Contents

Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com

Torsional and Bending Stresses in Machine Parts „ 137

Since the torque transmitted is the product of the tangential load and the radius of the pulley,
therefore tangential load acting on the pulley
T 238 × 103
= = = 396.7 N
R 600
Since the pulley has four arms, therefore tangential load on each arm,
W = 396.7/4 = 99.2 N
and maximum bending moment on the arm,
M = W × R = 99.2 × 600 = 59 520 N-mm
Let 2b = Minor axis in mm, and
2a = Major axis in mm = 2 × 2b = 4b ...(Given)
∴ Section modulus for an elliptical cross-section,
π π
Z = × a2b = (2b)2 × b = π b3 mm3
4 4
We know that bending stress (σb),
M 59 520 18 943
15 = = =
Z π b3 b3
or 3
b = 18 943/15 = 1263 or b = 10.8 mm
∴ Minor axis, 2b = 2 × 10.8 = 21.6 mm Ans.
and major axis, 2a = 2 × 2b = 4 × 10.8 = 43.2 mm Ans.

5.5 Bending Stress in Curved Beams

We have seen in the previous article that for the straight beams, the neutral axis of the section
coincides with its centroidal axis and the stress distribution in the beam is linear. But in case of curved
beams, the neutral axis of the cross-section is shifted towards the centre of curvature of the beam
causing a non-linear (hyperbolic) distribution of stress, as shown in Fig. 5.8. It may be noted that the
neutral axis lies between the centroidal axis and the centre of curvature and always occurs within the
curved beams. The application of curved beam principle is used in crane hooks, chain links and
frames of punches, presses, planers etc.

Fig. 5.8. Bending stress in a curved beam.

Consider a curved beam subjected to a bending moment M, as shown in Fig. 5.8. In finding the
bending stress in curved beams, the same assumptions are used as for straight beams. The general
expression for the bending stress (σb) in a curved beam at any fibre at a distance y from the neutral

Top
 Contents
Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com

138 „ A Textbook of Machine Design

axis, is given by
M ⎛ y ⎞
σb =
A . e ⎜⎝ Rn – y ⎟⎠
where M = Bending moment acting at the given section about the centroidal
axis,
A = Area of cross-section,
e = Distance from the centroidal axis to the neutral axis = R – Rn,
R = Radius of curvature of the centroidal axis,
Rn = Radius of curvature of the neutral axis, and
y = Distance from the neutral axis to the fibre under consideration. It is
positive for the distances towards the centre of curvature and
negative for the distances away from the centre of curvature.
Notes : 1. The bending stress in the curved beam is zero at a point other than at the centroidal axis.
2. If the section is symmetrical such as a circle, rectangle, I-beam with equal flanges, then the maximum
bending stress will always occur at the inside fibre.
3. If the section is unsymmetrical, then the maximum bending stress may occur at either the inside fibre
or the outside fibre. The maximum bending stress at the inside fibre is given by
M . yi
σbi =
A . e . Ri
where yi = Distance from the neutral axis to the inside fibre = Rn – Ri , and
Ri = Radius of curvature of the inside fibre.
The maximum bending stress at the outside fibre is given by
M . yo
σbo =
A . e . Ro
where yo = Distance from the neutral axis to the outside fibre = Ro – Rn, and
Ro = Radius of curvature of the outside fibre.
It may be noted that the bending stress at the inside fibre is tensile while the bending stress at the outside
fibre is compressive.
4. If the section has an axial load in addition to bending, then the axial or direct stress (σd) must be added
algebraically to the bending stress, in order to obtain the resultant stress on the section. In other words,
Resultant stress, σ = σd ± σb
The following table shows the values of Rn and R for various commonly used cross-sections in
curved beams.
Table 5.2. Values of Rn and R for various commonly used
cross-section in curved beams.
Section Values of Rn and R

h
Rn =
⎛R ⎞
log e ⎜ o ⎟
⎝ Ri ⎠

h
R = Ri +
2

Top
 Contents
Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com

Torsional and Bending Stresses in Machine Parts „ 139

Section Values of Rn and R

2
⎡ Ro + Ri ⎤⎦
Rn = ⎣
4

d
R = Ri +
2

⎛ bi + bo ⎞
⎜ ⎟h
Rn = ⎝ 2 ⎠
⎛ bi Ro – bo Ri ⎞ ⎛ Ro ⎞
⎜ ⎟ log e ⎜ ⎟ – (bi – bo )
⎝ h ⎠ ⎝ Ri ⎠

h (bi + 2bo )
R = Ri +
3 (bi + bo )

1
bi × h
Rn = 2
bi Ro ⎛R ⎞
log e ⎜ o ⎟ – bi
h ⎝ Ri ⎠

h
R = Ri +
3

(b – t )(ti + to ) + t . h
Rn =
⎡ ⎛ Ri + ti ⎞ ⎛ Ro ⎞ ⎤ ⎛ Ro – to ⎞
b ⎢loge ⎜ ⎟ + loge ⎜ R – t ⎟ ⎥ + t .loge ⎜ R + t ⎟
⎣ ⎝ i ⎠
R ⎝ o o ⎠⎦ ⎝ i i ⎠

1 2 1 1
h .t + ti 2 (b – t ) + (b – t ) to ( h – to )
R = Ri + 2 2 2
h.t + (b – t ) (ti + to )

Top
 Contents
Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com

140 „ A Textbook of Machine Design

Section Values of Rn and R

ti (bi – t ) + t.h
Rn =
⎛ R + ti ⎞ ⎛ Ro ⎞
(bi – t ) log e ⎜ i ⎟ + t.log e ⎜ R ⎟
⎝ Ri ⎠ ⎝ i⎠

1 2 1
h t + ti 2 (bi – t )
R = Ri + 2 2
h.t + ti (bi – t )

ti (bi – t ) + to (bo – t ) + t.h

Rn =
⎛ Ri + ti ⎞ ⎛ Ro – to ⎞ ⎛ Ro ⎞
bi log e ⎜ ⎟ + t log e ⎜ R + t ⎟ + bo log e ⎜ R – t ⎟
⎝ i ⎠
R ⎝ i i ⎠ ⎝ o o⎠

1 2 1 1
h t + ti2 (bi – t ) + (bo – t ) to ( h – to )
R = Ri + 2 2 2
ti (bi – t ) + to (bo – t ) + t.h

Example 5.10. The frame of a punch press is shown in Fig. 5.9. Find the stresses at the inner
and outer surface at section X-X of the frame, if W = 5000 N.
Solution. Given : W = 5000 N ; bi = 18 mm ; bo = 6 mm ; h = 40 mm ; Ri = 25 mm ;
Ro = 25 + 40 = 65 mm
We know that area of section at X-X,
1
A = (18 + 6) 40 = 480 mm2
2
The various distances are shown in Fig. 5.10.
We know that radius of curvature of the neutral
axis,
⎛ bi + bo ⎞
⎜ ⎟h
⎝ 2 ⎠
Rn =
⎛ bi Ro – bo Ri ⎞ ⎛ Ro ⎞
⎜ ⎟ log e ⎜ ⎟ – (bi – bo )
⎝ h ⎠ ⎝ Ri ⎠
⎛ 18 + 6 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ × 40
= ⎝ 2 ⎠
⎛ 18 × 65 – 6 × 25 ⎞ ⎛ 65 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ log e ⎜ ⎟ – (18 – 6)
⎝ 40 ⎠ ⎝ 25 ⎠
480
= = 38.83 mm Fig. 5.9
(25.5 × 0.9555) – 12

Top
 Contents
Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com

Torsional and Bending Stresses in Machine Parts „ 141

and radius of curvature of the centroidal axis,
h (bi + 2 bo ) 40 (18 + 2 × 6)
R = Ri + = 25 + mm
3 (bi + bo ) 3 (18 + 6)
= 25 + 16.67 = 41.67 mm
Distance between the centroidal axis and neutral axis,
e = R – Rn = 41.67 – 38.83 = 2.84 mm
and the distance between the load and centroidal axis,
x = 100 + R = 100 + 41.67 = 141.67 mm
∴ Bending moment about the centroidal axis,
M = W.x = 5000 × 141.67 = 708 350 N-mm
The section at X-X is subjected to a direct tensile load of W = 5000 N and a bending moment of
M = 708 350 N-mm. We know that direct tensile stress at section X-X,
W 5000
σt = = = 10.42 N/mm 2 = 10.42 MPa
A 480

Fig. 5.10
Distance from the neutral axis to the inner surface,
yi = Rn – Ri = 38.83 – 25 = 13.83 mm
Distance from the neutral axis to the outer surface,
yo = Ro – Rn = 65 – 38.83 = 26.17 mm
We know that maximum bending stress at the inner surface,
M . yi 708 350 × 13.83
σbi = = = 287.4 N/mm 2
A . e . Ri 480 × 2.84 × 25
= 287.4 MPa (tensile)
and maximum bending stress at the outer surface,
M . yo 708 350 × 26.17
σb0 = = = 209.2 N/mm 2
A . e . Ro 480 × 2.84 × 65
= 209.2 MPa (compressive)

Top
 Contents
Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com

142 „ A Textbook of Machine Design

∴ Resultant stress on the inner surface

= σt + σbi = 10.42 + 287.4 = 297.82 MPa (tensile) Ans.
and resultant stress on the outer surface,
= σt – σbo = 10.42 – 209.2 = – 198.78 MPa
= 198.78 MPa (compressive) Ans.

A big crane hook

Example 5.11. The crane hook carries a load of 20 kN as shown in Fig. 5.11. The section at
X-X is rectangular whose horizontal side is 100 mm. Find the stresses in the inner and outer fibres at
the given section.
Solution. Given : W = 20 kN = 20 × 103 N ; Ri = 50 mm ; Ro = 150 mm ; h = 100 mm ; b = 20 mm
We know that area of section at X-X,
A = b.h = 20 × 100 = 2000 mm2
The various distances are shown in Fig. 5.12.
We know that radius of curvature of the neutral axis,
h 100 100
Rn = = = = 91.07 mm
⎛R ⎞ ⎛ 150 ⎞ 1.098
log e ⎜ o ⎟ log e ⎜ ⎟
⎝ Ri ⎠ ⎝ 50 ⎠
and radius of curvature of the centroidal axis,
h 100
R = Ri + = 50 + = 100 mm
2 2
∴ Distance between the centroidal axis and neutral axis,
e = R – Rn = 100 – 91.07 = 8.93 mm
and distance between the load and the centroidal axis,
x = R = 100 mm
∴ Bending moment about the centroidal axis,
M = W × x = 20 × 103 × 100 = 2 × 106 N-mm

Top
 Contents
Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com

Torsional and Bending Stresses in Machine Parts „ 143

The section at X-X is subjected to a direct tensile load of W = 20 × 103 N and a bending moment
of M = 2 × 106 N-mm. We know that direct tensile stress at section X-X,
W 20 × 103
σt = = = 10 N/mm2 = 10 MPa
A 2000

Fig. 5.11 Fig. 5.12

We know that the distance from the neutral axis to the inside fibre,
yi = Rn – Ri = 91.07 – 50 = 41.07 mm
and distance from the neutral axis to outside fibre,
yo = Ro – Rn = 150 – 91.07 = 58.93 mm
∴ Maximum bending stress at the inside fibre,
M . yi 2 × 106 × 41.07
σbi = = = 92 N/mm2 = 92 MPa (tensile)
A . e . Ri 2000 × 8.93 × 50
and maximum bending stress at the outside fibre,
M . yo 2 × 106 × 58.93
σbo = = = 44 N/mm2
A . e . Ro 2000 × 8.93 × 150
= 44 MPa (compressive)
∴ Resultant stress at the inside fibre
= σt + σbi = 10 + 92 = 102 MPa (tensile) Ans.
and resultant stress at the outside fibre
= σt – σbo = 10 – 44 = – 34 MPa = 34 MPa (compressive) Ans.
Example 5.12. A C-clamp is subjected to a maximum load of W, as shown in Fig. 5.13. If the
maximum tensile stress in the clamp is limited to 140 MPa, find the value of load W.
Solution. Given : σt(max) = 140 MPa = 140 N/mm2 ; Ri = 25 mm ; Ro = 25 + 25 = 50 mm ;
bi = 19 mm ; ti = 3 mm ; t = 3 mm ; h = 25 mm
We know that area of section at X-X,
A = 3 × 22 + 3 × 19 = 123 mm2

Top
 Contents
Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com

144 „ A Textbook of Machine Design

The various distances are shown in Fig. 5.14. We know that radius
of curvature of the neutral axis,
ti (bi – t ) + t . h
Rn =
⎛R +t ⎞ ⎛R ⎞
(bi – t ) log e ⎜ i i ⎟ + t log e ⎜ o ⎟
⎝ Ri ⎠ ⎝ Ri ⎠
3 (19 – 3) + 3 × 25
=
⎛ 25 + 3 ⎞ ⎛ 50 ⎞
(19 – 3) log e ⎜ ⎟ + 3 log e ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 25 ⎠ ⎝ 25 ⎠
123 123
= = = 31.64 mm
16 × 0.113 + 3 × 0.693 3.887
and radius of curvature of the centroidal axis,
1 h2 . t + 1 t2
2 i
(bi – t )
R = Ri +
2 Fig. 5.13
h . t + ti (bi – t )
1 × 252 × 3 + 12 × 32 (19 – 3) 937.5 + 72
= 25 + 2
= 25 +
25 × 3 + 3 (19 – 3) 75 + 48
= 25 + 8.2 = 33.2 mm
Distance between the centroidal axis and neutral axis,
e = R – Rn = 33.2 – 31.64 = 1.56 mm
and distance between the load W and the centroidal axis,
x = 50 + R = 50 + 33.2 = 83.2 mm
∴ Bending moment about the centroidal axis,
M = W.x = W × 83.2 = 83.2 W N-mm

Fig. 5.14
The section at X-X is subjected to a direct tensile load of W and a bending moment of 83.2 W.
The maximum tensile stress will occur at point P (i.e. at the inner fibre of the section).
Distance from the neutral axis to the point P,
yi = Rn – Ri = 31.64 – 25 = 6.64 mm

Top
 Contents
Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com

Torsional and Bending Stresses in Machine Parts „ 145

Direct tensile stress at section X-X,
W W
σt = = = 0.008 W N/mm 2
A 123
and maximum bending stress at point P,
M . yi 83.2 W × 6.64
σbi = = = 0.115 W N/mm 2
A . e . Ri 123 × 1.56 × 25
We know that the maximum tensile stress σt(max),
140 = σt + σbi = 0.008 W + 0.115 W = 0.123 W
∴ W = 140/0.123 = 1138 N Ans.
Note : We know that distance from the neutral axis to the outer fibre,
yo = Ro – Rn = 50 – 31.64 = 18.36 mm
∴ Maximum bending stress at the outer fibre,
M . yo 83.2 W × 18.36
σbo = = = 0.16 W
A . e . Ro 123 × 1.56 × 50
and maximum stress at the outer fibre,
= σt – σbo = 0.008 W – 0.16 W = – 0.152 W N/mm2
= 0.152 W N/mm2 (compressive)
From above we see that stress at the outer fibre is larger in this case than at the inner fibre, but this stress
at outer fibre is compressive.

5.6 Principal Stresses and Principal Planes

In the previous chapter, we have discussed about the direct tensile and compressive stress as
well as simple shear. Also we have always referred the stress in a plane which is at right angles to the
line of action of the force.
But it has been observed
that at any point in a
strained material, there are
three planes, mutually Field structure
perpendicular to each (magnet)
other which carry direct
stresses only and no shear
stress. It may be noted that
out of these three direct
stresses, one will be Armature con-
maximum and the other taining several
will be minimum. These coils
perpendicular planes The ends of the coils
which have no shear stress are arranged round
are known as principal the shaft
planes and the direct
stresses along these planes
are known as principal
stresses. The planes on Big electric generators undergo high torsional stresses.
which the maximum shear
stress act are known as planes of maximum shear.

Top