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    Electricity

    Uploaded by

    krishna

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Electricity

    Uploaded by

    krishna
    4 views26 pages

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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    4 views26 pages

    Electricity

    Uploaded by

    krishna

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 26

    Made by:

    Shreyaans M. Nahata
     Electricity is the flow of electrons around a closed
    circuit

     It was discovered by William Gilbert

     It consists of electrons in motion


     Conductors are those materials that allow
    flow of electricity through them

     They can conduct electricity because of the


    presence of free electrons between the atoms
    of the substance

     All the metals are good conductors of


    electricity and graphite (the only non metal)
    can also conduct electricity
     Insulators are those materials that do not
    allow flow of electricity through them

     They cannot conduct electricity because they


    don’t have free electrons between their atoms

     All the non metals (except graphite) are


    insulators
     When a glass rod is rubbed with a silk cloth,
    it acquires the ability to attract small
    particles of paper and is said to have
    acquired an ‘Electric Charge’

     S.I. unit of electric charge is ‘Coulomb’

     Symbol for coulomb is ‘C’


     Electric current is the flow of electrons
    through a conducting material (like copper,
    iron, etc.)

     The device that causes the flow of electrons


    is called a cell (or a battery if 2 or more
    cells are connected in a row)
     Electrons flow from the negative terminal to the
    positive terminal

     By convention, electric current flows from positive


    terminal to the negative terminal
     Electric current is expressed as the rate of
    flow of charge through a conductor per unit
    time, i.e.
    𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 (𝑄)
    𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 (𝐼) =
    𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡

     S.I. unit of electric current is Ampere (A) and


    1 𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑏 (𝐶)
    1 𝐴𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐴 =
    1 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 (𝑠)

     Electric current is measured by Ammeter


     Electric potential is the capability of a charge to
    move unit positive charge from one point to
    another

     Electric potential difference is the work done to


    bring unit positive charge from one point to
    another, i.e.
    𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 (𝑊)
    P𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 (𝑉) =
    𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 (𝑄)

     S.I unit of potential difference is Voltage (V) and is


    measured by Voltmeter
     Electric current will flow through a conductor only
    if there is a difference in the electric potential
    between the two ends of the conductor

     The potential difference in a circuit is provided by a


    cell or battery

     The chemical reaction in the cell produces a


    potential difference between the two terminals and
    sets the electrons in motion and produces electric
    current
     Electric circuit is a continuous and closed
    path of an electric current

    A schematic diagram of an
    electric circuit comprising of
    a cell, electric bulb,
    ammeter and plug key
    Battery or a
    Cell combination of
    Cells
    Crossing not Crossing
    connected connected

    Plug Key or Plug Key or


    Switch (Open) Switch (Closed)

    Electric Bulb Resistor

    Variable
    Resistance or
    Rheostat

    Ammeter Voltmeter
     Voltmeter is a device that measures the
    potential difference across the ends of any
    conducting material

     It is connected in parallel to the ends of the


    conducting material

     It has high resistance


     Ammeter is a device that measures
    the current flowing through any
    conducting material

     It is connected in series to the


    conducting material

     It has low resistance


     Ohm’s law states that,
    The current flowing through a conductor is directly
    proportional to the potential difference between its
    ends provided all the physical conditions remain the
    same, i.e.
    𝑽 𝑽
    𝑰𝜶𝑽 or = 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 or =𝑹
    𝑰 𝑰

     Here, the constant (R) stands for resistance for a


    given conductor wire at a given temperature
     Resistance is the property of a conductor to resist the flow of
    electrons through it.

     According to Ohm’s law,


    𝑽
    𝑹=
    𝑰

     The S.I. unit of resistance is Ohm (Ω)

     If the potential difference around the two ends of the wire is 1


    V and the current flowing through the wire is 1 A, then the
    resistance of the wire is said to be 1 Ω
     The resistance of a conductor is:
    1. directly proportional to the length of the wire
    2. inversely proportional to the area of the cross section of the
    wire
    3. dependent on the material of the conductor
    4. directly proportional to the temperature of the material, i.e.
    𝐑𝛂𝐈
    𝐈
    𝐑𝛂
    𝐀
    𝐈
    Or 𝐑=𝛒
    𝐀
     Here, ρ (rho) is the constant of proportionality called
    Resistivity of the material of the conductor.
     Its S.I. unit is Ohm Metre (Ωm)
     Conductors like metals and alloys have low
    resistivity of 10-8 Ωm to 10-6 Ωm

     Insulators like rubber, glass etc. have high


    resistivity 1012 Ωm to 1017 Ωm.

     Substances with low resistivity are better


    conductors of electricity than those with
    high resistivity
     When three resistors R1, R2 and R3 are connected in series
    across AB
    i. The current in all the resistors is same
    ii. The total voltage across the resistors is equal to the sum
    of the voltage across each resistor
    V = V1 +V2 +V3
    iii. The equivalent resistance is the sum of the resistances of
    each resistor. This increases the total resistance
    Rs = R1 +R2 +R3
     When three resistors R1, R2 and R3 are connected in parallel
    across AB
    i. The voltage in all the resistors is same
    ii. The total current in all the resistors is the sum of the current in
    each resistor
    I = I1 +I2 +I3
    iii. The reciprocal of the equivalent resistance is the sum of the
    reciprocals of resistances of each resistor. This decreases the
    total resistance
    Rp = + +
    1 1 1 1
    R1 R2 R3
     Electrical energy is the work done to
    maintain the flow of current in a
    conductor
    W = Q × V where, Q = I × t
    ∴ W = VIt where, V = IR
    ∴ W= I2Rt

     S.I. unit of electrical energy is Joule (J)


     Electric power is the rate at which electric current is
    used
    𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 (𝑃) =
    𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝐷𝑜𝑛𝑒 (𝑊)
    𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 (𝑡)
    where,𝑊 = 𝐼2𝑅𝑡

    𝐼2𝑅𝑡
    ∴ 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = = 𝐼2𝑅𝑡
    𝑡
    Or, 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑉𝐼

     S.I. unit of power is Watt (W)

     An object has 1 Watt of power when 1Ampere of current flows


    across a conductor with a potential difference of 1Volt
     Commercial unit of energy is kWh (Kilowatt Hour)

     One kWh is the power consumed when 1W of


    power is used for 1 hour

     Relationship between Kilowatt hour and Joule:


    1 kWh = 1 kW × 1 h
    1 kWh = 1000 W × 3600 s
    1 kWh = 3600000 J
    1 kWh = 3.6 × 106 J
     If a current ‘I’ flows through a resistor of resistance ‘R’ and ‘t’ be the
    time for which a charge ‘Q’ flows through it, then the work done to
    move the charge through potential difference ‘V’
    W = QV
    𝑊 𝑄𝑉 𝑄
    P= = and = 𝐼 or P = IV
    𝑡 𝑡 𝑡
    or Heat Energy (H) = Pt = VIt
    According to Ohm’s law,
    V = IR
    ∴ H = I2Rt
    That’s it folks…

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