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    FCE 231 Lesson 10 Lecture Notes

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    ochiengsteve7286
    Given: T = 20 kNm G = 80,000 N/mm^2 Permissible shear stress, τ = 255 N/mm^2 Using fundamental equation of torsion: T = τJ/L τ = T(L/J) J = πd^4/32 for solid circular shaft Putting values in fundamental equation: 255 = (20,000)(L/πd^4/32) d = 50 mm Therefore, diameter required is 50 mm.

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    FCE 231 Lesson 10 Lecture Notes

    Uploaded by

    ochiengsteve7286
    18 views22 pages
    Given: T = 20 kNm G = 80,000 N/mm^2 Permissible shear stress, τ = 255 N/mm^2 Using fundamental equation of torsion: T = τJ/L τ = T(L/J) J = πd^4/32 for solid circular shaft Putting values in fundamental equation: 255 = (20,000)(L/πd^4/32) d = 50 mm Therefore, diameter required is 50 mm.

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    Strength of Materials

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    FCE 231 Lesson 10 Lecture Notes

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    Given: T = 20 kNm G = 80,000 N/mm^2 Permissible shear stress, τ = 255 N/mm^2 Using fundamental equation of torsion: T = τJ/L τ = T(L/J) J = πd^4/32 for solid circular shaft Putting values in fundamental equation: 255 = (20,000)(L/πd^4/32) d = 50 mm Therefore, diameter required is 50 mm.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    18 views22 pages

    FCE 231 Lesson 10 Lecture Notes

    Uploaded by

    ochiengsteve7286
    Given: T = 20 kNm G = 80,000 N/mm^2 Permissible shear stress, τ = 255 N/mm^2 Using fundamental equation of torsion: T = τJ/L τ = T(L/J) J = πd^4/32 for solid circular shaft Putting values in fundamental equation: 255 = (20,000)(L/πd^4/32) d = 50 mm Therefore, diameter required is 50 mm.

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    of 22

    FCE 231 – STRENGTH OF MATERIALS 1A

    LESSON 10
    LECTURE NOTES
    Section Properties
    Content of Lesson 9

    1. Torsion of Circular members


    T  G
    2. Fundamental Equation of Torsion  
    J r L
    for:
    o Solid Shaft,
    o Thin Walled Tube
    o Hollow Tube
    3. Examples on Torsion
    Assumptions in Theory of Torsion
    1. Elastic limit is not exceeded during straining.

    2. Twisting is uniform along the shaft, that is, all normal

    cross sections which are the same distance apart

    suffer equal relative rotation.

    3. Cross sections remain plane during twisting

    4. Radii remain straight during twisting


    Torsion of a Shaft

    s (shearing angle)
    A

    B

    E (angle of twist)
    C
    F r
    D

    Variation of Shear Stresses Over
    the Cross Section of a Solid Shaft


    Torsion of a Shaft (contd.)
    • Consider a small length of the circumference
    • An element of the wall ABCD is in a state of pure
    shearing stresses.
    • If the remote end of the tube is assumed not to
    twist, then the longitudinal element ABCD is
    distorted into the parallelogram ABEF, the angle
    of shearing being: 
     or   G
    G

    • {Comparable to   }
    E
    Torsion of a Shaft (contd.)
    • But if  is the relative angle of twist of the far
    end of the tube, we have from geometry:
    L  r

    • Hence L L
     
    r Gr

    • Rearranging the above equation gives:


      T
      a
    L Gr
     dr
     2
    2 r
    0
    Torsion of a Shaft (contd.)
    a
    a 4

    • Now, 2 r 3 dr 
    0
    2
    is the polar second

    moment of area (J) of the circular section OR


    “TORSIONAL CONSTANT”.

    • Therefore
    Torsion of a Shaft (contd.)
    • Consider the tube of radius r and length L.
    • Torque of magnitude T is applied to the shaft,
    shearing stresses  are generated around the
    circumference of the shaft.
    • These shearing stresses will also cause
    complimentary shearing stresses which are set
    up in the wall parallel to the longitudinal axis
    of the tube.
    • The effects of the complementary stresses
    are measured by shearing angle .
    Torsion of a Shaft (contd.)
    • Distortion of the circular ends of the shaft is
    measured by angle of twist .
    • We need to derive the relationship between
    the applied torque, the resulting shear, and
    the geometry of the shaft .
    • Torsion of a solid circular bar is based on the
    concepts of shearing stress () and shearing
    strain ().
    Torsion of a Shaft (contd.)
    • For small forces within the elastic range, the
    shearing stress around the circumference due
    to an applied torque T is related to the
    shearing strain () and shearing modulus (G)
    as follows:

     =G or 
    G


    {Compare this with   for direct stresses}
    E
    Torsion of a Shaft (contd.)
    But if  is the relative angle of twist of the far
    end of the tube, we have from geometry:
    L  r Gr
    and 
    L

    From the above values of  and , we have a


    combined equation as follows:
    L L
     
    r Gr
    Stress Analysis over the Cross
    Section of a Solid Circular Shaft

    Small area 
    Torsion of a Shaft (contd.)
    For a solid shaft of radius a, considering a small
    circular element of thickness r at a distance r
    from the centre, the applied torque is
    obtained from the product of force and radius
    i.e: Torque = Force x radius (cc. moment)
    a a
    T =  2r rdr   2r 2dr
    Rearranging, 0 0

    T
     a

     dr
     2
    2 r
    0
    Torsion of a Shaft (contd.)
    By combining the relationships from stresses
    and geometry i.e:

    L L T
      
    and a
    r Gr
     dr
     2
    2 r
    0

    But wea
    also know from section properties that
    J   2r 3 dr where J= Polar second moment of
    0
    area of a solid circular section.
     T
    Hence, r  J
    Torsion of a Shaft (contd.)
    By combining information so far, we have the
    fundamental equation of torsion as follows:
    T  G
     
    J r L

    This relationship is comparable to the


    fundamental equation of bending given by:
    M  E
     
    I y max R
    Torsion of a Thin Walled Tube
    Torsion of a Thin Walled Tube
    (contd.)
    • The difference between analysis of stresses in
    a thin walled tube and a solid shaft is in
    derivation of torque T and polar second
    moment of area, J.
    • Also note that for a thin walled tube, it is
    assumed that stresses are constant across the
    wall of the tube of thickness t:
    T  2rt r  2r t
    2

    J= 2r3t
    Torsion of a Hollow Circular Tube

    a2

    a1
    Torsion of a Hollow Circular Tube
    (contd.)
    • Because the wall of the tube is no longer thin,
    the shearing stresses are not uniform over the
    wall. Therefore, torsion of a hollow tube is
    obtained by integrating between radii a1 and
    a2. a2
    T   2r dr
    2

    a1

    • The polar second moment of area of a hollow


    circular shaft of internal diameter a1 and
    a2
    external diameter a2 is given by:
    J   2r 3 dr
    a1
    Examples on Torsion
    Example 1
    Given that the permissible stress in shear of a
    material is 255 N/mm2 and G is 80,000
    N/mm2, and a torque T of 20 kNm is applied
    to a solid circular shaft that is machined from
    the material,
    Determine what diameter of the shaft that will
    be required to withstand the applied torque?
    Examples on Torsion (contd.)
    Solution to Example 1

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