1

A.I
NTRODUCTI
ONANDPURPOSEOFTHERELAB(
REMOTELEARNI
NGACTI
VITYBOOKLET)

Thepandemi
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TABLEOFCONTENTS

TERM WEEK SUBTOPI

C/SECTI
ON PAGE

2
 1 Mi
ndMa
p 3

Te
rmi
nol
ogy 4-
5

Compos
iti
onoft
hea
tmos
phe
re 6

St
ruc
tur
eoft
hea
tmos
phe
re 7

Oz
onel
aye
r 8

Ac
tiv
iti
es 9-
12

2 He
ati
ngoft
hea
tmos
phe
re 13
MATEANDWEATHER

Ac
tiv
iti
es 14

Hor
izont
alv
ari
ati
oni
nte
mpe
rat
ureont
hee
art
h’ss
urf
ace 15
ONE

Ac
tiv
iti
es 16-
17

3 TheGr
eenhous
eef
fec
tandGl
oba
lWa
rmi
ng 18
CLI

Ac
tiv
iti
es 19-
20

4 Moi
stur
eint
hea
tmos
phe
re 21

5 Cl
oudf
orma
tion 22

6 Di
ff
ere
ntf
ormsofpr
eci
pi
tat
ion 23

Ac
tiv
iti
es 24-
26

7 Sy
nopt
icWe
athe
rMa
p 27

Ac
tiv
iti
es 28-
30

TERM WEEK SUBTOPI

C/SECTI
ON PAGE

1 Mi
ndMa
p 31

Te
rmi
nol
ogy 32-
33
GEOMORPHOLOGY

St
ruc
tur
eoft
heEa
rth 34

Ac
tiv
iti
es 35-
36
TWO

2 Cl
ass
if
ic
ati
onofr
ock
s 37

38-
40

3 Pl
ateTe
ctoni
cs 41

Ac
tiv
iti
es 42-
44

3
 4&5 Fol
di
nga
ndFa
ult
ing 45

Ac
tiv
iti
es 46-
48

6&7 Ea
rthqua
kes 49

Ac
tiv
iti
es 50-
52

8&9 Vol
canoe
s 53

Ac
tiv
iti
es 54-
56

TERM WEEK SUBTOPI

C/SECTI
ON PAGE

1 Mi
ndma
p 61

Te
rmi
nol
ogy 62-63

2 Popul
ati
onDi
str
ibut
iona
ndDe
nsi
ty 64

Ac
tiv
iti
es 65-67
ON
POPULATI

3 Popul
ati
onSt
ruc
tur
e 68
THREE

Ac
tiv
iti
es 71-74

4&5 Popul
ati
onGr
owt
h 75

Ac
tiv
iti
es 79-82

6&7 Popul
ati
onMov
eme
nts 83

Ac
tiv
iti
es 85-92

TERM WEEK SUBTOPI

C/SECTI
ON PAGE

1 Mi
ndma
p 93
RESOURCES
WATER

Te
rmi
nol
ogy 94-95
FOUR

2 Wa
terma
nage
menti
nSout
hAf
ri
ca 96–109

Ac
tiv
iti
es 110-112
4
3 Fl
oods 113

Ac
tiv
iti
es 116-117

5
 CLI
MATE
GRADE10:TERM1
WEEK1

1.
1.Unde
rst
andi
ngt
hea
tmos
phe
rea
sas
yst
em

1.
2.Whyt
heAt
mos
phe
rei
ssoi
mpor
tant

1.
3.Wha
tist
hec
ompos
iti
onoft
heAt
mos
phe
re

1.T
2. empe
rat
urec
hange
sov
ert
imea
nds
pac
e
2.
2.Proc
ess
esa ss
ociat
edwitht heheat
ingofthea tmospher
e
2.
3.Whataret hewa y
sinsol
at i
onisspr
e a
dint hea t
mosphere
?
2.
4.Howisene rgytra
nsferr
edf romtheEarth’
ss urf
ace
?
2.
5.Whatfactorsaffe
ctthete mpera
tureofdiffe
rentpl
a c
es?
2.
6.TheGreenhous eef
fect(enhance
de ff
ectandi mpac
t

3.
1.Thedif
fer
entfor
msa ndquanti
ti
esofwa
ter
3.
2.Eva
porati
onandcondensa
tion
3.
3.Humidi
ty
3.
4.Cl
ouds
3.
5Pr
eci
pi
tat
ion

6
TERMI
NOLOGY
Atmos pher
e Thegas
eousla
yersurr
oundi
ngtheEar
th
Atmos pher
ic Iti
sthefor
ceexe
rtedonasurf
acebythea
ira
bov
eita
sgr
avi
typul
l
sitt
o
pres
s ure Ear
th
Lati
tude
Ozone I
sahi
ghl
yre
act
ivega
scompos
edoft
hre
eox
yge
nat
oms
.
Ozonede pl
eti
on
Albedo
CFK Chl
orof
luoroc
arbons–va
riouscompoundsconsi
sti
ngofcar
bon,hy
drogen,
chl
ori
ne,andfl
uori
ne,
onceusedinaer
osolprope
ll
antsandr
efri
ger
ator
s
Te
mpe ratur
e
Pe
rma nentgass
es Gas sest ha tdonotc hangei npr opor t i
on
Var
iablegass
es Thepe r c
e ntageoft he sega s s
e si nthea tmos phe rec ha ngesf r
omt imet otime
andpl a cet opl a ce
Cl
i
ma te Thea ve r
a gec ondi t
ionsi nt hea tmos phe ref ora na reaov eralogpe riodoft i
me
Weather Thea ve r
a gec ondi t
ionsi nt hea tmos phe ref oras pecificplacea ndtime
Gr
eenhousega
sse
s Gas seswhi cht ra phe atr adiationf romt hee arthc a
us ingt empe rat
ur estor is
e
ont hee arth’ss urface
I
nvers
ion Ac ondi tioni nt hea tmos phe r
ewhe ret empe ratur einc reasewi thheight
Ter
restr
ialradi
ati
on Radia tionf romt hee arth
Ul
travi
oletli
ght Electroma gne ticradiationwi thawa ve l
engt hs hor t
ert ha ntha tofvisibl
el i
ght
Gre
enhous eeff
ect Thegr e e
nhous ee ffectist hepr oc essbywhi chr adiat i
onf romapl anet '
s
atmos phe rewa rmst hepl anet'ss urfa cetoat empe r
a turea bov ewha titwoul d
bewi thoutt hisa t
mos phe re
Phy
topl
ank
ton Aret hea utot rophicc ompone ntsoft hepl anktonc ommuni t
ya ndak eypa rtof
oceana ndf reshwa tere cos ystems
Albedo Thea mountofr adiati
onr eflectedf romas urface
I
ns ol
ati
on Incomi ngs olarr adi
at i
on
Globalwar
ming Ther i
s eingl oba ltempe rature swhi chha sledt oc l
i
ma tec hange
Contine
ntalc
li
mat
e Iti
nc lude st empe rat
ur ee xtreme s, l
argedi urna lands ea s
ona lrangesof
tempe rature ,sma llannua lprec i
pit a
tiont ota l
s,andl owr elativ
ehumi dity
Ma
rit
imec
li
mat
e Ma rinec lima tei sthec las s
ific
a tionofc li
ma tet ypical ofwe s
tc oast
si nhi gher
middl el ati
tude sofc ontine nts, andge nerall
yf eat uresmi l
ds umme rs
Te
mperatur
erange Ma ximumt e mpe r
aturemi nust hemi nimumt empe ratur e
Def
ore
stati
on Ther emov aloft rees
Des
ert
if
icat
ion Thepr oce ssbywhi chf e rti
lela ndbe come sde s ert,typic a
ll
ya sar esultof
drought ,de f
or estati
on, ori nappr opriatea griculture.
Soi
l erosi
on Ther emov aloff erti
let ops oilbywi nda ndwa te r
Conde nsati
on Whe nwa terv a pourc ha nge stol iquids tate
Evapor a
tion Whe nl i
qui dc ha nget oga s
e ouss tate
Subli
ma tion Whe nwa terv a pourc ha nget oas ol
ids tate
Wa tervapour Thega s eouss t ateofwa ter
Latenthe at He ata s s
oc iatedwi thapha sec ha ngei nwa ter
Cl
ouds Ma sse sofs uspe ndedwa terori cepa rti
clesint hea t
mos phe re

7
De
wpoi
nt Thea tmos phe ricte mper at
ur e(va ryi
nga ccordingt opr ess
ur ea ndhumi dit
y)
belowwhi chwa terdropletsbe gint oc onde nsea ndde wc anf orm.
Humidi
ty Thea mountofwa terv apouri nthea tmos phe re
Rel
ati
vehumi
dit
y Thea mountofwa terv apourpr ese ntina i
re xpresseda sape rcentageofthe
amountne ede df ors at
ur ati
ona tt hes a met empe ra ture.
Sat
urate Holdinga smuc hwa terormoi sturea sc anbea bsor bed
Advec
tionf
og Thisty peoff ogf ormsf roms urfac econt actofhor i
zont al
wi nds
Fog At hi
ckc l
oudoft inywa terdr opletss us pende dint hea tmosphe rea torne ar
theea rth'
ss urfa cewhi c
hobs curesorr e st
rictsvisi
bi l
ity
Radi
ati
onfog Itf
ormsov erni ghta sthea irne art hegr oundc oolsa ndstabilizes
Conv
ecti
on Themov eme ntc ausedwi thinaf luidbyt het endenc yofhot te randt here
fore
l
e s
sde nsema t erialtori
s e,andc olde r,dens erma terialtosinkunde rthe
i
nfluenc eofgr a vi
ty,whic hc onseque ntlyr esultsint ransf
erofhe at.
Fr
ont Theme et
ingpl aceofwa rma ndc olda i
rma sse s
Le
eward Alsos hadowa re a.Thele ewa rdsidei sthes idepr ote cte
dbyt hee levat
ionof
theislandf romt hepr evail
ingwi nda ndi stypicall
yt hedr i
ers ideofa nisl
and.
Wi
ndwa
rds
ide Windwa rdist hedi rect
ionupwi ndf romt hepoi ntofr ef
erence ,alt
ernati
velythe
dir
e c
tionf romwhi chthewi ndi sc oming.

8
WEEK:
1 COMPOSI
TIONOFTHEATMOSPHERE
STUDYWI
THTHESEQUESTI
ONSI
NMI
ND

WHATI
STHEATMOSPHERE GASSESI
NTHEATMOSPHERE
 Thel
ayerofgase
ssurroundi
ngtheEar
th’ss
urfa
ce
 Thede
nsityofgas
esde c
reas
eswithhe
ightasonemov
eawa
y PERMANENTGASES VARABLEGASES
fr
omtheea r
th’
ssurf
ace.
The
segasesoccurinaf
ix
edpe r
centage Thesea
regasesthatdonotoc
curi
nthe
i
ntheat
mos phere fi
xed% i
nthea t
mos pher
e
 Nitrogenhasaf
ixedquanti
tyof  Wa tervapour
78%  Carbondioxide
 Oxy gen–21%
 Argon–0. 9%

COMPOSI
TIONOFTHEATMOSPHERE

 sol
idpart
icl
es(ic
e ,
sal
t,s
mok e
,ca
rbon,
anddus
t),
 l
iqui
d(water)and SI
GNI
FICANCE
 gas(pe
rma nentandvar
iabl
e)
 Nitrogenisimpor tantforplant  Wa tervapour-Impor t
antfor
growt h cl
imaticprocess
ess uchasr ai
nfa
ll
I
MPORTANCEOFTHEATMOSPHERE  Ox ygen–i si
mpor ta ntforcel
l  Carbondioxidevari
e sbecauseof
respir
ati
ona ndf or numbe rofpeople,
combus tion,
 Contai
nsoxygenwhichi
sess
enti
alforre
spi
rat
ioni
nhuma
ns combus ti
on(burning) amountofv egetat
ione tc
.
 Contai
ncarbondi
ox i
def
orpl
antstogrow  Argon–us edma i
nlyfor
 Actsasbl
anketaroundt
heeart
h i
ndus tr
ialpurposess ucha s
 Prote
ctsl
if
eone arth weldingandma nufactureof
electr
ica
lbulbs.Alsok nowna sa
noblegas.

STRUCTUREOFTHEATMOSPHERE

9
 STUDYWI THTHESEQUESTIONSINMIND
WHATI
SIT:Thea
tmos
phe
rec
ons
ist
soff
ourdi
sti
nctl
aye
rsTr
opos
pher
e,St
rat
osphe
re,
Mesos
phe
re,
The
rmos
phe
re

HOW DOESI
TLOOKLI
KE LAYERSOFTHEATMOSPHERE I
MPORTANCE
EXOSPHERE EXOSPHERE
 Oute
rla
yerofthethe
rmos phe
re  I
tishe
ret
hats
ate
ll
it
eor
bit
sthee
art
h
 Fr
om550kmt othousandsofki
lome
ter
sint
ospa
ce

THERMOSPHERE THERMOSPHERE
 Outerl
ayerofat
mospher
e  Absorbshighener
gyr
adi
ati
onfr
omthe
 Ext
endfrom80k mtomergethespa
ce sun
 Temperat
ureinc
rea
seswithal
ti
tude
.  Pre
v ent
srocksfr
omspac
eente
ringt
he
 Ai
rpa r
ti
cle
sreacht
emperatur
eofabout500°
C-1800°
C l
owe ratmospher
e

MESOSPHERE MESOSPHERE
 Fr
oma bout50kmt o80kma bovethes
tra
tos
phe
re  Pr
event
srock
sfr
oms
pac
eent
eri
ngt
he
 Temperat
uredec
reaseswit
ha l
ti
tude l
oweratmos
pher
e
 Temperat
ureca
n- 80°C.
 Upperl
imiti
sme s
opause

STRATOSPHERE STRATOSPHERE
 Loca
tedabovethetropos
phe
re  Cont a
insoz
onewhi c
hs upple
me nt
sour
 Conta
insOzonelay
er oxygen
 Temperat
ureinc
reaseswi
thal
ti
tude(
nega
tiv
ela
pser
ate
)  Air
pl a
nesarefl
ownint hi
slayer
 Air
pl a
nesuseswindsinthisl
ayertopi
ck
ups peed
TROPOSPHERE
 Cl
oses
ttot heEarth’
ssurfa
ce TROPOSHERE
 Hei
ghtof10k m(poles)andabout17km( e
qua
tor
)  Pr
oduceswe at
her
 Ai
rdensestinthelay
er  Webreathoxygeninfromthi
slaye
r
 Hi
ghestamountofox ygenandwa te
rvapor  Hasga
s essuchasoxygenandwater
 Te
mpe ra
turede c
reaseswit
ha l
ti
tude va
porthatareessenti
alf
orli
feonear
th.
 Separ
ate
dfr
oms
tra
tos
phe
rebyTr
opopa
use  Pr
oducewa te
rthroughrai
n
 Pr
oducefoodtoea t
THEOZONELAYER

10
OZONELAYER
 Gasmadeupof3oxy
genatoms
 Loca
tedi
ntheSt
rat
osphe
re

I
MPORTANCE:

 Absorbs99% oftheul
tr
aviol
etray
soft
he
sun
 Thethick
ne s
svari
esf
romlati
tudeto
l
a t
it
udea ndsea
sontosea
son

OZONEDEPLETI
ON:

Thegradua
lthi
nni
ngofEa
rth'
soz
onel
aye
rin
theuppera
tmosphe
re
STRATEGI
ESTOREDUCEOZONE
CAUSES EFFECTS DEPLETI
ON

WHATCAUSETHEDEPLETI
ON  thereleaseofc hemical  LessabsorptionofUVr ays  Us eofoz onef r
iendlyproduct
s
compoundsf romindus t
ryand  Causeskinca ncer  Reduc et heproduc ti
onofCFK
Thethi
nni
ngi
smostpronounce
dinthepol
ar otherhuma na c
tivi
ti
e s
.  Catar
actsinhuma nand  Plantmor etreest orel
easeoxy
gen
re
gions
,es
pec
ial
l
yoverAntarc
tic
a.  Supe r
soni cjetfl
ightsreleas
e ani
ma leyes throughphot osynthesi
s
ozonea tta c
kingga sesinthe  Loweri
ngt hei mmune  Strictregulati
onst oreducethe
strat
os phe r
e syst
em emi ssi
onsofc a
rsa nd
 Sprayinga e
rosolc ansthat  Inc
reasedincidenceof  Regul ati
onsa gainsttheburnof
arenotoz onef r
iendly malari
a fossilfuels
 Us i
ngni trogenfer t
ili
zer
s  Kil
lphytopla
nk toninocea
n  Us eofs olarandwi nde ne
rgyto
 Re l
easeof  Disr
uptma rinefoodwe b reduc ethee missionsoftheburni
ng
Chlorofluorocarbons  Reducegrowt hinplant
s ofc oal
 Propellantsina erosolcans
 Coolant sinre f
ri
ge r
a t
orsand
airconditioning

ACTI
VITI
ES:
STRUCTUREOFTHEATMOSPHERE

11
1.
1Re
fert
oFI
GURE1.
1showi
ngt
hel
aye
rsoft
hea
tmos
phe
re. 1.
2Re
fert
oFi
gur
e1.
2showi
ngt
hes
truc
tur
eoft
hea
tmos
phe
re

1.
1.
1 Na
mel
aye
rDwhi
chs
uppor
tspe
opl
e,pl
ant
sanda
nima
ls. 1.
2.
1 De
finet
hea
tmos
phe
re. (
1x1) (
1)

1.
1.
2 La
yerGi
sca
ll
edt
he… 1.
2.
2 Wha
tga
sma
kesupmos
toft
hea
tmos
phe
re? (
1x1) (
1)

1.
1.
3 Ei
ndi
cat
est
hel
oca
tionoft
he…l
aye
r. 1.
2.
3 Whydol
ong-di
sta
ncea
irc
raf
tchoos
etof
lyi
nthel
owe
rpa
rt
oft
heSt
rat
ospher
e? (
1x2) (
2)
1.
1.
4 Thet
empe
rat
urede
cre
ase
swi
tha
lti
tudei
nla
yerDa
nd…
1.
2.
4 Dis
cus
sther
ela
tions
hipbe
twe
ena
lti
tudea
nda
irpr
ess
ure
.
1.
1.
5 Te
mpe
rat
urei
ncr
eas
eswi
tha
lti
tudei
nthe
set
wol
aye
rs. (1x2) (
2)
1.
1.
6 Givet
henameofthel
ayerwher
emet
eor
sburnupwhenent
eri
ngthee
art
h’s 1.5 “
2. Wr i
teapara
graphofa
tle
astEIGHTli
nesi
nwhi
chyou
atmos
pher
e.
dis
cussr
easonswhyt
heTropos
pher
eisi
mpor
tant
.
(4x2) (
8)
1.
1.
7 Commerc
iala
irl
i
ner
scr
uis
einla
yer…t
oavoi
dtur
bul
enc
eofcl
ouds.

1.
1.
8 Na
met
hel
aye
rwhe
rewe
athe
rpr
oce
sse
soc
cur
. (
8x1)
(8)

12
1.
3FI
GURE1.
3isas
ket
chde
pic
tingt
heSt
ruc
tur
eoft
heAt
mos
phe
re 1.
4St
udyFI
GURE1.
4,ac
art
oonont
heoz
onel
aye
r.

1.
4.
1 Wha
tisoz
one
? (
1x2) (
2)

1.
4.
2 Howdoe
soz
onef
orm? (
1x2) (
2)

1.
3.
1 I
dent
if
yLa
yer
sDa
ndEi
nFI
GURE1.
3. (
2x1) (
2) 1.
4.
3 I
nwha
tuni
tisoz
oneme
asur
ed? (
1x1) (
1)

1.
3.
2 De
finet
het
ermoz
one
. (
1x2) (
2) 1.
4.
4 Whe
nisa
nar
eac
ons
ide
redt
obeoz
onede
ple
ted? (
1x2) (
2)

1.
3.
3 Na
met
hel
aye
rinwhi
cht
heoz
onel
aye
roc
cur
s. (
1x1) (
1) 1.
4.
5 The‘soca
lledholeisov
ert
heAntar
cti
ca?Howwouldyoua
nswe
r
theques
tion–‘ifiti
sahol
e,whyi
sheatnote
sca
ping?
’
1.
3.
4 St
atet
hei
mpor
tanc
eoft
heoz
onel
aye
rforl
i
feonEa
rth. (
1x2) (
2) (1x2) (
2)

1.
3.
5 Youarechosenasas pokespersonfortheannualoz
onedepl
eti
on 1.
4.
6 Thefa
the
risstr
ess
eda
bouttheholei
ntheozonel
aye
r.Sugge
st
summit.
Inapa ragr
aphofa pproximate
lyEIGHTliness
umma r
iesyour THREEeff
ect
sonhumansi
fthi
s‘so-c
all
edhol
e’ge
tsl
arge
r.
spee
chexpla
iningthes oc
io-envi
ronmental
e f
fec
tsofozonede
plet
ion (3x2) (
6)
andthepossi
blepreventati
veme asur
es? (4x2) (
8)

13
1.
5 St
udyt
hef
oll
owi
ngs
tat
eme
nt. 1.
6 Re
fert
othedi
agr
ambe
low.

“Whatdoesi
tmeantorede
fineone’
srel
ati
onshi
ptothesky?Wha t
wil
li
tdotoourchi
ldr
en’
soutlookonl
if
eifwehavetoteac
ht hemtobe
af
rai
dtolookup?”
USSenator
,AlGor
e .
Eart
hi nthe
Bal
ance,
1993

1.
5.
1 De
finet
het
erm,
“Oz
onede
ple
tion” (
1x2) (
2) 1.
6.
1 De
finet
het
erma
tmos
phe
re. (
1x2) (
2)

1.
5.
2 I
dent
if
yTWOgr
eenhous
ega
sse
stha
tca
use
soz
onede
plet
ion. 1.
6.
2 Li
stt
hec
ons
tantga
seswhi
cha
repr
ese
nti
nthet
roposphe
re.
(
2x1) (
2) (
3x1) (
3)

1,
5,
3 Gi
veTHREEwa
ysi
nwhi
chhuma
nsc
ande
cre
aseoz
onede
ple
tion 1.
6.
3 Namet hev aria
blegasthatisresponsi
bleforrai
nfal
l.( 1x1) (
1)
(3x1) . (
3) Explai
nwhyt hegasme nti
onedin1.6.2isvari
able
. ( 1x2)
1.
6.
4 Namet hede nsestl
a y
erofthea tmosphere.Giv
ee vi
dencef
romthe (
2)
1.
5.
4 Defend Se
natorAlGore’
ss tat
ementi
n EXTRACT 1.
5,us
ing t
he dia
gramt opr oveyoura ns
we r
. (1+2)
knowle
dgeyouacc
umul
ate
da boutOz
onede
ple
tion. (
1x2) (
2) 1.
6.
5 Explai
nwhyt heatmospherecanonlybef oundaroundtheeart
h.
(1x2) (
3)
1.
5.
5 Ozonedepl
eti
onincre
a s
estheear
t h’
sexpos
uretoUltr
avi
ol
etra
ys.I
na Howdoe st hetempe r
aturechangewi t
ha l
tit
udeinthe
pa
ragraphofa boutEIGHTl i
nesdiscussthecons
equence
sofozone 1.
6.
6 Strat
osphere ? (
1x2)
de
pleti
ononthehuma nsandtheenvi
ronment. (4x2) (
8) (
2)
Whi c
hge ographicter
mi susedtode scr
ibetheabove-menti
oned
1.
6.
7 changeinte mperatur
ewi t
ha nincrea
seina l
ti
tude?
(1x2) (
2)

1.
6.
8

(
2)

14
 COLUMNA COLUMNB

1.
7.
1 Whe
noz
onel
aye
risde
str
oye
d A St
rat
osphe
re

1.
7.
2 Uni
ttha
toz
onei
sme
asur
edi
n. B Sk
inc
anc
er

1.
7.
3 Thel
aye
roft
hea
tmos
phe
rei
nwhi
cht
heoz
onel
aye
ris C Oz
onede
ple
tion
l
ocat
ed
D Chl
orof
luor
oca
rbons
1.
7.
4 Thema
inc
aus
etha
tde
str
oysoz
one
E Che
mic
alc
ompounds
1.
7.
5 Anegati
veef
fectoft
hea
bse
nceofoz
oneont
he
phy
sic
alenv
ironment
. F Re
duc
ingpl
antgr
owt
h

1.
7.
6 Compoundsusedi
nrefr
iger
ator
sanda
irc
ondi
ti
one
rs G CO3
tha
tdama get
heozonel
a y
er.
H Ca
tar
act
s
1.
7.
7 Anegat
ivee
ffe
ctoft
hea
bse
nceofoz
oneonhuma
n
ey
es. I CO2

1.
7.
8 Hi
ghl
eve
lsofs
unbur
nca
nre
sul
tin. J Ex
ces
s

(
8x1)(
8)
e
xce
ss

15
WEEK2:
HEATI
NGOFTHEATMOSPHEREa
ndTRANSFEROFHEATI
NTHEATMOSPHERE

STUDYWI
THTHEFOLLOWI
NGQUESTI
ONSI
NMI
ND
HEATI
NGOFTHEATMOSPHERE TRANSFEROFHEATI
NTHEATMOSPHERE

SOLARRADI ATI ON:

 Thea mountofs un’s
energy/heatgivenoffby
thesun.
 Only46% oft hes un’
s
energyreachestheEa r
th’
s
surf
a c
ebe causeitmovesin
shortwa v
es
 54% islostbys catt
eri
ng,
absorpti
ona ndrefle
cti
on.

PROCESSESHEATI
NGTHEATMOSPHERE PROCESSESTRANSFERI
NGHEAT
SCATTERI
NG REFLECTI
ON: ABSORPTI
ON: CONVECTI
ON CONDUCTI
ON TERRESTRI AL
RADIATION
 Occurswhe ns mall  Thea c
tofs endi
ng  Thepr ocesswhe reby  Ea rt
h’ssurf
ace  Thet r
a nsf
e rof  Thee arth’
ssurfaceis
parti
cl
e sa ndga ses thes un’senergy cl
ouds, ands oli
dma tt
er warmsup, ex
pa nds
, heatbe tween he a
tedbyme a
nsof
dif
fuse( spli
tup)t he ba c
ki nthe absorbe nergy get
slighte
ra nd substances radiat
ionfromt hes un.
sun’
sra ysi nrandom directi
onitc ame  About24% i sabsorbed ri
ses. thatarein  Thisradiat
ionisint he
dir
ecti
onswi thout fromwi thout bywa terv a
por ,ca
rbon  Asairri
seitcools dir
ectc ontact. formofs hortwa ves.
alt
eri
ngt he muc ha bsorpti
on. dioxi
de,s mok eanddust andsinksagainto  Whe na ir  Thea tmosphereint urn
wavelengt ha tal
l.  Cloudsa ppear parti
cl
e s ear
th’ssur
face touchthe isheatedbyr adia
tion
 About8% ofhe atis whitebe cause wa r
ms ur f
ac e fromt heearth
scatt
eredbydus t, theyr ef
lectalot oftheEa rth.  Longwa v
er a
di a
tion
smoke, anda i
r oflight. fromt hesuni scall
ed
parti
cl
e sbe forethe Te r
restri
alRa di
ation
sun’
she atr eachesthe
surf
ace.

16
ACTI
VITI
ES:
HEATI
NGOFTHEATMOSPHERE

2.
1 Re
fert
oFI
GURE2.
1showi
nghe
ati
ngoft
hea
tmos
phe
re 2.
2 Re
fert
oFI
GURE2.
2showi
nghe
ati
ngoft
hea
tmos
phe
re

2.
1.
1 De
finet
het
ermi
nsol
ati
on. (
1x1) (
1) 2.
2.
1 Whati
sthedi
ff
ere
ncebe
twe
eni
nsol
ati
ona
ndt
err
est
ri
al
r
adi
ati
on? (
2x1) (
2)

2.
1.
2 Namet
hemai
nsour
ceofi
nsol
ati
onf
ort
hee
arthass
eeni
n 2.
2.
2 Whatca
usesthescat
ter
ingof5% ofthesun’
srays
?
FI
GURE1.
3. (1x1) (
1) (1x2) (
2)
2.
2.
3 Whatpr
ocessprev
entsapproxi
matel
y20% ofthesun’s
2.
1.
3 Ex
pla
int
het
ermt
err
est
ri
alr
adi
ati
on. (
1x2) (
2) ene
rgyf
romr e
achi
ngthes urf
aceoft
heeart
h?
(2x1) (
2)
2.
1.
4 Menti
onTHREEfa
ctor
sintheatmosphe
r ewithhasthe
gr
eate
stef
fec
tontheamountofsol
arradia
tionre
a c
hingt
he 2.
2.
4 Whati
sthetot
ala
mountofhe
ata
vail
abl
efora
bsor
pti
on
Ear
th’
ssur
fac
e. (3x2) (
6) byt
heeart
h? (1x2) (
2)

2.
1.
5 Ex
plai
nhowacloudydaywi
l
linf
lue
ncet
hepe
rce
ntage 2.
2.
5 Nameanddes
cri
beFOURwa
yshowt
hee
arthhe
atst
he
i
nsol
ati
onr
ece
ivedbytheea
rth. (2x2) (
4) at
mospher
e. (
4x2) (
8)

17
WEEK2:HORI ZONTALVARI
ATI
ONINTEMPERATUREONTHEEARTH’ SSURFACE
FACTORSAFFECTI
NGTEMPERATURE
1.LATI
TUDE
EQUATOR
 Experi
encehightemper
aturethroughoutthey
ear
 Thefurtheryoumoveawa yfr
ome quat
orthel
ower
thetemperatur
e
POLES
 Experi
encelowtemperat
urethroughouttheyear
 Thefurtheryoumoveawa yfr
omt hepolesthe
highe
rthet emper
atur
e.

2.
ALTITUDE
THEHIGHERYOUGOTHELOWERTHETEMPERATURE
 Thes unhe atsupt hes urf
aceoftheearthandthen
heatisr adi
a t
edba ckintotheatmosphere
 Thea irinthehi gheratmosphereisl
essdens ea
nd
cannothol dhe ataseas i
l
y.
 Additionall
y,higheralti
tudesar
ef ur
therawa yf
rom
heatra diat
ingfromt hee ar
th’
ssurfac
e
Aswegofroms urf
aceoft heEa rt
htohigherele
v a
tions
at
mosphe
rete mpe raturedecreases.

3.
OCEANCURRENTS
 Thet e mpe r
a tureofa noceancurre
ntaffe
cts
tempera t
ureoft hea irmassthatpasse
sov erit
.
 Wa rmoc eanc urrentincreas
esthetemperatureof
theairincoa stalarea
 Col doc eancur r
e ntdecreas
esthetemperatureoft
he
airi
nc oastala r
ea
 NB. Wa rmc urrentsont heeastcoasta
ndCol d
curr
ent sont hewe s
tc oas
t
4.
DISTANCEFROMTHEOCEAN
 Thel andishe atedfa s
terthanthesea
 Thel andlos esheatf a
sterthanthese
a
SUMMER
 Coa s
ta lareasarecool
 Inla
ndi swa r
m
 Thef urthe ryoumov ea wayfromtheseat
he
highert het e
mpe rature.
WINTER
 Coa s
ta lareasarewa rm
 Inla
ndi sc old
 Thef urthe ryoumov ea wayfromtheseat
he
lowert het emperature.

18
3.
1 Us
eFI
GURE3.
1anda
nswe
rtheque
sti
ons
. 3.
2 St
udyFI
GURE3.
2be
low.

3.
1.
1 Warmoceanc
urre
ntsf
lowfr
omthe(e
quat
ori
al/pol
ar)r
egi
onsa
nd 3.
2.
1 Na
met
heoc
eanc
urr
ent
s1a
nd2r
espe
cti
vel
y. (
2x1) (
2)
f
lowtowa
rdsthe(
equa
tori
al
/pol
ar)r
egi
ons.

3.
1.
2 Col
doc
eanc
urr
ent
sfl
owf
romt
he(
equa
tor
ial
/pol
ar)r
egi
ons
. 3.
2.
2 Compar
ethet
empe
rat
ureofCa
peTowna
ndDurba
ngi
vi
ng
re
asons
. (2x2) (
4)

3.
1.
3 Wa
rmoc
eansc
urr
entf
lowa
longt
he(
eas
t/we
st)c
oas
tli
nes
. 3.
2.
3 Comparet
hete
mpera
tur
esofPi
ete
rma
rit
zbur
gandPor
t
Nol
lot
hgivi
ngr
eas
ons. (2x2) (
4)

3.
1.
4 Thet e
mpe r
a t
urediffe
rencebetweenPortNol
lotha
ndDurba
nis 3.
2.
4 Acc
ountf
ort
hedi
ff
ere
ncei
nra
inf
all
bet
wee
nDurba
nandPor
t
becauseofthe(alt
itude/oceancur
rents) Nol
lot
h. (2x2) (
4)
.
3.
1.
5 Pret
oria’
stempe r
atureislowertha
nWi ndhoe
k ’
sbe
caus
eofthe
(al
ti
tude/la
titude)i
tislocate
don.

3.
1.
6 Thedif
fer
encebetweent
hete
mpera
turea
tPr
etor
iaa
ndDur
bani
s
the(
longi
tude/di
sta
ncefr
omtheocea
n).

3.
1.
7 Oceancurr
ent
sresul
tina(
sma
ll
/l
arge
)te
mper
atur
ev a
ria
tionoft
he
coa
stal
t e
mperat
ure. (
7x1)( 7)
19
3.
3 RefertoTABLE3.
3tha
tshowsSout
hAf
ri
cana
nnua
lte
mpe
rat
ure 3.
4Re
fert
oFI
GURE3.
4be
low.
for2015.

3.
3.
1 Whi
cht
ownha
sthes
mal
l
esta
nnua
lra
nge
?Gi
vet
hea
nnua
lra
nge
. 3.
4.
1 I
dent
if
ythef
act
ora
ffe
cti
ngt
empe
rat
urei
nFI
GURE3.
4.
(
2x1) (
2) (
1x2) (
2)

3.
3.
2 Namethecur
rentthatplay
sar ol
er e
gar
dingthes
mallannua
l 3.
4.
2 Compar
ethet
empe
rat
urea
tthet
ropi
cal
rainf
ore
stt
o
te
mper
atur
era
ngeofthetowninQUESTI
ON3.3.
2. ( 1x1) (
1) thet
undr
a? (1x2) (
2)

3.
3.
3 Expl
ai
ntheinf
lue
ncetha
tthecur
rentment
ionedi
nQUESTI
ON3.
3.
3 3.
4.
3 Compar
ethedif
fer
encei
nvegetat
ionasal
ti
tude
hasont hetemper
atur
ea ndrai
nfal
lont hear
eaadj
ace
ntt
oit. i
ncre
ases
?Giveareas
onforyouranswer
? ( 4x2) (
8)
(2x2) (
4)

3.
3.
4 De
finet
het
ermMa
rit
imec
li
mat
e. (
1x2) (
2) 3.
4.
4 Ment
iona
notherf
act
ora
ffe
cti
ngt
empe
rat
uret
hant
hos
e
de
pic
tedal
ongs
ide
. (
1x2) (
2)

3.
3.
5 Inaparagra
phofa boutEIGHTline
s,di
scusst
hedif
fer
encei
nte mpera
ture
betwee
nJ ohannes
burga ndDurbanbyrefe
rri
ngtol
ati
tudeandheight
abovesealev
el.Reme mbertousethei
nformati
oni
nTABLE3. 3.
(4x2) (8)

20
WEEK3:THEGREENHOUSEEFFECTa
ndGLOBALWARMI
NG

WHATI SI T?
 Thisreferstot hewa yinwhichtheeart
his RESULTOFGREENHOUSE
abl
et ot r
apra diati
onf r
omapl anet
’s  Thepr obl
emhowe veri
sthatovertheye
a r
s
atmosphe reandwa r
mst heplanet’
ssur
fac
e moreandmor ehe a
tisbei
ngt r
appedand
heatwithinitsa tmosphere
.  t hi
sismakingtheea r
thwarmerthanitshoul
d
THEGREENHOUSEEFFECT

 Thega sesinthea t
mos phe
rea bsor
bthe beandwer ef
ert othi
sasglobalwarmi
ng
l
ongwa veradiationfromthes un.  Wa r
me ra
tmos phere–Globalwa r
ming
 Thet empe r
atur eabovewha ti
twouldbe
withoutthisatmos phe r
e
STRATEGIESTOREDUCE
 Reducegreenhousegasse
s
 Plantmoretrees
GREENHOUSEGASSES: GAS % Whatproducet hega s
 Useofs ol
arandwinde ne
rgy
Methane 10% Ca
ttl
e,la
ndfil
ls,agr
icul
ture
 Regula
tether e
leaseofgass
esf
romi
ndus
tri
es
Thes
egase
sha v
etheabi
l
ityt
o Nit
rousoxi
de 5% Manure,
transport,
agricul
tur
e
abs
orba
ndr e
tai
nheat
. Carbondi
oxi
de 72% Tr
ansport
,industri
es
CFCs 13% Tr
ansport




CAUSESOFTHEGLOBALWARMI NG I
MPACTONPEOPLE IMPACTONENVI RONMENT
 Bur ningoffoss i
lfuels,
rel
easesc ar
bon  Inc
reasei nglobalwa rming.  Ri
seofgl oba l
te mperatur es
dioxideintothea t
mos phere  Me l
ti
ngofpol arice–c aps  Pl
antsa nda nima l
stha tc an’tadapttothe
 De forestat
ion:treesconvertcarbon  Risi
ngs ealeve l
s,whi chresultsinthefloodi
ng hi
ghe rtempe ratur
esbe comee xti
nct.
NG

dioxideintoox ygen oflow-lyingareasCl ima ti

cc hanges  Oceansbe comewa rme r
GLOBALWARMI

 De structi
onoft heoz onelayer  Spreadofde s
e r
tif
ica ti
on  Marineor gani
smsbe comee xti
nct
 Increa se
dpollutantsthattraphe at.  Inc
reasei ndrought -s t
ri
c k
e na r
eas  Moree xtremewe at
here .
g. storms,dr
oughts
,
 Gr eaterdema ndf orcattl
eresul
t si
nmor e  Incre
as eindisease ss ucha sma l
ari
aDr opin he
a twa vesfir
e sandfloods
me tha negas. foodpr oductionduet odr oughts,ext
incti
on  Melti
ngofs nowa ndicea tthepol es
 Us eofCFC’ sint hema nufact
uring ofplant s
, f
is
ha nda nima l
s  Ri
sings ealevelsbecaus eoft hemelti
ngsnow
indus try
.  Infec
tiousdise as
e s( Cholera,Ma l
ari
a),  Cl
ima techange
 Us eofmor ec arsa ndhuma na c
t i
vi
ti
esthat becauseofwa rme rt empe rature
s
gene rateheat.  Migrationofpe oplet oc oolercli
ma t
es
 Ra pidpopulationgr owth
21
22
4.
1 St
udyt
hef
oll
owi
ngi
nfor
mat
iononhe
ati
ngoft
hea
tmos
phe
re. 4.
2St
udyFIGURE4.2be
lows
howinthei
mpactofGl
oba
lwa
rmi
ngont
he
cl
i
mat
e,agr
icul
tur
eandc
ommuni
ti
esofAf
ric
a.
“Wea renowf indi ngma la ri
ainpl ace st hatwedi dnote xpectt of i
ndit,
part
icularl
ythehi ghl andr egi
onst hatus edtobet ooc ool forma lari
a,
”s ai
d
DorothyMe mus i
, De put yDi r
e ct
oroft heMa lar
iaDi vi
sioni nKe nya’s
Minis
tryofHe a lth.Ma l
a riaha soc curre donKe ny a’
shumi dc oas tand
swampyl owla ndr egionsf orma nyge ne rati
ons ,butitha sonl yr a re
ly
rea
che dv i
ll
age sont hes lopesofMountKe ny a.Inrecentde cade s,
howeve r,s
cient i
s tsha venot eda ni ncre aseine pidemicsi nt her egion.
Manyme dicala nde nv i
ronme ntal expe rtscl
a imt hatthes pikeinma lari
ais
duetoc li
ma tec ha nge ,int hef ormofwa rme rtempe ratur esa ndv aria
tions
i
nr ai
nfa l
lpatter ns .Cha nge sinte mpe raturec ana ff
ectt hede velopme nt
andsurv i
valofma lariapa r as
itesa ndt hemos quitoestha tc arryt hem.
Rai
nfallalsoinflue nc est hea vail
a bil
ityofmos quitohabi tatsa ndt hes i
ze
ofmos quitopopul at i
ons .Thebe stc l
ima tecondi t
ionsf orma lari
aa rea
l
ongr ainyseas ont ha ti
swa r
ma ndwe t,fol
lowe dbyadr ys e asont hatis
nottoohot ,followe dbyahota ndwe ts hor
tr ainyse a
s on.
4.
1.
1 Dis
tingui
shbe
twe
enc
li
mat
echa
ngea
ndgl
oba
lwa
rmi
ng.
(2x2) (
4)

4.
1.
2 Disc
us sa
tlea
s tTWOwa ysi
nwhichhuma
nbe
ingsar
e
cont
ribut
ingtowardsc
li
matecha
nge. (
2x2) (
4)

4.
1.
3 Expl
ai
nhowcl
i
mat
echa
ngei
nKe
nyai
sincr
eas
ingt
hes
pre
ad 4.
2.
1 Byre
fer
ri
ngtoFIGURE4.2,l
i
stthec
onseque
nce
sofGlobal
ofmala
ria
. (1x2) (
2) war
mingforAf
ric
ainter
msofONEs oc
ial
,ONEeconomica
nd
ONEenvi
ronmental
cons
equenc
e.( 3x2) (
6)
4.
1.
4 Expertsbla
meCl ima teCha ngef orfuell
i
ngMa lar
iainKe nya.
I
ma ginethatyouwor kfort heWor l
dHe al
thOrganiza
t i
on
4.
2.
2 Whatist
hea
ver
agetempe
rat
urei
nᵒCe
xpe
ctedt
oinc
rea
sei
n
(WHO)a ndtheyha vea skedy out ocomeupwi thapr oposal
Sout
hern Afr
ica
? (1x2) (
2)
tohelpsolvethepr oble
mofma l
ariainKenya.Writ
eas hort
essay(nolongert hanEIGHTl i
ne s)inwhichyousugge s
ta t
4.
2.
3 I
napa ragr
aphofappr
oxi
mate
lyEIGHTli
nese
x pl
ai
nwha
tthe
l
eastTHREEl ong-terms oluti
onsf orGlobalwarmingtha t
Gre
enhouseeffe
cti
sandit
sef
fectonpe
opleandthe
woulda l
socurbt hesprea doft hedi s
easeinKenya.
env
ironment. (
4x2) (
8)
(3x2) (
6)

23
 4.
3Re
fert
oFI
GURE4.
3be
lowbe
for
eans
wer
ingt
hef
oll
owi
ngque
sti
ons
.

4.
3.
1 Ex
pla
int
heme
ani
ngoft
het
ermgl
oba
lwa
r ng.
mi (
1x2) (
2)

4.
3.
2 I
dent
if
yTWOc
aus
esofgl
oba
lwa
rmi
ngf
romFI
GURE3.
3.
(
2x2) (
4)

4.
3.
3 Desc
ribeanyTWOwaysi
nwhichpe
opl
eandt
hee
nvi
ronme
ntwi
l
lbei
nfl
uenc
ed
asaresul
tofgl
oba
lwa
rming.
(
2x2) (
4)

4.
3.
4 Youweretask
edbythel
ocalGovernmenttoc omeupwi t
hpr oposa
ls
(s
ugges
tions
)tore
ducetheimpactofgloba
l warming.Wri
teas hortpar
agr
aph
ofnomorethanEI
GHTli
ne sinwhichyouhighli
ghtyourproposal
st or
educ
e
gl
obal
wa rmi
ng. (4x2) (
8)

WEEK4:MOI
STUREI
NTHEATMOSPHERE

24
 THREESTATESOFWATER PROCESSESASSOCI ATEDWI THWATERI NTHEATMOSPHERE
Wate
re xi
stsintheatmosphe
rei
n  Evaporat
ionoc c
urswhe nli
quidwa terc hangestowa tervapor(gas).
t
hre
ed if
fer
e ntphys
ical
sta
tes  Condensati
on iswhe n wa t
erv a
porc hangest o wa terwhe ni tcool
s .I
ft he at
mosphe
r e be
come
s
overs
aturat
e d,
itwil
lle
adt oprecipi
ta t
ion.
 Freez
ingoccurswhe nl
iquidwa te
rc hange stoicebelowt hefreez
ingpoi
nt,andhea
tenergyi
srel
eased.
 Melti
ngta k
esplacewhe nIcechange stowa te
rabovet hefreezi
ngpoint
,andheatener
gyisa
bsorbed.
 Subli
ma t
ionoccurswheni cechangesdi rectl
yintowa t
e rvapor.
 Cryst
all
izat
iontakesplacewhe nwa terc hangessta
tefr omga stosol
id

 Gas(watervaporinthe
THEHYDROLOGI
CALCYCLE
atmospher
e)
 Li
q ui
d(waterthatisi
ntiny
Thehydrol
ogicalcycl
e/wa t
erc yc
leisthejourneyofwateras  Ev
apora
tiona
ndtr
ans
pir
ationaret
he
waterdropl
etsthatca
nb erai
n
watermolec
ulesma ket he
irwa yfromt heEa r
th’
ssurf
acetothe pr
imar
ysourc
eofwat
ervapor,
orfog)
atmospher
e,andba cka ga
in.
 Soli
d(ic
ec r
ystal
sinthe Thisgi
ganti
csy s
tem, poweredbye nergyfromt heSun,i
sa
atmospher
ec analsof
all
tothe  Risi
ngai
rcur
rentsc
arryitupward,
int
o
conti
nuousexchangeofmoi sturebetwe e
nt heoceans
,the theatmos
phere,
wherethea i
ris
groundashailandsnow) atmospher
e,andt heland cool
er.

 Inthecoola
ir,
wa t
erva
porcondenses
fromaga st
oal i
qui
dtofor
mc loud
dropl
ets.

 Cl
ouddropl
etscangrowandproduc
e
pr
eci
pit
ati
on(inc
ludi
ngra
in,snow,
sl
eet
,fr
eezi
ngrai
n,andhai
l)

 Thenpre
cipi
tat
ionf
all
sov
ert
hel
and
Distr
ibuti
onofwa t
er: sur
fac
e
i
nt heOc ean.
Saltwa t
eri
s97.5%
Freshwa te
r.Riv
ers,dams
,la
ke sa
nd  Someofi
teva
por
ate
s,r
etur
ningt
othe
undergroundis2.5% atmos
phe
re.

 somese
epsi
ntothegr
oundassoi
l
mois
tur
eorgr
oundwater
;and

 somerunsoffint
ori
ver
sandst
reams
.
 Almos
ta l
lofthewat
ereve
ntua
ll
y
25
 fl
owsi
ntotheoc
e a
nsorothe
rbodies
ofwat
er,
wherethecy
clec
ontinue
s

WEEK5:CLOUDFORMATI
ON

10k
m

c
irr
ost
rat
us Cl
oudType Char
act
eri
sti
cs(
hei
ght
) We
athe
r
Ci
rr
us
8k
m Cumul
onimbus Ta
ll(
8-10k
m),
dar
kgr
ey,
str
onga
irc
urr
ent
s Summe rrai
n–
c
irr
ost
rat
us
thunde
rstor
ms
c
umul
oni
mbus Ci
rr
us Thi
n,wis
py( t
h i
nli
nes),8k ma ndabove
,point Nop r
eci
p i
tat
ion,
indi
cat
ion
6k
m
a
ltos
tra
tus i
nthedir
e c
tionofthewin dblowing ofacold
Fr
ont
4k
m Cumul
us Bi
gcottonwo olbal
ls
,cl
e arskyinbetween Cancreat
er ai
n/hai
l
s
tra
toc
umul
us
c
umul
us Candevel
opintocumu l
on i
mb usinsumme r
2k
m
andspri
ng
ni
mbos
tra
tus
St
rat
us Fl
at,
h a
zy,feature
less,
a tlowa l
ti
tudes, Ma ypr
oduced r
izz
le
s
tra
tus

26
 v
aryi
ncol
orf
romda
rkgr
eyt
owhi
te
TOPI
C:TYPESOFRAINFALL
OROGRAPHICRAI
NFALL FRONTALRAI
NFALL CONVECTI
ONRAI
NFALL

 Occursinmount a
inousareas  Occur swhent hereisintenseheat
ingoft he
 Cy
cloni
corFronta
lra
infa
llocc
urswhen
 Ai
ri spu shedu pt hesideo fth emo untai
n Earth’ssurf
ac eespeci
a l
lyduri
ngsumme r.
moistairf
romt hefrontalsyst
emr i
ses
 Moistairisforcedtoris
ea ndc oolagai
nstthe overcol
d e
ra i
r.  Evapor a
tionta kespla
cea ndmoistairri
se s
mountain. andc ools.
 Wa rma i
rri
s es
,coolsandc ondens
es
 Whe nthea i
rc ool
st oi
tsde wpoi nt
,condensa
tion andfrontalrai
nfal
ls.  Conv ect
ionalrainoccursina r
easwit
hhi gh
oc
curs. tempe rat
ures.
 Commo no vertheWe sternand
 Rel
i
e frainfall
sont hesea-
facingmount ai
ns i
de– SouthernCap e
,especial
lyduri
ng  Commoni ns umme rrainfal
larea
sint he
wi
ndwa rds i
de SouthAf ric
ani nter
ior.
 Theo th er(lee)s i
deisd rier.

27
WEEK6:DI
FFERENTFORMSOFPRESI
PITATI
ON

WHATDOTHEYLOOKLI
KE TYPE CARACTERI
STICS
 Dropsofwate
rthatc
o ndens
eo ncool
surf
aceswhenthea
ir
issat
ura
ted.
DEW  Formswh e
nwa t
erva
p orcondens
esontocoolobj
ect
s
 Surf
acete
mperat
urea
bov e0°C

 Whent hedewpoi nttemperat

ureisbel
ow0°C
FROST  Sur
fac
el ose
she atthroughter
restr
ialr
adi
ati
on
 Col
desttempe r
atureisthecl
osesttothes
urfac
e
 Waterv apoursub l
i
ma tes(
fre
eze)o nt
ovegetat
ion

 For
msi ncumuloni
mbu sclouds
.
HAI
L  Waterdropl
etsfr
eezeanda retake
nu pi
ntothetopoft
he
cl
oudbys t
rongup-draughts.
 Thedropl
etsfal
lwhent heupd r
aughtsl
ows,andt
h e
yare
car
ri
edu pbyfurt
herup -
d r
aughts.
 Event
uall
ytheyaretoohe av
ytob ehel
dalof
tandtheyf
all
ashai
l.

 For
mswh entemp erat
uresarebelowfreezi
nginclouds.
 Waterdropl
etsfre
ezea ndformtinyicecry
sta
ls.These
SNOW at
trac
tothercryst
alsandforms nowflak
es.
 Whentheyareh eav
ye nough,the
yf a
lloutofthecloudsas
s
now.
 I
fthetemperatur
esa r
ea bovefr
eezingclos
etoth eground,
t
henthefla
keswi l
lmelt,
a ndrai
nwi l
lfal
l.
 I
ftemperat
uresrema i
nb el
owfreezi
ng ,t
hensnowwi l
lfal
l
ont
otheg r
oun d.

RAI
N
 For
mswhe ntheai
ri ssa
tura
ted,condensa
tionnuc
lei
are
ava
il
able
 Thetemperat
urecoolst
odewpoi ntorbel
ow.
 Whenc l
oudsares
t a
turedwaterdropl
etsfa
llst
otheground

 Ass nowf al
ls, i
tcr ossesfromf r
e e
zingc onditi
onst hrough
thez oneofa bov e-freezi
ngt emperaturesa ndt henba ck
SLEET i
ntof reezi
ngons omedi stanceabov ethes urf
a ce.
 Asar esul
t,thes nowwi l
la tl
eastpartial
lyme ltont hewa y
down, formingadr opofwa t
erthatthenpa r
ti
a ll
yrefreez
es
beforeitreac hest hesur f
ac e
.
 Thisc reat
esat i
nype l
l
e tthatbounc esonimpa ctwiththe
surface.

28
29
5.
1 Pr
ovi
deonetermf
ore
achoft
hef
oll
owi
ngde
scr
ipt
ionsof 5.
2St
udyFI
GURE5.
2.
pr
eci
pi
tat
ion.

5.
1.
1 For
mswhe
nwa
terv
apourc
onde
nse
sont
othegr
ound.

5.
1.
2 For
mswhendewfr
eez
esorwhe
nthede
wpoi
ntt
empe
rat
ure
i
sbelowz
erode
gre
eCels
ius
.

5.
1.
3 FormsinCumulonimbusc
louds.
Thewate
rdropl
etsf
ree
zeand
areta
kenupintothetopofthecl
oudbystr
ongupdr
aught
s,
event
uall
ythe
ya retoohe
avytobehel
daloft
.

Formswhe ntemper
aturesar
ebe
lowthefr
eezi
ngpointand
5.
1.
4 wa t
erdropl
etsfr
eez
ea ndfor
mti
nyic
ec r
yst
alsf
all
i
ngt othe
ground. 5.
2.
1 Labe
lAa ndBont
hedi
agr
ama
swa
rma
ira
ndcol
dai
r
r
espec
tiv
ely
. (
2x1) (
2)
For
mswhe nt
heai
riss
atur
ated,c
onde
nsat
ionnuc
lei
are
5.
1.
5 ava
il
abl
e,a
ndtempe
rat
urecoolst
odewpoi
ntorbel
ow. 5.
2.
2 I
dent
if
ythet
ypeofc
loudi
ndi
agr
am. (
1x1) (
1)

Formswhensnowpar
ti
al
lymeltonthewaydown,
for
minga 5.
2.
3 I
sthec
loudt
ypea
ssoc
iat
edwi
ths
noworl
i
ght
ini
ng.
dropofwa
tertha
tthe
npa r
ti
al
lyref
reez
esbef
orei
trea
chest
he (
1x1) (
1)
5.
1.
6 surf
ace
5.
2.
4 J
ust
ifyy
oura
nswe
rinQUESTI
ON5.
2.
2,bypr
ovi
di
ngTWO
r
eas
ons. (2x2) (
4)
Thec
loudt
ypetha
tdev
elopsa
ndr
esul
tsi
nthefor
mingofha
il
5.
1.
7 andt
hunde
rst
orms. (7x1) 5.
2.
5 Thunde r
stormi
sanotherf
ormofpre
cipit
ati
on.
(
7) Discus
sTWOpos i
ti
veandTWOne gat
iveimpact
sof
thunder
stormsonpeopl
eandtheenv
ironment.(4x2) (
8)

5.
3 Re
fert
oFI
GURE2.
3showi
ngat
ypeofr
ainf
all
tha
tal
sooc
cur
sin 5.
4 Re
fert
oFI
GURE1.
6showi
ngt
heba
sicc
loudt
ype
s.
30
 Sout
hAf
ri
ca.

5.
3.
1 (
a)I
dent
if
ythet
ypeofr
ainf
all
il
lus
tra
tedi
nthedi
agr
am.
(1x1) (
1) 5.
4.
1 Na
mea
nyTWOc
loudswhi
chpr
oduc
era
in. (
2x1) (
2)

(
b)Ment
iont
het
ri
gge
rac
tiont
hatf
orc
esa
irt
ori
sei
nthe 5.
4.
2 Ex
pla
ins
tepbys
tephowc
loudsf
orm. (
3x2) (
6)
di
agr
am. (
1x1) (
1)

(
c)Na
met
hes
lopel
abe
ll
edA. (
1x1) (
1) 5.
4.
3 Namethet
ypeofrai
nwhichCa
peTowne
xpe
rie
nce
be
caus
eofthecol
dfront
. (1x2) (
2)
5.
3.
2 Ex
pla
inwhyr
ainf
all
occ
ursa
longs
lopeAonl
y. (
2x2) (
4)

5.
3.
3 Out
li
net
hei
mpa
ctonhuma
nsl
i
vingi
nther
ains
hadow.
(2x2) (
4) 5.
4.
4 Namethety
peofr
ainwhi
chi
sus
ual
l
yex
per
ienc
edi
n
Ga
uteng. (
1x2) (
2)

5.
3.
4 Thealti
tudeatwhi
chconde
nsati
ontak
esplacei
shi
ghera
tthe
CascadeRangetha
ntheCoastRang
e.Prov
ideanex
pla
nati
onwhy
thi
sisthecas
e . (2x2) (
4)

5.
5 Gi
veONEwor
d/t
ermf
ore
achoft
hef
oll
owi
ngs
tat
eme
nts
: 5.
6 Matc
hthedesc
ript
ionbel
owwiththete
rms
/proces
sesgi
veni
nthe
i
ll
ust
rat
ion.
Writ
eonlythecor
rectte
rm/pr
oce
s s
esnextt
othe
31
 que
sti
onnumbe
r;e
xampl
e

5.
5.
1 Ra
inc
aus
edbya
irr
isi
ngupamount
ain.

5.
5.
2 Si
deoft
hemount
ainwhi
chdoe
snotge
tra
in.

5.
5.
3 Whenheati
stra
nsf
err
edf
romonemol
ecul
etoa
not
her
t
hroughc
ontac
t.

5.
5.
4 Thet
empe
rat
urea
twhi
chc
onde
nsa
tionbe
gins
.

5.
5.
5 Si
deoft
hemount
ainr
angef
aci
ngt
hes
eawhe
ret
her
ainwi
l
l
oc
cur
.

5.
5.
6 Cl
oudsa
ssoc
iat
edwi
thhuget
hunde
rst
orma
cti
vi
ty.
5.
6.
1 Thepr
oce
sswhe
rebyal
i
qui
dcha
nget
oaga
s
5.
5.
7 Wi
ndst
hatbl
owf
romt
hes
eat
othel
and.
5.
6.
2 Thepr
oce
sswhe
rebyal
i
qui
dcha
nget
oas
oli
d

6.
5.
8 Na
megi
vent
othes
tudyofwe
athe
r.
(
8x1) (
8) 5.
6.
3 Thepr
oce
sswhe
rebyaga
scha
nget
oal
i
qui
d

5.
6.
4 Thepr
oce
sswhe
rebyas
oli
dcha
nget
oal
i
qui
d

5.
6.
5 Thepr
oce
sswhe
rebyaga
scha
ngei
ntoas
oli
d

5.
6.
6 Thepr
oce
sswhe
rebyi
cec
hangedi
rec
tlyi
ntoga
s.
(
6x1) (
6)

WEEK7:
SYNOPTI
CWEATHERMAP
32
WEATHERSYMBOLS DI
AGRAM
Summerandwint
ercondit
ions
:Identi
fybylooki
nga tt
hetempera
tureofpl
acesonthemapa
ndt
hepos
iti
onoft
hepr
ess
ures
yst
em
Weathe
rsymbols
:Repre
sentwea t
hercondi
tionsataparti
cul
arpl
ace.
Sta
ndardsy
mbolsar
eus edtorepres
entinf
orma t
ionabouteac
hoftheweathe
re l
ement
s
PI
PRESI ON
TATI
CLOUDCOVER

WEATHER
STATI
ON
WI
NDDI
RECTI
ON FRONTS WI
NDSPEED PRESSURESYSTEMS

33
ACTI
VITI
ES:SYNOPTI
CWEATERMAP

6.
1 St
udyFI
GURE6.
1:SYNOPTI
CWEATHERMAP.

6.
1.
1 Int
erpr
ett
heweat
hercondi
ti
onsatCa
peTownbyc
ompl
eti
ngt
hef
oll
owi
ngi
nfor
mat
ion
usi
ngthewea
the
rstat
iongi
ven.

6.
1.
1 a) Ai
rtempe r
ature
b) Dewpointtempe r
atur
e
c) Cl
oudcov e
r
d) Pr
esentwe athe
r
e) Winddir
e c
tion
f) Ai
rpressure
g) Windspeed (
7x1) (
7)

6.
1.
2 Na
met
hel
i
nest
hata
reus
edt
ojoi
npl
ace
sofe
qua
lai
rpr
ess
ure
. (
1x1) (
1)

6.
1.
3 These
asonthatt
hisc
har
trepr
ese
ntsi
s(s
umme
r/wi
nte
r).(
Choos
ethec
orr
ect
ans
werbetwee
nbrack
ets
). (1x1) (
1)

6.
1.
4 I
dent
if
ythePr
ess
urec
ell
labe
ll
edA. (
1x1) (
1)

6.
1.
5 Compar
ethespaci
ngofthes
eline
s(ans
werofQUESTI
ON4.
2.
2)a
tBa ndD.
Wherei
sthewindblowi
ngatag r
eat
erspe
ed? (1x1) (
1)
6.
1.
6 Theai
rpre
ssur
ereadingatDis…hPa. (1x1) (
1)

6.
1.
7 Thepr
ess
urec
ell
atEi
sa(
coa
sta
llow/he
atl
ow)l
owpr
ess
ure
. (
1x1) (
1)

6.
1.
8 Thepr
ess
ure(
inc
rea
se/de
cre
ase
)tot
hec
ent
era
tF. (
1x1) (
1)

6.
1.
9 Anot
herna
mef
ort
hehi
ghpr
ess
urea
tGi
sa(
cyc
lone
/ant
i-
cyc
lone
).(
1x1) (
1)

34
6.
2 Ref
ertoFIGURE6.2,aSy
nopti
cWe athe
rMa p,Var
iousopti
onsar
eprovi
dedasposs
ibl
e
ans
werstothef
ollowi
ngque
sti
ons.Chooset
hea ns
we randwri
teonl
ythele
tter(
A–D)
nex
ttothequest
ionnumber
s(6.2.
1to6.2.
7)intheANSWERBOOK, e.
g.6.
2.8A.

Sour
ce:
SAwe
athe
rse
rvi
ce

35
6.
2.
1 Thel
i
net
hatj
oi
nspl
ace
swi
tht
hes
amea
irpr
ess
urea
bov
ese
ale
vel
isc
all
eda
n…

A i
sother
m.
B i
sobar.
C i
sohyet.
D i
sople
th.

6.
2.
2 Wi
nds
pee
disme
asur
edwi
tha
/an…

A Windsock.
B Thermometer
.
C Anemometer.
D Baromet
er.

6.
2.
3 E,
onFI
GURE1.
1re
pre
sent
sthe…a
nti
cyc
lone
.

A Sout
hIndi
an
B Kal
ahar
i
C Sout
hAtla
nti
c
D Coas
tal

6.
2.
4 Thei
soba
ricr
eadi
nga
tCi
s…hPa
.

A 1010
B 1012
C 1016
D 1020

6.
2.
5 Thewe
athe
rel
eme
ntt
hatr
epr
ese
nts21a
twe
athe
rst
ati
onBi
ndi
cat
est
he…

A ai
rpressur
e.
B weathe
rs t
ationnumber.
C dewpoi
ntt e
mpe rat
ure
.
D ai
rtempe r
ature.

6.
2.
6 Thepr
eci
pit
ati
oni
ndi
cat
edonwe
athe
rst
ati
onBi
s…
A rai
n.
B shower
s.
C snow.
D hail
.

6.
2.
7 Thehor
izont
all
i
nesa
tDont
hes
ynopt
icwe
athe
rma
pre
pre
sent
sthe…l
i
nes
.

A l
ongit
ude
B l
ati
tude
C i
sobar
D c
ontour

6.
2.
8 Ac
har
act
eri
sti
coft
hea
ira
tpr
ess
urec
ell
Ais…

A c
loc
kwisedes
cendi
ng.
B a
nti
cloc
kwis
ede s
cendi
ng
C c
loc
kwiseas
cendi
ng.
D a
nti
cloc
kwis
ea s
cendi
ng. (
8x1) (
8)

36
 GEOMORPHOLOGY
GRADE10:TERM2
WEEK:
1
MI
NDMAP:

TERMI
NOLOGY
37
Ac
tiv
evol
cano: Vol
canowhi
chs
til
ler
upt
s.
Ant
icl
i
ne: Downwa
rdf
old
Ba
thol
i
th: Ve
ryl
argei
gne
ousi
ntr
usi
onwhi
chf
ormsde
epi
ntheEa
rth’
scr
ust
.
Bl
ockMount
ain/Hor
st: Bl
ockofl
andupl
i
fte
dbe
twe
ent
wopa
ral
l
elf
aul
ts.
But
te: Fl
att
oppe
dhi
l
lwi
thas
mal
ltop,
erode
dfr
omame
sa
Ci
nde
rs: Fi
nef
ragme
ntsofha
rde
nedl
ava
Cont
ine
nta
lDr
if
t: The
oryt
hatc
ont
ine
ntswe
reonel
andma
ssbutha
vedr
if
teda
par
tov
er
t
ime
.
Cont
ine
nta
lPl
ate
: Cr
ustunde
rla
ndma
ss
Conv
ergi
ngBounda
rie
s: Pl
ate
smov
ingt
owa
rdse
achot
her
.
Cor
e: Ce
ntr
ale
xtr
eme
lyhotl
aye
roft
heEa
rth.
Cr
ust
: Out
erl
aye
roft
hee
art
h.
Cue
sta
: Ri
dgewi
thage
ntl
eangl
eof10-25‫ﹾ‬
.
Di
ver
gingBounda
rie
s: Pl
ate
sar
emov
inga
par
t.
Dor
mantv
olc
ano: Ha
snote
rupt
edf
orma
nyy
ear
s.
Dy
ke: For
mswhe
nma
gmai
ntr
ude
sve
rti
cal
l
ybe
twe
enl
aye
rsofr
ock
.
Ea
rthqua
ke: Vi
bra
tioni
nea
rth’
scr
ust
.
Epi
cent
re: Poi
ntont
heEa
rth’
ssur
fac
eimme
dia
tel
yabov
ethef
ocusofa
n
e
art
hqua
ke.
Er
osi
on: Thepr
ose
sofmov
ingwe
athe
redma
ter
ial
bywi
nd,
wat
er,
andi
ce.
Ex
tinc
tvol
cano: Ha
snote
rupt
edi
nsol
ong,
sci
ent
ist
sdon’
tex
pec
titt
oer
upte
vera
gai
n.
Ex
trus
ivei
gne
ousr
ock
: Roc
ksf
ormi
ngf
roml
avaont
hes
urf
aceoft
heEa
rth
Fa
ultl
i
ne: Li
nea
longt
hes
urf
aceoft
hee
art
hwhe
reaf
aul
toc
cur
s.
Fa
ult
ing: Cr
ack
sinr
ock
sfor
medduet
ote
nsi
ona
ndc
ompr
ess
ionf
orc
es.
Foc
us: Poi
nti
nthee
art
h’sc
rus
twhe
rea
nea
rthqua
kebe
gins
.
Fol
di
ng: Be
ndi
ngofr
ock
sint
ofol
dsduet
ost
rongc
ompr
ess
iona
lfor
cesf
romt
he
s
ide
.
Fos
sil
s: Re
mai
nsofade
adpl
antora
nima
lwhi
chha
vebe
enpr
ese
rve
dinr
ock
.
Gondwa
nal
and: Supe
rcont
ine
nt.
Hogs
bac
k: Di
ppi
ngs
tra
taofmor
etha
n45˚
.
Homoc
li
nal
Ridge
: Angl
eofdi
ppi
ngs
tra
ta25-45‫ﹾ‬
.
Hor
izont
alSt
rat
a: Se
dime
ntsl
ai
ddowni
nla
yer
s.
I
gne
ousRoc
k: For
mswhe
nma
gmac
ool
s
I
ncl
i
nedSt
rat
a: La
nds
capet
il
teda
tana
ngl
e
I
ntr
usi
vei
gne
ousr
ock
: Roc
ksf
ormi
ngf
romma
gmabe
lowt
hes
urf
aceoft
heEa
rth.
(INSI
DEt
he
e
art
h)
38
La
ccol
i
th: Mus
hrooms
hape
dint
rus
ionwhi
chf
ormswhe
nma
gmaf
orc
est
he
ov
erl
yi
ngs
tra
taupwa
rds
.
La
va: Li
qui
droc
ktha
tfl
owsont
hes
urf
aceoft
heEa
rth.
Li
thos
phe
re: Thec
rus
tanduppe
rpa
rtoft
hema
ntl
e.
Lopol
i
th: Sa
uce
rsha
pedi
ntr
usi
on.
Ma
gma
: Roc
kinal
i
qui
dfor
mins
idet
heEa
rth.
Ma
ntl
e: Ahotpl
ast
icl
aye
roft
heEa
rthl
oca
tedbe
nea
tht
hec
rus
t.
Me
sa: La
rge
,fl
att
oppe
dhi
l
l.
Me
tamor
phi
cRoc
k: Roc
ksc
hange
dbyhe
ator
/andpr
ess
ure
.
Oc
eani
cPl
ate
: Cr
ustunde
rse
ama
ss
Pl
atebounda
ry: Thee
dgeofat
ect
oni
cpl
ate
.
Pl
ate
au: Fl
att
oppe
dla
ndf
ormma
dewhe
nhor
izont
als
tra
tawa
supl
i
fte
d.
Ri
ftVa
ll
ey/Gr
abe
n Bl
ockofl
andwhi
chs
li
psdownbe
twe
enpa
ral
l
elf
aul
ts.
Roc
kcy
cle
: Pr
oce
sst
hatr
esul
tsi
nroc
kst
ofor
m,we
athe
rande
rode
,de
pos
iti
onof
s
edi
ment
sandf
orma
tionofne
wroc
ks.
Se
aFl
oors
pre
adi
ng: Al
ongmi
ddl
eofoc
eanr
idge
swhe
rene
wcr
usti
sbe
ingf
orme
dduet
o
v
olc
ani
cac
tiv
ity
.
Se
dime
nta
ryRoc
k: For
msf
roml
aye
rsofc
ompr
ess
eds
edi
ment
s.
Si
l
l: Whe
nma
gmai
ntr
ude
shor
izont
all
ybe
twe
enl
aye
rsofr
ocka
longa
be
ddi
ngpl
ane
.
St
rat
a: Thehor
izont
all
aye
rsofs
edi
ment
aryr
ock
.
Sy
ncl
i
ne: Upwa
rdf
old
Te
ctoni
cpl
ate
: Se
cti
onoft
heEa
rth’
scr
ustt
hatc
anmov
eont
hema
ntl
e.
Tr
ans
for
ming: Pl
ate
ssl
i
depa
ste
achot
her
.
Ts
una
mi: Se
rie
sofhuges
eawa
vesc
aus
edbya
nea
rthqua
kei
nthes
eaf
loor
.
Vol
cani
cpi
pe: De
epv
entwhi
cha
ll
owsma
gmat
ori
set
othec
rat
erofav
olc
ano.
We
athe
ring: Thepr
ose
sofbr
eak
ingdownr
ock
sint
osma
ll
ers
tone
s,pe
bbl
es,
and
s
and.

39
WEEK:1 STRUCTUREOFTHEEARTH
Youmus
tst
udywi
tht
hes
eque
sti
onsi
nmi
nd.

Wha
tdoe
sitl
ookl
i
ke? Wha
tisi
t? Whe
rei
sit
?
La
yer
soft
heEa
rth Ea
rthi
sma deupoff ourdi
sti
nctl
aye
rs: Na
met
hel
aye
rsoft
heEa
rthi
nthef
oll
owi
ngdi
agr
am.
 As ol
idoutercrust
 As ol
idma ntl
e
 Aliqui
dout ercore
 As ol
idinnercore

THECONTI
NENTALCRUST:
 Theoute r
mostla
ye rofsoli
drock,onwhichweli
ve.
 Thic
k e
runderthecontinentsandthinne
rundert
he
oceans.
 Brokenintos
ma l
lersegme nts
,cal
l
e dpla
tes,
whic
hfloa
t
onthema ntl
e.
 Iti
s6-90k mthic
k( sol
idrock)

THEMANTLE:
 Bene
aththecrus
t. ScantheQRquodess
uppl
i
edi
nthes
umma
rie
stos
ee
 2900kmt hi
ck,c
onsi
sti
ngofhot
,pl
asti
croc
k. vi
deosonthet
opic
.
 Te
mpe r
ature
sma yr
eachupto5000˚C.

THEOUTERCORE:
 Verydens ebutli
qui
dduetoext
remel
yhi
gh
temper
a tures.
 2250k mt hi
ckandcons
ist
sofni
cke
l(Ni
)andi
ron(
Fe)
knowna sNi Fe
.
Thest
ruc
tureoftheEar
thr
esemble
sthela
yer
sofanora
nge.
TheMohoisthebounda
ryt
hatsepar
ate
sthecr
ustf
romthe
THEI
NNERCORE:
mant
le
 I
sextr
emelyhot
.
 Sol
i
dbe c
auseofex
tre
mepr
ess
ure
.
 1200kmt hi
ck.
ACTI
VITI
ES:I
NTERNALSTRUCTUREOFTHEEARTH
40
1.
1St udythei
ll
ust
rati
onFIGURE1.1ofthei
nte
rna
lst
ruc
tur
eoft
hee
art
h 1.
2St
udyFI
GURE1.
2anda
nswe
rthef
oll
owi
ngque
sti
onsont
hes
truc
tur
eoft
heEa
rth.
be
low,
anda nswe
rthefol
lowi
ngques
tions
.

1.
1.
1 Gi
vet
hena
meoft
hel
aye
rat2. 1.
2.
1 St
atet
hel
aye
rsA,
BandDonFI
GURE1.
2. (
3x1) (
3)
1.
1.
2 Gi
vet
hena
meoft
hel
aye
rat3.
1.
2.
2 NameTWOl ayer
softheEa r
thwhichareinsol
i
df orm? (2x1) (2)
1.
1.
3 Na
met
hel
aye
roft
hee
art
htha
tcons
ist
sofs
ial
ands
ima
. Whichla
y e
roftheEarthexperi
ence
sthehighes
tt empera
ture
?
1.
2.
3 Motiv
ateyouranswer
. (1+2)
1.
1.
4 I
dent
if
ythel
aye
roft
hee
art
htha
tisi
nas
emi
-mol
tens
tat
e.
(
3)
Dis
cussinaparagr
aphofapproximate
lyEIGHTlinesthecha
racte
ris
tic
s
1.
1.
5 Whic
hla
yere
xpe
rie
nce
sthehot
tes
tte
mpe
rat
urea
ndhi
ghe
st
1.
2.
4 ofl
ayerAt ha
tareimport
anttos us
tai
nlif
eone art
h.
pr
ess
ure
?
(4x2)
1.
1.
6 Na
met
hel
aye
rtha
twel
i
veon. (
8)
1.1.
7Ide
nti
fyt
hebounda
ryt
hats
epa
rat
esl
aye
r1a
nd2. (
7x1)
(7)

41
1.
3Re f
ert
oFIGURE1.
3,whic
hshowst
hei
nte
rna
lst
ruc
tur
eoft
heEa
rtha
s 1.
3.
4 Statet
herel
ati
onshi
patwhi
cht
hehighe
rdensi
tyc
rys
tal
str
uct
ure
sca
nbe
c
omparet
oMa r
sandtheMoon. foundbet
weentheEart
handMarsf
romFIGURE1.
3.
(
1x2)
(
2)
1.
3.
5 Predi
cttheeff
ect
sont
hec
rus
tofMa
rsi
fthema
ntl
ere
act
edt
hes
amea
s
theEart
h’s. (
2x2) (
4)

1.
4 St
udyt
hef
oll
owi
ngdi
agr
ama
nda
nswe
rque
sti
onst
hatf
oll
ow

1.
4.
1 Indi
catet
hes
tat
eofma
ter
ial
ine
achoft
hel
abe
lsAt
oDindi
cat
edont
he
diagr
am. (
4x1) (
4)

[
Sour
ce:
www.
mar
s.
nas
a.gov
] 1.
4.
2 Defi
nethef
oll
owi
ng:
1.
3.
1 Rec
allt
heTWOl a
yer
sthatt
heEart
h’scorecanbedivi
dedint
o. a)SI
AL
(2x1) (
2) b)SI
MA
1.
3.
2 I
denti
fyandg
ivet
hecompos
iti
onofthela
y e
rrespons
ibl
efortheEa
rth’
s c)Geoi
dshape (
3x1) (
3)
gr
avi
ty. (1+2) (
2)
1.
4.
3 Ex
pla
int
het
empe
rat
urec
hange
sfr
omOut
erCor
etoCr
ust
, (
2x2) (
4)
1.
3.
3 Expl
ai
nt herel
ati
ons
hipbet
weent
heEa
rth’
ste
mpe
ratur
eandde
nsi
ty
fr
omt hecrus
ttowardst
hecor
e. (
2x2) (
4) 1.
4.
4 Desc
ribethere
lat
ions
hipbetwe
ensta
teoft
hemat
eri
aloft
hes
truc
tur
eof
thee
ar t
ha ndt
hetemperat
ureoft
hemater
ial
. ( 2x2) (
4)

WEEK:
2 CLASSI
FICATI
ONOFROCKS
42
 Youmus
tst
udywi
tht
hes
eque
sti
onsi
nmi
nd
Ty
pe 1.I
GNEOUS 2.SEDI
MENTARY 3.METAMORPHI
C
t
si
e?
tdoe
ooklk
i
Wha
l

 Fr
ommol tenmineral
s  Frompr e
-exi
sti
ngr oc
ksands edi
ments  Sedi
me nt
a r
ya ndIgneousrocksthatar
esubj
ect
ed
m?

 Magmawe ll
supf r
omt hema ntl
e  Contai
nsorgani
cma t
eri
al tohighte
mpe ratur
e sand/orpress
ure
or
yf

 Magmac ool
sbeloworont opofthe  We at
heredsedi
me ntsar
ede posi
tedbywind,i
ceandwate
r  Physi
calandchemica l
changestakepl
ace
he

Ear
th’
ssurfac
e  Ma t
eri
aldeposi
tedinhori
zontall
ayers  Fol
dingandf a
ulti
nge xer
tsextre
mepr ess
ure
Howdot

 Deepcooli
ngres
ultsi
nt heformati
onof  Sedi
me ntsar
ecompr ess
edov ert
imea ndfor
ms e
diment
ary  Moltenma gmaintr
us i
onscausee x
tre
mehe a
tand
cr
ysta
ls rock
s pres
sure

 Finetocoa
rsecr
ystal
l
ineroc
k  Layer
edinappe arance  Br
itt
le
s?
he
c

 Ma deupofdi
ff
erentmine
ral
s  Coars
e-orfine-graine
dt ext
ure  St
reakyi
nappe
ara
nce
i
et
it
s

 Joint
edwhenexposed  Canconta
inf ossi
ls
r
r
e
ta
t

 color
ful  Eachla
yerisc a
ll
edas tratum
c
Wha
hara

 Beddi
ngplanes eparatesdif
fer
entt
ype
sofr
ock
c

 Bas
altla
yerintheDrak
ens
ber
g  Sandst
onema def
romsedi
ments  SandstonebecomesQuart
zit
e
s

 Dol
eri
tesil
l
sa nddyk
esint
heKar
oo  Shal
ema defromf
ine
rsedi
ments  Granit
ebe c
ome sGne
iss
e
mpl

 Gra
nitedomes  Coalmadefrompl
antmate
ria
l  ShalebecomesHornf
el
a
Ex

 Congl
ome r
atemadefr
omlarge
rpebbl
esc
eme
nte
dtoge
the
r  Li
me stonetur
nstoMa r
ble

 Monume nts/Tombs tones  Dolomitef

orceme
nt  Fl
oori
ng
hey
?
et
or

 Countertops  Buil
dingbl
ocks  Sl
ateforr
oofti
le
s
df
r

 Fl
oorcove r
ing  Sourceofcr
udeoi
landc
oal  Marbl
eforst
atues
ta
use
Wha

 Val
uablemi ner
alsandores
 We at
heredr oc
kproducesfe
rti
l
esoi
l

ACTI
VITI
ES:CLASSI
FICATI
ONOFROCKS
43
2.
1 Mat
cht
hefol
lowi
ngsta
teme
ntsi
nColumnAwi
tht
hetermsorexampl
esi
nCol
umn 2.
2.Compl
etethetablebe
lowbyi
ndi
catingtowhi
chroc
kty
pe,
Sedi
ment
ary
,Igne
ousor
B.
Wri
tedownonlyt
heque
sti
onnumbera
ndc
orr
ectl
ett
er.
e.g.
2.1.
8P. Meta
mor phi
c,thest
ate
mentre
fersto.
2.
2.
1 Ther ocksaremadeupdi
ff
erentminer
als
.I
Col
umnA Col
umnB
2.
2.
2 Roc
kfor
mat
ionwhi
cha
reus
eda
sfl
oor
ing.
M
2.
1.
1 Roc
ksf
orme
dwhe
nma
gmas
oli
di
fi
es A Qua
rtz
ite
2.
2.
3 The
rer
ock
sar
eus
edf
ormonume
ntsa
ndt
ombs
tone
s.I

2.
1.
2 Thi
sroc
kty
peoc
cur
sasl
aye
rsors
tra
ta B Fos
sil
s 2.
2.
4 Roc
kfor
mat
ionwhi
chi
sas
our
ceofc
rudeoi
landc
oal
.S

2.
2.
5 St
atue
sar
ecr
eat
edf
romt
hisr
ockt
ype
.M
2.
1.
3 Roc
ksf
orme
dwhe
nhe
atorpr
ess
urei
sadde
d C Ma
rbl
e
2.
2.
6 Thet
ypeofr
ockt
hati
sus
eda
scount
ert
ops
.I
Rec
ogniz
ablere
ma i
nsofpl
ant
sanda
nima
ls
2.
1.
4 D Me
tamor
phi
c
pr
eser
vedinrocks
. 2.
2.
7 Thet
ypeofr
ock
sus
eda
sbui
l
dingbl
ock
s.S

Proc
esse
sthatcaus
er oc
kst
ofor
m,br
eak 2.
2.
8 Bui
l
der
sus
ethe
irr
ock
sforr
ooft
il
es.
M
2.
1.
5 E Gne
iss
down,c
hange
, a
ndreformove
rti
me.
(
8x1)(
8)

Sa
nds
tonec
hangeunde
rhe
ata
ndpr
ess
uret
o
2.
1.
6 F I
gne
ous
…

2.
1.
7 Li
mes
tonet
urnst
o…unde
rhe
ata
ndpr
ess
ure L Se
dime
nta
ry

M Sha
le

(
7x1)(
7)

2.
3Re adtheca
sestudy“Paarl
Rock”be
lowa ndanswe
rthefoll
owi
ngquesti
ons: 2.
4St
udyFI
GURE2.
4toa
nswe
rthef
oll
owi
ngque
sti
ons
.
CaseStudyonthePaarlRock
Paarl
RockorPaarl
Mount aini
ntheWes t
ernMountai
ngli
stensl
ik
eadiamond
orapearli
ntheSuna f
tertherai
n.I
tsthr
eegranit
edomesarepartofahuge
44
unde rgr
oundg r
ani
teintrusi
onthatextendsf romSaldanhai
nt henort hto
Ge orgeintheeast
.Mi l
l
ionsofy e
a r
sa go,PaarlRockdidnotexist.Ov erti
me ,
theBe rgRiver
,andwinda ndrai
nha vee x
pos edtherockandl
a yershav epeel
ed
off–abi tli
kethelay
ersofa nonion.
Asagi antrockoutcr
op,Pa a
rlRockisof t
enc omparedwithUlur u(al
sok nowna s
Ay ersRock)inAus t
ral
ia.Ulurume ans“ I
s l
andmount ai
n”andi ti
st hel a
rgest
singlerockint heworld. Butt hege ologyofPa ar
lRocka ndUl uruisv ery
diffe
rent.PaarlRockisa nigneousi ntrusi
on,whileUlurui sas edimentary
remna nt.

2.
3.
1 Li
stt
heTHREEma
jorr
ockt
ype
stha
tma
keupt
heEa
rth'
scr
ust
. 2.
4.
1 Li
stt
heTHREEma
jorr
ockt
ype
stha
tma
keupt
heEa
rth'
scr
ust
.
(3x1)(
3) (
3x1)(3)

2.
3.
2 Howcanonedis
tingui
shbe
twe
eni
gne
ousr
ocka
nds
edi
ment
aryr
ock 2.
4.
2 Howcanonedi
sti
ngui
shbe
twe
eni
gne
ousr
ocka
nds
edi
ment
aryr
ock
wit
hthenake
deye ? wit
hthenak
edeye? (
2x1)
(2x1)(2) (20

2.
3.
3 Bri
efl
yexpl
ai
nhowi gne
ousr
ocka
nds
edi
ment
aryr
ockc
anbec
hange
d 2.
4.
3 Br
ief
lye
xplai
nhowi gne
ousr
ocka
nds
edi
ment
aryr
ockc
anbecha
nged
i
ntome t
amorphi
crock. (
2x i
ntometamorphi
crock. (2x2)(
4)
2)(4)

2.
3.
4 Outli
nehowme
tamor
phi
croc
ksc
anbec
hange
dba
cki
ntos
edi
ment
ary 2.
4.
4 Outl
inehoweros
ionofme
tamor
phi
croc
ksc
anbec
hange
dbacki
nto
roc
k. (2x se
dimentar
yrock
. (2x2)(
4)
2)(4)

2.
3.
5 Gi
veONEwa
yinwhi
chhuma
nsc
anma
keus
eofme
tamor
phi
croc
k. 2.
4.
5 Gi
veONEwa
yinwhi
chhuma
nsc
anma
keus
eofme
tamor
phi
croc
k.
(
1x2)(2) (1x2)(
2)

45
2,
5 Studythenex
tdi
agr
am,whi
chshowst
hewe
athe
ringpr
oce
sse
singr
ani
te,
and 2.
6 Re
fert
oFI
GURE2.
6.
thenanswert
heque
sti
onst
hatfol
l
ow.

2.
5.
1 Towhi
cht
ypeofr
ockdoe
sgr
ani
tebe
long? (
1x (
1) 2.
6.
1 I
sther
ocktypevis
ibl
einFI
GURE2.
6me
tamor
phi
cor
1) se
dime
ntar
yr oc
ks? (
1x (
1)
1)

2.
5.
2 Wherewoul
dthela
rge
stcry
sta
lsf
orms
,cl
oset
othes
urf
ace (
1) 2.
6.
2 Gi
vee
vide
ncef
romFI
GURE2.
6tos
uppor
tyoura
nswe
r.(
1x (
2)
orde
epunderthes
urf
ace
? 2)
(1x1)

2.
5.
3 Descr
ibethedi
ff
ere
ncebetwe
enint
rus
ivea
nde
xtr
usi
ve (
2) 2.
6.
3 Ex
pla
inwha
taf
oss
ili
s. (
1x (
2)
exa
mpl e
soofthi
stypeofr
ocks
. 2)
(2x1)

2.
5.
4 Des
cri
beTWOcha
rac
ter
ist
icsoft
her
ockt
ypea
ske
df ori
n (
4) 2.
6.
4 Desc
ribethepr
oce
ssoff
ormati
onoft
het
ypeofr
ock
QUESTI
ON2.
5.
1. (2x2) i
denti
fie
dinQUESTION2.
6.4. (
6)
(3x2)

2.
5.
5 Br
ief
lye
xpl
ai
nhowt
hisr
ockt
ypei
sfor
med. (
6) 2.
6.
5 Crudeoila
ndcoalf
(
o3
rm
xs
2o
)v
erti
meinthi
sroc
ktype
.Identi
fy
theori
ginal
sour
cefr
omwhichcr
udeoil
andcoa
lre
spec
t i
vel
y
forms. (
4)
(2x
2)
46
2.
5.
6 Wha
tist
hev
alueoft
hist
ypeofr
ock
sforma
nki
nd? (
2)
(
1x2)

WEEK:
3PLATETECTONI
CTHEORY
DI
AGRAMOVERTI
ME EVI
DENCEOFCONTI
NENTALDRI
FT

CONTI
NENTALFI T
 Coastl
i
nesofSouthAmer
icaandWe stAfri
cafi
ttoge
therl
ikeaj
igs
awpuz
zle
 Rocksofsimi
l
arageandseque
ncearefoundonbothconti
nent
s
 Mountainbel
tsar
ethesa
meonbot hc ont
inent
s
 Orereserv
esmatchupac
rosscont
inents
FOSSI
LMATCH
 Fossi
l
softhesamea ni
ma l
saref
oundinSouthAme r
icaandAfr
ica,
 Somefoss
il
sa r
eonlyfoundinAnta
rct
ica
,Indi
a,Sout
hAme ri
ca,Sout
hAfri
ca,
andAus
tra
li
a
 Someofthefossi
l
sca nonl
ybefoundi
nAnt ar
cti
ca,I
ndia
,andSouthAfr
ica
SEAFLOORSPREADI NG
 Theageofthes e
afloorr
oc ksisyoungerthant hea geofthec ontine ntalr
ocks
 Oceanfl
oorisnewa ndisbe i
nga ddedtoonar egularbasi
s
 Ageofrocksone i
thersi
deoft hemi doceani
cr idgemi r
roreac hot he r
 Theyoungestrock
sa refoundc l
osesttotheridge sandtheolde s
tr ockscloses
ttotheconti
nent
s
GLACIALDEPOSI TS
 Si
milargl
aci
aldepos i
tsa
r efoundinAnt a
rcti
ca, Afri
ca,SouthAme r i
c a
,India
,andAustr
ali
a
 Glac
ials
tri
ati
onsshowt hedi r
ecti
onofmov e
me ntfromthec ontine nts

47
 r
ebounday CONVERGI
NG DI
VERGI
NG TRANSFORMI
NG
?
t
s
a
pe
hepl

 Pl
atesmovetowardseac
hother
y

 Pl
atesmoveawayfromeachother  Pl
atesmov epasteac
hother
t

 Oneplat
eisforc
edbeneatht
heothe
rint
othe
st

 Molt
enma t
eri
alfor
cedupfromma nt
le  None wcrustismadeorde
stroy
ed
ti

mantl
eandme lt
s  Cr
eatesne
wc rust  Conser
vati
veboundary
Wha

 Act
ivi
ti
es:Ea
r t
hquake
sandvolc
anoes  Act
ivi
ti
es:
Earthquake
sandv ol
canoes  Acti
vi
tie
s:Ea r
thquak
es

ACTI
VITI
ES:PLATETECTONI
CTHEORY
3.
1Re
fert
oFI
GURE3.
1on‘
Cont
ine
nta
lDr
if
t’

3.
1.
1 Whoi
sthe“
fat
her
”oft
hec
ont
ine
nta
ldr
if
tthe
ory
? (
1x1)(
1)

3.
1.
2 Re
cal
lthel
argewa
terma
sst
hate
xis
ted250mi
l
li
ony
ear
sago. (
1x1)(
1)

3.
1.
3 Na
met
hel
argel
andma
sst
hate
xis
ted250mi
l
li
ony
ear
sago. (
1x1)(
1)

3.
1.
4 NametheTWOlandma
sse
sfoundi
nthenor
tha
nds
out
hre
spect
ive
lywhe
nthi
s
l
argel
andma
sss
plit
. (2x1)(2)

3.
1.
5 Loca
teanyTWOoft
hepr
ese
nt-
dayc
ont
ine
ntst
hatus
edt
obepar
tof
Gondwa
naland. (2x1)(
2)

3.
1.
6 I
dent
if
ythepre
sent-da
yc ount
rythatbr
okea
wayf
romt
hes
out
hernc
onti
nent
sto
j
oi
nthenort
hernconti
nentsoftoda
y. (
1x1)(1)

3.
2Re
fert
othedi
agr
ambe
lows
howi
ngwor
ldpl
atebounda
rie
s

3.
2.
1 WhatnamedidAlf
redWe ge
nergi
vet
otheonel
arges
upe
rcont
ine
nttha
tex
ist
ed
be
for
etheconti
nentsbr
okeup? (1x1)(1)

3.
2.
2 Al
lthecont
ine
ntsanda
dja
centwa
terma
sse
sar
edi
vi
dedi
ntote
ctoni
cpl
ate
s.Wha
t
i
sat e
ctoni
cpl
ate? (1x1)(1)

48
 3.
2.
3 Namethepl
atesf
oundone
ithe
rsi
deoft
hepl
atebounda
ryonthewe
stcoa
stof
Sout
hAme r
ica
? (
2x1)(2)

3.
2.
4 Na
met
hist
ypeofpl
atebounda
ry. (
1x1)(
1)

3.
2.
5 Br
ief
lye
xpl
ai
nhowt
hec
ont
ine
ntsmov
e. (
1x2)(
2)

3.
2.
6 Summa r
ize
,inapara
graphofapproxi
mat
elyEIGHTli
nes,
evi
denc
et ha
tsci
enti
sts
usetoprov
et hec
onti
nentsofAfr
ica
,Ant
arcti
caandSout
hAme r
icawereonc
e
j
oine
d. (4x2)(8)

3.
3 Ma
tcht
hes
tat
eme
ntsi
nCol
umnAwi
tht
hec
onc
ept
sinCol
umnB
3.
4FI
GURE3.4canbeuse
da ss
usta
ine
devidenceforAlf
redWegene
r'st
heor
yofc
ont
ine
nta
l
COLUMNA COLUMNB dr
if
t.We
g e
nerist
hefat
heroft
hethe
or yofconti
nental
dri
ft
.
3.
3.
1 Edgeofac
rus
tal
pla
te A Mi
doceani
cri
dge

3.
3.
2 Centr
albe
ltofmount
aina
reabe
lowt
he B Constr
ucti
ve
oc
e a
n boundary

3.
3.
3 For
ma t
ionofmol
tenr
ockpus
hingt
he C De
str
uct
ivebounda
ry
pl
atesapar
t
D Se
afl
oors
pre
adi
ng
3.
3.
4 Onec
rus
tal
pla
tepul
l
eddownunde
rthe
ot
her E Subduc
tionz
one

3.
3.
5 Ar
eawhe
rene
wcr
usti
sfor
med F Pl
atebounda
ry

3.
3.
6 Col
l
isi
onofpl
ate
soc
cur
sint
hisa
rea G Oc
eani
ctr
enc
h 3.
4.
1 Wha
tisy
ourunde
rst
andi
ngoft
het
ermc
ont
ine
nta
ldr
if
t? (
1x1) (
1)

De
epe
stpa
rtoft
heoc
ean H Transf
ormat
ion 3.
4.
2 WhyisAl
fre
dWe gene
rbe
ingr
efe
rre
dtoa
s't
hef
athe
roft
het
heor
yof
3.
3.
7 boundary c
onti
nent
aldri
ft
'? (1x1) (
1)
Twopl
ate
smov
esi
dewa
yspa
ste
achot
her
49
3.
3.
8 I Oc
eani
cri
dge 3.
4.
3 Thediagr
a ms howsvari
ousfos
sil
sthatwer
efoundondif
fer
entconti
nent
s.
Howa ref
os s
ilsformed? (2x2) (
4)
J Cr
ust
alpl
ate 3.
4.
4 Expl
ainwhyi twa sfa
rmor edi
ffi
cultf
orAlf
redWe ge
nertoprovi
deconcl
usi
ve
(
8x1)
(8) evi
denceforhistheoryt
hanpresentdays
cie
ntis
ts. (2x2) (
4)

3.
4.
5 Appl
ythei
nfor
mat
ioni
nFI
GURE3.
4ase
vide
ncef
orc
ont
ine
ntaldr
if
t.
(
2x2) (
4)

50
3.
5 FI
GURE3.
5isawor
ldma
pshowi
ngt
hes
eoc
eani
candc
ont
ine
nta
lpl
ate
s.

3.
5.
1 I
sthecommonborderbe
tweentheSout
hAme
ric
anPl
atea
ndt
heAfr
ica
nPl
atea
c
onstr
ucti
veorades
truc
tiv
epla
teborde
r? (1x1) (
1)

3.
5.
2 Gi
veONEre
asonf
oryouranswe
r. (1x2) (
2)
3.
5.
3 Whyar
eFol
dMounta
insfoundal
ongt
hewe
stc
oas
tofma
nyc
ont
inent
s?
(1x2) (
2)

3.
5.
4 Whati
st henameofthef
aul
tpl
anei
nCa
li
for
niaonwhi
chLosAnge
lesa
ndSa
n
Fr
anci
scoissi
tua
ted? (
1x2) (
2)

3.
5.
5 Ear
thquak
esus uall
yoc
curonthepla
teboundar
ies
.Inapar
agra
phofEIGHTli
nes,
ex
plai
nwha ttypeofpl
atebounda
ryresul
tsi
ntheSanAndr
easfaul
tandhowi
tis
ev
idencet
ha tpla
temovementdotakepla
ce. (
4x2). (
8)

51
WEEK4&5:
FOLDI
NGANDFAULTI
NG
Youmus
tst
udywi
tht
hes
eque
sti
onsi
nmi
nd
Ty
pe FOLDI
NG FAULTI
NG
STHE
STRUCTURE
WHATI

DI
AGRAM TYPE TYPEOFSTRESS? DI
AGRAM TYPE TYPEOFSTRESS?
SYMMETRICAL Equa
lpre
ssur
efr
omboths
ide
s NORMAL Tensi
onHangi
ngwal
ldr
ops
rel
ati
vet
ofootwa
ll
FFERENTTYPES

ASYMMETRI
CAL Pre
ssur
egr
eat
erf
romones
ide REVERSE Compre
ssi
onHangi
ngwa
ll
Fol
dlea
nst
oonesi
de i
spushedupov
ert
he
foot
wal
l
FYTHEDI

OVERFOLD Pre
ssur
eev
engre
ate
ronone TRANSFORM ShearMovementint
he
si
de opposi
tedi
rec
tion
Oneli
mbver
yst
eep
DENTI
I

OVERTHRUST Pr
ess
urefr
omonesider
esul
ts PARALLEL Te
nsi
on
i
nabreaki
ntheEa
rth’
scrus
t

Foldmount
ains
:Atthesecol
li
di
ng, HorstandGr abena realwaysf
orme d
LANDFORMS

compre
ssi
ngboundari
es,r
ocksandde
bris toge
ther.Grabena reusuall
yrepre
sente
dbylow
arewar
pedandfol
dedintorock
youtcr
ops, -l
yi
nga reassucha srif
tsandri
v e
rvall
eys
hil
ls
,mount
ains
,andenti
remountai
nranges
. whereashorstsrepresenttheri
dgesbetwee
nor
oneithersi
deoft hesev al
l
eys.

52
ACTI
VITI
ES:FOLDI
NGANDFAULTI
NG

4.
1St
udyt
heill
ust
rati
oninFI
GURE4.
1showi
ngdi
ff
erentt
ype
soff
oldi
ngt
hat
ca
noccuri
fcrus
tall
ayer
soft
hee
art
hbendorf
old. 4.
2St
udyFI
GURE4.
2andt
hena
nswe
rtheque
sti
onst
hatf
oll
ow.

4.
1.
1 Whi
chl
ett
eront
hedi
agr
amr
epr
ese
ntsa
nov
ert
hrus
tfol
d? 4.
2.
1 Namet hefaul
tlabell
edA. (1
x1)(1)
4.
1.
2 Wr
it
ethel
ett
eront
hedi
agr
amwhi
chr
epr
ese
ntsa
nov
erf
old. 4.
2.
2 Recal
lthepartofthefaultl
abel
l
e dB. (
1
x1)(1)
4.
1.
3 Whi
chl
ett
err
epr
ese
ntsa
nas
ymme
tri
cal
fol
d? 4.
2.
3 Sta
tethef eat
urelabel
ledC.
(1x1)( 1)
4.
1.
4 Thef
orc
ewhi
chf
ormsf
oldsi
s(c
ompr
ess
iona
l/t
ens
iona
l). 4.
2.
4 Bri
efl
ye xpl
ai
nhowf e
atureCformed. (
2
x2)(4)
4.
1.
5 Thepartoft
hefoldi
ndi
cat
edbyl
ett
er‘
A’r
epr
ese
ntsa
/an 4.
2.
5 I
denti
fyt hel
andforma t
ioni
ll
ustrat
edatDont
hedi
agr
am.
(a
nti
cl
ine/sync
line)
. (1x1)( 1)

4.
1.
6 Fi
ndt
hel
ett
erwhi
chi
ndi
cat
est
hef
aul
tli
ne? 4.
2.
6 Gi
veONEuseofthel
andf
orml
abe
ll
edD. (
1
x2)(2)
4.
1.
7 AMonoc
li
nei
sindi
cat
edbyl
ett
er… 4.
2.
7 Outl
i
nehowf
eatureDfor
med. (
2
x2)(4)
(
7x1)(
7)

53
4.
3 Re
fert
oFI
GURE4.
3showi
ngapl
atemov
eme
nta
ndf
aul
ti
ng. 4.4Ge omorphologyt
erminol
ogyonla
ndf
ormsa ss
ociat
edwithpl
ate
te
ctonic
s.Ma t
c hthepic
tur
ei nCOLUMNBwi t
ht heter
mi n
COLUMNA.Wr it
ey ouanswerasfol
l
owsonyouranswershee
t.
E.
g.4. 8 H.
4.
COLUMNA COLUMNB
4.
4.
1 Ant
icl
i
ne A

4.
4.
2 Sy
ncl
i
ne B

4.
4.
3 Ov
erFol
d C

4.
3.
1 I
dent
if
ythet
ypeofPl
atemov
eme
nta
sse
eni
ntheFI
GURE4.
3. 4.
4.
4 Ov
ert
hrus
tfol
d D
(
1x1)(
1)

4.
3.
2 De
scr
ibehowt
hispl
atemov
eme
nti
nQUESTI
ON4.
3.
1de
vel
op.(
1x2)(
2)
4.
4.
5 Nor
mal
faul
t E
4.
3.
3 NametheTWOcont
ine
nta
lpl
ate
stha
tca
uset
hist
ypeofpl
atemov
eme
nta
sse
en
i
nFIGURE4.
3. (2x1)(2)

4.
3.
4 Namet
hefa
mouse
xampl
eoft
het
ypeofpl
atemov
ementass
eeni
nFI
GURE4.
3
4.
4.
6 Re
ver
sef
aul
t F
f
oundi
nUSA. (1x2)(
2)

4.
3.
5 Whyi
sthepl
atemov
eme
nti
nQUESTI
ON4.
3.
4soda
nge
rous
? (
2x2)(
4)
4.
4.
7 La
ter
alf
aul
t G
4.
3.
6 Di
scusspos
siblepr
eca
uti
onst
hatcanbei
mple
ment
edt
ore
duc
etheeff
ectoft
he
pl
atemoveme ntde
scr
ibe
dinQUESTION4.
3.
4. (
2x2)(4)

54
55
4.
5St
udyFI
GURE4.
5Aa
ndFI
GURE4.
5Bbe
low.

FI
GUREA FI
GUREB

4.
5.
1 I
denti
fyt
hetwocrust
alpl
atest
hatar
ecol
li
dingi
nDiagr
amAtofor
mthe
fol
dmountai
nsonthesket
ch. (
2x (
2)
1)
4.
5.
2 I
nbothdiagr
amsabove,
doesconv
erge
nceordiv
erge
nceoc
cur
? (1x1) (
1)

4.
5.
3 Clas
sif
ythetwoplat
eboundar
iesatAandBa
sde
str
uct
iveor
const
ruct
ivebounda
rie
sres
pect
ive
ly. (
1x1) (
1)

4.
5.
4 Ex
pla
iny
oura
nswe
rinQUESTI
ON4.
5.
3. (
2x2) (
4)

4.
5.
5 Di
ff
ere
nti
atebe
twe
enf
oldi
nga
ndf
aul
ti
ng. (
1x1) (
1)

4.
5.
6 St
atea
twhi
choft
hepl
atebounda
rie
s,AorB,
faul
ti
ngwi
l
lta
kepl
ace
?
(1x (
1)
1)

4.
5.
7 Gi
vear
eas
onf
ory
oura
nswe
rinQUESTI
ON4.
5.
4. (
1x2) (
2)

56
WEEK6&7:EARTHQUAKES
Youmus
tst
udywi
tht
hes
eque
sti
onsi
nmi
nd
HOW DOESI
TOCCUR? HOW I
SITMEASURED? WHATI
STHEI
MPACTOFATSUNAMI
?
ASuddenandviol
entmoveme
ntoftheEa
rth’
scr
ust  RICHTERSCALE: Methodtoal
locat
eamagnit
ude
be
causeofasuddenre
lea
seofene
rgy. numbe rtoqual
if
ythee ne
rgyrel
easedbya
ne a
rthquak
e.
 SEISMOGRAPH: I
nstrumentus
e dtomeas
ureand
recor
da neart
hquake.
 SEISMOGRAM: Ag r
aphoutputfromasei
smograph.

WHATI
STHEI
MPACTOFANEARTHQUAKE? PEOPLE:
 Re sul
t sinfl
ooding
PEOPLE:
 I nj
uri
e stopeople
 Inj
uri
e sand/ ordeathofpe opleanda ni
mals
 De stroysinfr
astruct
ure
 Destruct
ionofi nfr
astruc t
uree.g.r
oads,houses
 Cont ami nat
esfooda ndwate
r
FOCUS:  Transporta ndcommuni cat
iondisr
upt e
d
 Wa te
r bornedi
se as
esdeve
lop
Exac
tpoi
ntbeneat
htheEart
h’ss
urf
acewhe
rethepl
ate
s  Landsli
desf lat
tenandde st
roybuil
dings
 Burstwat erpipesreduc eavai
labi
li
tyoffreshwater ENVI
RONMENT:
shi
ft
 Contaminat edwa t
erca usehealthi
ssuese.g.c
hole
ra  Sa l
ini
sationofrive
r s
,la
kesandgroundwater
EPI
CENTER:  Floodingc ause
ss eweragec
ontaminati
onoffr
eshwater
 Gaspipel e
a kscausefires
Poi
ntdi
rec
tlyabov
ethefoc
usontheEar
th’
ssur
fac
e. r
esources
ENVI
RONMENT:  Pollutewe tl
ands,coast
alar
eas,
ag r
icul
tur
alf
iel
dsand
FAULTSCARP:
Thest
eepex
pos
edr
ockf
ace
.  Disrupt ionofha bitat f
orests
 De st
r uc tionofv egetation  De posit
ionofs edi
me nt
sleadt
oc hangesi
nhabit
atsa
nd
FAULT:  Lands lide s,muds li
des s
pe ci
es
CrackintheEarth’
sc rus
tres
ult
ingfromt hemoveme
ntof  Soillique faction
roc
k .  Cont ami na ti
onofna tural Whatstrat
egi
esca
nbeimpl
ement
edt
ore
duc
ethei
mpa
ct
WAVEFRONTS: resour ce se.g.wa ter
, s
oi l ofEa
rthquake
sandTs
unami
s’?
Sei
s micwa v
esrele
as i
ngener
gythrought hec
rust
.  Develope arl
ywa rnings yst e
mse .
g.electroni
cme di
a
ECONOMI C:
SEISMI CWAVES:  Bus i
ne s sesde stroyed  Upgradet heinfr
a structuree .
g.bui
ldings,seawa l
ls
Awa v eofener
gyg enerat
edbyane art
hquake.  Reduc ee mpl oyme nt  I
mpr ove dcommuni ca t
ions ys
temsmus tbeinplace
 Expe ns est or ebuil
d/fixdamag e
stoinfr
ast
ruct
ure  Disa
s terma nag
eme ntpr og ra
mmus tbeinpl ac
e
WHATCAUSESEARTHQUAKES?  De velopi ngc ount r
iesaremor eaff
ect
edbecaus
eof  Coordina t
edrescuet eams
lowere conomi cgrowt h  Unif
iedpl anofactionf orl ocals
erv
ice se.
g .a
rmy,
 DI VERGENTPLATEbounda riescausete
nsi
onto  ATSUNAMI cande velop.Al
a r
gewaveproduc
edby medical per
sonnel,police
buil
dupinc r
ust. anEa rt hqua keunde rtheoc e
a n  Educationofthepopul ation
 VOLCANOES:Thes
uddenre
lea
seofmol
ten
mine
ral
sthr
oughac
racki
ntheear
th’
scr
ust

EARTHQUAKEACTI
VITI
ES
57
5.
1St
udyt
hea
rti
cl
eFI
GURE5.
1ont
hee
art
hqua
kei
nIndone
siabe
low. 5.
2Us
ethei
nfor
mat
ionpr
ese
nte
dinFI
GURE5.
2toa
nswe
rthef
oll
owi
ngque
sti
ons
.

I
ndone
siae
art
hqua
ke:
atl
eas
t98de
ada
fte
rqua
kes
truc
kLombok

Atlea
st98pe opl
eha vebee
nconfi
rmeddea
da ndmorethan236sev
erel
yinj
ure
dina
6.
9ma gni
tudee a
rthquaket
hatroc
kedtheI
ndones
iantour
isti
sl
andofLombokon
Sundayev
e ni
ng.

Thedamagei
nnorthernLombokwas'mass
ive
',aspok
esmanfort
heNati
ona
l
Dis
aste
rMiti
gat
ionAge nc
ysaid.
Ins
ever
aldi
stri
cts
,moret
hanhal
fthehomeswe
re
dest
roye
dorsev
e r
elydamaged.

Thede athtolli
sexpect
edt ori
se,
asres
cuer
sa r
ey ettore
ac hsomeareas
. Res
cue
eff
or t
sha vebeenhamperedbypowerouta
ges,brokenbri
dg esandala
ckofphone
rec
e pti
onins omea r
eas.
Mor et
han100aft
ershockshavehittheare
asincethequak
e
thatstrucktheisl
andat6.46pmloca
lti
meonSunda y
.

TheUnit
edState
sGe ologi
calSur
veysa
idtheepi
cent
erofthequa
kewasonl
andon
Lombok,t
houghinit
ial
report
sputitj
ustofft
hecoas
t.Thefoc
uswasa
tadepthof
3,1km.
[Sour
ce:
TheGua rdi
an,6August2018(adapt
ed)
]
5.
1.
1 Thee a
rthquak
estr
uckatade
pthof3,
1km.
Wha
tdoe
sone 5.
2.
1 Di
ff
ere
nti
atebe
twe
e ne
na a
rthqua
kea
ndat
suna
mi.(
2x1) (
2)
cal
lthi
spointofor
igi
nofane
art
hquak
e? (1x1) (
1)

5.
1.
2 Me nti
onTWOwa ysinwhicht
heear
thquakecause
d'massi
ve' 5.
2.
2 Whe
rewa
sthee
pic
ent
eroft
hee
art
hqua
ke? (
1x1) (
1)
dama geinIndonesia. (2x1) (
2)
5.
1.
3 Whywa sitnotnec e
ssar
ytois
sueatsuna
mi warni
ngoncethe 5.
2.
3 I
ftheear
thquak
eg e
ne r
ate
dat s
unami,howma nyhoursl
ate
r
ea
r thquakestruck
? (1x2) (
2) woul
dthetsuna
mi r
eachSanFranci
sco? (1x2) (
2)
5.
1.
4 Prov i
deONEpos si
blere
asonwhyt
hede a
tht ol
li
sexpec
tedto 5.
2.
4 Whywouldtheimpactoft
hisnat
uraldi
sas
terbelessi
nSan
r i
selongaftertheeart
hqua
kest
ruck. (1x2) (
2) Fr
anci
scothani
nIndonesi
a? (
2x2) (
4)

5.
1.
5 Inapara
graphofappr
oximatel
yEIGHTlines
, demonst
rat
e 5.
2.
5 Disc
ussinapa r
agraphofappr
oximat
elyEIGHTlinestheimpa c
t
howthegove
rnmentofIndone
s i
acanpl
anf or
,a ndre
ducethe ofatsuna mionthec oa
stci
tySanFranci
sco,a
nds uggestsome
i
mpactofaneart
hquakethatmaystr
ikeinfuture
. str
ategi
e sthatcanbeimpl
e ment
edtoreducetheimpa c
tont he
(4x2) ( 8) popul
a t
iona ndenvi
ronmentonthisc
oast.
(
4x2) (
8)

5.
3Ex
ami
net
hedi
agr
amFI
GURE5.
3ofa
nea
rthqua
kei
nNe
pal
.Ans
wert
heque
sti
ons 5.
4St
udyt
hedi
agr
ambe
low,
FIGURE5.
4,a
nds
ele
ctat
ermf
romt
hei
nfor
mat
ion
58
t
hatf
oll
ow. bl
ockt
oide
nti
fyt
hef
eat
ure
sla
bel
edAt
oE.

5.
3.
1 De
finet
het
ermsf
ocusa
nde
pic
ent
re. (
2x1) (
2)

5.
3.
2 Whatt
ypeoffaul
tcaus
edthedev
e l
opmentofthi
sear
thqua
ke?
FOCUS SEI
SMI
CWAVES EPI
CENTER FAULT
(1x2) (
2)
PLANE CRUST MANTLE
5.
3.
3 TheNe
palear
thquak
eme a
suredat7.3Magni
tude.

(
a)Na
met
hes
cal
eus
edt
ome
asur
eea
rthqua
kes
. (
1x1) (
1)

(
b)Ex
pla
inwha
tthi
ssc
aleme
asur
es. (
1x2) (
2)

5.
3.
4 Ex
pla
int
heoc
cur
renc
eofs
eis
micwa
ves
. (
1x2) (
2) (
5x1)(
5)

5.
3.
5 Aneart
hquak
eofthi
smagnit
udeisus
ual
lyf
oll
owe
dbyaf
ter
shoc
kst
hat
re
sul
tsinmoreda
magei
nt hear
ea.Expl
ai
nthi
sst
ate
ment
.
(3x2) (
6)

59
5.
5 St
udyt
hec
ases
tudybe
lowonEa
rthqua
kes
. 5.6Ma tc
htheter
minCOLUMNBwi ththede
scr
ipt
ioni
nCOLUMNA.Wr
it
eyoua
nswe
ras
fol
lowsonyoura
nswers
hee
t.E.
g.5.
6I .
EARTHQUAKES
COLUMNA COLUMNB
NEW DELHI:Amil
deart
hqua
kemeas
uri
ng3.5ont
heRi
cht
ers
cal
ehi
tDe
lhi
and
ne
ighbour
ingar
easar
ound5:
45pmonSunda
y. 5.
6.
1 Ac
rac
kint
heEa
rth’
scr
ust A Se
ismogr
am

Thet re
mor slastedfor25t o30s econds.Offi
cia
lsfromt heDepartmentof 5.
6.
2 Ins
trumentthatal
loc
atesamagni
tudenumbert
o B Se
ismogr
aph
Dis
a sterMa nageme ntAut hori
tyinDe l
hi s
aidtherewe renoimme di
a t
er e
portsof quanti
fytheener
gyrele
asedbyaneart
hquak
e
anyda mage . Thee art
hqua ke,whic
hoc curredatade pthof8k m,wa scategori
sed C Fa
ult
i
nt he"y e
llow, sl
ight"level,ac
cordingtoAj ayKuma r,off
ice
rondut yatthe 5.
6.
3 Awa
veofe
ner
gyt
hatge
ner
ate
sane
art
hqua
ke
NationalCe nt r
eforSe ismology(NCS) ."Thee ar
thqua k
ewa sunexpected,t
here D Ts
una
mi
werenos ig nsofi tcoming ,
"saidKuma r,addingheca nnotsayi
fitwillbefoll
owed 5.
6.
4 Agraphout
putf
romt
hema
gni
tudeofa
n
bya nothers etoft r
e mors."Wewi llbeclosel
ymoni t
or i
ngthesit
ua t
ionov e
rthe ea
rthqua
ke. E Foc
us
next12hour stoa s
se s
st hesitua
tion,
"Kuma rsai
d.
5.
6.
5 Aninstr
umentuse
dtomeas
ureandrec
ordde
tai
l
sof F Se
ismi
cwa
ve
Theepicent
eroftheear
thqua
kewasreport
ednearSoni
aVi
hari
nnort
h-e
astDel
hi, ea
rthquake
s
about16k mfromtheNCShe adof
fi
ceatLodhi
Road,sa
idMRaj
eeva
n,se
cret
ary
, G Ri
cht
ers
cal
e
mini
stryofear
thscie
nces 5.
6.
6 Alargewaveca
usedbya
neart
hquak
eundert
he
oc
ean H Epi
cent
er
ht
tps:
//ec
onomict
imes.
india
time
s.c
om/ /ne
ws/pol
i
tic
s-a
nd-
nat
ion/
ear
thqua
ke-
of-
magni
tude-
3-5-
stri
kes
-delhi
-nei
ghbour
ing- 5.
6.
7 Thel
oca
tionwhe
ret
hepl
ate
smov
eunde
rthee
art
h (
7x1)
(7)
5.5.
5.
5.
1 Def
inet
hefoll
owingter
ms:
a)Epi
center
b)Ric
hterScal
e
c)Eart
hquake (
3x1) (
3)

5.
5.
2 Ac
cor
dingt
othea
rti
cl
e,whe
reha
sthi
sea
rthqua
keoc
cur
red?(
1x1) (
1)

5.
5.
3 Onwhi
chc
ont
ine
nti
sNe
wDe
lhi
loc
ate
d? (
1x1) (
1)

5.
5.
4 Whe
rewa
sthee
pic
ent
eroft
hee
art
hqua
ke? (
1x1) (
1)

5.
5.
5 Whatcouldbeane
xpl
ana
tiont
othes
tat
eme
nt“
noi
mme
dia
ter
epor
tsof
anyda
ma ge“. (1x2) (
2)

5.
5.
6 Whya
ret
heywor
ri
eda
boutt
hepos
sibi
l
ityoft
remor
s? (
1x2) (
2)

5.
5.
7 Di
scusswhyt
hee
art
hqua
kewa
sune
xpe
cte
dandwhyi
tisdi
ff
ic
ultt
o
pr
edic
t. (
2x2) (
4)
WEEK8&9:VOLCANOES
60
 Youmus
tst
udywi
tht
hes
eque
sti
ons
HOW DOESAVOLCANOFORM? IDENTI
FYDI
FFERENTTYPESOFVOLCANOES?

 Magmar i
sesthroughcrack
sintheEa r
th'scr
ust.  Ext
rus ivev olcano: Whe nma gmapours
 Whenpressureisrel
eased,e
.g.asares
ultofplatemove
me nt
, ontot heEarth’ss urfacea slav
a .
magmae x
plodestothes ur
facecaus
ingav ol
canicer
upti
on.  I
ntrusiv ev ol
cano: Whe nma gmac ool
s
 Thela
vafromt heerupti
oncoolstofor
mne wcrust
. ands oli
di
fi
eswi t hintheEa r
th’
sc r us t
.
 Overti
met herockbuil
dsupa ndavolcanofor
m.  Acti
v ev olcano: Volcanot haterupt
WHATI SAVOLCANO’ SSTRUCTURE? regul
a rl
y.
 Dorma ntv ol
c ano:Volc anot hatisnot
curre
nt l
yerupt i
ngbuti ss ti
llc
a pa bleof
erupting.
 Ext
inc tv olcano: Vol
ca not hathasnot
eruptedinrecor de dhistory.
SHI
ELDVOLCANO COMPOSI
TE/STRATOVOLCANO CI
NDERCONEVOLCANO

 Widewithg ent
lesl
opes  Tall
steepsided  Sma l
lerthanst
rat
ovol
cano
 Lowv i
scosi
ty,l
avaf
lowslow  Alt
ernati
nglayersofla
vaanda s
h  St
ee ps i
des
andfarbeforei
tharde
ns  Expl
osiv
ev olc
anoes  Mainlyrockandashde
posi
ts,
 Formsas hie
ld-
li
kemound  Sma l
lcr
a t
er l
esslavaf l
ow
 Volca
nicisl
ands  Lavahighl
yv i
scousdoesnotf
low  Lar
g e,bowlsha
pedcra
ter
fa
rbe f
oreithardens

ADVANTAGES’ DISADVANTAGES
 Asha ndlav
awe athertoformf
ert
il
esoi
l  Lavaburnspr opertyanddestroy
sfarmla
nd
 Touri
s tat
trac
tion  Pyr
oc l
asti
cf l
owsk il
lsl
ivi
ngcreatur
es
 Hots pri
ngs  Cantrigge
rst hunderstor
ms ,
fl
oods,mudfl
ows
 Generati
onofg eot hermal  Bl
astsofe rupti
onsa redanger
ous
energy  Emitsgreenhouseg asses
 Producemineralse .g.  Ashcloudsblocks unli
ghtandinfl
uenc
esg r
owt
hof
diamonds,gol
d, coppe r
,zi
nc cr
opsa nddi s
ruptsa i
rtraf
fi
c

61
ACTI
VITI
ES:VOLCANOES

6.
1Us
ethef
igur
ebe
lowt
ohe
lpy
oua
nswe
rtheque
sti
onst
hatf
oll
ow.
6.
2Ma
tchc
olumnBt
othec
orr
ectme
ani
ngi
ncol
umnA

COLUMNA COLUMNB
6.
2.
1 Molt
enminer
alsunde
rne
atht
he A Ba
thol
i
th
Ea
rth’
ssur
fac
e.
B Dor
mant
6.
2.
2 Avol
canothatcons
ist
sofsof
tli
qui
d
l
ava,
whichra
pidlyf
lowsout
wards. C Lopol
i
th

6.
2.
3 Avolcani
cconebui
l
tupbyash, D Ex
tinc
t
l
eadi
ngt oconc
avesl
ope
sfor
msa…
vol
cano. E l
acc
oli
th
6.
2.
4
Mus
hroom-
sha
pedv
olc
ani
cint
rus
ion. F Ac
tiv
e
6.
2.
5
Anint
rusi
onthatcut
shori
zont
all
y G Ma
gma
6.
1.
1 Thef
igur
eshowsexampl
esofbothi
ntr
usi
vea
nde
xtr
usi
vev
olc
ani
sms
. al
ongthecrus
tall
ayer
s.
Whatdoint
rus
ivea
nde x
trus
ivemean? (
2x1) (
2) 6.
2.
6 H Compos
ite
Thela
rge
stv
olc
ani
cint
rus
ioni
s
6.
1.
2 Pr
ovi
delabel
sforint
rus
ivefe
atur
esAandB. (
2 (2) 6.
2.
7 cal
l
ed… I Shi
el
d
x1)
6.
1.
3 Whatva
luabl
emi ner
alc
ouldposs
ibl
ybemi
nedf
romf
eat
ureD? (
1x1) (
1) Avolc
anothatha
sn’
ter
upt
edi
n J s
il
l
6.
2.
8 r
ecentye
ars. (
8x1)(
8)
6.
1.
4 Whatt
ypeofv
olc
anoi
sshowni
nthef
igur
e?Gi
vear
eas
onf
oryour
ans
wer
. (
1+2) (
3) Volc
anotha
thasnote
rupt
edi
n
re
corde
dhist
ory
.
6.
1.
5 ‘
Volcani
cerupt
ionsdocausemuc
hdeathanddest
ructi
on,
buttheyal
so
oft
enha v
epositi
veeff
ect
sonpeopl
eandtheenvi
ronment
.’Ex
aminei
na
paragr
aphofnomor ethanEI
GHTli
nestheposi
ti
veandnegati
veef
fec
ts
ofvolc
anoes. (4x2) (
8)

62
6.
3Re
adt
hea
rti
cl
ebe
lowa
boutar
ece
ntv
olc
ani
cer
upt
ioni
nJa
pan. 6.
4FI
GURE6.
4isaSt
ruc
tur
eofaVol
cano

TOKYO—wit
ha tl
east36hik
erspr
esumeddead,
theerupt
ionatMountOnta
kese
rve
s
asagr
imr
eminderofthec
hall
enge
sinvol
vedi
npredi
cti
ngvolc
ani
cexpl
osi
ons.

Toxi
cfumesandvol
cani
ctre
morsst
all
edres
cueworke
rs'
eff
ortsTues
da yt
os e
arc
hfor
sur
viv
orsa
ndr et
ri
evebodi
esfr
omthemountai
naft
eranunexpec
tederupt
ionon
Sat
urdayt
rappedcl
imber
sandspe
weda s
hov e
rawidear
ea.

TheJa panMe teor

ologi
calAgencywarnedrescuesquadsTue sdaymor ni
ngt hat
vol
canictremorsclosei
nintensi
tytothoseobservedfol
lowingthee rupti
onwe rebei
ng
rec
orde d,r
aisi
ngfearsofafres
he x
plosi
on.Butwhi l
esimila
rt r
emor swe r
efirst
rec
orde daround10mi nutesbef
orethedeadlyerupti
ona t11:52a .
m. onSaturday,t
he
agencys a
idtherewa sl
it
tl
ee l
sethati
ndicat
edt heonsetofa nerupti
onoft hissca
le.

Bythetimethea gencyrai
sedtheale
rtle
vel
onas c
a l
eoffi
veforMountOntak
ef r
om
onetothree,
whic hre
s t
ric
tsentr
ytothemountai
n,itwa
s12:36p.m.
,44minutesaft
er
theer
uptionsentplume soft
oxicvol
cani
casha
ndr ocki
ntotheai
randhi
kersrunni
ng
fort
hei
rlives
.
6.
4.
1 Ex
pla
inwha
ti na
sa c
tiv
evol
cano? (
1x1) (
1)
Wi t
h36pe opl
epresume ddeada ndpossi
blymorehiddenundertheashes,t
he
erupti
onisthedeadl
ie
stinJ a
pa nsinc
e43l i
veswereclai
me ddur
ingthe1991e rupti
on 6.
4.
2 I
denti
fythevol
canoi
nFIGURE1.
3a sacinderconeor
ofMountUnz eninthesouthernNa gas
a k
ipref
ect
ure.Locatedi
nt heso-c
all
edPa c
if
ic composi
tevolc
ano?Gi
vearea
sonforyouranswe r
. ( 1+ (
3)
RingofFir
e,Japa
nha s110a cti
vev ol
canoes,
andhasr e
cordedni
nema j
orerupt
ionsin 2)
thepast25y e
ars
. Source
df rom:http:
//onl
ine.
wsj.
com/.
6.
4.
3 I
de nti
fylabel
s1and4. (
2)
(2x1)
6.
3.
1 Thisvol
canol
ie
sonthePac
if
icRi
ngofFi
re.Br
ief
lye
xpl
ainwha
tthi
sis
. 6.
4.
4 Des cr
ibehowacalder
aisforme d. (1x (2)
(1x2)(2) 2)
6.
3.2 Ex
pla
inwhythefumese
sca
pingt
hevol
canoaredes
cri
bedast
oxi
c. 6.
4.
5 I
napa ragra
phofapprox
ima t
elyEIGHTli
nes
,di
scus
sthe
(1x2)(2) socio-ec
onomicef
fect
sofv ol
canoesinde
vel
opi
ng
countrie
s. (
8)
(4x2)
6.
3.
3 Des pit
et heexi
ste
nceofthe
sea
cti
vevolc
anoes
, pe
opl
ehavesti
l
lset
tl
ed
1o
.
3n
.t
51h
.
3e
.5
Japa neseIsl
ands.
Repor
tonTWOa dv
a nta
gesthatpe
opl
ee x
peri
enc
easa
re
s ultoft he
sevol
canoe
s. (2x2)(4)

63
6.
3.
4 Dis
cussinaparagr
aphofnomor
etha
nEIGHTli
nes,
thene
gati
vei
mpacts
tha
tthisvol
cani
cerupt
ionwi
l
lha
veonthes
urr
oundi
ngset
tl
ements
.
(4x2)(
8)

6.
5St
udythec
ases
tudybe
low.
ETNA DI
SCOVERY

8-da yshi ki
ng&s tudyt ouronMt .Et nav olcano,Ita l
y 6.
5.
1 Wha
tisv
olc
anol
ogi
st? (
1x1) (
1)
.
..
I highlyr ecomme ndt histrip.(Gianne l
laG. ,USA, aboutt heEt naDi sc overyt our)
"Hi, Iri
na ,
6.
5.
2 Wha
tex
cur
siondower
eada
bouti
nthee
xtr
act
? (
1x1) (
1)
He rei sas hor ttestimoni al
a boutmywonde rfulMt .Et nae xpe ri
enc e:
6.
5.
3 Volc
anoescanbedes
truc
tiv
einnat
ure
.Me nti
onTWOPosi
ti
ve
ItookVol ca noAdv entur e’
s“ EtnaDi scove ry”trekk i
nge x
cur si
onMa y2019. i
mpa ct
s,vol
canoe
scanpr
ovidet
othepeopleoft
hea
reawhe
rei
t
Mont hsl at
e r,Iams til
ls mil
ingov ert heg reatv iews ,unexpe ctedhor nitoe rupt i
on hasoccur
red. (
2x2) (
4)
ande xcell
entg ui
dingbyv olcanologist,Eve l
ynePr ada l
.Ea chda ywec ov eredane w
area ,exploringt hes tunni ngdi vers
ityofEt na’sslope s— be echf or ests, t
ubec a
v e
s, 6.
5.
4 Wha
tist
hedi
ff
ere
ncebe
twe
enMa
gmaa
ndLa
va. (
2x1) (
2)
scor chedl avas ands ,rope ypa hoehoe ,as tunninga shv al
ley ,ands omuc hmor e.
Pra da lknowsEt nawe ll
, havingledma nyg roupst hereov ert hey e ars.Shea ndt he 6.5.
5 I
ndi
cat
eda
nge
rsv
olc
anoe
sca
nbr
ingt
othee
nvi
ronme
ntofa
n
l
oc a lguideswhoa ccompa niedusda il
ys ha redfasc i
na ti
ngi nforma ti
ona boutt he a
rea (
2x2) (
4)
histor yoft hev olcanoa ndit slavaflows .Wes taye da tac omf or t
a bl
e ,rusticlodge ,
whe r
ee ver
yni ghta fterahots howe ra ndbe foredi nne r,wes a tinf rontofac oz y 6. 5.
6 Thev ol
canol
ogi
stdesc
ribese
co-
touri
stdes t
inat
ionswhi
ch
fi
re placedis cussingt heda y’
se xperiencesov e rwine .Wet rekk eda ny whe refrom dev
elopedbecauseofvolc
ani
cact
ivi
ty.Identi
fyTHREEofthe
se
thre et osixhour spe rda ya nds pentoner estda yv isit
ingt hel ovelyt ownof des
tinati
onsthati
sref
e r
redtoi
nthea r
tic
le. ( 3x2) (
6)
Taor mi na,aNor ma nc a stl
ebui l
tont opofahy droma gmav olcano, andGol a
Alca ntara,ar iverca nyonwi ths pectacular,columna rlavaf orma t
ions .I hi
ghly
recomme ndt hist r
ip. I
nf act,Ienjoye dits omuc ht hatIpl ant odoi ta ga i
nne x t
yea r!

Her
eistheli
nkt
omyEr
taAl
ear
ti
cl
e.
Be
stregar
ds,

64
Gi
anne
ll
a"(
Gia
nne
ll
aG.
,USA,
aboutt
heEt
naDi
scov
eryt
our
)

65
POPULATI
ONGEOGRAPHY

TERMI
NOLOGY
Popul
ati
ondi
str
ibut
ion Thea
rra
nge
mentors
pre
adofpe
opl
eli
vi
ngi
nag
ive
nar
ea.

66
Popul
ati
onde
nsi
ty Theme
asur
eme
ntofhowma
nype
opl
ethe
rea
rei
nana
rea
.

Spa
rse
lypopul
ate
d Cont
aini
ngf
ewpe
opl
e.

De
nse
lypopul
ate
d Cont
aini
ngma
nype
opl
e.

Huma
nfa
ctor
s Tha
taf
fec
tpopul
ati
onde
nsi
tyi
ncl
udes
oci
al
,pol
i
tic
al,
ande
conomi
cfa
ctor
s.

Phy
sic
alf
act
ors Thataf
fec
tpopul
ati
ondens
ityincl
udewate
rsuppl
y,c
li
mat
e,r
eli
ef(
sha
peoft
hel
and)
,ve
get
ati
on,
soi
l
sand
ava
il
abi
li
tyofnat
ura
lres
ourcesandener
gy.

Popul
ati
oni
ndi
cat
ors Di
ff
ere
ntme
asur
eme
ntswhi
chgi
vei
nfor
mat
iona
boutac
ount
ry’
spopul
ati
onc
har
act
eri
sti
cs.

Bi
rt
hra
te t
henumbe
rofba
bie
sbor
npe
r1000oft
hepopul
ati
onpe
rye
ar.

De
athr
ate numbe
rofde
athspe
r1000oft
hepopul
ati
onpe
rye
ar.

Li
fee
xpe
cta
ncy a
ver
agenumbe
rofy
ear
sape
rsonc
ane
xpe
ctt
oli
ve

I
nfa
ntMor
tal
i
tyRa
te: t
henumbe
rofi
nfa
ntde
athspe
r1000l
i
vebi
rt
hs

Na
tur
ali
ncr
eas
e t
her
atea
twhi
chac
ount
ry’
spopul
ati
oni
sgr
owi
ng.

Fe
rti
l
ityr
ate t
heaver
agenumberofc
hil
dre
nana
ver
agewoma
nwoul
dha
vei
fshewe
ret
oli
vet
othee
ndofhe
r
c
hil
dbe
ari
ngyear
s.

Li
ter
acyr
ate t
hepe
rce
nta
geoft
het
ota
lpopul
ati
onwhoc
anr
eada
ndwr
it
e.

GDPpe
rca
pit
a t
hegr
ossdome
sti
cpr
oduc
tpe
rpe
rson.

Popul
ati
ons
truc
tur
e howac
ount
ry’
spopul
ati
oni
sma
deup.

Popul
ati
onpy
rami
d at
ypeofagr
aphs
howi
ngac
ount
ry’
spopul
ati
ona
ccor
dingt
oag
egr
oupsa
ndge
nde
r

67
De
pende
ncyr
ati
o apopul
ati
oni
ndic
atorwhi
chs
howshowma
nype
opl
einac
ount
ryne
edt
obes
uppor
tedbe
caus
ethe
yar
e
note
conomi
cal
l
ya c
tiv
e.

Ze
ropopul
ati
ongr
owt
h whenapopul
ati
onr
ema
inss
tabl
ewhe
ret
henumbe
rofbi
rt
hsa
ndi
mmi
gra
ntsi
sequi
val
entt
otha
tofde
aths
andemi
grant
s.

Popul
ati
ongr
owt
h t
hei
ncr
eas
eint
henumbe
rofpe
opl
einapopul
ati
on

Ex
pone
nti
algr
owt
h e
vermor
era
pidgr
owt
hofapopul
ati
onov
eras
hor
tpe
riodoft
ime

Cont
rac
ept
ion me
thodofbi
rt
hcont
rol

St
eri
l
isa
tion ape
rma
nentf
ormofc
ont
rac
ept
ion

Onec
hil
dpol
i
cy s
tra
tegyt
ocont
rol
bir
thr
ate

Mi
gra
tion t
hemov
eme
ntofpe
opl
efr
omonepl
acet
oanot
her

Ge
noc
ide t
hede
li
ber
atek
il
li
ngofpe
opl
efr
omac
ert
aine
thni
cgr
ouporna
tion

Vol
unt
arymi
gra
tion whe
nape
rsonc
hoos
est
omi
gra
te.

For
cedmi
gra
tion whe
nape
rsoni
sfor
cedt
omi
gra
tebe
caus
eofr
eli
gi
onorpol
i
tic
alf
act
orse
tc.

I
nte
rna
tiona
lmi
gra
tion mov
eme
ntofpe
opl
eac
ros
sac
ount
ry’
sboa
rde
rs

Emi
gra
tion mov
eme
ntofpe
opl
eoutoft
hei
rhomec
ount
ryt
oanot
herc
ount
ry

I
mmi
gra
tion mov
eme
ntofpe
opl
eint
oane
wcount
ryofr
esi
denc
e

Re
giona
lmi
gra
tion mov
eme
ntofpe
opl
ewi
thi
nar
egi
on

Ur
bani
sat
ion pr
oce
ssbywhi
cha
ninc
rea
singpe
rce
nta
geoft
hewor
ld’
spopul
ati
onl
i
vei
nur
bana
rea
s.

68
Gl
oba
li
sat
ion t
hei
nte
gra
tiona
ndc
onne
cti
onofc
ount
ri
es

Rur
al-
urba
nmi
gra
tion mov
eme
ntofpe
opl
efr
omf
armst
oci
ti
es

De
popul
ati
on ade
cli
nei
nthenumbe
rofpe
opl
eli
vi
ngi
nana
rea
.

Pus
hfa
ctor
s f
act
orst
hatf
orc
epe
opl
etol
eav
erur
ala
rea
s.

Pul
lfa
ctor
s f
act
orst
hatdr
awpe
opl
etour
bana
rea
s.

Ce
ntr
if
uga
lfor
ces f
orc
est
hatc
aus
epe
opl
etol
eav
erur
ala
rea
s.

Ce
ntr
ipe
tal
for
ces f
orc
est
hata
ttr
actpe
opl
etour
bana
rea
s.

Mi
gra
ntwor
ker ape
rsonwhomi
gra
tess
pec
if
ic
all
ytof
indwor
k.

Ec
onomi
cmi
gra
nt ami
gra
ntwor
ker

Pol
i
tic
almi
gra
nt ape
rsonwhomi
gra
tesf
orpol
i
tic
alr
eas
ons

69
TOPI
C:POPULATI
ONDI
STRI
BUTI
ONANDDENSI
TY

 Worldpopul
ati
ondis
tri
buti
onisuneven.Pl
aceswhi
chare  Popul
ati
ondensi
tyi
same asur
eme ntofthenumberofpe
oplei
n
spar
sel
ypopula
tedcont
ainfewpeople
. Pl
ace
swhichar
e anarea.
Iti
sanaver
agenumber.Popula
tiondens
ityi
scal
cul
ate
d
dense
lypopul
atedc
ontai
nma nypeopl
e . bydiv
idi
ngthenumberofpe
oplebya r
ea.

 Spars
elypopulatedpla
cestendtobediff
ic
ultplac
esto  Populat
iondensi
tyisusual
l
yshownasthenumberofpeopl
epe
r
l
ive.
The s
ea r
eus ual
lypla
c e
swithhost
il
ee nv
ironment
s squar
ek il
ometr
e.Thema pbel
owisachoropl
eth(
shadi
ng)map
e.
g.Antarc
tic
a.Placeswhicharedens
elypopul
a t
edare andil
lustr
ate
spopulati
ondensi
ty.
Thedarkert
hecol
ourthe
habi
tabl
ee nv
ironmentse.g.Eur
ope. grea
terthepopulat
iondensi
ty.

 Thepopul
ati
onoft
heworl
disnowove
r7bill
i
onpeopl
e,
thev
astmajor
it
yofwhomli
veint
hedeve
lopi
ngworl
d.

 Thewor
ld’
spopula
tioniss
pre
adunevenl
yacr
ossthe
gl
obewi
thconcent
rati
onsofl
argenumber
sofpeopl
e
l
ivi
ngi
nthesamea r
e a
.

 Theworl
dasawhol ehasmore‘
empt
y’ar
easthan
‘
cr
owded’a
reas.Ther
earese
vera
lphy
sic
alandhuman
f
act
orstoexpl
ai
nt hi
s.

 Thema pa boveshowsthatworldpopulati
ondist
ri
buti
onis
uneve
n. Somea reashaveahighpopulat
iondensi
tywhil
eothers
havealowpopul ati
ondensit
y.Areasofhighpopul
ati
ondensit
y
tendtobel oca
tedbe t
we e
n20°a nd60°N. Thi
sareacont
ainsa
l
argelanda re
aa ndarelat
ive
lytemperatecli
mate.

70
ACTI
VITI
ES:
POPULATI
ONDI
STRI
BUTI
ONANDDENSI
TY
ACTI
VITY1 ACTI
VITY2

1.
1 Gi
veONEwor
d/t
ermf
ore
achoft
hef
oll
owi
ng 1.
2 St
udyFI
GURE1.
2tha
tshowst
heWor
ld

desc
ript
ionsbychoosi
ngaword/t
ermfromtheli
stbe
low. popul
ati
ona
nda
nswe
rthef
oll
owi
ngque
sti
ons
.
Writ
eonl ytheword/t
ermne
xttothequest
ionnumber
(1.
1.
1–1.1.8)i heANSWERBOOK.
nt

1.
1.
1Thenumbe
rofpe
opl
etha
tli
vepe
rsqua
rek
il
ome
tre
.

1.
1.
2Thepe
rce
nta
geofpe
opl
etha
tca
nre
ada
ndwr
it
e.

1.
1.
3Thel
ossofpr
ofe
ssi
ona
lpe
opl
efr
omac
ount
ry.

1.
1.
4Showst
hes
pre
adofpe
opl
eov
era
nar
ea.

1.
1.
5Thenumbe
rofc
hil
dre
ntha
tdi
epe
r1000pe
opl
eof 1.
2.
1 Ex
pla
int
hedi
ff
ere
ncebe
twe
ende
vel
ope
dandde
vel
opi
ng

t
hepopul
ati
on. c
ount
ri
es. (
2X2)(
4)

71
1.
1.
6Thea
ver
agenumbe
rofy
ear
stha
tape
rsoni
s 1.
2.
2 Na
met
hec
ount
ryf
romFI
GURE1.
2tha
tca
nbes
eena
sthemos
t

e
xpe
cte
dtol
i
ve. de
vel
ope
dcount
ry. (
1X2)(
2)

1.
1.
7As
urv
eydonet
ocounta
llt
hepe
opl
etha
tli
vei
n 1.
2.
3 I
dent
if
ythea
mountofpe
opl
e(i
nmi
l
li
ons
)tha
tcons
tit
ute
sthe

ac
ount
ry. popul
ati
onoft
hec
ount
ryme
nti
one
dinQUESTI
ON1.
2.
2?

1.
1.
8Thet
ota
lnumbe
rofl
i
vebi
rt
hspe
r1000pe
opl
eof (
1X2)(
2)

t
hepopul
ati
on. 1.
2.
4 I
dent
if
ytheTWOc
ount
ri
esi
nFI
GURE1.
2wi
tht
hel
arg
est

popul
ati
on? (
2X1)(
2)

(
8X1)(
8) 1.
2.
5 De
scr
ibeTWOphy
sic
alf
act
orst
hatwoul
dcont
ri
but
etot
hehi
gh

popul
ati
oni
nthec
ount
ri
esa
sme
nti
one
dinQUESTI
ON1.
2.
4.

(
2X2)(
4)

ACTI
VITY3

72
1.
3 St
udyt
hema
panda
nswe
rtheque
sti
ons
.(Sour
ce:
Foc
usGe
ogr
aphyGr
ade10)

1.
3.
1Thema
pshowst
enc
ount
ri
eswi
tht
hei
rpopul
ati
onf
igur
es.
Arr
anget
hes
ecount
ri
esf
romt
hemos
tpopul
oust
othel
eas
t

popul
ous
. (
10x
1)(
10)

1.
3.
2Onwhi
chc
ont
ine
nta
remos
toft
hes
ecount
ri
es? (
1x1)(
1)

1.
3.
3Ca
lcul
atet
het
ota
lpopul
ati
onofJ
apa
n,Ba
ngl
ade
sha
ndI
ndone
sia
. (
1x1)(
1)

1.
3.
4Whi
chc
ount
ryoft
het
enha
sthes
mal
l
esta
rea
? (
1x1)(
1)

73
1.
3.
5Doy
out
hinkapopul
ati
onma
pfor2020wi
l
llookt
hes
amea
sthi
sone
?Ex
pla
iny
oura
nswe
r. (
1x2)(
2)

ACTI
VITY4 ACTI
VITY5

1.
4 Re
fert
oFI
GURE1.
4showi
ngt
he2017popul
ati
ondi
str
ibut
ioni
nSout
h 1.
5 Re
fert
oFI
GURE1.
5showi
ngwor
ld
Af
ri
ca
popul
ati
one
xpl
osi
on

1.
4.
1 De
finet
het
ermUr
bani
sat
ion. (
1x1)(
1)

1.
4.
2 Na
met
hepr
ovi
ncewi
tht
hes
mal
l
estpopul
ati
on. (
1x1)(
1)

74
1.
4.
3 Whi
chi
sthemos
tpopul
ate
dpr
ovi
ncei
nSout
hAf
ri
ca? (
1x1)(
1) 1.
5.
1 De
finet
het
ermpopul
ati
one
xpl
osi
on.
(1x
1)(
1)

1.
4.
4 Pr
ovi
deTWOr
eas
onsf
ort
hehi
ghpopul
ati
oni
nthepr
ovi
nce 1.
5.
2 Howma
nybi
l
li
onsofpe
opl
ewe
ret
her
ein

na
medi
nque
sti
on1.
4.
3. (
1x1)(
2) 1975? (
1x1)(
1)

1.
4.
5 Ba
sedont
heda
taf
romt
hegr
aph,
wha
tist
het
ota
lpopul
ati
onof 1.
5.
3 Howma
nybi
l
li
onsofpe
opl
einc
rea
sed

Sout
hAf
ri
ca? (
1x2)(
2) be
twe
en2020a
nd2033? (
1x1)(
1)

1.
4.
6 I
napa
ragr
aphofnotmor
etha
n8l
i
nesdi
scus
sthepus
hfa
ctor
s 1.
5.
4 Whi
chy
ears
howst
hehi
ghe
stpopul
ati
oni
nthe

Orc
ondi
ti
onsf
orc
ingpe
opl
etol
eav
erur
ala
rea
s. (
4x2)(
8) wor
ld? (
1x1)(
1)

1.
5.
5 Pr
edi
ctt
henumbe
rofpe
opl
ein10y
ear
sfr
om

2046? (
1x1)(
1)

TOPI
C:POPULATI
ONSTRUCTURE

75
 Studyi
ngt hepopul
ations t
ruct
ureofacount
rycaninvol
ve  Somec ount
rieshav eala
rgeyouthpopul at
ionbe causebirt
h
examiningdif
fer
entcha r
acter
ist
icsi
ncl
udi
ngage,gender
, rat
e sar
ehigh,infa
ntmor ta
li
tyisl
owa ndsa nita
tionma ybe
fe
rtil
i
ty( bi
rt
hr a
tesex pr
essedasthenumberofbabie
sborn i
mpr ovi
ng.Howe ver,t
hosewithas mallyouthpopul at
ionma y
per1000pe ople
),mor ta
li
ty(numberofdeat
hsper1000 havelowbirt
hr atesduetoli
fest
ylecha ngesa schil
dre
n
peopl
e )andmigrat
ion. becomemor eex pe
ns i
veandyoungpe oplear emor ecaree
r-
foc
us s
ed.
 Thepopul at
ionofacountryisma deupofdif
ferentgr
oups
i
ncludingtheyouthandelderl
ypopulati
on,whi
cht oget
herare  Countrie
swithahighelder
lypopul
ati
onoftenhavebe
tter
knowna sdependents.
Thewor kingpopul
ati
onc onsi
stof healt
hc ar
eleadi
ngtolongerl
if
ee x
pectanc
y.However
,those
peoplewhoa reofworki
nga geanda reec
onomica l
l
yacti
ve. withas mal
lel
derl
ypopulati
ontypi
cal
lyhavepoorhea
lthca
re
Thede pendencyra
tioi
sthepr oporti
onofdependentpeopl
e provi
sionandther
efor
eas horte
rli
feexpect
ancy.
tothewor ki
ngpopulati
on.

76
 Sma
lly
out
hful
popul
ati
on
Ana
gei
ngpopul
ati
on
Acount
rywit
has mal
lyouthf
ulpopul
ati
oncane
xpe
rie
nceanumbe
r
Acountr
ywitha nageingpopul
ati
on(a
ni nc
rea s
ingpropor
ti
onof ofpr
obl
emsincl
udi
ng:
el
derl
ypeopl
e)c anexperi
enceanumberofproblems.Thes
einc
lude
:
 thepotent
ial
forpopul
ati
ondecl
i
ne
 fewerwork e
rstosupportt
hefi
nanci
al demandsofanagei
ng
popula
tion.

 gr
eat
erpr
ess
ureonhe
alt
hands
oci
alc
ares
erv
ice
s  f
ewe
rfut
urec
ons
ume
rsa
ndt
axpa
yer
s

 i
ncr
eas
edex
pensef
rompensi
oncl
ai
ms,
tha
tca
nle
adt
ota
x whi
chc
ani
mpa
cte
conomi
c
i
ncr
eas
est
ome e
tthede
ma nd.
de
vel
opme
nt.
 ahi
ghe
rde
pende
ncyr
ati
o

La
rgey
out
hful
popul
ati
on

Acount
rywi
thal
argey
out
hful
popul
ati
onc
ane
xpe
rie
nceanumbe
r
ofpr
obl
emsi
ncl
udi
ng:

 i
ncr
eas
edpr
ess
ureone
duc
ati
on,

nur
singa
ndhe
alt
hca
res
erv
ice
s

 i
ncr
eas
edde
pende
ncyr
ati
on

 i
ncr
eas
edt
axr
ate
stof
undt
hede
mand

f
ors
erv
ice
s.

77
ACTI
VITI
ES:
POPULATI
ONSTRUCTURE

ACTI
VITY6 ACTI
VITY7

2.
1Ma
tcht
hef
oll
owi
ngi
temsi
nCOLUMNAwi
tht
he 2.
2 St
udyt
hepopul
ati
onpy
rami
dFI
GURE2.
2forSout
hAf
ri
ca

c
orr
ectde
fini
ti
oni
nCOLUMNB.Wr
it
eonl
ythenumbe
r ba
sedon2014s
tat
ist
ics
.

a
ndl
ett
ere
.g.
2.1.
1M

COLUMNA COLUMNB

2.
1.
1 GDPpe rcapit
a A.Numberofbabie
sbornpe
r
2.
1.
2 Natur
alinc
r ea
se 1000ofthepopul
ati
onper
2.
1.
3 Li
feexpect
a ncy year
.
78
 2.
1.
4 Fe
rtil
it
yrate B.Thegros sdome sti
cpr oduc t
2.
1.
5 Bi
rthrate perperson.
2.
1.
6 Li
ter
a c
yrate C.Thenumbe rofde athspe r
2.
1.
7 Deathrat
e yearper1000oft he
populati
on.
D.Theratea twhi chac ountry’
s
populati
onisgr owing .
E.Thea veragenumbe rof
chi
ldrena nav e
ragewoma n
wouldha veifshewe retoliv
e
tothee ndofhe rchild-
beari
ngy ears.
F.Thea veragenumbe rofyea r
s
ape r
sonc ane xpecttolive. 2.
2.
1 De
scr
ibet
hes
hapeoft
hepopul
ati
onpy
rami
d. (
1x2)(
2)
G.Thepe rcentageoft hetotal
populati
onwhoc anr eada nd 2.
2.
2 Whi
cha
gegr
oupma
kesupt
hel
arg
estpor
ti
onofSout
h
wri
te. Af
ri
ca’
spopul
ati
on? (
1x2)(
2)

2.
2.
3 Whi
chge
nde
rli
vesl
ong
eri
nSout
hAf
ri
ca?(
1x2)(
2)

ACTI
VITY8 2.
2.
4 Thebi
rt
hra
tei
nSout
hAf
ri
caha
sdr
oppe
dov
ert
hel
ast

2.
3St
udyt
hepopul
ati
onpy
rami
dFI
GURE2.
3(a
)and2.
3 dec
ade
.Gi
ver
eas
onsf
ort
her
educ
tioni
nthebi
rt
hra
te.
(
2x2)(
4)

2.
2.
5 De
finet
het
ermde
pende
ncyr
ati
o. (
1x1)(
1)

2.
2.
6 I
sSout
hAf
ri
ca’
sde
pende
ncyr
ati
ohi
ghorl
ow? (
1x2)(
2)

79
(
b).

ACTI
VITY9

2.
4 Re
fert
oFI
GURE2.
4showi
ngpopul
ati
onpy
rami
dof

Af
gha
nis
tan(
2015)
.

2.
3.
1 Ide
nti
fythetypeofpopul
ati
onpyra
mi dtha
tisi
ll
ust
rat
ed
res
pecti
vel
yinFIGURE2.3(a)andFIGURE2.3(b)a
sa
devel
opedorade v
elopi
ngcount
ry.( 2x
2)(4)

2.
3.
2 Whic
hagegroupsacc
ordingtoFIGURE2.3(a
)andFIGURE
2.
3(b)woul
drepre
sentthefol
lowinge
conomics
tat
usina
2.
4.
1Us
ethepopul
ati
onpy
rami
dtode
ter
minet
hef
oll
owi
ng:
popul
ati
onpy
rami
d:
(
a)Numbe
rofma
lesa
ged25t
o29y
ear
s (
1x1)(
1)
a
.Yout
hde
penda
nts
(
b)Numbe
roff
ema
lesa
ged45t
o49y
ear
s (
1x1)(
1)
b.
Elde
rlyde
penda
nts
80
 c
.Ec
onomi
cac
tiv
epopul
ati
on (
3x1)(
3) (
c)Tot
alnumbe
rofpe
opl
eage
d0t
o4y
ear
s(1x
1)(
1)

2.
3.
3 Whi
chpopul
ati
onpy
rami
dFI
GURE2.
3(a
)orFI
GURE 2.
4.
2Ide
nti
fyt
hea
gegr
oupt
hatma
kesupt
hebi
gge
stpor
ti
onof

2.
3(b)woul
dre
pre
sentSout
hAf
ri
ca’
spopul
ati
on? t
het
ota
lpopul
ati
on. (
1x1)(
1)

(
1x1)(
1) 2.
4.
3Woul
dyouc
las
sif
yAf
gha
nis
tana
sade
vel
opi
ngor

2.
3.
4 Wr
it
eapa
ragr
aphofa
ppr
oxi
mat
ely8l
i
nesdi
scus
sing de
vel
ope
dcount
ry (
1x1)(
1)

t
hepopul
ati
onc
har
act
eri
sti
csofade
vel
ope
dcount
ry. 2.
4.
4Pr
ovi
deONEpi
eceofe
vide
ncef
romt
hepy
rami
dto

Re
fert
othebi
rt
hra
te,
dea
thr
ate
,de
pende
ncyr
ati
oand s
uppor
tyoura
nswe
rinQUESTI
ON2.
4.
3. (
1x2)(
2)

e
duc
ati
onoft
hepopul
ati
on. (
4x2)(
8) 2.
4.
5Inapa
ragr
aphofa
ppr
oxi
mat
elyEI
GTHl
i
nes
,de
scr
ibe

ne
gat
ivee
ffe
ctsofov
erpopul
ati
oni
nac
ount
rys
uch

a
sAf
gha
nis
tan. (
4x2)(
8)

ACTI
VITY10

2.
5St
udyFI
GURE2.
5showi
ngpr
ovi
nci
ala
ver
agel
i
fe

81
 e
xpe
cta
ncy
.

2.
5.
1De
finet
het
erml
i
fee
xpe
cta
ncy
. (
1x1)(
1)

2.
5.
2Whi
chpr
ovi
nceha
sre
spe
cti
vel
ythel
owe
sta
ndhi
ghe
stl
i
fe

e
xpe
cta
ncybe
twe
en2011–2016? (
2x1)(
2)

2.
5.
3Compa
ret
hel
i
fee
xpe
cta
ncyf
ort
hey
ear
s2011–2016wi
th

2016–2021. (
1x2)(
2)

2.
5.
4Ex
pla
inTWOf
act
orst
hatc
ande
cre
asel
i
fee
xpe
cta
ncy

a
mongma
les
. (
2x2)(
4)

2.
5.
5Di
scus
sTHREEwa
yst
oadv
isema
lest
oimpr
ovel
i
fe

e
xpe
cta
ncy
. (
3x2)(
6)

82
ACTI
VITY11

2.
6St
udyFI
GURE2.
6showi
ngpopul
ati
onpy
rami
ds.

83
2.
6.
1Howma
nyma
lesa
rea
ged15-19? (
1x2)(
2)

2.
6.
2Howma
nyf
ema
lesa
rea
ged15-19? (
1x2)(
2)

2.
6.
3Whi
cha
gegr
oupma
kesupt
hel
arge
stnumbe
roft
het
ota
lPopul
ati
on? (
1x2)(
2)

2.
6.
4Howma
nype
opl
e(ma
lea
ndf
ema
le)a
rea
ged60a
ndov
er? (
1x2)(
2)

2.
6.
5Howma
nype
opl
e(ma
lea
ndf
ema
le)a
reunde
r15y
ear
sol
d? (
1x2)(
2)

2.
6.
6Cl
ass
if
ythes
hapeoft
hepy
rami
d. (
1x2)(
2)

TOPI
C:POPULATI
ONGROWTH

84
  Popula
tiongrowth( posi
tiveornegati
ve)iscaused
excl
usi
velybytheope rati
onofferti
li
ty,mortal
it
y,and
migrat
ion.Regar
dingt hepopulat
iongrowt hofcountri
es
andothernati
onalpopul at
ions,
thee f
fectofmigrati
onis
normall
ynota si
nfluenti
a l
a st
hee f
fectsoffer
ti
lit
ya nd
mortal
ity,
usuall
ycons i
deredtobet hema j
orfactor
s
dir
ectl
yc a
usi
ngna tionalpopul
ati
ongr owth.

 Populat
iong r
owthcana l
soleadtoari
singde mandfor
food.Pr
oblemsofinstabi
li
tyinfoodpr
oduc ti
onare
 Ov erpopulat
ionisanunde s
irableconditionwherethenumbe rof parti
cul
arlydif
fi
cul
tforsomede vel
opi
ngc ountr
ieswit
h
thee xi
s t
inghuma npopula t
ione xceedst heact
ualcarr
ying highpopulat
iongrowthratesandlowtechnologi
cal
capa ci
tyofEa r
th.Overpopul a
tioni scausedbyanumbe rof changesinagri
cult
ure.
factors.Reducedmor tal
i
t yrate,betterme di
calfa
cil
it
ies,
depletionofpreci
ousr esourcesa refewoft hecauseswhich
resultinoverpopula
tion.Itispos si
bleforas par
sel
ypopulated
areat obe c
omede nselypopula t
e difitisnotabl
et osusta
inli
fe.  Aninc r
ea s
ingnumberofpeopl
ei nt
hepopul a
t i
onlea
dsto
pressuresonlandresour
ces
,whichli
mi t
sthea mountof
ara
blea gri
cult
urall
andandtendstowor se
nt hesi
tuati
on
offoods uppl
ya ndhumanreproduc
tion.

85
 Further
more,ahi ghrat
eofpopulati
ongr owthi sl
ikel
yto
i
nc r
easepopulati
ondens i
tyincer
tai
nge ographicareas
,
parti
cul
arl
yur bansett
ings.Asaresult
,overcrowding,
unemployment ,
andpov er
tya r
eli
kelytoleadt osoci
al
proble
msins omel oc
ali
tie
s.

CAUSESOFOVERPOPULATI
ON

86
  De
cli
nei
ntheDe
athRa
te:  Ri
sei
ntheBi
rt
hRa
te:

Thefalli
ndeathratesthatisdecl
i
nei nmortali
tyrat
eisone
fundamentalc
ausesofov er
populat
ion.Owingt ot
hea dvance
me nt
s
i
nme dici
ne,manha sfoundc ur
estothepr e
viousl
yfatal
disease
s. Thankst
othene wdi
scov
eri
esi
nnut r
iti
onals
cie
nce,
wehavebee
n
Thene winve
ntionsinme di
cinehavebroughtintr
eatment sf
ormostabl
etobri
nginincr
easei
nthefe
rti
l
ityrate
sofhumanbei
ngs.
ofthedreadf
uldiseases
. Medic
ine
softodaycanboos
tthereproduc
tiv
eratei
nhumanbei
ngs
.

87
  Mi
gra
tion:  La
ckofEduc
ati
on:

I
mmi gr
a ti
oni
sapr obl
eminsomepart
softheworld.I
fthe Il
li
terac
yisanothe
rimportantcaus
eofover
popul
ati
on.Thosel
acki
ng
i
nhabit
a nt
sofva
riouscount
rie
smigr
atetoapart
icul
arpa r
tofthe educati
onfai
ltounder
standt hene
edtoprev
entexc
essi
vegrowthof
wor
lda ndset
tl
eov ert
here,
thear
eaisboundt
os uff
erfromtheil
l populati
on.
Theya r
eunabletounders
tandt
heharmful
e f
fec
tsthat
overpopul
ati
onhas.

e
ffe
ctsofov
erpopul
ati
on

88
 SOLUTI
ONSTOOVERPOPULATI
ON

 Be
tte
rEduc
ati
on  Ma
kingPe
opl
eAwa
reofFa
mil
yPl
anni
ng

Oneofthefi
rstmeasur
esi
stoimple
me ntpol
i
cie
sref
lect
ings
oci
al Asthepopul
ati
onofthisworl
disg r
owinga tarapidpac
e,rai
sing
cha
nge.Educ
atingt
hema s
seshel
psthemunderst
andthenee
dto aware
nessamongpeopleregar
dingfamil
ypl a
nningandlet
ti
ngt hem
haveoneort
woc hi
ldre
natthemost. knowaboutser
iousaf
ter-
effe
ctsofoverpopulat
ioncanhel
pc urb
popul
ati
ongrowth.

89
ACTI
VITI
ES:
POPULATI
ONGROWTH

ACTI
VITY12 ACTI
VITY13

3.
1St
udyt
het
wopopul
ati
onpy
rami
dsi
nFI
GURE3.
1.The
y 3.
2St
udyFI
GURE3.
2onpopul
ati
ongr
owt
h.

r
epr
ese
ntt
wodi
ff
ere
ntc
ount
ri
es.
Indi
cat
ewhi
ch

90
 py
rami
d,AorB,
isr
efe
rre
dtoi
nea
choft
he

de
scr
ipt
ionsbe
low.

3.
1.
1Thec
ount
rywi
thhi
ghbi
rt
handde
athr
ate
s(1X1)(
1)

3.
1.
2Thec
ount
rys
howi
ngas
lowpopul
ati
ongr
owt
h.

(
1X1)(
1)
3.
2.
1 Wha
twa
sSout
hAf
ri
ca’
spopul
ati
oni
n2001?(
1x1)(
1)
3.
1.
3At
ri
angul
arpopul
ati
onpy
rami
d (
1X1)(
1)
3.
2.
2 Whi
chprov
inc
eha
sthehi
ghe
stpopul
ati
onandhowma
nype
opl
e
3.
1.
4Thec
ount
rywi
thahi
ghl
i
fee
xpe
cta
ncy (
1X1)(
1) l
i
vethe
re? (2x1)(2)

3.
1.
5Thec
ount
rywi
thma
nyy
oungpe
opl
e (
1X1)(
1) 3.
2.
3 GiveTWOr e
asonswhythegr
eates
tpopul
ati
oni
ncr
easewa
sin
theagegr
oupbetween5–9y ea
rsold. ( 2x2)(4)
3.
1.
6Thec
ount
rywi
thma
nya
dul
ts (
1X1)(
1)
3.
2.
4 Di
scus
sTHREEnegat
ivei
mpa c
tst
hatthei
ncr
eas
edpopul
ati
on
3.
1.
7Thec
ount
rywi
thahi
ghl
i
fee
xpe
cta
ncyf
orf
ema
les
gr
owthha
sontheinf
rast
ruc
turei
nSouthAf
ri
ca.
91
 ol
dert
han80y
ear
s (
1X1)(
1) (
3x2)(
6)

ACTI
VITY14 3.
2.
5Gi
veONEs ugges
tionhowSouthAfr
icac
ani
mprov
econt
rol
of
popul
ati
ongrowthinthef
uture
.( 1x1)(
1)
3.
3Re
fert
oFI
GURE3.
3tha
tshowst
hepopul
ati
on

c
har
act
eri
sti
csofBr
azi
l
.
ACTI
VITY15

3.
4Re
fert
oFI
GURE3.
4showi
ngpopul
ati
oni
ncr
eas
einSout
h

Af
ri
ca.

3.
3.
1IsBr
azi
lade
vel
ope
dorde
vel
opi
ngc
ount
ry?(
1x2)(
2)

92
3.
3.
2GiveONEr
eas
onf
ory
oura
nswe
rtoQUESTI
ON3.
3.
1. 3.
4.
1 De
finet
het
ermpopul
ati
on. (
1x1)(
1)
(1x2)(
2)
3.
4.
2 Wha
twa
sSout
hAf
ri
ca’
spopul
ati
oni
n2001a
nd2015
3.
3.
3GiveTWOpos
sibl
ere
asonsf
ort
hehi
ghbi
rt
hra
tei
nBr
azi
l
.
(2x2)(
4) r
espe
cti
vel
y? (
2x1)(
2)

3.
3.4Di
scus
sthene
gat
ivei
mpa
ctofar
api
dpopul
ati
ongr
owth 3.
4.
3 Na
met
hepr
ovi
ncewi
tht
hel
owe
stpopul
ati
ona
ndt
he
ra
teonBrazi
l
. (2x2)(
4) numbe
rofpe
opl
eli
vi
ngi
nthi
spr
ovi
nce
.(2x1)(
2)
3.
3.5Sugge
stTWOme t
hodst
hatBra
zil
canus
etor
educ
ethe 3.
4.
4 Comme
ntont
het
rendf
rom2001t
o2016i
nthea
rti
cl
e
ra
pidpopul
ati
ongr
owt
hinthe
irc
ountr
y. (2x2)(4)
r
ega
rdi
ngt
hepopul
ati
onofSout
hAf
ri
ca.(
1x2)(
2)

3.
4.
5 Di
scus
sTWOne
gat
ivei
mpa
ctst
hatt
hei
ncr
eas
ed

popul
ati
ong
rowt
hha
sshownont
hena
tur
alr
esour
cesof

t
hec
ount
ry. (
2x2)(
4)

3.
4.
6 Sugge
sta
nyTWOs
tra
tegi
est
hatc
anbeputi
npl
acet
o

ma
naget
hepopul
ati
ong
rowt
hinSout
hAf
ri
ca.
(2x2)(
4)

ACTI
VITY16 ACTI
VITY17

3.
5St
udyt
hegr
aphs
howi
nggl
oba
lpopul
ati
ongr
owt
hfr
om 3.
6St
udyFI
GURE3.
6showi
ngpopul
ati
one
xpl
osi
on.

1750t
o2100a
nda
nswe
rtheque
sti
ons
.(Sour
ce:
Foc
us

Ge
ogr
aphyGr
ade10)

93
3.
5.
1De
scr
ibet
hegr
owt
hint
ota
lwor
ldpopul
ati
onf
rom

1750t
oar
ound1950. (
2x1)(
2)

3.
5.
2De
scr
ibet
het
ota
lwor
ldpopul
ati
ongr
owt
hfr
om1950

t
otoda
y. (
2x1)(
2)

3.
5.
3Compa
ret
hepopul
ati
ongr
owt
hinl
essde
vel
ope
d

94
 c
ount
ri
eswi
tht
hepopul
ati
ongr
owt
hinmor
e

de
vel
ope
dcount
ri
es. (
2x2)(
4)

3.
5.
4De
ter
minet
het
ota
lwor
ldpopul
ati
ona
ccor
dingt
othe

gr
aphf
or2015. 3.
6.
1Doy
oua
gre
ewi
(
t
1hx
t
2h
)e
(c
2o
)mme
ntt
hatt
hedogha
s

ma
de? (
1x2)(
2)

3.
6.
2Gi
vee
vide
ncef
romt
hec
art
oont
omot
iva
tet
he

c
omme
ntoft
hedogi
n1.
6.
1. (
1x2)(
2)

3.
6.
3Wr
it
eapa
ragr
aphof10l
i
nesa
nde
xpl
ai
nthe

c
hal
l
enge
stha
tthi
s‘popul
ati
one
xpl
osi
on’
coul
dha
ve

ont
hisl
adyi
nthef
utur
e. (
8x1)(
8)

95
TOPI
C:POPULATI
ON MOVEMENTS

 Themov e
me ntofpeopl
efromplac
etopla
c ei
sref
err
ed Fa
ctor
swhi
chi
nfl
uenc
emi
gra
tion
toasmigrat
ion.The
sepeoplear
ecall
edmigra
nts
.There
aremanydif
ferentt
ypesofmigr
ati
on.  Soci
alfac
tor
s–t hedesi
ret ol
iveabett
erli
fe,
housi
ng,
 Migra
tionr
efer
stothemov
eme
ntofpe
opl
efr
omone envi
ronment
,improve
dlivingcondi
ti
ons,i
mprove
dserv
ice
s,
count
rytoanot
her. fac
il
it
ies
,act
ivi
ti
es,r
ela
tionshi
ps.
 Mi
gra
tionc
anbec
las
sif
iedi
ntodi
ff
ere
ntc
ate
gor
ies
.
 Pol
it
ica
lfa
ctors–peopl
emovebec
auset
heyareunha
ppy
I
mmi
gra
tioni
sthemov
eme
ntofpe
opl
eint
oa wit
hthepoli
ti
cals
yste
m,mai
nlyapus
hfact
or.
c
ount
ry.  Ec
onomicf
act
ors–s
eek
ingabe
tte
rjobf
rombus
ine
ssor
Emi
gra
tioni
sthemov
eme
ntofpe
opl
eoutofa i
ndus
try
.

c
ount
ry.  Rel
i
giousfa
ctor
s–pe oplemaymov etoa
voi
dbei
ng
pe
rsecut
edbecauseofthei
rrel
ig
ion.Mov
etowher
ethe
yca
n
Rur
al-ur
banmi
gra
tioni
sthemov
eme
ntf
romr
ura
l
pr
acti
sethei
rre
ligi
ousbeli
efs
.
t
our
bana
rea
s.
 Physi
calf
act
ors–peopl
emaymov et
oavoi
dphy
sic
al
 I
nter
nat
ional
mi gr
ati
oni
scontr
oll
edbygove
rnment
s. danger
s,ahar
shcl
imateori
nfe
rti
l
esoi
l.
The
yma yencoura
geordi
scour
agemigr
ati
onint
othei
r

96
 count
ry.
Il
le
galmigr
ant
sca
nber
etur
nedt
othe
irc
ount
ry
ofori
gi
n(depor
ted)
 Atti
tudest
oref
uge
esa
ndimmigra
nts(x
enophobi
a)Negat
ive
att
it
udestowa
rdsi
mmigr
ant
sareatt
ri
bute
dt ova
rious
fa
ctors:

 Ref
uge
e sar
epeopl
ewhohavebeenf
orc
edtole
avethei
r
homecount
rybeca
useofwa
r,pe
rsec
uti
onornat
ura
l di
sas
ter
.

• Re
asonsf
ormi
gra
tions
Pul
lfa
ctor
s:
Pul
lfa
ctor
s:Fa v
ourabl
econdi
ti
onst
hata
ttr
actpe
opl
etoa
not
hera
rea
.
Lea
dt ospont
aneouspopul
ati
onmovements
.  Be
tte
rphy
sic
ale
nvi
ronme
nt

 Thel
ureoff
ore
ignl
ands

 Be
tte
rcommuni
cat
ionl
i
nks

 Be
tte
rec
onomi
coppor
tuni
ti
es

Pus
hfa
ctor
s:
 Pol
i
tic
alUnr
est

 Ra
cia
ldi
scr
imi
nat
ion

 Re
li
gi
ouspe
rse
cut
ion

97
Pushfac
tor
s:Unf
avour
ablecondi
ti
onstha
tdi s
cour
agepe
opl
efr
om  Re
vol
uti
onsa
ndwa
rs
re
ma i
ni
nginanar
ea.Leadtoforc
edmigra
tions.
 Unf
avour
abl
ephy
sic
ale
nvi
ronme
nt

 I
ndus
tri
ala
nds
cie
nti
fi
cre
vol
uti
ons

98
 EFFECTSOFPOPULATI
ONMOVEMENTS

POSI
TIVES NEGATI
VES

 Peoplewhoe nt
ert
hecountr
yhav
especi
al
ize
ds ki
l
lsand  Peopl
ewhol e
avethecount
ryarehi
ghlys
k i
l
ledandwe
ll
thenewc ountr
ybe
nef
itsfr
omtheadde
ds k
il
lsofthe educat
ed.Thi
sme a
nsalossofdeve
lopmental
i
mmi grants
. possi
bi
li
ti
esofthecount
ryofori
gi
n.
 Peopl
ewhol ea
verural
areasse
ndmoneytope
opl
e  Thepe
opl
ewhomov
ema
ybee
xpl
oi
teda
tthene
wpl
ace
.
re
ma i
ningbehi
nd.Theeconomi
cpr
ospe
rit
yist
her
eby
i
ncrea
se danddi
str
ibut
ed.  The
yha
vel
efta
llpos
ses
sionsbe
hind.

 Thene wcountryr
ecei
vescul
tur
ali
nfl
uenc
est
hat  Fa
mil
i
esa
res
epa
rat
edf
rome
achot
her
.
enhancethecount
rye.
g.thei
nfl
uenceoft
heMal
aya
n
people
,theDutch;Br
it
ishSet
tle
rs.

ACTI
VITI
ES:
POPULATI
ONMOVEMENTS

ACTI
VITY18

4.
1Va
riousopt
ionsa
repr
ovi
deda
spos
sibl
eans
wer
stot
hef
oll
owi
ngque
sti
ons
.Choos
ethec
orr
ecta
nswe
randwr
it
e

onl
ythel
ett
er(
A–D)ne
xtt
otheque
sti
onnumbe
r(4.
1.
1–4.
1.
7)i
ntheANSWERBOOK,
fore
xampl
e,4.
1.
8D.

4.
1.
1Ape
rsonwhomi
gra
tesf
orpol
i
tic
alr
eas
onsi
sca
ll
eda…

Apol
i
tic
almi
gra
nt.

Be
conomi
cmi
gra
nt.

Cs
oci
o-e
conomi
cmi
gra
nt.

99
 Ds
oci
ale
migr
ant
.

4.
1.
2As
umofmone
yse
ntbyawor
kert
othe
irf
ami
l
iesba
ckhomei
s…

At
ax.

Br
emi
tt
anc
epa
yme
nt.

Cbl
ackt
ax.

Dpoc
ketmone
y.

4.
1.
3Ape
rsonwhov
isi
tsapl
acef
ort
hepur
pos
eoft
aki
ngahol
i
dayi
sa(
n)…

Ami
gra
ntwor
ker
.

Bt
our
ist
.

Cr
efuge
e.

Da
ssa
il
ant
.

4.
1.
4A(
n)…i
sanundoc
ume
nte
dmi
gra
nt.

Al
ega
lmi
gra
nt

Bmi
gra
ntl
abour

Ce
conomi
cmi
gra
nt

Di
l
lega
lmi
gra
nt

100
4.
1.
5Whi
choft
hef
oll
owi
ngc
anbeus
edt
ocont
rol
ahi
ghbi
rt
hra
te?

APol
yga
my

BMi
gra
tion

CCont
rac
ept
ion

DPol
yandr
y

4.
1.
6Agr
aphs
howi
ngac
ount
ry’
spopul
ati
ona
ccor
dingt
oagegr
oupsa
nd

ge
nde
risc
all
ed…

Apopul
ati
ondi
str
ibut
ion.

Bpopul
ati
onde
nsi
ty.

Cpopul
ati
onge
ogr
aphy
.

Dpopul
ati
onpy
rami
d.

4.
1.
7…oc
cur
swhe
nthe
remor
epe
opl
etha
nav
ail
abl
ere
sour
ces
.

AUnde
r-popul
ati
on

BOv
er-
popul
ati
on

COpt
imumpopul
ati
on

DEv
enpopul
ati
on (
7x1)(
7)

101
ACTI
VITY19

4.
2Re
fert
oFI
GURE4.
2.

4.
2.
1Ide
nti
fyt
het
ypeofmi
gra
tiont
aki
ngpl
acei
nFI
GURE3.
4. (
1x2)(
2)

4.
2.
2Na
meTWOpus
hfa
ctor
sre
sul
ti
ngi
npe
opl
ele
avi
ngt
hei
rfa
rms
. (
2x2)(
4)

102
4.
2.
3St
ateTWOpr
obl
emse
xpe
rie
nce
dbyac
itya
sar
esul
tofpe
opl
emov
ingt
her
e. (
2x2)(
4)

4.
2.
4Di
scus
sTWOme
thodst
hatc
anbeus
edt
ore
duc
ethenumbe
rofpe
opl
ewhol
eav
ethe
irf
arms
. (
2x2)(
4)

ACTI
VITY20

4.
3Re
adt
hee
xce
rptbe
lowa
nda
nswe
rtheque
sti
onst
hatf
oll
ow.

REFUGEESFLEESAATTACKS

Johnle
ftZi
mbabwehopi
ngforsa
nc t
uar
yinSout
hAf
ri
ca.Nowhefe
arsforhisl
if
e.'
Il
e f
thometotr
yandsupportmyf
ami
l
y.Buti
tis
bett
ertost
arv
eathometha
nt odieher
e.'
Amobhadat
tacke
dhiminJohannes
burg.Theyt
ookal
lhi
sbel
onging
s .

103
4.
3.
1Ex
pla
int
heme
ani
ngoft
hef
oll
owi
ngt
erms
:

(
a)Re
fuge
e (
1x2)(
2)

(
b)Xe
nophobi
a (
1x2)(
2)

4.
3.
2Na
mea
nyONEot
herAf
ri
canc
ount
ry(
exc
ludi
ngZi
mba
bwe
)fr
omwhe
reSout
hAf
ri
caa
ttr
act
sre
fuge
es.
(1x2)(
2)

4.
3.
3Gi
veTWOpos
sibl
ere
asonswhyZi
mba
bwe
ansl
eav
ethe
irc
ount
ry. (
2x2)(
4)

4.
3.
4Ex
pla
inwhyma
nySout
hAf
ri
cansdoNOTwa
ntr
efuge
esi
nthec
ount
ry. (
2x2)(
4)

4.
3.
5St
ateONEpos
iti
vei
mpa
ctt
hatr
efuge
esmi
ghtha
veonSout
hAf
ri
ca. (
1x2)(
2)

104
ACTI
VITY21

105
4.
4St
udyFI
GURE4.
4showi
ngmov
eme
ntofpe
opl
efr
omr
ura
lar
east
oci
ti
es.

106
4.
4.
1Cl
ass
if
yQI
MALOCATI
ONa
sanur
banorr
ura
lar
ea. (
1x1)(
1)

4.
4.
2Na
met
het
ypeofmi
gra
tiont
aki
ngpl
acei
nFI
GURE4.
4 (
1x1)(
1)

4.
4.
3Gi
vet
het
ermt
hatde
scr
ibe
sthede
cre
aseofpopul
ati
oni
nrur
ala
rea
s. (
1x1)(
1)

4.
4.
4Me
nti
onTWOpus
hfa
ctor
sre
sul
ti
ngi
npe
opl
ele
avi
ngt
hei
rvi
l
lage
sli
keQi
mat
omov
etoc
iti
es. (
2x1)(
2)

4.
4.
5Sug
ges
tONEr
eas
onf
orr
ura
lar
east
ore
mai
nwi
thma
inl
yol
derpe
opl
e. (
1x2)(
2)

4.
4.
6Di
scus
sTWOpr
obl
emse
xpe
rie
nce
dbyac
itybe
caus
eofma
nype
opl
emov
ingt
her
e. (
2x2)(
4)

4.
4.
7Sug
ges
tTWOs
olut
ionst
hatc
anbeus
edt
ore
duc
ethenumbe
rofpe
opl
ele
avi
ngt
her
ura
lar
eas
. (
2x2)(
4)

107
ACTI
VITY22

108
4.
5.Re
fert
oFI
GURE4.
5onx
enophobi
a.

4.
5.
1De
finet
hef
oll
owi
ngt
erms
:

(
a)Xe
nophobi
a (
1x1)(
1)

(
b)Re
fuge
e (
1x1)(
1)

4.
5.
2Na
meBr
ian’
scount
ryofbi
rt
h. (
1x1)(
1)

4.
5.
3Pr
ovi
deTWOr
eas
onsf
romt
hee
xtr
actwhyBr
ianl
efthi
scount
ryofbi
rt
h. (
2x1)(
2)

109
4.
5.
4Ex
pla
inapos
sibl
ere
asonwhyma
nySout
hAf
ri
cansdonotl
i
ker
efuge
es. (
1x2)(
2)

4.
5.
5Di
scus
sTWOpos
iti
vei
mpa
ctst
hatr
efuge
esmi
ghtha
veonSout
hAf
ri
ca. (
2x2)(
4)

4.
5.
6Sug
ges
tTWOs
tra
tegi
est
hatc
anbei
mpl
eme
nte
d(a
ppl
i
ed)byt
heSout
hAf
ri
cangov
ernme
ntt
oas
sis
tre
fug
ees
.(2x2)(
4)

ACTI
VITY23

4.
6Re
adt
hef
oll
owi
nga
rti
cl
ebe
lowa
nda
nswe
rtheque
sti
onst
hatf
oll
ow:

REFUGEES

Li
keotherc
ountr
ies
,SouthAfr
icai
sobli
gedtogr
antprotec
tiontoref
ugees.
Althoughi
tdi
dnotrec
ogni
zer
efugee
sunt
il1993,
itbe
camea
si
gna
torytotheUNa ndOrga
nisat
ionofAf
ri
canUnit
yc onv
entionsonre
fugeesafte
rit
str
ans
iti
ontode
mocrac
y.

The1998Ref
uge
esActe
sta
bli
she
dthei
nst
it
uti
onsa
ndpr
oce
dur
est
oof
ferpr
ote
cti
ont
othos
ewhoa
ref
lee
ingpe
rse
cut
iona
ndi
nst
abi
l
ityi
n
the
irhomec
ount
ri
es.

Accor
dingtotheUNHCR,
theUN'sre
fuge
eagency
,Sout
hAf r
icaha
sa"li
beral
asy
luml
egi
sl
ati
ontha
tincor
por
ate
sal
lba
sicpr
inc
ipl
esof
re
fugeeprot
ecti
oni
ncl
udi
ngfr
eedomofmovement
,ther
ighttoworka
nda c
cesst
obas
ics
oci
alse
rvi
ces"
.

TheGov
ernmentofSout
hAfri
casupportsi
nter
nati
onal
effor
tstopr
ote
cta
nda
ssi
str
efuge
esa
nda
syl
um-
see
ker
s,i
npa
rti
cul
arbypr
ovi
di
ng
the
mwithacc
esstoheal
thf
aci
li
ti
es,school
sandsoci
alse
rvic
es.

110
Ar
ti
cl
efr
om:
htt
p://www.
sout
haf
ri
ca.
i
nfo/t
rav
el/doc
ume
nts
/re
fuge
es_a
syl
um.
htm#.
V_uE9CF97I
U#i
xzz
4MgRg3SSH

4.
6.
1 Wha
tar
ere
fuge
es? (
1x2)(
2)

4.
6.
2 Whydot
heyne
edpr
ote
cti
on? (
1x2)(
2)

4.
6.
3 Pr
ovi
deonewor
dtha
tde
scr
ibe
sthedi
sl
ik
eorf
earofpe
opl
efr
omot
herc
ount
ri
es. (
1x2)(
2)

4.
6.
4 Fr
omwhi
chc
ount
ri
esdomos
toft
her
efuge
esi
nSout
hAf
ri
cac
omi
ngf
rom?Choos
ethec
orr
ecta
nswe
rinbr
ack
ets

(
Afr
ica
n/Eur
ope
an/As
ian)
. (
1x2)(
2)

4.
6.
5 Di
scus
stwopul
landpus
hfa
ctor
sinf
lue
nci
ngt
hemov
eme
ntofpe
opl
efr
omonepl
acet
oanot
her
.
(
2x4)(
8)

MI
NDMAP:
WATERRESOURCESMANAGEMENTI
NSOUTHAFRI
CAa
ndFLOODS

Cha
ll
enge
sofpr
ovi
di
ngf
reeba
sicwa
ter

I
nte
r-ba
sint
rans
fer
Env
ironme
nta
lcha
ll
enge
sandpol
l
uti
on s
cheme

111
 Ri
ver
s,l
ake
sandda
msi
nSout
hAf
ri
ca

Fr
eeba
sicwa
ter Ther
oleofgov
ernme
nt

WATERRESOURCESMANAGEMENTI
NSOUTHAFRI
CA

Ther
oleofmuni
ci
pal
i
tie
s St
rat
egi
est
owa
rdss
ust
aina
blewa
terus
e

Fl
oods

Wa
terpr
ovi
si
on

Ther
oleofgov
ernme
nt

Wa
terpur
if
ic
ati
on Ther
oleofi
nd
\i
\v
\i
d
\ua
\ l
s

Ca
use
soff
loods
Conc
ept
s

Al
i
env
ege
tat
ion i
tist
hepl
ant
stha
tisbr
oughti
ntot
hec
ount
ryf
roma
not
her
c
ountr
y

Ba
sicwa
ter
- c
lea
ndr
ink
abl
ewa
ter
.
Fl
oodsma
nage
ment 112
Chl
ori
nat
ion chl
ori
neanda
mmoni
ami
xtur
eisus
edt
otr
eatwa
tera
gai
nst
bac
teri
a.

Coa
gul
ati
on c
alc
iumcar
bona
tei
sbur
nta
ndmi
xedwi
thwa
tert
opr
oduc
e
s
lak
e dl
i
me.

Di
si
nfe
cti
on whe
nwa
teri
str
eat
edwi
thc
hlor
inet
ore
mov
eanyba
cte
ria
.

Fi
l
tra
tion wate
risfi
l
ter
edthr
oughhighgrades
il
ic
asanda
ndpe
bbl
est
o
re
mov et
herema
ini
ngsuspende
dpa r
ti
cl
es

Fl
occ
ula
tion cl
umpingtogethe
rofsuspende
dpa
rti
cl
est
ofor
mal
arge
r
heav
ierpa
rtic
lecal
le
dflock
.

Fl
oodl
i
ne i
tist
hel
i
net
hatde
li
nea
tesa
nar
eaoff
loods
.

Fl
oodpl
ai
ns ar
efoundi
nthelowerpart
softheri
verwhe
ret
hev
all
eyi
s
wi
denedbymeansoflat
erale
rosi
on

113
I
nfr
ast
ruc
tur
e thebasi
cfaci
li
ti
estha
tandi
nst
all
ati
onst
hathe
lpa
gover
nme ntorcommuni
tyt
orun.

I
nte
r-ba
sint
rans
ferof Howwa t
eri
str
ansf
err
edfromanar
eawhe
ret
her
eisa
wat
er sur
plust
othea
reawheret
herei
sanee
d.

Se
dime
nta
tion whencoa
gulat
edandflocke
dma te
ria
lbe
comehe
avya
nd
se
ttl
einl
argehor
izont
a l
laye
rs.

Si
l
tat
ion si
l
tcar
ri
edbyt
hef
lowi
ngr
ive
randde
pos
ite
dinada
mors
ea
mout
h.

Sl
ake
dli
me c
olor
les
scr
yst
alorwhi
tepowde
rus
edt
otr
eats
ewa
ge.

St
abi
l
iza
tion whensla
kedl
imeandothe
rmat
eri
ali
sadde
dtowa
ter
,it
pur
if
iesi
ttohav
eahighPH.

114
115
 Gr
ade10–Te
rm4
We
ek:
_________ Da
te:
________ _____% Cur
ri
cul
umCov
era
ge
Topi
c:Wa
terMa
nage
menti
nSout
hAf
ri
ca-I
ntr
oduc
tion
Wa
teri
nSout
hAf
ri
ca Me
anAnnua
lRa
inf
all
inSout
hAf
ri
ca Ev
apor
ati
onr
ate
sinSout
hAf
ri
ca

 SouthAf
ric
aisas
emi-
ari
d  Largeamountofwa
teri
slos
tthr
oughe
vapor
ati
on
countr
y— oneofthe30dr
ies
t annual
l
y.
countr
iesi
ntheworl
d.

 Unevenwa t
erava i
l
abi
li
tyacr
oss
thecountr
y— a nnualr
ainf
all
vari
esfromles
st han100mm
(westcoast
)to1000mm( east
coast
).

 Lar
gepart
sofSouthAf
ri
ca
re
cei
veonl
y250-500mmof
ra
inpery
ear.

 Theave
rager
a i
nfal
lofabout
450mmay eariswellbe
lowthe
worl
daver
ageof860mma
• Ag
ric
ult
urei
sama
jorus
erofSout
hAf
ri
ca’
swa
ter
.
yea
r.

 Nor ai
ninwint
erformos tof • SouthAfr
icai
sawate
r-poorc
ount
rywitha
n
thecountr
y.I
nsouth-wester
n aver
ageofonl
y500mmofr ai
nayear
.65% of
partofWe s
ter
nCa pe
, no thecount
ryget
sle
ssthan500mm.
summe rra
in.
• Forestandsugarpl
ant
ati
onsext
racts
omuch
waterthatonl
y9% oftherai
nfa
lli
nthes
ear
eas
rea
che stheri
ver
s.(
Worldave
rage31%)

• DamsinSouthAfr
icaares
hal
lowwithwi
de
sur
fac
eareassonearl
yhal
fofal
lst
ored

116
 wa
tere
vapor
ate
saga
in.

• Thepopul
ati
onofSout
hAf
ri
cai
sst
il
lgr
owi
ng.

• Theindi
vi
dua
lwa
terne
edsofe
achpe
rsona
res
til
l
growi
ng.

 Sout
hAfri
canri
ver
sar
e
smal
lbyAfr
ica
nandworl
d
st
andar
ds.

 Thetotalfl
ow
ofall
So uth
Afri
canriver
sis
l
essthanh al
f
thatofthe
Zamb ez
iRiver,
thecl
o s
est
l
argeriverto
SouthAfric
a.

 Largeinte
r-basi
ntransf
ers
ofwa t
erha v
eb ee
nc ar
ri
ed
outinSo ut
hAf r
ica
.This
proc
e s
st r
ansfer
swa t
erfrom
oneriverbasi
n(Orange)to
a
n other(Fi
sh)through
t
u nnel
sa ndcanal
s.

 Thereareafew
smalle
stuari
es
(StLuci
a)— the
widepartofthe
117
 r
ive
rwh erei
t
meetsthesea—
i
nSo ut
hAf r
ica;
nol
argelakes.

Da
msi
nSout
hAf
ri
ca

Man yl
argestoraged a
msh avebe
en
bui
lttoh e
lpstoreandma nageour
watersuppli
es.Therearemoretha
n
500d ams,withatotalcapa
cit
yof
370 00mill
ioncubicme t
ers.
These
of
tena repartofma j
orwater
tr
ansferschemes

118
Theus
esofdams Thei
mpac
tofdams
 Pr
ovi
dewa
tert
otowns
/ci
ti
es  Se
ttl
eme
nts
 (
Gaut
eng-
Vaa
lDa
m)/r
ecr
eat
ion  Ec
osy
ste
ms/bi
odi
ver
sit
y
 Cr
opi
rr
iga
tion  Cl
i
mat
echa
nge
 Hy
droe
lec
tri
cpowe
r–e
lec
tri
ci
ty  Wa
ter
/env
ironme
ntqua
li
ty
 Cont
rol
/re
duc
efl
oods  Fl
oodi
ng

119
TheI
mpa
ctofDa
ms

120
Act
ivi
ty1–UseyourAtl
asan
ans
werthef
oll
owi
ngq ue
sti
ons
:

1.
NameSout
hAf
ri
ca’
stwo

ma
jorr
ive
rs.

2.
Lis
tthec
ount
ri
est
hats
har
e

Sout
hAf
ri
ca’
sthr
ee

t
rans
-bounda
ryr
ive
rs(
ri
ver
s

t
hatc
ros
sthebor
der
sofdi
ff
ere
nt

c
ount
ri
es)

3.
Namet
he5ma
inda
msi
nSA

4.
Whi
chi
sSout
hAf
ri
ca’
sbi
gge
st

da
m?

5.
NameSAsl
arge
stf
res
hwa
ter

l
ake

121
 Gr
ade10–Te
rm4
We
ek:
____ Da
te:______ _____% Cur
ri
cul
umCov
era
ge
Topi
c:Wa
terMa
nage
menti
nSout
hAf
ri
ca–Fa
ctor
sInf
lue
nci
ngt
hea
vai
l
abi
l
ityofwa
teri
nSA

Fa
ctor
s

a
. Huma
nFa
ctor
s Thel
andus
epr
act
ice
s Thee
ffe
ctofhuma
nac
tiv
iti
es
 Bui
l
tsur
fac
es–r
oadsa
nd  I
ndus
trya
ndmi
ni
nga
cti
vi
ti
esc
rea
tepol
l
ute
d
pa
veme
nts–i
ntownsa
ndc
iti
es wa
ters
uppl
i
es–Ac
idMi
neDr
aina
ge(
AMD)–a
cidi
cwa
ter
 Popul
ati
onGr
owt
h
r
educ
einf
il
tr
ati
ona
ndi
ncr
eas
e f
rommi
nes
.
r
unof
f.  I
ndus
tri
alpol
l
uti
onge
ner
ate
spoi
sonousa
nd
 I
ncr
eas
edde
mandofwood  Pol
l
ute
dci
tywa
terr
equi
res ha
zar
dousc
hemi
cal
sinc
rea
sess
ali
ni
ty,
nut
ri
ent
sand
e
xpe
nsi
vet
rea
tme
ntbe
for
ere
- s
edi
ment
s.
us
e.  Ag
ric
ult
ura
lwa
terpol
l
uti
on(
fer
ti
li
zer
sand
 Ur
bani
sat
ion  Da
ms,
bri
dge
s,wa
tert
rans
fer a
gro-
che
mic
als
)
s
che
mes(
Tuge
la-
Vaa
l)a
ndc
ana
ls  e
utr
ophi
cat
ion
a
lte
rther
ateoff
lowa
ndqua
nti
ty
 Unt
rea
tedwa
terwa
ste
ofwa
teri
nourr
ive
rs.
 Soi
ler
osi
onr
esul
tsi
nsi
l
ted
da
ms,
whi
chr
educ
esda
m
 Mi
ni
nga
ndf
act
ori
es
c
apa
cit
y.
 Al
i
env
ege
tat
ion,
whi
chus
esmor
e
wate
rtha
ni ndi
genousv
ege
tati
on,
 Pol
l
uti
onofwa
ters
our
ces re
ducesst
reamflowbyupto10%.

 Agr
icul
tur
e

122
  Thewa
tert
abl
e

b. Phy
sic
alf
act
ors

 Ra
inf
all

 Al
i
env
ege
tat
ion

 Cl
i
mat
echa
nge

Ac
tiv
ity2 1.Therei
sanincr
eas
eddemandforwateri
nSout
hAf
ri
ca,
butt
he
suppl
yofus
a bl
ewate
risde
cre
a s
ing.

Di
scus
sTHREEhuma
nandphy
sic
alf
act
ors

i
nfl
uenc
ingt
hea
vai
l
abi
l
ityofwa
teri
nSout
hAf
ri
ca.

Gr
ade10–Te
rm4
We
ek: Da
te: % Cur
ri
cul
umCov
era
ge
Topi
c:Wa
terMa
nage
menti
nSout
hAf
ri
ca–Cha
ll
enge
sofpr
ovi
dingf
reeba
sicwa
tert
orur
ala
ndur
banc
ommuni
ti
esi
n
Sout
hAf
ri
ca

Cha
ll
enge
sfa
cingwa
terpr
ovi
si
oni
nSA Di
str
ibut
ionofwa
teri
nSout
hAf
ri
ca:

 TheSout
hAfri
canCons
tit
uti
on
guar
ant
eeshumanri
ghtstowat
er. • Di
str
ibut
edwa
teri
nSout
hAf
ri
cai
shi
ghl
ypur
if
ied.

 Fr
eeBa
sicWa
terFBW pol
i
cy(
2000)
123
 a
ll
owsever
yh ous
ehold6000l
i
ter
sof • Onl
y15% ofci
tydwe l
l
ers(3,
6mill
ionpeopl
e)hav
eonlyamini
ma l
waters
uppl
y,orno
f
reewa
terpermo nt
h. f
ormal
wa te
rsuppl
y.16% ofSout
hAf r
ica
ns(7,7mil
l
ionpe
ople)donotye
thav
ea dequa
te
wat
ersuppl
y.
 I
mpl
ementi
ngFBW i
sti
me-
cons
umi
ng
• I
n2005t
her
ewe
res
til
labout16mi
l
li
onpe
opl
ewi
thoutba
sics
ani
tat
ion
a
ndexpe
nsi
ve.

 Rura
lcommunit
iesar
esma
lla
nds
pre
ad
out–di
ffi
cul
ttorea
ch.

 Urba
nareasaregr
owingra
pidl
yand
i
ncre
ase
dinformals
ett
lement
sstr
ain
se
rvi
cedel
i
v e
ry.

 Rapi
du rba
nis
ation
hasl
edt osani
tat
ion
pr
o bl
ems,wit
h
se
wa ge
cont
aminati
ngwa t
er
suppl
ie
s.

 Ag
ric
ult
ura
lche
mic
alspol
l
uter
ive
rs.

Whe
redowege
tourwa
terf
rom?

• Surfa
cewate
r:i
nthefor
mofrive
rsa
ndlak
es
suppl
iesmos
tofthewate
rtha
tweuse.

• Da
msbui
l
tac
ros
sther
ive
rss
tor
ethewa
terf
or

124
 us
eint
hedr
yse
ason.

• Ma nyofSouthAf
ric
a’sbi
gge
stur
ban
concent
rati
onsar
equitef
arfr
omthema
jor
r
ivers.

• Watermus
tbepumpedandpi
pedgr
eat
di
sta
ncest
ore
achtheur
banarea
s.

• Thewa t
erinsomeofourri
versi
sf arfrom
pure:
chemical
s,f
romfer
ti
li
zers,
mi nesa nd
fac
tori
esandotheri
mpuri
ti
e shavesee ped
i
ntothegroundwate
randfromthe reinto
theri
vers
.

125
 Gr
ade10–Te
rm4
We
ek:______ Da
te:
_______ ____% Cur
ri
cul
umCov
era
ge
Topi
c:Wa
terMa
nage
menti
nSout
hAf
ri
ca–Rol
eofgov
ernme
nt–i
nit
iat
ive
stowa
rdss
ecur
ingwa
ter
–int
er-
bas
int
rans
fer
s;bui
l
dingda
m

Wa
terTr
ans
fers
che
mes THEORANGERI
VERPROJ
ECT THELESOTHOHI GHL ANDSWATER
 Waterfromt heOrangeRiveratt
heGa r
iepDam PROJECT
 Afri
ca'slar
g estwatertransf
er
goesthroughtunnel
sandc ana
lstot
h eSunday
s
scheme .
Ri
vera ndthentotheFis
hRi ve
rintheEaste
rn
 Suppli
eswa terfr
omL e
sothoto
Cape.
Gautengfromas ys
temo fla
rge
 Pr
o vi
d e
swa terfori
rri
gati
o nandurbanu s
e
damsa ndtunn el
sacrossLesot
ho
i
nPo rtE l
i
zabeth.
andcen t
ralSouthAf r
ica.
 TheGa r
iepandVa nder
kloofDamsgenerat
e
 Thewa terr
u nsnorthfromthe
hy
d ro-el
ectr
icpower.
KatseDa mo ntheOr angeRiv
er
 Pr
ev e
n t
sfloodi
nginthelowerOrangeRiver
.
int
ot heVaalRiverbasi
n .
 Thes
che
mepr
ovi
deshy
dro-
e
lec
tri
cal
powe
rinLe
sot
ho–
s
our
ceofi
ncome
.
 Numbe
rofpl
anne
dpha
sess
til
lto
c
ompl
ete
.

126
THEBERGRI
VERSCHEME THETUGELA-
VAALSCHEME
 Wa
teri
str
ans
fer
redf
romt
heThe
ewa
ter
skl
oof  Apumpe
dst
ora
ges
che
met
hat
Da
mont
heSonde
rendRi
vert
otheBe
rgRi
ver s
uppl
i
eswa
terf
romt
heTuge
la
(
whi
chha
sane
wda
m). t
otheVa
alDa
m.Wa
teri
s
 Wi
l
lca
ptur
ehi
ghwi
nte
rra
inf
all
ands
tor
eitf
or pumpe
dthr
ought
he
t
hedr
ysumme
rmont
hsf
orCa
peTown'
sur
ban Dr
ake
nsbe
rgmount
ainr
ange
.
a
ndi
ndus
tri
alus
e.  Suppl
i
es11mi
l
li
onpe
opl
e,
i
rr
iga
tion,
hous
e-
hol
ds,
andi
ndus
tri
esi
nPr
etor
ia,
Wi
twa
ter
sra
nda
ndVe
ree
nigi
ng.

127
Ac
tiv
ity3
Re
fert
hef
oll
owi
nge
xtr
acta
ndFI
GUREofaWa
terTr
ans
fers
che
mei
nSout
hAf
ri
ca
1.Expl
ai
nther
eas
onsf
ort
hef
oll
owi
ng
st
a t
ements
: SouthAf ri
caisfunda mental
lyas emi–a ri
da ndwa t
erscar
cec ountr
ywithame an
annua lrai
nfa
llof490mm,whi c
hi shalfthewor ld’
sa ver
age,withonly9% oft hat
(a
) SouthAfri
camaybeshor
tof rainf
allbei
ngc onver
tedt oriverrunoff
.Ra i
nfalldispl
aysadist
inctdecre
asingtrend
wate
rwi
thi
nthe10to2yea
rs fr
om e a
sttowe s
ta ndishig hl
yv ari
ablewithina ndbe t
weeny earswit
hr ecur
rent
(
b) Removi
nga l
i
enveg
etati
onma
y droughts.Thisresul
ti nhighlyv a
ria
bler i
verle v
e l
s,dams t
oragea ndgroundwater
i
mpr
ovewat
ersuppl
yinpla
ces storageoverti
me .(
DWAF2008) .
2.Giv
ethenameofthet
rans
fers
che
me
showninFI
GURE4.5.
3.Hydroel
ect
ri
cit
yisgene
ratedaspar
t
ofthi
sscheme.Expl
ai
nwha thydr
o-
el
ectr
ici
tyi
s.
4.Whi
chpr
ovi
nceinSout
hAfri
cadoe
s
theVa
alDa
ms uppl
ywatert
o?

5.
Giv
eONEre
asonwhyther
eisahig
h
de
mandf
orwat
eri
nthi
sprovi
nce.

128
6.Al
thoughbuil
dingofdamsha sdr
awn
somenegati
veimpact,t
hereare
posi
ti
veef
fectsofbuil
di
ngofda ms.
Expl
ai
nTHREEpos i
ti
veimpactstha
t
canbeass
ociate
dwi t
hbuil
dingofdams.

Ac
tiv
ity4 THEGARI
EP-
ORANGE-
FISH-
SUNDAYSI
NTERBASI
NTRANSFERS

1.Expl
ai
nwhati
sme
antbywa
ter
tr
ansf
er.
Ac omplicat
edc analand tunnelsy
stemt akeswa te
rf rom theGa r
iep Damt ot heNe l
son Mandel
a
2.Menti
onONEmuni ci
pal
i
tyand Me t
ropoli
tanareavi
atheFis
ha ndSunday
sRi ve
rs.Thi
ssystemtrans
fer
swa t
erfromtheGa ri
ep-Ora
ngeriver
t
heprovi
ncetha
tbenefi
tsf
rom basi
nt otheFis
ha ndSundaysRive
rbasi
ns.Thee x
trawaterisus
edforir
ri
gationint
her ur
alareasaswella
s
t
hiswate
rtra
nsfer
. suppl
yingtheurbancent
resi
nt heNel
sonMa ndel
aMe t
ropoli
tanarea
.

3.Gi
veTWOa
cti
vi
ti
est
hatwa
ter
129
 i
sus
edf
ori
nthi
smuni
ci
pal
i
ty. 1. Wa
teri
spi
pedf
romt
heGa
rie
pDa
mint
otheGr
eatFi
shRi
verba
sin.

2. Awe
ir,
Ela
ndsdr
if
t,di
ver
tswa
terf
romt
heGr
eatFi
shRi
veri
ntoac
ana
land
4.Expl
ainthewaywa t
eris
t
hroug
hat
unne
lint
otheLi
tt
leFi
shRi
ver
.
tr
ansfer
redfr
omt heGreatFi
sh
Ri
v e
rbasint
ot heSundaysRi
ver
basi
n. 3. Api
pel
i
nepi
peswa
teri
ntoac
ana
landi
ntoDa
rli
ngt
onDa
mont
heSunda
ysRi
ver
.

5.Therei
sani
ncr
easeddemand Api
pel
i
nepi
peswa
terf
romt
heSunda
ysRi
vert
otheNe
lsonMa
nde
laMe
tropol
i
tana
rea
forwat
eri
nSouthAfr
ica
,but
the

s
uppl
yofus
abl
ewa
teri
s

de
cre
asi
ng.

6.Disc
ussTHREEhuma nand
physi
calfac
torsi
nfl
uenc
ing
theavai
la
bil
it
yofwateri
n
SouthAfri
ca.

Gr
ade10–Te
rm4
130
We
ek:
____ Da
te:
_____ ____% Cur
ri
cul
umCov
era
ge
Topi
c:Wa
terMa
nage
menti
nSout
hAf
ri
ca–Rol
eofmuni
ci
pal
i
tie
s–pr
ovi
si
on,
wat
erpur
if
ica
tion
St
rat
egi
est
owa
rdss
ust
aina
bleus
eofwa
ter
–rol
eofgov
ernme
nta
ndi
ndi
vi
dua
ls

Rol
eofmuni
cipa
li
tie
sinwat
er The
rea
ret
hre
ele
vel
sofwa
ters
uppl
yands
ani
tat
ion.
pur
if
ic
ati
onandprovi
si
on
 Nati
onalGov
e r
nme nt(
Dep a
rtmentofWa te
rAffai
rs)pr
ovide
spoli
ci
esthat
managewaterres
ources
,sani
tati
on,pl
ansfornewda ms
,andint
er-ba
sin
tr
ansfe
rsche
me s(sche
me swhichtr
ansfe
rwa t
erfr
omh ighsuppl
ydrai
nage
basi
nstohi
ghd emandands uppl
ywaterare
as).

 WaterBoa
rdsope
rat
eda
ms,
off
err
eta
ils
erv
ice
sandr
uns
omewa
ste
-wa
tert
rea
tme
nt
pl
ant
s.

 Fi
ft
eenwa
terboa
rdss
uppl
ywa
tert
one
arl
yha
lfofSout
hAf
ri
ca'
spopul
ati
oni
n
90mu nic
ipal
it
ies.(
Examp l
es:
RandWa t
er,UmgeniWa ter)
.
 Munic
ipali
ti
esb uywaterfr
omWa t
erBo ar
ds,puri
fyitandselli
ttocust
ome r
s,se
ndingout
acc
ounts.Somemu ni
ci
pali
ti
esownt hei
rownd ams.(Example:RandWater–On eofthe
l
arges
twa teruti
li
ti
esinthewo r
ld.I
tsdis
tri
buti
onn etworkinc
ludes3056k moflar
g e
-
di
ameterp i
pel
ine,f
eeding58servi
cereser
voi
rs.I
ts uppl
i
es ,
ona ve
rage,
36 53mill
ionli
tr
es
ofwaterdai
ly.Cust
ome rsar
emin e
s,indus
try
,localandme t
ropoli
tanmunic
ipal
i
tie
s.)

Sus
tai
nabl
eus
eofwa
ter–  Sus
tai
nabl
ewa
terus
eisus
ingwa
terr
esour
cesi
nawa
yanda
tar
atet
hat
whatgov
ernme
ntsa
nd pr
eve
ntst
hel
ong-
ter
mlos
sofwa
ter
.
i
ndi
vi
dual
sca
ndo
 Re
cyc
lewa
ter–pur
if
ic
ati
onors
ewa
get
rea
tme
ntpl
ant
spr
ovi
des
afe
,qua
li
tywa
ter
.

 Donotwa
stewa
ter–r
educ
eus
eofwa
ter
.

 Donotpol
l
ute–a
ffe
ctswa
ters
uppl
i
es.

 Re
stor
ewe
tla
nds–theyr
educ
eer
osi
on,
enc
our
agewi
l
dli
fe,
stor
eandpur
if
ywa
ter
.
131
 Re
mov
eal
i
env
ege
tat
ion–hi
ghwa
terc
ons
umpt
ion

132
133
Ac
tiv
ity5 FI
GURE4.
6:DI
STRI
BUTI
ONOFWATER

Refe
rtoFIGURE4.6showingthevolumeofwat
e r
di
stri
but
edtodi
ffe
rentindustr
iesi
nSouthAfr
icain
2010andanswert
heque sti
onsthatfol
l
ow.

4.1 I
denti
fyt
heindus
tryr
ece
ivi
ngthesmal
l
est
andthel
arge
stvol
umeofwa t
err
espec
tiv
ely
.

4.
2 Sta
tet
heuni
tus
edt
ome
asur
ethev
olume
ofwa
ter
.

4.
3 Howmuchi
sthet
ota
lvol
umeofwa
ter
di
str
ibut
edi
n2010?

4.
4 Cal
cula
tethetot
alv
olumeofwa t
er
di
str
ibut
edf orhous
ehol
dsa
ndindus
tryi
nm3.

4.
5 Oneoftheindi
vidua
l s
tra
tegi
estoinc
rea
se
domest
icwate
rs uppl
yisgreywater
.Bri
efl
yexpl
ai
n
howtousethi
sst r
ateg
yof‘greywater
’tosav
e
wate
r.

4.
6 Di
scussTHREEsusta
ina
bles
tra
tegi
est
o
i
ncr
eas
enationa
lwate
rsuppl
y.

134
 [
Sour
ce:
Ada
pte
dfomGoogl
r e]

Ac
tiv
ity6

1.
Wha
tiswa
terus
edf
ori
nFI
GURE3.
6.

2.Prov
ideTWOot herexampl
esofhowrural
communitie
susethei
rwaterr
esourc
ese
x c
ludi
ng
theoneil
lust
rat
edinFIGURE3.6.

3.Brie
flyex
pla
inhowgroundwat
er
contr
ibut
estothea
vail
abil
i
tyofwa
ter

i
nSout
hAf
ri
ca

4. I
napa
ragr
aphofa
ppr
oxi
mat
elyEI
GHT
l
i
nessugges
thowindi
vi
dualsc
an
s
ust
ainabl
ysav
ewa t
erathome,g
arde
n
a
ndinthecommunit
y.

135
 Gr
ade10–Te
rm4
We
ek:
_____ Da
te:
_____ _____% Cur
ri
cul
umCov
era
ge
Topi
c:Fl
oods–Ca
use
s,Cha
rac
ter
ist
icsa
ndma
nage
mentofFl
oods
De
fini
ti
onofFl
oods

Afl
oodoccur
swh e
nar i
verha
smo rewa
terini
ttha
nt her
ive
r's
c
hannelc
anhold.
Th ewat
erthenfl
owsove
rthebanksoft
he
r
ive
r,ont
otheadj
acentl
andareas

 He
avyr
ainov
eras
hor
tpe
riodoft
imeor

 Ge
ntl
era
inov
erl
onge
rpe
riods

– Al
lthewa
terc
annotdr
aina
way

– Ri
ver
sove
rfl
owst
hei
rba
nksa
nda
rea
stha
tisus
ual
l
ydr
yis Huma
nca
u s
esoff
loodi
ng
c
over
edbywate
r
De
for
est
ati
ona
ndpoorf
armi
ng
 Hi
ghr
ainf
all
ove
rape
riodofda
ysc
any
iel
dmor
era
inf
all
136
 t
hanri
versca
nc ar
ry.
Exce
ssi
vel
yhe
avyra
infa
llca
nres
ulti
n pr
acti
cesl
eadtoinc
reasedsoi
ler
osi
on,
f
las
hfloodstha
tu pr
oottr
ees,
moveboul
ders
,andde
stroy r
educedinf
il
tr
ati
onofwa t
erand
bui
l
dings
.
i
ncre
asedsurf
acerunof
f.
 Snowmelti
ng–Ra pi
dmelt
ingofs
now,
i
ncountr
iesthathavehe
avysnowfal
l
s, Poorwa
termana
gement–Poorl
ycons
truc
tedda
ms
tha
tcol
l
apsee
asil
yle
adtof
loodi
ng.
Wh en
ca
nc a
usefloods.
da
mwa t
erisr
ele
ase
dtooqui
ckl
y,downs
tre
ama
rea
s
 Re
li
ef–F l
oodi
ngoc
cur
sinl
owl
andswhe
rer
ive
rsf
low a
refl
oode
d.
mores
lowly
.
Debri
s–F l
oati
ngd e
bri
sli
keve get
ati
on
 Coastal
floodi
ng–Oc cursatlow-l
ying
andic
einwa t
ercanbui
ldupa tan
coas
talareaswhentherearestrongonshor
e
obst
ruct
ion,
suchasab r
idge
,a ndbloc
k
windswithhight
ide.St
o r
ms urgesofa
thef
lowofwa t
er,l
eadi
ngtoar i
ver
tr
opicalc
ycloneorhurr
icane,
orat sunami
over
fl
owingit
sb a
nks.
al
soc a
nc ausecoas
talf
loodi
ng.
Popul
a t
ionpre
ssureandurbani
sat
ion–Inc i
ti
es,
cer
tai
nb uil
di
ngma te
ria
lsandsubst
ancesare
i
mp er
me abl
e–t ar
,concr
ete,a
ndroofi
ngma ter
ial
s–
l
eadingtorapi
dsurfac
erunoff
.Thi
sincrea
sesthe
ri
skofar i
verove
rfl
owingit
sbanks.Fur
thermore
,
vege
tationi
sremovedincit
ies

Howpe
opl
ewor
sent
hee
ffe
ctsoff
loods Fl
oodc
har
act
eri
sti
cs

• Fl
oodsc
aus
ethegr
eat
estnumbe
rofwe
athe
r-r
ela
tedde
athsa
nd
• Rapi
dur
bani
zat
ioninAfr
icaha
sle
dtoas
hor
tageofl
anda
nd l
arg
e-s
cal
eda
mage
.
hous
es–morepres
sureonres
our
ces
.
• Aseri
ousa ndcos
tlynatural
dis
ast
er,
fl
oodsdamager
oads
,
• Inmanyci
ti
esther
earetoomanypeopl
eli
vingtoocl
oset
oget
her far
mlands,andst
ructur
e .
Theycha
ngepeopl
e'
sli
vesa
nddest
roy
andwit
houtpr
operwate
ra nds
ewagefaci
l
iti
es,
s t
ormwate
r busi
nesse
s.
dra
inagea
ndroads.
• Fl
oodsof
tena
ref
oll
owe
dbywa
ter
-bor
nedi
sea
sess
ucha
s

• Ma
nyi
nfor
mal
set
tl
eme
ntsha
vede
vel
ope
dont
hef
loodpl
ai
nsof c
holer
a(e
spe
cia
ll
ywhe
nwa
terpur
if
ic
ati
ons
yst
emsa
re
137
 ur
banr
ive
rs.
Sha
cksa
rebui
l
tve
ryc
los
etoar
ive
r. de
str
oye
d)a
ndma
lar
ia(
mos
qui
toe
sbr
eedi
n

pool
sofwa
ter
).
• Thelac
kofsui
tablesi
tes,
poordr
ainag
e, i
ncr
ease
drunof
f
andlac
kofstr
ongbuil
dingmater
ial
sresulti
nhundr
edsof
shac
ksbei
ngwa shedawaywhenther
ea refl
oods
.

Fl
oodi
nga
lsoha
spos
iti
vee
ffe
cts Fl
oodpr
ote
cti
ons
che
mes

• Theannua
lfl
oodi
ngoft
heNi
l
eisbe
nef
ic
ial
andwe
lcome
dbyt
he • Bui
l
dda
msa
ndr
ese
rvoi
rs
peopl
e.
• Bui
l
ding‘
ups
tai
rss
hel
ter
s’a
sre
fuge
sinf
loods
• Fe
rti
l
esi
l
tisde
pos
ite
dal
ongs
idet
her
ive
rint
heNi
l
eDe
lta
.
• Fl
oodwa
rni
ngs
yst
em
• Howeve
rtheAswanDamnowregulat
esthefl
owofwat
e ri
nthe
Ni
le.
Theri
vernowre
mainsmor
ec onst
antthr
oug
houttheyear
.
• Te
mpor
aryme
asur
ee.
g.s
andba
gs
• Theri
verisnavi
gabl
eandmor
ewa
teri
sav
ail
abl
efori
rr
iga
tion
thr
oughouttheyear
. • Bui
l
dle
vee
shi
ghba
nksa
tthes
ideofr
ive
rs)

• Withl
esss
il
tbe i
ngde
pos
ite
d,f
ert
il
is
ersha
vet
obeus
eda
ndt
he • La
ndusez
oni
ngs ot
hatl
essda
mag
eisdonee
.g.
ope
nspa
ces
de
ltai
sret
rea
ting. ne
xtt
otheri
ver

• Pl
antt
ree
s

• Dr
edgea
nds
tra
ight
enr
ive
rs

• Pr
ovi
deNa
tiona
lIns
ura
nce

• Ev
acua
tepe
opl
efr
omf
loodpr
onea
rea
s

138
 • Wi
denr
ive
rs

• Donot
hinga
ndbe
art
hec
ost
s

Fl
oodhydr
ogr
aphsr
epr
ese
ntt
hef
lowofwa
teri
nas
tre
ama
fte
r
ra
inf
all
.

Af l
oodhy drog raph, al
soc all
e das tormhy drograph,repre sentsa
str
e a
morr i
v er'srespons et oar ainfal
levent.Thehy drog raphs hows
thi
sr e
spons ei ntermsoft hef lowr ate
.Onanor ma l
ly-sha ped
hydrograph,thegr aphliner i
s esquickl
ytoape akdischa rger a
te ,t
hen
gradual
lyfallsba ckdownt ot henor malf
lowr ateoft hes tream. Thex
axi
sofahy drog raphs howst het i
mei ndaysorhour s ,andt heya x
is
showst heflowr ate
, usuall
yi nc ubicfee
tpe rsecond. Ma nyhy drographs
i
ncludeahy e tograph, agra phoft herai
nfalli
ntensit
yov ertime .

Ac
tiv
ity7 Fl
oodr
iskma
nage
ment

FLOODI
NG Asses
singt
heris
koffl
oodi
ngandthent
aki
ngme
asur
est
ore
duc
ethe
thr
eatoffl
oodi
ng.Me
asure
sincl
ude:
Floodi
ngisuna voi
dabl
eduri
ngCa peTown’swe twinter
,e s
pe c
ial
lyin
l
ow- l
yingareas
.Mos tofCapeTown’s3,2mill
ionr es
ide
ntsliveinon •Const
r ucti
onoffl
ooddefe
nses.
theCa peFla
ts,whichispr
onetof l
oodi
ngbe c
a useofitsfl
atg round
andhi ghwa t
ert abl
e.In2014,thousandsofs t
affme mbersf r
om •Crea
tionoff l
oodwarni
ngsys
tems.
severa
lCityofCa peTownde pa
rtmentsjoi
nedf orc
estoc o-ordi
nate
139
andimpl ementat hor
oug hma nagementpl
ant oreducetheris
kof •Devel
opme ntofpol
ic
iesthatr
educedevel
opme
nti
n
fl
oodingt ha
tdoe soc curduringwinterst
orms.Thec it
ywilltak
e
corr
ectiv
ea c
tionduri
ngf l
oodi
ng.Apartfr
omthi
s,itwil
lal
sota
kemore floodare
a s
.
proacti
veme asure
s.TheCi t
yha ssetasi
deR18,4mi l
l
ionofit
sSoli
d
Wa st
ebudg etf orcl
eaningstorm watersy
ste
mss oastomi ni
miz
e Floodma nagementinrur
alarea
s
bloc
ka ge
s.
Execut
eaf l
oode ar
lywarnings
yste
mt hat
:

•
For
eca
stst
hef
loodr
isk(
wat
err
esour
cee
xpe
rtsme
ett
opl
an)
.

•
Det
ect
sandmoni
tor
sfl
oodi
ng.

•
Iss
uesf
loodwa
rni
ngs
.

•
Tea
mas
ses
sesf
loods
itua
tiont
oana
lys
einf
orma
tiona
nda
sse
ss.

MANAGI
NGFLOODSI
NURBANAREAS

Re
fert
oFI
GURE3.
5il
l
ust
rat
inga
nex
tra
ctwi
thaphot
oof •
Node
vel
opme
ntonf
loodpl
ai
ns.

f
loodi
ngi
nCa
peTowna
nda
nswe
rtheque
sti
onst
hatf
oll
ow. •
Ens
uree
noughs
tor
mwa
terdr
ainst
hata
rec
lea
rof

l
i
tte
r/v
ege
tat
ion.
1.De
finet
het
ermf
loodi
ng. •
Est
abl
i
shgr
eenbe
ltst
opr
omot
einf
il
tr
ati
ona
ndr
educ
e
2.Li
stTWOna
tur
alc
aus
esoff
loods
. r
unof
f.
3.Sugg
estar
eas
onwhyt
heCa
peFl
atsi
satahi
ghr
iskoff
loods
. •
Mai
nta
inwe
tla
ndst
oabs
orbe
xtr
awa
tera
ndr
educ
eit
s

s
pee
doff
low.
4.Expl
ai
nTWOne gat
ivee
ffe
ctsoff
loodsont
hee
nvi
ronme
ntf
or
thepeopl
eofCa
peTown. •
War
nre
side
ntsoff
loodoc
cur
renc
es.

140
 5.SuggestTHREEst
rat
egi
est
hatc
anbei
mpl
eme
nte
d(us
ed)t
o •
Sec
uref
ooda
nds
hel
tera
vai
l
abi
l
ityf
orf
loodv
ict
ims
.
reduc
ef l
oodi
ngi
nthi
sar
ea.

FLOODMANAGEMENTI
NINFORMALSETTLEMENTS

•
High-
ri
skf
looda
rea
s(l
ow-
lyi
ng)
.

•
For
eca
sti
ngt
hef
loodr
isk
.

•
Det
ecta
ndmoni
torf
loodi
ng.

•
Iss
uef
loodwa
rni
ngs
.

•
Prov
idi
nga
lte
rna
tiv
eac
commoda
tionf
orf
loodv
ict
ims
.

•
Cre
atea
war
ene
ssoft
her
iskoff
loodi
ng.

Ac
tiv
ity8

MOZAMBI
QUEREQUESTSAI
DFROMSOUTHAFRI
CA

Highr
ainf
allf
il
le
dupr i
versandmar
she
sa ndalar
geare
awa sf
loode
d.Thec
ons
eque
nce
soft
hedi
sas
terwe
res
oex
tens
ivet
hatt
hea
rmywa
s
summonedtoevacua
tepeopl
eins
omeoftheaf
fec
teda
reas.

Ac ryofdistr
essfr
omt heMoz ambic
ang ov
e r
nme ntwasiss
uedt oSouthAfric
atocomea ndle
ndaha nd.Capt
ainJa
coTheuni
sse
nc onf
ir
medt hat
theMoc ubaa r
eawasthewor s
thitbyfl
ooding.Thepoorroadjunct
ionsandlowwaterbr
idgesweref
lashedawaywhi
chmadetheare
aunreachabl
e.
Thisma deitnece
ssar
yt odepl
oytwoOr yx-
heli
copter
s,aHe r
culesC-130fre
ighta
irpl
aneandme di
cal
st a
fff
romtheSAMili
tar
yHe a
lthSer
vice
sto
hel
pr el
ievethedi
str
esse x
peri
encedbythepeopleinthi
sarea.

141
Approxi
mat
elymoret
han8000pe
opl
ewe r
elef
thomel
essa
ftere
xte
nsi
vef
loodi
ng.
Peopl
eli
vi
ngi
nthei
nfor
mal
set
tl
eme
ntwe
rea
ffe
cte
dthemos
t
asthei
rbui
l
dings
truc
tur
esc
an’
twi
ths
tandsuc
hwe a
the
rphenomena
.

Re
adt
hee
xtr
acti
nFI
GURE4.
6ca
ref
ull
ybe
for
eyoua
nswe
rtheque
sti
onst
hatf
oll
ow.

1. Na
met
hec
ount
rya
ffe
cte
dbyf
loodi
ngi
nthee
xtr
act
.

2.Whic
hcountr
ywascal
le
dupont oass
istt
hea f
fec
tedc
ountr
y?
3.Me
nti
ont
heorga
nis
ati
ont
hatwasde
ploy
edt
othefl
oode
da r
eatoprov
ider
eli
eft
ope
opl
e

4.Ex
pla
inwhyt
hehous
esi
l
lus
tra
tedi
nFI
GURE4.
6ar
ere
fer
redt
oas‘
i
nfor
mal
’

142
 5. Pr
ovi
deTWOe
xampl
esofpoori
nfr
ast
ruc
tur
etha
tle
dtoi
nac
ces
sibi
l
ityi
nthea
reaa
ffe
cte
dbyf
loodi
ng.

6.Sugg
estTHREEs
tra
teg
iest
ore
duc
ethei
mpa
ctoff
loodi
ngi
nthei
nfor
mal
set
tl
eme
nt

143