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    2024-25 Ch-Electricity Quick Revison Notes

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    2024-25 Ch-Electricity Quick Revison Notes

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    16 views7 pages

    2024-25 Ch-Electricity Quick Revison Notes

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    muskangoswami212

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    of 7

    DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL AGRA

    (Under the aegis of The Delhi Public School Society, East of Kailash, New Delhi)
    GRADE– X PHYSICS 2024-25
    IMPORTANT KEYNOTES FOR QUICK REVISION
    CH- ELECTRICITY
    Q1. Define Electric current.
    Ans. Rate of flow of net charge is called current. Denoted by (I)
    I=Q/t
    SI unit of current is Ampere (A)

    Q2. What is the direction of flow of current in a circuit?


    Ans. Conventional current flows from positive terminal to negative terminal while electronic current
    flows from positive to negative terminal of the cell or battery.

    Q3. How many electrons make one coulomb of charge?


    Ans.One Coulomb (C) is equivalent to the charge contained in nearly 6 × 1018 electrons. (We know that
    an electron possesses a negative charge of 1.6 × 10–19C C.)

    Q4.Define charge.
    Ans. It is a very small particle present in an atom .It can be either negative (electron) or positive
    (proton). The SI unit of charge is Coulomb, represented by C.Charge is a characteristic unit of matter by
    means of which matter experiences electric forces. It can be either negative (electron) or positive
    (proton)

    Q5.What is total or net charge?


    Ans.Total charge or Net charge is equivalent to the charge contained in nearly 6X1018 electrons.
    Q = ne (n is no. of electrons)
    e = 1.6 X10–19C (negative charge on electron)

    Q6. Define 1 Ampere.


    Ans. One ampere is constituted by the flow of one coulomb of charge per second.
    1A=1C/1 Second
    Small quantity of current are expressed in
    1mA (milli Ampere) = 10–3 A
    1uA (micro Ampere) = 10–6 A

    Ammeter– It is an instrument used to measure the electric current in a circuit.


    It is always connected in series in a circuit.
    It has low resistance.

    Electric Circuit– It is a closed path along which an electric current flows. It is of two types - open or
    incomplete circuit and Closed or complete circuit.
    Q7.Define the electric potential difference between two points in an electric circuit.
    Ans. The work done to move a unit positive charge from one point to another in a current carrying
    conductor is defined as electric potential difference.
    Potential difference (V) between two points = Work done (W) / Charge (Q)
    V = W/Q
    The SI unit of electric potential difference is volt (V)
    Q8. Define I volt.
    Ans.. One volt is the potential difference between two points in a current carrying conductor when 1
    joule of work is done to move a charge of 1 coulomb from one point to the other in a circuit.
    Therefore, 1 volt =1 joule / 1 coulomb

    Voltmeter - It is an instrument used to measure the potential difference.


    It is always connected in parallel across the points between which the potential difference is
    to be measured.
    It has high resistance.

    Q9. State Ohm’s Law.


    Ans The electric current flowing through a metallic wire is directly proportional to the potential difference
    V, across its ends provided its temperature remains the same. This is called Ohm’s law. In other words
    or V/I = constant= R or V = IR
    R is a constant for the given metallic wire at a given temperature and is called its resistance.

    Q10. What is meant by resistance of a conductor?


    Ans. It is the property of a conductor to resist the flow of charges through it. Its SI unit is ohm,
    represented by the Greek letter Ω
    Q11. Define one ohm.
    Ans. If the potential difference across the two ends of a conductor is 1 V and the current through it is 1
    A, then the resistance R, of the conductor is 1 Ω. That is, 1 ohm = 1 volt /1 ampere
    Q12. What is variable resistance?
    Ans A component used to regulate current without changing the voltage source is called variable
    resistance. In an electric circuit, a device called rheostat is often used to change the resistance in the
    circuit.
    Rheostat–
    As we know that
    V = IR
    I = V/R
    Shows that current through conductor or resistor is inversely proportional to its resistance So to increase
    or decrease the current accordingly in the circuit ,a component is used which is called as “Rheostat”,
    that regulates the current without changing the potential difference.
    Q13. What are the factors on which the resistance of a conductor depends?
    Ans The resistance of the conductor depends (i) on its length, (ii) on its area of cross-section (iii) on the
    nature of its material (iv) temperature.

    (Resistance) R α l
    R α 1/A
    R=ρl/A
    Where ρ (rho) is a proportionality constant known as resistivity of the material of conductor.

    Q14. What is meant by resistivity of a material?


    Ans Resistivity of a material is the resistance of the conductor of that material having length 1m
    and area of cross section 1m2
    R=ρL/A
    If L=1m and A=1m2
    Then R=ρ
    The SI unit of resistivity is Ω-m. It is a characteristic property of the material.

    Q15. Why are alloys preferably used in electrical heating devices?


    Ans (1) Resistivity of an alloy (homogeneous mixture of metals) is generally higher than of its
    constituent metals. Example Constantan (alloy of Cu & Ni)
    .
    (2) Alloys do not oxidise (burn) readily at high temperatures. For this reason, they are commonly
    used in electrical heating devices, like electric iron, toasters etc.

    Q16. Derive that equivalent resistance Rs = R1 +R2 + R3 if R1 ,R2, R3 are connected in series.

    Ans You will observe that the potential difference V is equal to the sum of potential differences V1, V2,
    and V3. That is the total potential difference across a combination of resistors in series is equal to the
    sum of potential difference across the individual resistors. That is,
    V = V1 + V2 + V3
    Let I be the current through the circuit. The current through each resistor is also I. It is possible to
    replace the three resistors joined in series by an equivalent single resistor of resistance R, such that the
    potential difference V across it, and the current I through the circuit remains the same.
    Applying the Ohm’s law to the entire circuit, we have
    V = I Rs
    On applying Ohm’s law to the three resistors separately, we further have
    V1 = I R1
    V2 = I R2
    and V3 = I R3
    So I Rs = I R1 + I R2 + I R3
    Or Rs = R1 +R2 + R3
    We can conclude that when several resistors are joined in series, the resistance of the combination Rs
    equals the sum of their individual resistances, R1 ,R2, R3 and is thus greater than any individual
    resistance.
    Q17 Derive that equivalent resistance 1/Rp = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 if R1 ,R2, R3 are connected in
    parallel.
    Ans

    The total current I, is equal to the sum of the separate currents through each branch of the
    combination.
    I = I1 + I2 + I3
    Let Rp be the equivalent resistance of the parallel combination of resistors. By applying Ohm’s
    law to the parallel combination of resistors, we have
    I = V/Rp
    On applying Ohm’s law to each resistor, we have
    I1 = V /R1; I2 = V /R2; and I3 = V /R3
    V/Rp = V/R1 + V/R2 + V/R3 Or 1/Rp = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3

    Advantages of parallel connection over series in an electric circuit:–


    1. Every unit that is connected in a parallel circuit gets an equal amount of voltage.
    2. It becomes easy to connect or disconnect a new element without affecting the working of other
    elements.
    3. If any fault happened to the circuit, then also the current is able to pass through the circuit through
    different paths.
    Q18. What do you mean by the heating effect of current?
    Ans When an electric current is passed through a conductor, the conductor becomes hot after some
    time and produces heat. This happens due to the conversion of some electric energy passing through
    the conductor into heat energy. This effect of electric current is called the heating effect of current.

    Cause of heating effect of electric current: Electric current generates heat to overcome the
    resistance offered by the conductor through which it passes. Higher the resistance, the electric current
    will generate a higher amount of heat. Thus, generation of heat by electric current while passing through
    a conductor is an inevitable consequence. This heating effect is used in many appliances, such as
    electric iron, electric heater, electric geyser, etc.

    Mathematical Expression :–
    Let us suppose that current (I) is flowing through a resistor of resistance (R) for the
    time (t). The potential difference across the resistance is (V).
    V = W/Q
    Work done in moving the charge Q will be
    W = VQ
    Then power, P = W/t
    [Rate of change of work done]
    P= VQ/t
    P = VI
    Heat energy supplied by the source for time t will be
    H = P X t , H = VI t
    = (IR) It
    H = I2Rt
     This is known as Joule’s Law Of heating.
    The law stated that the heat produced in a resistor is
    (i) directly proportional to square of the current(I)
    (ii) directly proportional to resistance (R) for given current
    (iii) directly proportional to time (t) for which current flows through the resistor.

    Q19.Write the applications of heating effects of current.


    Ans. (1) Used in electric iron, toaster, oven, heater etc.
    (2) It is also used in bulbs to produce light. (Filament of bulb is made of strong metal with high
    melting point such as tungsten (m.pt = 3380°C). This filament can retain as much of the heat
    generated as possible, to become very hot and emit light)
    (3) It is also used in the “fuse connected in an electric circuit {Fuse a safety device, protect the
    circuits and appliances by stopping the flow of high current. The wire of fuse is made of an
    alloy of metals for example Aluminum, Copper, Iron ,lead etc. The alloy should be of low m.pt
    and high resistivity, the fuse is always connected in series circuit. When large current flows
    through the circuit, the temperature of the fuse wire will increase. This melts the fuse wire and
    break the circuit.“ Fuses” used for domestic purposes are rated as 1A, 2A, 3A, 5A,
    10A etc. for various operations depending upon the power of the appliance in use.

    Q20.Define electric power. Write its SI unit and deduce its various formulae.
    Ans. In case of electricity, it is defined as the rate of change of electrical
    energy dissipated or consumed in an electric circuit.
    P = VI
    or P = I2R ( V = IR ,Ohm’s Law)
    or P = V2/R ( I = V/R)
    or P = Electrical Energy (E) X time (t)
    SI unit of electric power is “watt” (W).
    1 watt- is defined as the power consumed by a device, when 1A of current passes through it at the
    potential difference of 1V.
    P = VI
    1 watt = 1 volt X1 ampere
    Electrical Energy–
    P = E/ t
    E = PX t
    E = Electrical Energy
    t = time
    SI unit of electrical energy = Ws or J
    Commercial unit of electrical energy = 1KWh or One unit = 3.6X106J
    Q21.Draw the Symbols for some commonly used instruments in circuit diagrams.
    Ans.

    Q22 What are Ohmic and Non-Ohmic resistors (or devices)?

    Ans (a) Resistors (or devices) for which potential difference and current graph is a straight line are
    called ohmic resistors. Their resistance remains the same throughout their operation. Examples are
    metallic conductors.

    (b) Resistors (or devices) for which the potential difference-current graph is not a straight line are called
    non-ohmic resistors. Examples are liquid electrolytes, diodes etc.
    END

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