FUNDAMENTAL OF FOOD ENGINEERING

FST3401
TRANSFER AND HEAT BALANCE: DUAL CYLINDER HEAT EXCHANGER
SEMESTER 2
2022/2023

Lecturer’s name: Prof Madya Dr. Chong Gun Hean

Group members:
NO NAME MATRICS NUMBER

1 NUR IMAN HAKIMI BIN MURAT 216348

2 JASMIN AIDA BINTI JASMANI 215327

3 KALSOM ALIAH BINTI ABDUL HADI 214164

4 214260
MUHAMMAD ARIF BIN ISHAK

5 217796
SUHAH RAUDHAH BINTI HADIF
INTRODUCTION

The Dual Cylinder heat exchangers play a significant role in the food production industry as a
processing system for pasteurisation and sterilising to decrease or remove microbes. A heat
exchanger is a piece of machinery where two fluids that enter and depart at various temperatures
exchange heat. A heat exchanger's primary job is to either supply heat to a cold fluid or remove
heat from a hot fluid. We just examine the parallel and counterflow in this experiment. Both hot
and cold fluids move in the same direction in parallel flow, sometimes referred to as co-current
flow. Both hot and cold fluids flow in the opposite direction during counterflow. The heat
exchangers would have two fluids enter and leave at opposing ends.

This experiment aims to study how heat is transferred and balanced between two fluid streams
using two cylindrical surfaces. This experiment’s objective is to determine the efficiency of
parallel and counter flow in heat exchanger and focus on improving heat transfer efficiency by
adjusting flow rates. By understanding how heat is exchanged and balanced in this setup, we can
explore ways to enhance the performance of dual-cylinder heat exchangers.

Heat transfer in a heat exchanger is shown by the following equation

Q = UA∆Tm

Where,

Q = rate of heat transfer

U = overall heat transfer co-efficient

ΔΤm = temperature difference (min)

The temperature difference, ΔΤ, changed along the heat exchanger. Here, ΔTm is defined as

ΔΤm = ΔΤ1- ΔΤ2/ In [ΔΤ1/ ΔΤ2]

Where,

ΔT₁ = differences of temperature between the two liquids at the end of heat exchanger =T1 – t2
ΔT2 = differences of temperature between the two liquids at the end of another side = T2 – t1
And

temperature of cold water out= t2

temperature of cold water in= t1

temperature of hot water in= T1

temperature of hot water out= T2

Rate of heat transfer, Q is equal to the rate of increase enthalpy of heated liquid

Q = dm (h2 – h1) dt

Where,

dm/dt = flow rate of the mass sample (cold water)

h2 = sample of enthalpy out (cold water)

h1 = sample of enthalpy in (cold water)

h1 and h2 values obtained from the steam tables.

As Q = UAΔTm

Therefore,

Q = UAΔTm = dm/dt (h2 – h1)

 Methodology and equipment

The water bath's temperature was set at 60°C before the experiment. Hot water was selected
as the heating source, and a constant temperature of 60 °C was used to determine the heat exchange
at a variety of flow rates (3,5,7, and 9 L/min). First, the heat transfer apparatus was configured to
work with co-current flow. Second, a switch on the main switch was used to activate the heat
exchanger Model FF104. Then, 3 L/min of cold-water flow was selected as the flow rate. The
experiment was then continued until equilibrium was established, at which point neither the
temperature inside nor outside the heat exchanger changes. Following that, the temperatures for
both cold water and hot water were recorded. The flow rate of the cold water was increased for this
experiment to 5, 7, and 9 L/min. The heat transfer apparatus was then changed to work with a
counter-current flow. Lastly, using the same flow rate value for each set, the processes for the co-
current flow experiment were repeated.
Result

Graph 1: Co-Current Flow

Graph 2: Counter Current Flow
Discussion

Based on the data results for both Co-Current flow and Counter Current flow, we could
see the temperature changes increase as mass flow rate increases. This shows that when the mass
flow rate increases, heat transfer happens rapidly. Thus, the rate of heat transfer is higher when
mass flow rate increases. From the equation Q = UAΔTm, the overall heat transfer coefficient,
U, can be seen to be directly proportional to the rate of heat transfer, Q. Hence, when mass flow
rate increases, the overall heat transfer coefficient also increases.

From the experiment, the rate of heat transfer for counter flow is higher than parallel flow.
This shows that the use of countercurrent flow increases the efficiency of heat exchange. The
heat transfer rate is slower in parallel flow because the temperature differential decreases as the
fluids move across the pipe. Errors in this experiment should be reduced to a minimum by taking
precautions. Making sure that our eyes are perpendicular in height when taking measurements of
the mass flow rate is one way to prevent parallax error.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the efficiency of parallel and counter flow in heat exchanger refers to the
relationship between the flow directions of the hot and cold fluids. As we did in this experiment,
we managed to get the overall heat transfer coefficient, U. There were four different flow rates:
0.05 kg/s , 0.08 kg/s , 0.12 kg/s and 0.15 kg/s. For Co-Current flow, we got 2.45 W, 3.14 W, 9.70
W, 16.88 W. For Counter Current, the overall heat transfer coefficient is 3.69 W, 4.56 W, 8.75 W,
25.47 W. From what we obtained in the results, we can conclude that the Co-Current flow and
Counter Current flow have about the same efficiency, but Counter Current flow has slightly
higher overall heat transfer coefficient. Hence, the experiment was successful and Counter
Current flow is more efficient.
Questions

1. What are the assumptions that have been made in calculating the value of U?
U-value is the overall heat transfer coefficient which refers to how well heat is conducted
through a series of resistant mediums. When calculating the value of U, there is no heat loss to
the surrounding.

2. Give suggestion on how would you modify the set up of apparatus.

The surface of the pipe should be coated with a layer of material with low surface tension for the
purpose to increase the heat transfer and to minimize the thermal resistance.

3. If you are asked to modify and operate this kind of heat exchangers, give your suggestions that
you think should been done.

Insulate the outer area of the heat exchanger in order to reduce heat loss to the surroundings,
insulate the heat exchanger's outside surfaces will result in temperature obtained. For a steady
temperature differential may be maintained and the heat balance can be improved with proper
insulation. Select insulating materials with a low thermal conductivity, and make sure the heat
exchanger is completely covered.
Appendix

Cold Hot Overall heat

transfer
coefficient,
kW

Flow rate, Temperature Temperature Temperature Temperature Q, kW

kg/s in, °C out, °C in, °C out, °C

0.05 30 35 50 44 1.26

0.08 30 35 47 43 1.39

0.12 30 36 46 42 1.95

0.15 30 37 45 40 3.14
Data 1: Co-Current Flow

Cold Hot Overall heat

transfer
coefficient,
kW

Flow rate, Temperature Temperature Temperature Temperature Q, kW

kg/s in, °C out, °C in, °C out, °C

0.05 30 35 50 44 3.69

0.08 30 35 47 43 4.56

0.12 30 36 46 42 8.75

0.15 30 37 45 40 25.47
Data 2: Counter Current Flow