Lab Session:06

Heat Transfer Coefficient forced and free convection of a fin

plate.
1 Objectives
This experiment's main goal was to look into and figure out the heat transfer coefficients related to forced and
free convection on a fin plate. The main objective was to examine the effects of different airflow rates on heat
dissipation and contrast the results with convection that occurs naturally (free) at various temperatures.

2 Introduction:
In this experiment, the primary aim was to grasp the core principles of heat and mass transfer, focusing
specifically on conduction, convection, and radiation. Our primary emphasis was on demonstrating the
relationship between heat transfer (power input) and surface temperature, particularly in the context of forced
convection. Convection, as a macroscopic property involving bulk movement of molecules, was explored, with
a specific focus on free convection. Surface temperature measurements using thermocouples at various power
inputs were conducted to determine the convective heat transfer coefficient.

2.1 Apparatus
 Free and Forced Heat Convection Unit
 Wattmeter
 Finned Plate
 Thermocouple
2.2 Theory:
2.2.1 Convection:
Convection, a key process in heat transfer, involves the movement of fluid, leading to the transfer of heat from
one location to another. While often treated as a distinct mode of heat transfer, convective heat transfer
incorporates both conduction (heat diffusion) and advection (heat transfer through bulk fluid motion). In gases
and liquids, convection typically dominates as the primary means of heat transfer. Convection currents facilitate
the movement of heat through the mass motion of a fluid, such as air, water, or molten rock. Unlike conduction,
which involves heat transfer between substances in direct contact, convection relies on the circulation of fluid
due to temperature differences. When a fluid is heated, it expands and becomes less dense, causing it to rise. As
the heated fluid ascends, it displaces cooler, denser fluid, creating a continuous cycle of rising and sinking
motion. This cyclic movement establishes a circular current, continuing until heat is evenly distributed within
the fluid.
For example, a heated radiator warms the air in its vicinity, causing the heated air to rise, drawing in cooler air
from the surroundings. This process repeats until a thermal equilibrium is achieved throughout the space, evenly
distributing heat.
2.2.2 Types of Convection:
 Free Convection
 Forced Convection
Free Convection:
Free or natural convection occurs due to buoyancy forces resulting from density fluctuations in a fluid. When
in contact with a heated surface without an internal source, the fluid molecules disperse, reducing density and
causing upward movement. Simultaneously, cooler fluid becomes denser and sinks. This cyclical motion
Waqas Ahmed HMTL 2020-ME-107

facilitates heat transfer from hotter to cooler fluid volumes. Common instances include the upward movement
of air near a fire or heated object and the circulation of water in a pot heated from below.
Forced Convection:
Forced convection is heat transfer facilitated by external mechanisms, like fans or pumps, inducing fluid flow
over a surface. It's distinct from natural convection, relying on an external force to enhance heat transfer.
Commonly used in engineering, it improves heat dissipation rates in various applications, like cooling systems
2.2.3 Newton’s Law of Cooling:
Newtons law of cooling states that,
The rate of heat loss of a body is directly proportional to the difference in the temperatures between the body
and its surroundings provided the temperature difference is small and the nature of radiating surface remains
same.”
𝑸 = 𝒉𝒄 𝑨( 𝑻𝒘 − 𝑻𝒂 ) … … … (1)
Where:
ℎ =Convection heat transfer coefficient
𝐴 =Area for convection
𝑇 =Surface temperature
𝑇 =Ambient temperature

Eq. 1 is known as Newton’s law of cooling.

2.2.4 Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient
The convective heat transfer coefficient, h, can be defined as:
“The rate of heat transfer between a solid surface and a fluid per unit surface area per unit temperature
difference.” It,s unit is W/(m2K)
𝒒
𝒉𝒄 =
𝑨∆𝑻

3 Procedure:
 Put together the experimental setup by connecting the power supply to the embedded heater and fin plate.
 Place thermocouples on the fin plate surface at predetermined intervals to measure temperature.
 Utilizing the blower and variable speed controller, set up the airflow system.
 Raise the airflow rate gradually while keeping the heater's temperature constant.
 Take temperature readings with the data acquisition system at predetermined intervals.
 To examine the effect of different airflow rates on heat dissipation, repeat the process.
 Switch off the ventilation system and let convection happen naturally.
 Use thermocouples to measure temperatures under free convection conditions at regular intervals.
 Modify the heater's temperature to replicate various free convection situations.
 Calculate and visually depict temperature changes under various airflow rates and free convection
circumstances.
 Calculate heat transfer coefficients corresponding to each airflow rate and free convection scenario

4 Observations and Calculation:

Exp-6

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Waqas Ahmed HMTL 2020-ME-107

V (m/s) 0 0.5 1 1.3 V=0 V=0.5 V=1 V=1.3

q T0 T1 T2 T3 (Ts-T∞)0 (Ts-T∞)1 (Ts-T∞)2 (Ts-T∞)3
(W) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C)
5 32 30 29 29 5 3 2 2
10 33 31 29 29 6 4 2 2
15 34 32 31 29 7 5 4 2
20 36 33 31 30 9 6 4 3

Table 6.2: Thermal Coefficient h for free and forced Convection

V (m/s) 0 0.5 1 1.3
q h0 h1 h2 h3
(W) (Wm-2K-1) (Wm-2K-1) (Wm-2K-1) (Wm-2K-1)
5 90.90909 151.5152 227.2727 227.2727
10 151.5152 227.2727 454.5455 454.5455
15 194.8052 272.7273 340.9091 681.8182
20 202.020202 303.030303 454.5454545 606.0606061

4.1 Graph

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Waqas Ahmed HMTL 2020-ME-107

5 Results:
The gathered information demonstrated different patterns in heat dissipation for forced and free convection
situations. Increased airflow rates in forced convection led to proportionate temperature drops, suggesting
improved heat transfer. On the other hand, at comparable temperatures, free convection showed less noticeable
temperature fluctuations, indicating a lower heat dissipation than forced convection.
When comparing forced convection to free convection, the computed heat transfer coefficients were noticeably
greater. This discrepancy was mostly caused by the forced airflow's superior capacity to dissipate heat.

6 Conclusion:
The experiment successfully examined and evaluated the heat transfer coefficients related to forced and free
convection on a fin plate, in conclusion. The results clearly showed that external airflow enhanced forced
convection to produce significantly higher convective heat transfer coefficients than free convection.
The findings clearly showed that raising airflow rates greatly increased convective heat transfer, in line with
forced convection theory expectations. On the other hand, because of its restricted ability to dissipate heat, free
convection displayed lower coefficients.

4
Lab Session:07
Heat Transfer Coefficient forced and free convection of a
Pinned Plate
1 Objectives
The main objective of this experiment is to determine and compare the heat transfer coefficient associated with
forced and free convection on a pinned plate. It aims to analyze the effect of varying airflow rates on heat
dissipation and compare it with natural convection at different temperatures.

2 Introduction:
In this experiment, the primary aim was to grasp the core principles of heat and mass transfer, focusing
specifically on conduction, convection, and radiation. Our primary emphasis was on demonstrating the
relationship between heat transfer (power input) and surface temperature, particularly in the context of forced
convection. Convection, as a macroscopic property involving bulk movement of molecules, was explored, with
a specific focus on free convection. Surface temperature measurements using thermocouples at various power
inputs were conducted to determine the convective heat transfer coefficient.

2.1 Apparatus
 Free and Forced Heat Convection Unit
 Wattmeter
 Finned Plate
 Thermocouple
2.2 Theory:
2.2.1 Convection:
Convection, a key process in heat transfer, involves the movement of fluid, leading to the transfer of heat from
one location to another. While often treated as a distinct mode of heat transfer, convective heat transfer
incorporates both conduction (heat diffusion) and advection (heat transfer through bulk fluid motion). In gases
and liquids, convection typically dominates as the primary means of heat transfer. Convection currents facilitate
the movement of heat through the mass motion of a fluid, such as air, water, or molten rock. Unlike conduction,
which involves heat transfer between substances in direct contact, convection relies on the circulation of fluid
due to temperature differences. When a fluid is heated, it expands and becomes less dense, causing it to rise. As
the heated fluid ascends, it displaces cooler, denser fluid, creating a continuous cycle of rising and sinking
motion. This cyclic movement establishes a circular current, continuing until heat is evenly distributed within
the fluid.
For example, a heated radiator warms the air in its vicinity, causing the heated air to rise, drawing in cooler air
from the surroundings. This process repeats until a thermal equilibrium is achieved throughout the space, evenly
distributing heat.
2.2.2 Types of Convection:
 Free Convection
 Forced Convection
Free Convection:
Free or natural convection occurs due to buoyancy forces resulting from density fluctuations in a fluid. When
in contact with a heated surface without an internal source, the fluid molecules disperse, reducing density and
causing upward movement. Simultaneously, cooler fluid becomes denser and sinks. This cyclical motion
Waqas Ahmed HMTL 2020-ME-107

facilitates heat transfer from hotter to cooler fluid volumes. Common instances include the upward movement
of air near a fire or heated object and the circulation of water in a pot heated from below.
Forced Convection:
Forced convection is heat transfer facilitated by external mechanisms, like fans or pumps, inducing fluid flow
over a surface. It's distinct from natural convection, relying on an external force to enhance heat transfer.
Commonly used in engineering, it improves heat dissipation rates in various applications, like cooling systems
2.2.3 Newton’s Law of Cooling:
Newtons law of cooling states that,
The rate of heat loss of a body is directly proportional to the difference in the temperatures between the body
and its surroundings provided the temperature difference is small and the nature of radiating surface remains
same.”
𝑸 = 𝒉𝒄 𝑨( 𝑻𝒘 − 𝑻𝒂 ) … … … (1)
Where:
ℎ =Convection heat transfer coefficient
𝐴 =Area for convection
𝑇 =Surface temperature
𝑇 =Ambient temperature

Eq. 1 is known as Newton’s law of cooling.

2.2.4 Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient
The convective heat transfer coefficient, h, can be defined as:
“The rate of heat transfer between a solid surface and a fluid per unit surface area per unit temperature
difference.” It,s unit is W/(m2K)
𝒒
𝒉𝒄 =
𝑨∆𝑻

3 Procedure:
 Assemble the experimental setup with the pinned plate and embedded heater connected to the power supply.
 Position thermocouples at specified intervals on the plate surface to measure temperature.
 Configure the airflow system using the blower and variable speed controller.
 Gradually increase the airflow rate while maintaining a constant heater temperature.
 Record temperatures at predefined intervals using the data acquisition system.
 Repeat the procedure for various airflow rates to analyze their impact on heat dissipation.
 Turn off the airflow system to allow natural convection and measure temperatures at regular intervals.
 Adjust the heater temperature to simulate different free convection scenarios.
 Tabulate and graphically represent temperature variations at different airflow rates and free convection
conditions.
 Calculate the heat transfer coefficients corresponding to each airflow rate and free convection scenario.

4 Observations and Calculation:

Table 6.1: Velocity and temperature obsevation table.
V (m/s) 0 0.5 1 1.3 V=0 V=0.5 V=1 V=1.3

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Waqas Ahmed HMTL 2020-ME-107

q T0 T1 T2 T3 (Ts-T∞)0 (Ts-T∞)1 (Ts-T∞)2 (Ts-T∞)3

(W) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C)
5 32 30 29 29 5 3 2 2
10 33 31 29 29 6 4 2 2
15 34 32 31 29 7 5 4 2
20 36 33 31 30 9 6 4 3

Table 6.2: Thermal Coefficient h for free & forced Convection

V (m/s) 0 0.5 1 1.3
q h0 h1 h2 h3
(W) (Wm-2K-1) (Wm-2K-1) (Wm-2K-1) (Wm-2K-1)
5 90.90909 151.5152 227.2727 227.2727
10 151.5152 227.2727 454.5455 454.5455
15 194.8052 272.7273 340.9091 681.8182
20 202.020202 303.030303 454.5454545 606.0606061

4.1 Graph

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Waqas Ahmed HMTL 2020-ME-107

5 Results:
The obtained data displayed distinct trends in heat dissipation between forced and free convection scenarios.
Forced convection exhibited decreased plate temperatures with increased airflow rates, indicating improved
heat transfer. In contrast, free convection showed less pronounced temperature variations, signifying lower heat
dissipation compared to forced convection at similar temperatures.
Calculated heat transfer coefficients were notably higher in forced convection compared to free convection. The
forced airflow significantly enhanced heat dissipation, leading to higher coefficients.

6 Conclusion:
In conclusion, the experiment successfully investigated the heat transfer coefficients associated with forced and
free convection on a pinned plate. Forced convection, with its external airflow, resulted in notably higher
convective heat transfer coefficients compared to free convection.
Increasing airflow rates substantially improved convective heat transfer, aligning with theoretical expectations
of forced convection. Conversely, free convection displayed lower coefficients due to limited heat dissipation
capabilities.
This experiment highlighted the impact of forced and free convection on heat transfer, indicating the
significance of external forces in enhancing convective heat dissipation.
This structured lab report aims to provide an overview of the experiment's objectives, apparatus used, procedural
steps, results obtained, and the concluding remarks concerning the Heat Transfer Coefficient analysis of forced
and free convection on a Pinned Plate

4
Lab Session:08
To Perform an Energy Balance and Calculate the Overall
Efficiency of Concentric Tube Heat Exchanger in Parallel Flow
Conditions at Different Flow Rates
1 Objectives
To comprehend the heat transfer mechanism and the operation of a concentric tube heat exchanger.
To determine the total efficiency of a concentric tube heat exchanger operating in parallel flow conditions, do
an energy balance.

1.1 Apparatus
 Concentric Tube Heat Exchanger Unit
 Thermocouple

2 Introduction:
The energy balance and overall efficiency of a concentric tube heat exchanger operating in parallel flow
conditions at various flow rates will be determined in this experiment. One tube is inside the other in the
concentric heat exchanger unit. There are two tubes: one holds the hot water and the other the cold water. The
temperature at an intermediate point is indicated by the use of an intermediate pipe. The temperature is measured
using thermometers that are positioned at various locations. This temperature facilitates temperature distribution
experimental analysis.

2.1 Theory:
2.2 Heat Exchanger:
An adiabatic steady flow device, or heat exchanger, is a device in which two flowing fluids, separated in
temperature from one another, exchange or transfer heat without absorbing or losing heat from the surrounding
air. Various types of heat exchangers include condensers, economizers, superheaters, cooling towers, and air
preheaters.
Providing some kind of classification is required before talking about heat exchangers. Normal approaches are
divided into two categories. The first takes into account the heat exchanger's internal flow configuration,
whereas the second is predicated on the equipment type's primary construction classification. Both are taken
into account here.
 Waqas Ahmed HMTL 2020-ME-107

Figure 1 Convection Heat Transfer

2.3 Working Principle:

Transferring heat between media is accomplished with the use of heat exchangers. Gases, liquids, or a
combination of the two could make up these media. Alternatively, the media could be in direct contact or
separated by a solid wall to avoid mixing. Heat moves from one body to another according to their temperature
difference, which is the basic idea behind the second law of thermodynamics, which powers heat exchangers.
From a hot body to a colder one, the heat will naturally transfer. Water, steam, ethanol, or polypropylene
glycol—or any other cooling medium—is transferred through tubes inside the shell structure of a shell and tube
heat exchanger. On the other hand, the shell structure's cooling medium surrounding these tubes. Conduction
and convection are the two main methods of heat transmission.
Convective heat transfer from the outer tube wall to the external fluid, and conduction heat transfer through the
tube wall.
Convective heat transfer from the fluid to the tube's inner wall.
Classification of Heat Exchangers:
Heat exchangers are typically classified according to flow arrangement and type of construction.
Classification on the Basis of Flow:
i. Parallel flow heat exchanger
ii. Counter flow heat exchanger
iii. Cross flow heat exchanger
Parallel Flow Heat Exchanger:
In a parallel flow heat exchanger, the hot and cold fluids enter at the same end, travel in the same direction, and
exit at the same end.
Counter Flow Heat Exchanger:
The heat exchanger that uses counter flow occurs when the hot and cold fluids enter at different ends, flow in
opposite directions, and exit at different ends.
Cross-Flow Heat Exchanger:
This kind of heat exchanger has two fluids that flow in opposite directions from one another.

3 Procedure:
 Ensure the main switch is initially turned off. Switch on the power supply and the main switch,
allowing the digital readouts to illuminate.
 Initially, direct both the hot and cold fluids in the same direction using valves, creating a parallel
flow heat exchanger setup.
 Ensure a smooth flow without any bubbles in both fluids by allowing them to flow.

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Waqas Ahmed HMTL 2020-ME-107

 Maintain uniform flow rates for both fluids during measurements.

 Insert thermocouples into the passages of the hot and cold fluids to measure temperatures at the
inlet (T1, T4), mean (T2, T3), and outlet (T5, T6) points.
 Create a curve representing temperature variation (T in °C) on the y-axis and length (L in meters)
of the pipe on the x-axis.
 Calculate the values of convective heat transfer rate Q_absorbed and Q_emitted for each
combination of Q and ΔT using the following expressions:
4 Q_emitted = Q̇ × c_p × (T1 - T2)
5 Q_absorbed = Q̇ × c_p × (T4 - T3)
 Determine the efficiency of the heat exchanger using the given expression:
6 η = Q_a / Q_e × 100.

7 Observations and Calculation:

Flow Rate of Flow Rate of
Efficiency
Hot Fluid Cold Fluid T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 Qe Qa
(η)
(mh) (mt)
Litre/min. Litre/min. °C °C °C °C °C °C W W %
1.5 1 56 48 26 38 50 33 998 991 1.01
1.5 1.5 53 45 25 35 48 30 1249 993 1.26
1.5 2 56 48 25 34 50 30 1236 991 1.25

7.1 Graphs

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Waqas Ahmed HMTL 2020-ME-107

8 Results:
The experiment yielded comprehensive data regarding the energy balance and overall efficiency of the
concentric tube heat exchanger under different flow rates in parallel flow conditions. Analysis revealed
a direct correlation between flow rates and the heat transfer efficiency of the system. Higher flow rates
exhibited increased heat transfer rates, resulting in more efficient heat exchange between the fluids.
The recorded temperature measurements at inlet, outlet, and mean positions along with flow rate data
provided the necessary parameters for the energy balance calculations. By applying the principles of
heat transfer, the overall efficiency of the heat exchanger was computed for each flow rate condition,
demonstrating how changes in flow rates impact the system's effectiveness in transferring heat.

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Waqas Ahmed HMTL 2020-ME-107

Conclusion:
In conclusion, the energy balance analysis conducted on the concentric tube heat exchanger elucidated
the direct relationship between flow rates and overall efficiency. The experiment highlighted that
higher flow rates enhance the heat transfer capabilities of the heat exchanger, leading to improved
overall efficiency in parallel flow conditions. These findings underscore the significance of flow rate
optimization in maximizing heat transfer efficiency in such heat exchange systems

5
Lab Session:09
To Perform an Energy Balance and Calculate the Overall
Efficiency of Concentric Tube Heat Exchanger in Parallel Flow
Conditions at Different Flow Rates
1 Objectives
To comprehend the heat transfer mechanism and the operation of a concentric tube heat exchanger.
To determine the total efficiency of a concentric tube heat exchanger operating in parallel flow conditions, do
an energy balance.

1.1 Apparatus
 Concentric Tube Heat Exchanger Unit
 Thermocouple

2 Introduction:
The energy balance and overall efficiency of a concentric tube heat exchanger operating in parallel flow
conditions at various flow rates will be determined in this experiment. One tube is inside the other in the
concentric heat exchanger unit. There are two tubes: one holds the hot water and the other the cold water. The
temperature at an intermediate point is indicated by the use of an intermediate pipe. The temperature is measured
using thermometers that are positioned at various locations. This temperature facilitates temperature distribution
experimental analysis.

2.1 Theory:
2.2 Heat Exchanger:
An adiabatic steady flow device, or heat exchanger, is a device in which two flowing fluids, separated in
temperature from one another, exchange or transfer heat without absorbing or losing heat from the surrounding
air. Various types of heat exchangers include condensers, economizers, superheaters, cooling towers, and air
preheaters.
Providing some kind of classification is required before talking about heat exchangers. Normal approaches are
divided into two categories. The first takes into account the heat exchanger's internal flow configuration,
whereas the second is predicated on the equipment type's primary construction classification. Both are taken
into account here.
 Waqas Ahmed HMTL 2020-ME-107

Figure 1 Convection Heat Transfer

2.3 Working Principle:

Transferring heat between media is accomplished with the use of heat exchangers. Gases, liquids, or a
combination of the two could make up these media. Alternatively, the media could be in direct contact or
separated by a solid wall to avoid mixing. Heat moves from one body to another according to their temperature
difference, which is the basic idea behind the second law of thermodynamics, which powers heat exchangers.
From a hot body to a colder one, the heat will naturally transfer. Water, steam, ethanol, or polypropylene
glycol—or any other cooling medium—is transferred through tubes inside the shell structure of a shell and tube
heat exchanger. On the other hand, the shell structure's cooling medium surrounding these tubes. Conduction
and convection are the two main methods of heat transmission.
Convective heat transfer from the outer tube wall to the external fluid, and conduction heat transfer through the
tube wall.
Convective heat transfer from the fluid to the tube's inner wall.
Classification of Heat Exchangers:
Heat exchangers are typically classified according to flow arrangement and type of construction.
Classification on the Basis of Flow:
i. Parallel flow heat exchanger
ii. Counter flow heat exchanger
iii. Cross flow heat exchanger
Parallel Flow Heat Exchanger:
In a parallel flow heat exchanger, the hot and cold fluids enter at the same end, travel in the same direction, and
exit at the same end.
Counter Flow Heat Exchanger:
The heat exchanger that uses counter flow occurs when the hot and cold fluids enter at different ends, flow in
opposite directions, and exit at different ends.
Cross-Flow Heat Exchanger:
This kind of heat exchanger has two fluids that flow in opposite directions from one another.

3 Procedure:
 Verify that the main switch is turned off at the beginning. Turn on the main switch and the power supply to
illuminate the digital readouts.
 To create a counterflow heat exchanger, the hot and cold-water flows are first channeled in the same
direction using valves.

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Waqas Ahmed HMTL 2020-ME-107

 The two fluids are then allowed to flow, and it is checked to make sure the flow is smooth and free of
bubbles.
 Both fluids' flow rates are monitored and maintained constant throughout the measurements.
 Insert thermocouples into the hot and cold fluid flow passages to measure the temperatures at the input,
mean, and outlet. T1, T5, T2, T3, T6, and T4 should be noted.
 Utilizing the temperature fluctuation T (°C) on the y-axis and the pipe's length L (m) on the x-axis, create a
curve.
 Using the formula below, Q_emitted=Q ×̇ c_p×(T_1-T_2), get the values of convective heat transfer rates
Qabsorbed and Qemitted for each Q and ΔT combination.
 Q ̇×c_p×(T_4-T_3) = Q_absorbed Using the following expression, get the heat exchanger's efficiency:
η=Q_a/Q_e ×100.

4 Observations and Calculation:

Flow Rate of Flow Rate of
Efficiency
Hot Fluid Cold Fluid T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 Qe Qa
(η)
(mh) (mt)
Litre/min. Litre/min. °C °C °C °C °C °C W W %
1.5 1 40 36 24 28 37 25 334 498 67.1
1.5 1.5 45 39 24 29 40 25 521 746 69.9
1.5 2 47 40 26 30 41 27 550 871 63.2
1.5 2.5 49 40 27 31 43 28 700 1119 62.6
4.1 Graphs

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Waqas Ahmed HMTL 2020-ME-107

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Waqas Ahmed HMTL 2020-ME-107

5 Results:
In the concentric heat exchanger convection experiment with hot and cold flows in opposite directions, cross-
flow conditions were analyzed at four different cold water volume flow rates (Q). Graphical representations
illustrated a consistent trend: the hot fluid's temperature decreased, while the cold-water temperature increased
with distance.
Key findings include the adherence of temperature profiles to standard cross-flow behavior, where hot water
loses temperature over distance, and cold-water gains temperature due to simultaneous flow. As flow progresses,
the temperature difference decreases, resulting in a reduced heat flow rate.
Efficiency calculations indicated values below 100%, with cold water gaining less heat energy than hot water
lost. This is expressed as
Counterflow heat exchangers generally outperform parallel flow counterparts due to a uniform temperature
difference along the entire length, allowing cold water to absorb more heat, achieving lower temperatures than
parallel configurations. These insights deepen our understanding of heat transfer dynamics in cross-flow
concentric heat exchangers at varying flow rates.

5
Lab Session:10
To visualize convective nuclear boiling
1 Objectives
The primary objective of visualizing convective nucleate boiling is to observe and understand the process of
nucleate boiling in a controlled environment. This includes the formation, growth, and departure of vapor
bubbles from a heated surface in a liquid, providing insights into the heat transfer mechanisms involved in this
boiling regime.

1.1 Apparatus
 Boiling Heat Transfer Unit

2 Introduction:
In this experiment, we'll see what occurs when heat is transferred to a fluid that's going through a phase shift.
Thermodynamics predicts that the phase transition will result in a heat exchange of latent heat. Second, there
will be a density differential between the two phases, and third, the liquid vapor interfaces will have surface
tension. During a phase transition, these variables will have a major impact on heat transfer rates and
coefficients. Boiling can be categorized as convective, nucleate and film boiling. Pool boiling curve will also
be drawn to show different types of boings We will visualize the phenomenon of convective, nucleate and film
boiling with the help of boiling heat transfer unit.

2.1 Theory:
2.2 Boiling:
Boiling is the process by which a liquid turn into a vapor when it is heated to its boiling point. The change from
a liquid phase to a gaseous phase occurs when the vapor pressure of the liquid is equal to the atmospheric
pressure exerted on the liquid. Boiling is a physical change. When atoms or molecules of a liquid are able to
spread out enough to change from a liquid phase to a gaseous phase, bubbles form and boiling occurs.

2.3 Boiling Point:

The boiling point is the temperature at which boiling occurs for a specific liquid. For example, for water, the
boiling point is 100ºC at a pressure of 1 atm. The boiling point of a liquid depends on temperature, atmospheric
pressure, and the vapor pressure of the liquid. When the atmospheric pressure is equal to the vapor pressure of
the liquid, boiling will begin.
Natural Boiling Phenomena in Heat Transfer:
Boiling is a significant phenomenon in heat transfer, encompassing various stages such as natural convection,
nucleate boiling, and film boiling. These stages profoundly impact the heat exchange between the heated surface
and the liquid. Understanding these boiling regimes is crucial for optimizing heat transfer processes in numerous
engineering applications.
Natural Convection Boiling:
In natural convection boiling, the localized superheating of the liquid occurs adjacent to the heated surface. As
the liquid surpasses its saturation temperature, it rises to the liquid-vapor interface and evaporates. This process
induces fluid motion primarily through free convection, where the heat transfer rate escalates with increased
temperature excess.
Nucleate Boiling:
Nucleate boiling initiates when a liquid surpasses its saturation point, forming vapor bubbles at specific
nucleation sites like surface imperfections or particles. These bubbles detach from the heated surface, carry heat
Waqas Ahmed HMTL 2020-ME-107

into the fluid, and enhance heat transfer. The size and frequency of bubbles depend on factors like pressure,
temperature, and surface tension. Nucleate boiling progresses through stages involving bubble formation,
detachment, and ascent to the liquid surface, aiding rapid evaporation.
Film Boiling:
At higher temperatures, transition from nucleate to film boiling occurs, characterized by the rapid growth of
vapor bubbles covering the heating surface. These bubbles coalesce, forming a vapor film that impedes the
influx of fresh liquid. In the transition phase, known as unstable or partial film boiling, the heat flux curve shifts
upwards due to increasing temperature differences. Eventually, the process reaches steady-state film boiling,
where radiant heat flux becomes dominant. Here, the surface is entirely enveloped by a vapor film, hindering
direct contact between the liquid and the surface.

3 Procedure:
 The experiment can be carried out as follows:
 We turned on the power source and applied a small amount of power through the knob first. We then waited
a few minutes before greatly increasing the power amount.
 After increasing the power, we watched the fluid's physical response to see film, convective, and nucleate
boiling.
 Afterwards, we used the water flow meter to make sure the water was actually passing through the coil.

4 Comments:
 The physical response provides information that allows us to differentiate between the various
boiling curve regions.
 If the liquid's convection currents are rising despite the absence of bubble formation at first, we
can determine that the boiling is convection boiling.
 Nucleate boiling is defined as bubbling that begins around the heating surface, moves toward the
free surface, but does not entirely cover the surface.
 The formation of a complete layer of vapors surrounding the heating surface during film boiling
leads to a reduction in heat flux. Heat flux reaches its peak at the end of the nucleate boiling region
and reaches its lowest point in the film boiling region.

2
Lab Session:11
To Calculate heat transfer coefficient in nucleate and film
boiling at different pressures
1 Objectives
To examine how various forms of boiling, such as convective, nucleate, and film boiling, differ from one
another.
To observe convective, nucleate, and film boiling visually

1.1 Apparatus
 Boiling Heat Transfer Unit

2 Introduction:
In this experiment, we'll see what occurs when heat is transferred to a fluid that's going through a phase shift.
Thermodynamics predicts that the phase transition will result in a heat exchange of latent heat. Second, there
will be a density differential between the two phases, and third, the liquid vapor interfaces will have surface
tension. During a phase transition, these variables will have a major impact on heat transfer rates and
coefficients. Boiling can be categorized as convective, nucleate and film boiling. Pool boiling curve will also
be drawn to show different types of boings We will visualize the phenomenon of convective, nucleate and film
boiling with the help of boiling heat transfer unit.

2.1 Theory:
2.2 Boiling:
Boiling is the process by which a liquid turn into a vapor when it is heated to its boiling point. The change from
a liquid phase to a gaseous phase occurs when the vapor pressure of the liquid is equal to the atmospheric
pressure exerted on the liquid. Boiling is a physical change. When atoms or molecules of a liquid are able to
spread out enough to change from a liquid phase to a gaseous phase, bubbles form and boiling occurs.

2.3 Boiling Point:

The boiling point is the temperature at which boiling occurs for a specific liquid. For example, for water, the
boiling point is 100ºC at a pressure of 1 atm. The boiling point of a liquid depends on temperature, atmospheric
pressure, and the vapor pressure of the liquid. When the atmospheric pressure is equal to the vapor pressure of
the liquid, boiling will begin.
Natural Boiling Phenomena in Heat Transfer:
Boiling is a significant phenomenon in heat transfer, encompassing various stages such as natural convection,
nucleate boiling, and film boiling. These stages profoundly impact the heat exchange between the heated surface
and the liquid. Understanding these boiling regimes is crucial for optimizing heat transfer processes in numerous
engineering applications.
Natural Convection Boiling:
In natural convection boiling, the localized superheating of the liquid occurs adjacent to the heated surface. As
the liquid surpasses its saturation temperature, it rises to the liquid-vapor interface and evaporates. This process
induces fluid motion primarily through free convection, where the heat transfer rate escalates with increased
temperature excess.
Nucleate Boiling:
Nucleate boiling initiates when a liquid surpasses its saturation point, forming vapor bubbles at specific
nucleation sites like surface imperfections or particles. These bubbles detach from the heated surface, carry heat
Waqas Ahmed HMTL 2020-ME-107

into the fluid, and enhance heat transfer. The size and frequency of bubbles depend on factors like pressure,
temperature, and surface tension. Nucleate boiling progresses through stages involving bubble formation,
detachment, and ascent to the liquid surface, aiding rapid evaporation.
Film Boiling:
At higher temperatures, transition from nucleate to film boiling occurs, characterized by the rapid growth of
vapor bubbles covering the heating surface. These bubbles coalesce, forming a vapor film that impedes the
influx of fresh liquid. In the transition phase, known as unstable or partial film boiling, the heat flux curve shifts
upwards due to increasing temperature differences. Eventually, the process reaches steady-state film boiling,
where radiant heat flux becomes dominant. Here, the surface is entirely enveloped by a vapor film, hindering
direct contact between the liquid and the surface.

3 Procedure:
 The experiment can be carried out as follows:
 We turned on the power source and applied a small amount of power through the knob first. We then waited
a few minutes before greatly increasing the power amount.
 After increasing the power, we watched the fluid's physical response to see film, convective, and nucleate
boiling.
 Afterwards, we used the water flow meter to make sure the water was actually passing through the coil.

4 Calculation
Serial No. Heat Material Sat. Flow Heat Flux Heat Excess
Input Temp. Temp. Rate Transfer Temperature
of Coefficient
Liquid
Symbol Q T1 T2 Q ɸ h Texcess
Unit W °C °C g/s Wm-2 Wm-2K-1 °C
Constant Pressure (20 MPa)
1 146 53 34 2 76842.11 4044.321 19
2 205 55 33 10.5 107894.7 4904.306 22
3 266 56 32 7 140000 5833.333 24
4 282 58 34 7.5 148421.1 6184.211 24
Constant Pressure (40 MPa)
1 115 56 39 1 60526.32 3560.372 17
2 155 57 38 1 81578.95 4293.629 19
3 200 61.5 40 4 105263.2 4895.961 21.5
4 255 61 38 2 134210.5 5835.24 23

4.1 Graph

2
Waqas Ahmed HMTL 2020-ME-107

5 Comments:
 The physical response provides information that allows us to differentiate between the various
boiling curve regions.
 If the liquid's convection currents are rising despite the absence of bubble formation at first, we
can determine that the boiling is convection boiling.
 Nucleate boiling is defined as bubbling that begins around the heating surface, moves toward the
free surface, but does not entirely cover the surface.
 The formation of a complete layer of vapors surrounding the heating surface during film boiling
leads to a reduction in heat flux. Heat flux reaches its peak at the end of the nucleate boiling region
and reaches its lowest point in the film boiling region.

3
Lab Session:12
To investigate the effect of distance on radiation density from
hot surface
1 Objective:
The primary objective of this experiment is to explore and analyze the relationship between the distance from a
hot surface and the radiation density emitted from that surface. By varying the distance between the surface and
the radiation detector, we aim to investigate how radiation intensity changes concerning the distance from the
source.
1.1 Apparatus:
Hot Surface (Heat Source)
Radiation Detector (Photodiode)
Ruler/Measuring Tape
Digital Thermometer
Power Supply (for Heat Source)
Data Acquisition System

2 Theory:
2.1 Radiation and Inverse-Square Law:
Radiation emitted from a hot surface propagates in the form of electromagnetic waves across a range of
wavelengths. This radiation encompasses various energy forms, including infrared, visible light, and ultraviolet,
depending on the temperature of the emitting surface. According to the laws of thermodynamics, any surface
with a temperature above absolute zero emits radiation. The intensity of this emitted radiation is a crucial factor
in understanding how it disperses in space concerning distance from the source.
2.2 Inverse-Square Law:
The behaviour of radiation intensity concerning distance follows the principle of the inverse-square law. This
law states that the intensity of radiation emitted from a source diminishes in direct proportion to the square of
the distance from the source.
This law implies that when the distance from a point source is doubled, the radiation density at that distance
decreases to one-fourth of its original value. As the distance increases, the radiation is distributed over a larger
surface area, leading to a reduction in the energy density per unit area.
2.3 Radiative Flux and Surface Area:
Radiative flux, representing the flow of radiation energy per unit area, is crucial in understanding the effect of
distance on radiation density. The total radiant energy emitted by a hot surface is constant, but as this energy
disperses through space, the area over which it spreads increases with distance. Therefore, the same amount of
energy distributed over a larger area result in reduced radiation density.
2.4 Relationship with Energy Conservation:
The inverse-square relationship between radiation intensity and distance adheres to the principles of energy
conservation. As radiation spreads spherically from its source, the total energy emitted remains constant,
obeying the conservation of energy. Consequently, the spreading of energy over a larger surface area with
Waqas Ahmed HMTL 2020-ME-107

increased distance conforms to the conservation principle, leading to a decrease in radiation intensity in
accordance with the inverse-square law.

3 Procedure:
 Position the radiation detector at a specific distance (initial distance) from the hot surface, ensuring it's
perpendicular to the surface.
 Power on the heat source to ensure a constant temperature is maintained throughout the experiment.
 Use a digital thermometer to record and maintain the temperature of the hot surface.
 Ensure that the radiation detector is connected to the data acquisition system to record radiation readings
accurately.
 Starting from the initial distance, measure and record radiation density readings at regular intervals while
increasing the distance between the radiation detector and the hot surface.
 Take readings at different distances, ensuring a systematic increase in distance for each measurement.
 Record the radiation density values corresponding to each distance from the hot surface using the data
acquisition system.
 Take note of the temperature of the hot surface at each measurement point.
 Plot a graph with radiation density on the y-axis and distance on the x-axis to visualize the relationship
between radiation density and distance.
 Analyse the trend in the graph to observe how radiation density varies concerning changes in distance
from the hot surface.

4 Calculation
Radiation Intensity
Distance (m) Obs. 1 Obs. 2
5 1850 1873
10 1387 1406
15 1102 1081
20 791 862
25 680 702
30 555 565

4.1 Graph

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Waqas Ahmed HMTL 2020-ME-107

5 Results:
The experiment generated a dataset showcasing the radiation density readings at varying distances from the hot
surface. A graphical representation of the data indicates a noticeable trend demonstrating the inverse-square
relationship between radiation density and distance from the source. As the distance increases, the radiation
density diminishes following the inverse-square law.

6 Conclusion:
The findings of this experiment confirm the inverse relationship between radiation density and distance from a
hot surface, as predicted by the inverse-square law. As the distance from the source increases, the radiation
density decreases sharply, indicating the rapid dissipation of radiant energy as it spreads across a larger area.
Understanding this relationship is crucial for various applications, including heat transfer, radiation shielding,
and thermal analysis in engineering and scientific fields.
This lab report structure provides a comprehensive overview of the experiment conducted to investigate the
effect of distance on radiation density from a hot surface. Adjustments and additional details specific to your
experimental setup can be added for a more tailored report.