Elecrticity PDF
Elecrticity PDF
Elecrticity PDF
(Ohm’s law).
Electric Current: The flow of electric charge is known as Electric Current, Electric
current is carried by moving electrons through a conductor.
By convention, electric current flows in the opposite direction to the movement of
electrons.
Electric Circuit: Electric circuit is a continuous and closed path of electric current.
Expression of Electric Current: Electric current is denoted by the letter ‘I’. Electric
current is expressed by the rate of flow of electric charges. Rate of flow means, the
amount of charge flowing through a particular area in unit time.
If a net electric charge (Q) flows through a cross-section of a conductor in time t, then,
S.I. Unit of Electric Charge and Current: S.I. unit of electric charge is coulomb (C).
One coulomb is nearly equal to 6 × 1018 electrons. S.I. unit of electric current is ampere
(A). Ampere is the flow of electric charge through a surface at the rate of one coulomb
per second. This means, if 1 coulomb of electric charge flows through a cross section
for 1 second, it would be equal to 1 ampere.
Therefore, 1 A = 1 C/1 s
Charge: Like mass, the charge is the fundamental property of matter. There are two
types of charge
(i) Positive charge.
(ii) Negative charge.
Positive and Negative Charge: The charge acquired by a glass rod when rubbed with
silk is called a positive charge and the charge acquired by an ebonite rod when rubbed
with wool is called negative charge.
Properties of Electric Charge:
(i) Unlike charges attract each other and like charges repel each other.
(ii) The.force between two charges varies directly as the product of two charges and
inversely as the square of the distance (r) between both charges (q1 and q2).
Since joule is the unit of work and Coulomb is the unit of charge, 1 volt of electric
potential difference is equal to the 1 joule of work to be done to move a charge of 1
coulomb from one point to another in an electric circuit. Therefore
1V = 1Joule/1Coulomb = 1J/1C
1V = 1JC-1
Ohm’s Law: Ohm’s Law states that the potential difference between two points is
directly proportional to the electric current, at a constant temperature.
This means potential difference V varies as electric current.
V∝I
V = RI
I = VR
R = VI
Where, R is constant for the given conductor at a given temperature and is called
resistance.
Resistance: Resistance is the property of conductor which resists the flow of electric
current through it.
S.I. unit of resistance is ohm. Ohm is denoted by Greek letter ‘Q’
1 Ohm: 1 ohm (Q) of resistance (R) is equal to the flow 1A of current through a
conductor between two points having a potential difference equal to 1V.
This means; 1Ω = 1V1A
From the expression of Ohm’s Law, it is obvious that electric current through a resistor
is inversely proportional to resistance. This means electric current will decrease with an
increase in resistance and vice versa. The graph of V (potential difference) versus I
(electric current) is always a straight line.
Variable Resistance: The component of an electric circuit which is used to regulate the
current, without changing the voltage from the source, is called variable resistance.
(ii) Length of Conductor: Resistance (R) is directly proportional to the length of the
conductor. This means, resistance increases with increase in length of the conductor.
This is the cause that long electric wires create more resistance to the electric current.
Thus, Resistance (R) ∝ length of conductor (l)
or, R ∝ l …(i)
(iii) Area of Cross Section: Resistance R is inversely proportional to the area of cross
section (A) of the conductor. This means R will decrease with an increase in the area of
conductor and vice versa. More area of conductor facilitates the flow of electric current
through more area and thus, decreases the resistance. This is the cause that thick
copper wire creates less resistance to the electric current.
Thus, resistance (R) ∝ 1/Area of cross section of conductor (A)
or, R ∝ lA ….(ii)
From equations (i) and (ii)
R ∝ lA
R = ρ lA
Where, ρ (rho) is the proportionality constant. It is called the electrical resistivity of the
material of conductor.
From equation (iii) RA = ρl ⇒ ρ = RAl ..(iv)
The S.I. of Resistivity: Since, the S.I. unit of R is Q, S.I. unit of area is m2 and S.I. unit of
length is m. Hence, unit of resistivity (ρ) = Ω×m2m = Ωm
Thus, S.I. unit of resistivity (ρ) is Ωm.
Resistivity: It is defined as the resistance offered by a cube of a material of side 1m
when current flows perpendicular to its opposite faces. It’s S.I. unit is ohm-meter (Ωm).
Resistivity, ρ = RAl
Resistivity is also known as specific resistance.
Resistivity depends on the nature of the material of the conductor.
Materials having a resistivity in the range of 10-8 Ωm to 10-6 Ωm are considered as very
good conductors. Silver has resistivity equal to 1.60 × 10-8 Ωm and copper has
resistivity equal to 1.62 × 10-8 Ωm.
Rubber and glass are very good insulators. They have a resistivity in the order of 10-
12
Ωm to 10-8 Ωm.
The resistivity of materials varies with temperature.
Combination of resistors (Series and Parallel combination), the heating effect of electric
current and electric power.
Combination of Resistors
(i) Series combination
(ii) Parallel combination.
1. Resistors in Series: When resistors are joined from end to end, it is called in series.
In this case, the total resistance of the system is equal to the sum of the resistance of all
the resistors in the system.
2. Resistors in Parallel: When resistors are joined in parallel, the reciprocal of the total
resistance of the system is equal to the sum of reciprocal of the resistance of resistors.
In parallel combination, the potential difference across each resistor is the same and is
equal to the total potential difference.
The total current through the circuit can be calculated by adding the electric current
through individual resistors.
Itotal = 6A + 48A + 30A + 12A + 24A = 120A
Electric Iron: The element of electric iron is made of alloys having high melting poir^
Electric heater and geyser work on the same mechanism.
Electric Fuse: Electric fuse is used to protect the electric appliances from high voltage
if any. Electric fuse is made of metal or alloy of metals, such as aluminum, copper, iron,
lead, etc. In the case of flow of higher voltage than specified, fuse wire melts and
protect the electric appliances.
Fuse of 1A, 2A, 3A, 5A, 10A, etc., used for domestic purpose.
Suppose, if an electric heater consumes 1000W at 220 V.
Then electric current in circuit
I = PV
I = 1000W220V = 4.5 A
Thus, in this case of 5A should be used to protect the electric heater in the flow of
higher voltage.
Electric Power
S.I. unit of electric power is watt (W).
1W = 1 volt × 1 ampere = 1V × 1A
I kilowatt or 1kW = 1000 W
Consumption of electricity (electric energy) is generally measured in kilowatt.
Unit of electric energy is kilowatt-hour (kWh).
1 kWh = 1000 watt × 1 hour = 1 unit = 1000 W × 3600 s
1 kWh = 3.6 x 106 watt second = 3.6 × 106 J
Conductor: The material which can allow the flow of electrons through itself is called
the conductor. It has a large number of free electrons. It offers low opposition in the flow
of current.
Insulator: The material which does not allow the flow of electrons through itself is called
insulator. It has less or no free electrons. It offers high opposition in the flow of current.
Electric Current: The amount of flow charge through any cross-sectional area of a
conductor in unity time is called Electric Current.
It is represented by ‘I’
I = QT
Unit of Electric Current: It is CS-1 (coulomb per second) or Ampere (A). Electric
Current is a scalar quantity. It is measured by an ammeter.
Direction: The direction of conventional current (or practical current) is opposite to the
flow of electrons.
Electric potential: Electric Potential at any point in the electric field is defined as the
amount of work done to bring the unit positive charge from infinity (from outside the
electric field) to that point.
V =WQ, S.I. unit of Electric Potential is JC-1 or volt (V). It is a scalar quantity. The +ve
charge flows from higher to lower potential. The -ve charge flows from lower to a higher
potential. The difference of electric potential between any two points in the electric field
is called Electric Potential difference. It is known as a voltage which is equal to the work
done per unit charge between two points against the static electric field.
VAB = VA – VB = WABQ
Electric Potential difference is measured by a voltmeter.
Ohm’s Law: According to this law “Under the constant physical condition the
potential difference across the conductor is directly proportional to the current
flowing through the conductor.”
V∝I
V = IR …[Where R is proportionality constant called resistance of conductor]
⇒ I = VR
R depends upon nature, geometry and physical condition of the conductor.
The heat generated by electric current: The potential difference between two points
in an electrical field is equal to the work done in moving a unit charge from one point to
another.
Then, work is done, W = VQ and Q = I × t
W=V×I×t
From Ohm’s Law, we know that
V = IR
W = IR × I × t = I2.Rt
Since heat produced by the electric current is equal to work done, W
H=W
⇒ H (heat) = I2Rt Joule.
Resistance: Ratio of the applied voltage to the current flowing in the conductor is called
resistance of the conductor.
⇒ R = VI
S.I. Unit of resistance is VA-1 or ohm (Ω).
Resistance is the opposition offered by the conductor in the flow of current.
Practically it is
R ∝ L (L is the length of a conductor)
R ∝ 1/A (A is the area of a conductor)
So, R ∝ L/A
R = ρL/A …[Where p is proportionality constant called specific resistance of conductor
It only depend upon nature (material) and temperature of conductor.
Specific resistance or Resistivity = ρ = RA /L
It’s S.I. Unit is Qm
Combination of resistance:
In this combination the current across every component is same but potential
across every component is different.
If resistance R1, R2 and R3 are connected in series with a battery of Potential V,
then equivalence resistance of the combination
R = R1 + R2 + R3
In this combination the current across every component is different. But potential
across every component is the same.
If resistance R1, R2 and R3 are connected in parallel with a battery of Potential V,
then equivalence resistance of combination
1R=1R1+1R2+1R3
Electric Energy is amount of work done to maintain the continuous flow of electric
current in the circuit.
Its S.I. unit is joule (J).
Electric power (P): The electric work done per unit time is called electric power.
Electric Power = ElectricworkdoneTimetaken
or P = Wt
Electric power is also defined as the electric energy consumed per unit time.
P = Et
S.I. unit of electric power is Watt. When one joule of energy is used for one second,
electric power is equal to one watt.
Derivation of formula for electric power:
We know that electric work done, W = V × I × t or P = VItt
P = VI
Electric power in watts = Volts × ampere
Also V = IR …[According to Ohm’s Law]
So P = IR × I
P = I2R
We know that I = VR
P = (VR)2 × R = V2R Watt
The maximum value of electric current that can pass through an electric appliance
without damaging electric appliance is called current rating of electric appliance.