DC Nanogrid Keynote Speech Iwan - Opt

DC Nanogrid (Small Scale of DC Microgrid):
THE ALTERNATIVE SOLUTION FOR A SMALL

COMMUNITY ELECTRIFICATION
Keynote speech for ICITACEE 2021
Dr. Iwan Setiawan

[email protected]
ELECTRICAL DEPT. UNIVERSITAS DIPONEGORO
ENERGY RESEARCH CENTER OF ENGINEERING FACULTY, UNDIP
OUTLINE
Introduction
Control System of DC Microgrid
DC Nanogrid project
WHY DC MICROGRID ?
Most RES, such as photovoltaic module and fuel cells produce DC power
Most Energy storage system store energy in DC power
DC Microgrid easy to be controlled
Many modern home appliances are DC power in nature
Source: European Network for Research, Good Practice and

Innovation for Sustainable Energy
RESEARCH TREND ON
DC microgrid is a hot research topic
DC MICROGRIDS
RESEARCH TOPIC IN DC
MICROGRID
1. LOAD POWER SHARING:
DROOP CONTROL DESIGN
2. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
CONTROL DESIGN
3. DC MICROGRID
PROTECTION
4. DC MICROGRID STABILITY
5. DC MICROGRID
INTERCONNECTION
6. COORDINATION CONTROL
7. ISLANDING DETECTION
8. OPTIMIZATION, ETC..
Source: Gao, Fei, et al. "Primary and secondary control in DC microgrids: a review." Journal of Modern Power
Systems and Clean Energy 7.2 (2019): 227-242.
GENERAL TOPOLOGY OF AN ISLANDED DC MICROGRID
Unit/component: Renewable
energy Sources RES (WT, PV,
fuel Cell, etc)
- Connected to the grid via a
Unidirectional converter or
AC/DC/DC converter
- The converter system act as
Grid Following Converter that
inject the available maximum
power to the grid via MPPT
Algorithm
GENERAL TOPOLOGY OF AN AUTONOMOUS/ISLANDED DC
MICROGRID (SINGLE BUS)
Unit/component: Energy
Storage System ESS (Battery,
Supercapacitor, flywheel)
- Connected to the grid via a
Bidirectional converter
- The converter system act as
Grid Forming Converter that
maintain DC bus voltage at
certain range
- DC bus voltage regulated by using
local controller: a droop
control
GENERAL TOPOLOGY OF AN AUTONOMOUS/ISLANDED DC
MICROGRID (SINGLE BUS)
Unit/component: Load
- Connected to the grid directly or

via a DC/DC or DC/AC
converter
GRID-CONNECTED DC MICROGRID
Grid Connected DC microgrid System - In On-Grid Mode, the DC bus
Battery DC loads
voltage maintained by
bidirectional DC/AC inverter
(grid tied inverter system)
- Control strategy generally used in
= =
P P
= =
grid tied inverter system is vector
DC ~
= ~ control (dq current control)
=
P
=
P
=
P
Grid tied inverter - In On-Grid Mode, the Grid
forming converter regulate
~ ~ =
current/power to maintain the

Wind turbine AC loads Supercapacitor state of charge of ESS (battery)
- On-Grid Mode is still an open
research problem
INTERCONNECTION OF DC MICROGRIDS: MULTIPLE DC
MICROGRID
• The interconnection is
realized by a bidirectional Battery DC loads Battery DC loads
interlink DC-DC converter

(ILC)
• ILC Control system : to
= = = =
P P P
= = = = P
share power proportionally
LVDC =
between sub-grids =
ELVDC
• ILC Control System could = = = ILC = =

be implemented by using P Interlink Converter
P P P
~ ~ = = = P
droop control mode (or

other modes)
Wind turbine AC loads Supercapacitor Supercapacitor PV module
INTERCONNECTION OF DC MICROGRIDS
Commercially product:
LVDC sub- ELVDC sub-

sistem BCM
sistem
Bus converter module Vicor 1/16 fixed ratio
https://www.vicorpower.com/documents/famil
y_overviews/fo-BCM-VICOR.pdf
HYBRID DC/AC MICROGRID
• The interconnection is
realized by a bidirectional
interlink DC-AC converter
(ILC)
• ILC Control system : to
share power proportionally
between sub-grids
• ILC Control System could
be implemented by using
droop control mode
• ILC control system is still
an open research problem
VOLTAGE LEVELS OF DC MICROGRID
Voltage levels currently adopted

for DC power distribution
Source: Rodriguez-Diaz E, et al. Voltage-level selection of future

two-level LVdc distribution grids. IEEE Electrification Magazine.
2016;4(2):20-28. DOI: 10.1109/MELE.2016.2543979
HIERARCHY CONTROL ARCHITECTURE OF MULTIPLE DC
MICROGRIDS
The main issues of DC

Time scale
long Tertiary
microgrid: Controller
DC load power sharing Secondary

Controller
DC bus voltage regulation and power
quality Primary
Controller
short
Optimization problems
Bidirectional
DC Bus (HV) BESS (LV)
Converter
presentation Focus
PRIMARY CONTROL OF DC MICROGRID: FROM CONTROL
PERSPECTIVE
Primary control Role:

-To regulate DC bus voltage at about Primary control (local plant)
nominal voltage
-The droop control principle- virtual Level 1 Level 0
v nominal I ref
output resistance is used for the
V DC bus
Voltage regulator Current Bidirectional
(droop controller) controller Converter
controller i
-Droop control principle: load power

sharing
-Composed from two level controller:
inner and outer loop
BIDIRECTIONAL DC-DC CONVERTER : MORE DETAIL
Single Leg Bidirectional DC-DC converter

BIDIRECTIONAL DC-DC CONVERTER : MORE DETAIL
Three phase
Two phase
Bidirectional
Bidirectional
DC-DC
DC-DC
converter
converter
CURRENT CONTROL: MORE DETAIL
Current Control
Su
-PI control
DC
RL L
iL
-PI parameter tune by pole placement
method
Bus CH
-time sampling of controller: tens

Sd CL
microsecond
iL*
PWM
Current controller
iL
CURRENT CONTROL : MORE DETAIL
Separated current control Unified current control
iL (max)
Buck
mode
0 VL/VH 1 u
(dutty cycle)
iL (min) Boost
mode
SIMULATION RESULT OF SEPARATED VS UNIFIED CURRENT
CONTROL
DROOP CONTROL MODEL: MORE DETAIL
Principle of Droop control
Block diagram of droop controller

SECONDARY CONTROL
Principle of Droop control Block diagram of droop controller plus

bias
SIMULATION
PV panel
DC bus i batt
DC/DC + -
Bidirectional
Buck- Battery 24
Buck-Boost
Boost Vdc
R converter volt
converter
-
Vpv ipv i batt
MPPT controller Voltage regulator

1. Tight regulator system
Ref Vdc = 48 volt
2. Droop control (primary control)
3. Droop control plus secondary control
SIMULATION RESULT: STIFF DC BUS REGULATION (VDC NOMINAL
48 VOLT)
DC bus voltage
response to
current injection
and load change
(current: 2A, load:
20 ohm)-> V
nominal 48 volt
SIMULATION RESULT: STIFF DC BUS REGULATION
Battery current response to

current injection and load
change
SIMULATION RESULT: DROOP CONTROL DC BUS REGULATION
DC bus voltage response to

current injection and load
change (Kd: 0.1)
SIMULATION RESULT: DROOP CONTROL DC BUS REGULATION
Battery current response

to current injection and
load change
SIMULATION RESULT: DC BUS VOLTAGE REGULATION WITH
SECONDARY CONTROL
Dc bus voltage response

with secondary control
DC NANOGRID PROJECT FOR A COMMUNITY
Energy research center of Engineering Faculty, Undip

MAIN OBJECTIVE OF THIS PROJECT: provide electricity to the rural or
remote area communities
PRINCIPLE DESIGN : KISS
KEEP IT SIMPLE AND STRAIGHTFOWARD
KISS :
-Simple design
-Low cost
-Scalable
-Free/Less maintenance
TOPOLOGY 2
Main feature/constraint of the

topology
-There is one grid forming converter
(bidirectional converter)-buckup
battery
-PV Power is extracted by using MPPT
algorithm (model: constant power
sources)
-Battery current charging requirement
could be monitor from battery SOC
SIMULATION RESULT
Principle of Operation of the topology
Battery regulation model

voltage
Vn
+ VDC*
+ iL*
Kr Voltage regulator
iL
VDC
current
HARDWARE REALIZATION
Thank you

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DC Nanogrid (Small Scale of DC Microgrid):

THE ALTERNATIVE SOLUTION FOR A SMALL

Dr. Iwan Setiawan

Control System of DC Microgrid

Many modern home appliances are DC power in nature

Source: European Network for Research, Good Practice and

- Connected to the grid directly or

current/power to maintain the

interlink DC-DC converter

• ILC Control System could = = = ILC = =

droop control mode (or

LVDC sub- ELVDC sub-

Bus converter module Vicor 1/16 fixed ratio

Voltage levels currently adopted

Source: Rodriguez-Diaz E, et al. Voltage-level selection of future

The main issues of DC

DC load power sharing Secondary

Primary control Role:

-Droop control principle: load power

Single Leg Bidirectional DC-DC converter

-time sampling of controller: tens

Principle of Droop control

Block diagram of droop controller

Principle of Droop control Block diagram of droop controller plus

MPPT controller Voltage regulator

Battery current response to

DC bus voltage response to

Battery current response

Dc bus voltage response

Energy research center of Engineering Faculty, Undip

Main feature/constraint of the

Principle of Operation of the topology

Battery regulation model

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