18ENG15 - Module 03

Module 03
Mechanics
Contents
• Resultant of coplanar noncurrent force system
• Couple & characteristics of couple
• Different types of loads
• Different types of beams
• Statically determinate & statically indeterminate
structures
• Different types of supports, problems on support
reactions (Only Point and Distributed Loads)
• Equilibrium of Co-planar Concurrent and Non-
Concurrent forces
Resultant of a Coplanar Non-Concurrent
Force System
Steps to solve problems:
1. The magnitude, direction and position of resultant must be determined.
2. Calculate the algebraic sum of all the forces acting in the x-direction
(σ 𝐹𝑥 ) and in the y-direction (σ 𝐹𝑦 ).
3. Determine the magnitude of the resultant using the formula, R =
σ 𝐹𝑥2 + σ 𝐹𝑦2
4. Determine
σ𝐹
the direction of the resultant using the formula, 𝜃 =
𝑦
tan−1 σ 𝐹𝑥
5. The position of resultant can be determined by using the Varignon’s
σ𝑀 σ𝑀
theorem or using the formulae 𝑑 = , x-intercept = σ and y-
σ𝑀 𝑅 𝐹𝑦
intercept = σ
𝐹𝑥
Determine the resultant and its position
with respect to point A.
Equilibrium
• A stationary body is said

to be in equilibrium if it
remains in a state of rest
when subjected to
external forces.
• In equilibrium, the body
does not undergo any
translation or rotation due
to external forces.
Principle of Equilibrium
• A body is said to be in equilibrium if the algebraic sum of all
forces acting on the body is zero, and also if the algebraic sum
of moments of forces about any fixed point is zero.
σ 𝐹𝑥 = 0, σ 𝐹𝑦 = 0, σ 𝑀 = 0
Conditions of Equilibrium for different
force systems
1. Coplanar concurrent force system:
σ 𝐹𝑥 = 0, σ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 (There is no
moment)
2. Coplanar non-concurrent force

system: σ 𝐹𝑥 = 0, σ 𝐹𝑦 = 0, σ 𝑀 = 0
3. Parallel force system: σ 𝐹 = 0, σ 𝑀

=0
4. Non-coplanar force system: σ 𝐹𝑥 =
0, σ 𝐹𝑦 = 0, σ 𝐹𝑧 = 0, σ 𝑀 = 0
Lami’s Theorem
• If three forces acting at a point are in equilibrium, then each
force is directly proportional to the sine of angle between the
other two forces.
• Let P, Q, R be the three forces acting at a point O and let α, β, γ
be the angles between R and Q, P and R, P and Q respectively.
• Using Lami’s Theorem, we have
𝑃 𝑄 𝑅
= =
sin(180 − 𝛼) sin(180 − 𝛽) sin(180 − 𝛾)
𝑃 𝑄 𝑅
∴ = =
sin 𝛼 sin 𝛽 sin 𝛾
• Lami’s Theorem can only be applied if just 3 forces are acting at

a point/particle.
Free-Body
Diagram (FBD)
FBD of a spherical ball

supported by a string and resting
against a wall.
Equilibrium of Coplanar Concurrent Force
System
1. In a coplanar concurrent force system, two conditions of
equilibrium can be applied: σ 𝐹𝑥 = 0, σ 𝐹𝑦 = 0
2. Analyse the given problem by applying the above conditions
of equilibrium or by applying the Lami’s theorem.
3. If there are only three forces acting at a point, use Lami’s
theorem.
4. If there are more than three forces acting at a point, use the
conditions of equilibrium.
Equilibrium of
Coplanar Non-
Concurrent
Force System
• Supports and Support
Reactions
• Types of Supports
• Types of Beams
• Types of Loads
FBD of a Beam FBD of a Truss
Structural Supports
• Various structural members are connected to their surroundings
by supports.
• The structural members exert action on the supports.
• The supports exert reaction on the structural members.
• Types of supports:
1. Simple supports
2. Roller supports
3. Hinged or pinned supports
4. Fixed supports
Simple Support
• The structural member rests

directly on an external
structure.
• Simple supports exert
reactions perpendicular to
the plane of support.
• They restrict translation of
the body in one direction
only, but do not restrict Number of unknown
reactions per support: 1
rotation.
Roller Supports
• Similar to simple supports.
• Can resist only vertical forces, Rocker bearing under bridge
but not horizontal forces.
• Free to move horizontally.
• Commonly used in bridges.
Number of unknown reactions per support: 1

Hinged or pinned
Supports
• Restrict translation in
both directions, i.e., resist
both horizontal and
vertical forces.
• Allow rotation of
members, i.e., don’t resist
moments.
• Used in trusses, bridges
and buildings.
Number of unknown reactions
per support: 2
Fixed or Cantilever
Supports
• Restrict both translation and rotation.
• They develop an internal moment
called restraint moment to prevent
rotation of members.
• Most rigid type of support.
• Widely used in buildings.
Number of unknown reactions per support: 3

Internal Hinge
• A pin or hinge used to connect two members together.
• Prevents translation but allows rotation.
• Allows relative displacement of the members.
• Commonly used in trusses.
Internal hinge in a bridge

Link
• A connecting structural member.
• Allows rotation.
• Allows displacement in the direction of the link.
• Used in machinery.
Link connecting suspended spans Door/Window Hinge Linkage mechanism

Types of Structural Supports
Name Vertical Horizontal Moment Degree of Unknown
Reaction Reaction Freedom Reactions
Simple / Roller Yes No No 2 1
Support
Hinged / Pinned Yes Yes No 1 2
Support
Internal Hinge Yes Yes No 1 2
Fixed / Cantilever Yes Yes Yes 0 3
Support
• A beam is a structural 1. Simply Supported
member designed to Beam
Types of support loads applied at
various points along the
2. Continuous Beam
3. Cantilever Beam
Beams member, placed on
supports. 4. Propped Cantilever
Beam
• Based on the nature and 5. Fixed Beam
number of supports,
they can be classified as 6. Overhanging Beam
Simply Supported Beam
• The beam rests on simple supports. Can resist forces
perpendicular to the axis of the beam.
Continuous Beam
• The beam rests on three or more supports.
Cantilever Beam
• The beam is fixed at one end and free at the other end.
Propped Cantilever Beam

• The beam is fixed at one end and simply supported at the other
end.
Fixed Beam
• The beam is fixed at both ends.
Overhanging Beam
• The beam extends (overhangs) beyond one or both supports.
Degree of Indeterminacy
• The number of unknown reactions in a structure over the
available equilibrium equations.
Unknown Reactions: 3 Unknown Reactions: 4

Equations of Equilibrium: 2 Equations of Equilibrium: 2
Degree of Indeterminacy: 3-2 = 1 Degree of Indeterminacy: 4-2 = 2
Unknown Reactions: 5
Equations of Equilibrium: 2
Degree of Indeterminacy: 3
Determinacy and Indeterminacy
Statically Determinate Structure
• The degree of indeterminacy is zero.
• The structure can be analyzed using the conditions of
equilibrium alone.
• Bending moment and shear force are independent of the cross-
sectional area of the components and flexural rigidity of
members.
• No stresses are caused due to temperature change, lack of fit
or differential settlement.
Determinacy and Indeterminacy
Statically Indeterminate Structure
• The structure cannot be analyzed using the conditions of
equilibrium alone, additional compatibility conditions are
required.
• Bending moment and shear force depend on the cross-
sectional area of the components and flexural rigidity of
members.
• Stresses are caused due to temperature change, lack of fit or
differential settlement.
Statically Determinate and Indeterminate
Beams
Types of Loads
1. Concentrated Load – Load is concentrated at a single point
2. Uniformly Distributed Load (UDL) – Load is distributed
uniformly over a length or area.
3. Uniformly Varying Load (UVL) – Load varies in magnitude with
length.
Concentrated Loads Distributed Loads

Uniformly Distributed Load (UDL)
• To simplify analysis, UDL can be converted to a point load

acting at the mid span of the load.
𝑀𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 20 𝑘𝑁ൗ𝑚 𝑥 3 𝑚 = 60 𝑘𝑁

Uniformly Varying Load (UVL)
• To simplify analysis, UVL can be converted to a point load acting at

the centre of gravity of the load (triangle).
𝑀𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒

1
= 𝑥 2 𝑘𝑁Τ𝑚 𝑥 2 𝑚 = 2𝑘𝑁
2
Equilibrium of Coplanar Non-Concurrent
Force System
1. In a coplanar concurrent force system, three conditions of
equilibrium can be applied: σ 𝐹𝑥 = 0, σ 𝐹𝑦 = 0, σ 𝑀 = 0
2. Draw the free body diagram of the beam showing all the
forces and reactions acting on the beam.
3. Apply the three conditions of equilibrium to determine the
unknown reactions at the supports.

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Module 03

• A stationary body is said

2. Coplanar non-concurrent force

3. Parallel force system: σ 𝐹 = 0, σ 𝑀

• Lami’s Theorem can only be applied if just 3 forces are acting at

FBD of a spherical ball

• The structural member rests

Number of unknown reactions per support: 1

Number of unknown reactions per support: 3

Internal hinge in a bridge

Link connecting suspended spans Door/Window Hinge Linkage mechanism

Propped Cantilever Beam

Unknown Reactions: 3 Unknown Reactions: 4

Concentrated Loads Distributed Loads

• To simplify analysis, UDL can be converted to a point load

𝑀𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 20 𝑘𝑁ൗ𝑚 𝑥 3 𝑚 = 60 𝑘𝑁

• To simplify analysis, UVL can be converted to a point load acting at

𝑀𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒

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