 5.
The number of items prescribed for the manufacturing checks may be altered if the manufacturer has a quality
control system.
BS EN 16264:2014
EN 16264:2014 (E)
Table A.2 — Sampling tests
Test conditions Test cartridges quantity

Batch testing
Relative Type test according to
Test Temperature
Humidity (module B) Modules
a
C,D ,E
°C %
5.1 Design documentation / / 0 No
5.2 Design / / 1 No
5.3 Verification of dimension / / 30 Table A.3
5.4 Pressure measurements +21° 60 % 12
5.5 Energy measurements +21° 60 % 12
b
5.6 Collation test +21° 60 % 3 × 4 × Tools No
5.7 Residue test +21° 60 % 3 × 20 No
5.8 Physical and chemical
+52° 60 %
stability one primary pack No
5.9 Mechanical conditioning test +21° 60 % one primary pack No
5.10 Extreme temperature −10° / 12 No
5.10 Extreme temperature +52° 60 % 12 No
5.11 Safety test +21° 60 % 25 No
NOTE The samples are taken randomly from a testing lot.
a
These tests alone are not sufficient for module D but complete production quality assurance shall be fulfilled.
b
Test shall be performed for each tool declared by the cartridge producer. The tools used in the test will be indicated
on the primary pack as indicated in Clause 7.
A.2.4 Acceptance quality level on production test
Table A.3 — Acceptance quality level on batch testing
150 001 to 500 001 to

Lot quantity < 35 000 35 001 to 150 000
500 000 1 500 000
Test Cartridges
125 200 315 500
Quantity
AQL 0,10 0,65 0,10 0,65 0,10 0,65 0,10 0,65
Quantity A/R 0/1 2/3 0/1 3/4 1/2 5/6 1/2 7/8
Batch testing is passed if independently of one another none of the A/R criteria are violated.
The following Table A.4 shall be used for visual and dimensional acceptance criteria.
BS EN 16264:2014
EN 16264:2014 (E)
Table A.4 — Visual and dimensional acceptance criteria for batch testing
Fault Description AQL defect

Absence or incorrect of the head mark 0,10
Breaking of base of case 0,10
Depth of primer < 0 mm (i.e. protruding
0,10
primer) for centre fire only
Not fitting in a minimum chamber gauge 0,10
Diameter at the top of the case (H2) max. 0,65
Rim thickness R max. 0,65
Cartridge length L6 max. 0,65
BS EN 16264:2014
EN 16264:2014 (E)
Annex B
(informative)
Mechanical conditioning test equipment
An example of typical equipment which may be used is illustrated by the following Figures B.1, B.2 and B.3
(other equivalent technical solutions may be used):
— A flat horizontal platform made of steel, 800 mm × 600 mm, 2 mm to 3 mm thick, with a rim 3 mm thick
and having a height of 15 mm. The platform is reinforced with eight steel ribs, 5 mm thick with a height of
30 mm, which are welded to the underside and run from the centre to each of the four corners and to the
middle of each edge;
— a 20 mm thick plate of fibreboard, firmly attached to the platform by screws;
— a cylindrical steel boss, diameter 125 mm and height 35 mm, located under the centre of the platform;
— a 284 mm long shaft, with diameter of 20 mm, fixed to the centre of the boss;
— a restraining peg, to prevent the platform from rotating; the mass of the platform assembly shall
be (23 ± 1) kg;
— an annular, elastomer pressure spring, with a Shore A hardness of 68 when determined in accordance
with EN ISO 868, outside diameter 125 mm, inside diameter 27 mm and height 32 mm, on which the
cylindrical boss will rest;
— a shallow steel cylinder, inside diameter 126 mm, wall thickness 5 mm, outside height 30 mm, with a
base 8 mm thick which has a 25 mm diameter hole drilled through the centre, to contain the elastomer
spring;
— a supporting steel cylinder, outside diameter 80 mm, inside diameter 60,1 mm and height 92,4 mm, to
which the shallow cylinder is screwed;
— a PVC liner, outside diameter 60 mm, inside diameter 20,2 mm and height 92,4 mm, located inside the
supporting cylinder and attached by a screw;
— a steel mounting plate, thickness 12 mm with a 25 mm hole drills through the centre, to which the
supporting steel cylinder is screwed;
— a steel base plate, thickness 12 mm;
— four supporting pillars, height 260 mm and diameter 32 mm, screwed to the mounting plate and to the
base plate;
— a framework to support the based plate so that the complete assembly is at a convenient height;
— an attachment to the shaft, allowing adjustment to the overall length, fitted with a cam wheel, outside
diameter 30,0 mm, with a contact surface 8,0 mm wide;
— a cylindrical cam, outside diameter 120 mm, inside diameter 100 mm, wall thickness 10 mm, with a
“vertical drop” of 50,0 mm between the high point and the low point (see Figure B.2); differently shaped
cams with the same drop height may be used alternatively (see Figure B.3);
— a collar, outside diameter 50 mm, height 4,0 mm;

BS EN 16264:2014
EN 16264:2014 (E)
— an electric motor and suitable gearing, to rotate the cam at a rotational frequency of 1 Hz;
— cellular rubber sheet, 100 mm thick. The material used shall have an apparent density when determined
3
in accordance with EN ISO 845, of 35 kg/m and an indention hardness check, when determined in
accordance with EN ISO 2439 of 215 N.
Key
1 restraining peg
2 platform
3 boss
4 pressure spring
5 cup
6 supporting cylinder
7 PVC liner
8 mounting plate
9 shaft
10 supporting pillar
Figure B.1 — Detail of top section of mechanical conditioning apparatus

BS EN 16264:2014
EN 16264:2014 (E)
Key
1 mounting plate
2 supporting pillar
3 base plate
Figure B.2 — General assembly of mechanical conditioning apparatus
Key
1 cam
2 collar
3 cam wheel
Figure B.3 — Detail of shaft attachment and cam assembly of mechanical conditioning apparatus
BS EN 16264:2014
EN 16264:2014 (E)
Annex C
(normative)
Graphical symbols
As part of the minimum information for use, handling, storage and disposal for primary packs, these shall be
provided with the following information either in instruction or in pictogram form:
Keep out of reach of children
Smoking and naked flames forbidden EN ISO 7010-P003, No open flame; fire, open
ignition source and smoking prohibited
Comply with tool manual
Eye protection shall be worn EN ISO 7010-M004, Wear eye protection
Ear protection shall be worn EN ISO 7010-M003, Wear ear protection
Do not crush, strike or pry

BS EN 16264:2014
EN 16264:2014 (E)
Annex ZA
(informative)
Relationship between this European Standard and the Essential

Requirements of EU Directive 2007/23/EC on the placing on the market of
pyrotechnic articles
This European Standard has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission
and the European Free Trade Association to provide a means of conforming to Essential Requirements of the
New Approach Directive 2007/23/EC on the placing on the market of pyrotechnic articles.
Once this standard is cited in the Official Journal of the European Union under that Directive and has been
implemented as a national standard in at least one Member State, compliance with the clauses of this
standard given in Table ZA.1 confers, within the limits of the scope of this standard, a presumption of
conformity with the relevant Essential Requirements of that Directive and associated EFTA regulations.
Table ZA.1 — Correspondence between this European Standard and Directive 2007/23/EC on the
placing on the market of pyrotechnic articles
Essential Requirements Clause(s)/subclause(s) Qualifying

(ESR) of Directive 2007/23/EC of this EN 16264 remarks/Notes
(1) 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.7
(2) 5.1, 5.2
(3) first paragraph 5.4, 5.5, 5.6
(3) second paragraph 5.5, 5.9, 5.10
3 (a) 5.1, 5.2, 5.3
3 (b) 5.8
3 (c) 5.9
3 (d) 5.8
3 (e) - Not applicable
3 (f) 5.10
3 (g) 5.11
3 (h) Clause 7
3 (i) 5.8, 5.9, 5.10
3 (j) Clause 7
3 last sentences 5.9
4 (a) Clause 1
4 (b) Clause 1
B1 5.2, 5.4, 5.6
B2 Clause 7
B3 5.7, 5.11
B4 - Not applicable
WARNING — Other requirements and other EU Directives may be applicable to the product(s) falling
within the scope of this standard.
BS EN 16264:2014
EN 16264:2014 (E)
Bibliography
[1] EN 15895:2011, Cartridge operated hand-held tools — Safety requirements — Part 1: Fixing and hard
marking tools
[2] EN ISO 845, Cellular plastics and rubbers — Determination of apparent density (ISO 845)
[3] EN ISO 868, Plastics and ebonite — Determination of indentation hardness by means of a durometer
(Shore hardness) (ISO 868)
[4] EN ISO 2439, Flexible cellular polymeric materials — Determination of hardness (indentation
technique) (ISO 2439)
[5] EN ISO 7010:2012, Graphical symbols — Safety colours and safety signs — Registered safety signs
(ISO 7010:2011)
[6] ISO 2859-1, Sampling procedures for inspection by attributes — Part 1: Sampling schemes indexed by
acceptance quality limit (AQL) for lot-by-lot inspection
[7] Comprehensive edition of adopted C.I.P. Decisions (Permanent International Commission for the
Proof of Small-Arms), Brussels/Belgium, 2009
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BSI Standards Publication

Pyrotechnic articles — Other

Pyrotechnic articles - Other pyrotechnic articles - Cartridges for

Articles pyrotechniques - Autres articles pyrotechniques - Pyrotechnische Gegenstände - Sonstige pyrotechnische

This European Standard was approved by CEN on 8 February 2014.

EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels

This European Standard applies to the cartridges listed in Table 1.

Table 1 — Lists of the established calibres for PAT cartridges

3 Terms and definitions

Note 1 to entry: See Scope for applicable cartridge calibres.

4.1 Timing device:

— Type 1: Timing device capable of being read to the nearest 0,01 s.

— Type 2: Timing device capable of being read to the nearest 1 min.

— Type 2: Micrometer calliper reading to 0,01 mm (conforming to EN ISO 3611).

— Type 1: Minimum capacity 200 g.

— Type 2: Resolution 5,0 mg or better (linearity e = 5,0 mg or better).

4.4 Climatic chamber:

— Temperature from – 10 °C up to + (52 ± 1) °C.

— Relative Humidity from 60 % up to (75 ± 5) %.

5.1 Design documentation

5.1.2 Minimum content of documentation

The documentation shall contain the following minimum information:

— Identification and description of the cartridges (name and calibre).

— Net weight of propellant.

— Net weight of primer mix.

— Pressure level developed by the cartridges, measured as defined in 5.4.

— Energy level developed by the cartridges, measured as defined in 5.5.

— Name and address of the manufacturer or importer.

5.2.2 Conformity to documentation

Figure 10 — Dimensions of rim-fire type cartridges

Figure 11 — Dimensions of centre-fire type cartridges

Table 2 — Maximum cartridges dimensions

Figure 12 — Chamber dimensions

Table 3 — Minimum chamber dimension

5.3.4 Acceptance criteria

5.4 Pressure measurement

Table 4 — Equipment tolerance

5.4.2.2 Test barrel

The test barrel assembly shall meet the following requirements:

NOTE Suitable material is, e.g. no. 1.7225 (42CrMo4):

— Length: (200 ± 1) mm (from the end of the chamber);

— Transducer hole: Ø 3 mm;

Figure 13 — Test barrel assembly

5.4.2.3 Cartridge holder

The cartridge holder shall meet the following requirements:

NOTE 2 Diameter to be adapted to the fitting in the barrel.

Figure 14 — Cartridge holder

Table 5 — Cartridge holder

The plunger shall meet the following requirements:

— Additional volume: Va = 0,16 cm3 to 0,80 cm3;

— Length: proportional to mass.

Figure 15 — Plunger (slug)

Table 6 — Plunger (slug)

5.4.2.5 Crossed slots

5.4.2.6 Plunger operated test barrel

Figure 17 — Plunger operated test barrel

The seals shall meet following requirements as shown in Figure 18.